INDEX

Accounting, women employed in, [47].
Addison, Christopher, [140], [152].
Agriculture: employment of women in, [3], [14], [29], [33], [36],
[40], [45], [47], [73];
wages paid, [5], [34], [72], [117];
Board of, [71], [73];
efforts to substitute women’s labor in, [63], [70-74];
Women’s Farm and Garden Union, [73];
Women’s National Land Service Corps, [73];
Women’s Land Army, [74];
establishment of training courses in, [85];
employment of children in, [171].
Adjustments, postwar, [215].
Aeroplanes, employment of women on work on, [35].
Airedale of Gledhow, Lord, [121].
Amalgamated Society of Engineers, [51-53], [56], [90], [100], [222].
Ammunition industry, employment of women in, [30].
See also Munitions industry.
Anderson, Miss, [40].
Armature winding, employment of women in, [42].
Arsenals, employment of women at, [37], [60].
Aves, Ernest, [104].
Baillie, G. H., [60].
Bakers, employment of women as, [38], [42], [61].
Banks, employment of women in, [33], [39-40], [42], [45].
Bleaching, employment of women in, [61].
Bill posters, employment of women as, [42].
Billeting of Civilians Bill, [165].
Blast furnaces, employment of women in, [42].
Boot and shoe trade, employment of women in, [30], [61].
Boys, employment of. See Children, employment of.
Boys’ Welfare Association, [184].
Brewing, employment of women in, [37].
Brick making, employment of women in, [38], [67].
British Association for Advancement of Science, [28], [32], [34], [120].
Brush making, employment of women in, [61].
Building trades, employment of women in, [38].
Butchers, employment of women as, [38].
Cement work, employment of women in, [38].
Cemetery laborers, employment of women as, [42].
Central Committee for Prevention and Relief of Distress, [21].
Central Committee on Women’s Employment, [23].
Central Labor Supply Committee, [56], [101], [106].
Chauffeurs, employment of women as, [42].
Chemicals industry, employment of women in, [34], [37], [42].
Children: Fisher Education Law, [iv], [12], [226];
employment of, on war work, [2], [4], [17];
legislation regulating employment of, [12], [18-19];
compulsory schooling, [18];
effects of war on employment of, [167-190];
demand for labor of, [167];
relaxation of child labor and compulsory education laws, [170];
numbers employed, [168], [170];
illegal employment of, [174];
supervision of, [176];
wages of, [177];
hours of, [178];
Boys’ Welfare Association, [184];
effects of work on, [185];
postwar employment of, [224].
China making, employment of women in, [38], [61].
Cinema operators, employment of women as, [42].
Civil service. See Government work.
Civil War Workers Committee, [206].
Clerical and Commercial Employments Committee, [69-70].
Clerical work: employment of women in, [33];
training courses in, [85].
Clothing industry, employment of women in, [30], [35], [42], [61], [67].
Clyde strike, [51].
Cole, G. D. H., [114].
College women in agricultural work, [73].
Comfort, legislation providing for, [7].
See also Safety, health and comfort.
Commercial occupations, employment of women in, [29], [39], [45-46].
Competition in securing workers, efforts to avoid, [80].
Conference of Working Class Associations, [218].
Construction work, employment of women in, [42].
Control of workers: controlled establishments, [55];
under Munitions Acts, [92];
prohibition against strikes, [92];
leaving certificates, [93].
Copper works, employment of women in, [42].
Core makers, employment of women as, [42].
Cork cutters: employment of women as, [42].
Corn Production Act, [117].
Cost of living, effect of, on wages, [112].
Cotton trade, dilution in, [61], [67].
Crane drivers, employment of women as, [42].
Cranes, electric, employment of women on, [38].
Currying, employment of women in, [67].
Delinquency, juvenile, [9], [188].
Dilution, [50-74];
made possible by Munitions Act, [6], [51];
“Treasury Agreement” concerning, [52];
attitude of trade unions toward, [90];
complete, [122];
group, [123];
dilution bulletins, [153];
children used in, [175];
return of soldiers to former positions, [221];
postwar results of, [215];
table showing processes on which women were employed, [232];
extent of, in December, 1915, and April, 1916, [235];
numbers substituted, April, 1916-April, 1918, [236];
table of direct substitution, January and April, 1918, [238];
table showing average weekly earnings, [239];
list of trades in which women have been substituted
but which appear unsuitable in normal times, [248].
See also Substitution.
Diseases, occupational: munitions work, [154].
Distress, Central Committee for Prevention and Relief of, [21].
Distribution of young persons between different employments
in July, 1914, October, 1917, and January, 1918, [245].
Docks, employment of women at, [37].
Domestic service: employment of women in, [3], [14], [29], [36], [38], [42];
postwar problems of, [213];
wages, [213].
Donation system for unemployed after the war, [10], [208], [211].
Dressmaking trade: employment of women in, [14], [36], [38];
wages, [118].
Dyeing industry, employment of women in, [61].
Earthenware making, employment of women in, [38], [61].
Educational work: employment of women in, [29], [47];
National Federation of Women Teachers, [88].
See also Schooling.
Effects of war work:
signs of injury to health not generally apparent, [8];
on children, [9], [167], [190];
on home life, [9], [199];
increase in juvenile delinquency, [9], [188];
on women, [191-203];
development of personality, [9], [200].
Efficiency, relative, of men and women workers, [120].
Efforts, organized, to recruit women’s labor, [50].
Electric motor building, employment of women in, [38].
Electric welding, employment of women in, [42].
Engine cleaners, employment of women as, [42].
Engineering industry: employment of women in, [30];
restrictions against employment of women, [51];
dilution introduced in, [56-61];
Committee on Production in Engineering, [51].
Equal pay question, [119];
postwar problems regarding, [215].
Extension of employment of women, [28];
tables showing, [29], [236];
voluntary registration, [65].
Fabian Society, [21].
Fabian Women’s Group, [214].
Factory work, employment of women in, [29].
Farm and Garden Union, Women’s, [73].
Farm work. See Agriculture.
Federation of Women Workers, [96].
Fisher, Herbert, [2], [169-170].
Fisher Education Act, [iv], [12], [226].
Flour making, [67].
Food industry, employment of women in, [35], [38].
Food Production, Department of, [73].
Forge works, employment of women in, [42].
Foundry work, employment of women in, [42].
Furniture manufacturing, employment of women in, [38].
Gardeners, employment of women as, [42].
Garrod, H. W., [161].
Gas meter inspectors, employment of women as, [42].
Gas works, employment of women in, [40].
Gauging tools, employment of women in, [38].
General Federation of Trades Unions, [20].
Girls, employment of. See Children, employment of.
Glass decorating, employment of women in, [61].
Glass making, employment of women in, [38], [42].
Government work, employment of women in, [14], [29], [39-40], [47-48].
Grain milling, employment of women in, [37].
Health Insurance Medical Research Committee, [198].
Health of women war workers, [191];
legislation protecting, [7], [16], [19].
See also Safety, health and comfort.
Health of Munition Workers Committee, [8], [82], [135], [146-147],
[178], [182-183], [191].
Hat making, employment of women in, [61].
Hay balers, employment of women as, [42].
Home life, effects of war work on, [199].
Hosiery industry, employment of women in, [30], [61].
Hotels, employment of women in, [29], [45].
Hours: legislation concerning, [7], [16];
for children, [19], [178];
in workrooms established to relieve unemployment, [26];
chapter on, [126-145];
prewar legislation regarding, [126];
demand for overtime, [126];
in munitions industry, [127];
working hours in 1915, [129];
establishment of shifts, [130];
complaints against overtime, [131-134];
report on effects of overtime, [134-135];
control of, by Ministry of Munitions, [139];
recommendations concerning, of Committee
on Women’s employment, [145];
improvement in working conditions necessitated by, [146];
increase in accidents attributed to long, [193];
modification of laws concerning, [241].
Housing conditions: establishment of hostels, [163];
Billeting of Civilians Bill, [165].
Howard Association of London, [9].
Hutchins, B. L., [30].
Illegal employment of children, [174].
Improvement in working conditions, plans for, [39].
Increase of women in industry, [2], [28].
Industrial Courts Act, [217].
Industry, employment of women in, [2], [28-29].
Independent Labour Party, [21].
Insurance agents, employment of women as, [42].
Insurance offices, employment of women in, [33].
Interdepartmental Hours of Labour Committee, [138].
Interim Court of Arbitration, [217].
Joint Committee of Industrial Women’s Organizations, [117].
Juvenile employment: increase of delinquency due to, [9], [188];
Committee on, [170], [177], [185].
See also Children, employment of.
Keeling, Frederic, [17].
Kent, A. F. Stanley, [134].
Kitchener, Lord, [28], [129].
Labor: control of, by Munitions Acts, [7];
removal of Trade Union restrictions, [6], [50], [55];
child, [17];
attitude at outbreak of war, [20];
attitude of women’s labor organizations toward war, [20];
protest against substitution, [31];
agreements concerning dilution, [50-61];
organized efforts to recruit women’s, [50];
Women’s Labor Department, [73];
number of orders modifying labor laws, [240];
unions, see Trade Unions.
Laboratory assistants, employment of women as, [42].
Labor Advisory Committee, [54].
Labor Regulation Department, [56].
Labor Supply Department, [56].
Labor Party, attitude of, at outbreak of war, [20].
Lace making, [61].
Lamplighters, employment of women as, [40].
Land Army, [73-74], [85], [117].
Laundry work, employment of women in, [38].
Lawrence, Susan, [104].
Leather industry, employment of women in, [30], [61-62], [67].
Leaving certificates, [7], [93];
injustice of, to workers, [94];
opposition of trade unions to, [96];
amendments regarding, [97].
Leeson, Cecil, [9], [188].
Legislation: Fisher Education Act, [iv], [12];
Munitions Acts, [7], [50-51], [54-55], [92];
restricting hours, [7];
providing safety, health and comfort, [7];
Minimum Wage (Trades Boards) Act, [11], [216];
prewar protection through, [16];
prewar, concerning child labor, [17];
providing compulsory schooling, [18];
to avoid competition in securing workers, [80], [89], [126];
Corn Production Act, [117];
affecting hours, [139];
Police, Factories, etc., Act of 1916, [147-150];
Billeting of Civilians Bill, [165];
relaxation of child labor and compulsory education laws, [170];
Wages (Temporary Regulation) Bill, [217];
Industrial Courts Act, [217];
Restoration of Prewar Practices Act, 1919, [223];
number of orders modifying labor laws, [240];
modification of hour laws, [241-243].
Lift attendants, employment of women as, [42].
Lockouts prohibited by Munitions Act, [92].
Lloyd George, David, [52], [54], [58-59], [101], [122].
Lorry drivers, employment of women as, [42].
Macarthur, Mary, [24], [89].
Machinists, employment of women as, [42].
Maharajah Sandia of Gwalior fund, Prince of, [166].
Manufacturing industries, number of women engaged in
before the war, [14].
Married women, entry of, into industry, [76].
Marine engineering, employment of women in, [42].
Markham, Violet, [69].
Messengers, employment of women as, [40].
Metal trades, employment of women in, [34-35], [37], [42], [60].
Military hospitals, employment of women in, [47].
Military supplies, employment of women in manufacture of, [42].
Millers, wages of, [118].
Minimum Wage (Trades Boards) Act, [11].
Mining, employment of women in, [38].
Mistresses League, [214].
Moulders, employment of women as, [42].
Munitions Acts: of July 2, 1915, [54];
First Munitions Amendment Act, [7], [55],[139];
abrogation of trade union restrictions through, [50-51];
control of women workers under, [92].
Munitions work: employment of women in, [30], [32], [35], [37], [42], [49];
organized efforts to recruit women’s labor for, [50];
efforts to increase production, [51-52];
dilution, [56-61];
training for, [84];
governmental regulation of wages, [99];
wages, [108-113];
criticism of governmental fixing of wages, [110-113];
hours, [127-128];
diseases contracted in, [154];
employment of children in, [168].
Munitions tribunals, [7], [92], [97].
National Advisory Committee, [56].
National Federation of Women Teachers, [88].
National Federation of Women Workers, [24], [87-89], [104-105].
National Service Department, [68].
National Union of Women Workers, [86].
Night work, effects of, on women, [196].
Nonessential industries, transfers of workers from, [75].
Nonindustrial occupations, employment of women in, [33],[39].
Nurses, demand for, [47].
Optical instruments, women engaged in skilled work on, [38].
Overtime work: demand for, [126];
effect of, on women, [196];
general order regulating, [243].
Oxy-acetylene welders, employment of women as, [88].
Painters, employment of women as, [42].
Pankhurst, Mrs, [101].
Pankhurst, Sylvia, [100].
Paper industry, employment of women in, [35], [42].
Parks, employment of women in, [40].
Peace and reconstruction, problems of, [204-227].
Phillips, Marion, [203].
Pipe plasterers, employment of women as, [42].
Police, Factories, etc.
(Miscellaneous Provisions) Act of 1916, [147-150].
Police women, employment of, [40].
Postwar conditions: prevention of unemployment, [205];
unemployment, [206];
adjustments, [215];
approved trades for women, [219];
employment of children, [224];
table showing postwar employment, [246].
Postwomen, employment of, [33], [42].
Power machine operating, training courses in, [85].
Power stations, employment of women in, [40].
Prewar conditions: number of women and children employed, [14].
Prewar legislative protection, [16].
Prince of Wales, The, [21].
Printing industry, employment of women in, [35], [42], [61].
Professions, number of women engaged in, [14], [45], [47].
Quarrying, employment of women in, [38].
Queen’s Work for Women Fund, [24].
Railway service: employment of women in, [33], [39], [42], [46];
agreements as to wages by unions, [115].
Reconstruction, problems of, [204-207].
Recruiting of new workers, [5].
Red Cross hospitals, employment of women in, [47].
Registration, voluntary, [63-64], [69].
Relief, Central Committee for, [21].
Restoration of Prewar Practices Act, 1919, [223].
Rhondda, Lady, [222].
Rowntree, B. Seebohm, [149], [156].
Royal Ordnance Factories Trade Lads’ Association, [184].
Safety, health and comfort: legislation providing for, [7], [16];
organized efforts for, [147];
Police, Factories, etc., Act of 1916, [147-150];
occupational diseases contracted in munitions work, [154];
welfare supervision, [155];
attack on welfare movement, [158];
improvements in conditions outside factory, [161];
provisions for children, [182].
Sawmill laborers, employment of women as, [42].
Scavengers, employment of women as, [40].
Schooling: Fisher Education Act, [iv], [12], [226];
legislation providing compulsory, [18];
relaxation of compulsory education laws, [170].
Schools, training, establishment of, [84].
Scientific instrument making, employment of women in, [61].
Sewage farms, employment of women at, [40].
Sheet metal working, employment of women in, [42].
Shipbuilding, Committee on Production in Engineering and, [51].
Ship engineering, employment of women in, [42].
Shipyards, employment of women in, [38], [42].
Shoe trade: employment of women in, [30];
training courses in, [85].
Shops Committee, [69].
Smith, Constance, [186].
Society of Incorporated Accountants, [47].
Solderers, employment of women as, [42];
voluntary registration, [63-64], [69].
Sources of workers: transfers from non-essential industries, [75];
transfers between districts, [79].
Special Arbitration Tribunal, [104], [106], [109], [125].
Spelter works, employment of women in, [42].
Steel works, employment of women in, [38].
Stokers, employment of women as, [38].
Street cleaners, employment of women as, [40].
Street traders, child, [4].
Strikes prohibited by Munitions Act, [92].
Substitution: in munitions work, [3];
“equal pay” principle, [5];
protest of labor unions against, [31];
total number of women substituted for men workers, [40];
objections to, [41];
substitution officers, [68].
See also Dilution.
Sweated labor, government provision against, [101].
Sweated trades, wage fixing in, [113].
Tables: extension of employment of women
during four years of war, [29];
increase or decrease in number of women
employed since July, 1914, [39];
extension of employment of females in industry
during four years of war, [44];
number of women engaged on government orders
in private concerns, April, 1917, and April, 1918, [45];
increase in employment of women in commerce, July, 1914-April,
1918, and percentage of firms reporting a shortage
of female labor in April, 1918, [46];
number of females employed by steam railways, [46];
number of females employed by government departments, [48];
prewar occupations of [44], [137];
females insured against unemployment in January, 1917, [79];
number of Women Trade Union members, [88];
see also “Appendices,” [229-249].
Tailors’ pressers, employment of women as, [42].
Teachers, women, [47];
National Federation of, [88].
Technical schools, establishment of, [84].
Telephone repairers, employment of women as, [42].
Tennant, Mrs. A. J., [69].
Testing dynamos, employment of women in, [38].
Textile industry: employment of women in, [14], [35], [38], [42], [61], [65];
organized workers in, [87].
Theaters, employment of women in, [29], [45].
Tinsmiths, employment of women as, [42].
Tobacco industry, employment of women in, [61].
Toy making, training for, [85].
Trades, approved, for women after the war, [219].
Trades Boards: Minimum Wage Act, [11], [216];
wage fixing by, [113].
Trade League, Women’s, [87], [105].
Trade Unions: General Federation of, [20];
restrictions of, removed, by Munitions Acts, [50], [55];
“Treasury Agreement,” [52-53];
agreements allowing dilution, [61];
women and the, [87];
women not admitted to some, [87];
increase of women members, [87];
number of women members in, [88];
reasons for growth of women members in, [89];
difficulties to interest women in, [89];
postwar effect on
number of women members in, [91];
opposition of, to leaving certificates, [96];
agreements effecting wage changes, [114].
Trades Union Congress, [20].
Training: establishment of training centers, [84];
for unemployed women, [210].
Tramway service, employment of women in, [39], [42].
Transferred workers, [81-82].
Transfers of workers: from non-essential industries, [75];
from domestic service, [76];
between districts, [79].
Transport work, employment of women in, [29], [39-40], [45].
Transportation problems of workers, [162].
“Treasury Agreement,” [52-56];
wage regulations contained in, [100], [110];
arrangements for fulfilment of pledges in,
by Restoration of Prewar Practices Act, [223].
Tuberculosis, increase in, among women, [198].
Unemployment: postwar, [10];
donation system, [10], [208], [211];
proportion of occupied to unoccupied women before the war, [14];
at outbreak of war, [21];
efforts to relieve, [23];
prewar occupations of women insured against, [79];
of children, [167], [225];
prevention of postwar, [205];
training courses to relieve, [210].
Violations of Munitions Acts, penalties for, [55].
Vocational courses, establishment of, [85].
“Waacs,” [4], [48], [69].
Wages: raises in, due to war conditions, [4];
“equal pay” principle, [5], [100], [119];
effects of peace on, [11];
Minimum Wage (Trades Boards) Act, [11], [216];
prewar, [15], [18];
legislation governing prewar, [16];
of children, [18], [117];
in workrooms established to relieve unemployment, [26];
fear of trade unions that employment of women would
undercut rates of, [31-32];
in agriculture, [34], [72], [117];
dilution, [62], [64];
chapter on, [99-125];
fixing of, [99], [102-104], [106-108], [113];
governmental provision against sweated labor, [101];
Special Arbitration Tribunal, [104];
for woodworkers, [108];
effect of cost of living on, [112];
changes under trade union agreements, [114];
settlement of disputes, [125];
postwar, [209], [215];
Interim Court of Arbitration, [217];
Industrial Courts Act, [217];
Wages (Temporary Regulation) Bill, [217];
recommendations concerning postwar, [220];
table showing average weekly earnings, [239];
table showing average wages of women and girls in
nonmunitions trades, [249].
Waiters Union, admission of women to, [90].
War Cabinet Committee on Women in Industry, [iv].
War Emergency Workers National Committee, [23], [26], [63].
War Register, [64-65].
Webb, Sidney, [15], [18].
Webb, Mrs. Sidney, [iv], [110], [113], [116], [169], [220].
Welfare work: “outside welfare officers,” [6];
legislation providing for, [8];
for transferred workers, [81-83];
improvements in working conditions result of, [146-166];
welfare supervision, [155];
attacks on, [158];
supervision of children, [176];
outside of working hours, [199].
“Whitley” industrial councils, [222].
Woman’s Freedom League, [63].
Woman’s Army Auxiliary Corps, [48].
Women’s Cooperative Guild, [65].
Women’s Industrial Council, [214].
Women’s National Land Service Corps, [73].
Woodcutting, employment of women in, [42].
Wood trades, employment of women in, [42].
Woodworking industry, employment of women in, [34-35], [37], [61];
wage awards, [108].
Woolen and worsted industry, employment of women in, [30], [61].
Woolwich Arsenal, employment of women in, [60];
welfare work in, [66].
Working Class Associations, conference of, [218].
“Wrafs,” [4], [48].
“Wrens,” [4], [48].
Young Women’s Christian Association, [65].

Footnotes:

[1] These numbers have not yet been published.

[2] These numbers have not yet been published.

[3] These numbers have not yet been published.

[4] These numbers have not yet been published.

[5] Throughout this monograph English currency has been reduced to American on the approximate prewar basis of $4.80 to the pound sterling.

[6] United Kingdom, Abstract of Labour Statistics, 1915, p. 307. The exact numbers were 5,851,849 “occupied” and 12,704,404 “unoccupied.” In 1901, 5,309,960, and in 1881, 4,521,903 females were “gainfully occupied.”

[7] Dorothy Haynes, “A Comparative Study of the Occupations of Men and Women,” Women’s Industrial News, Oct., 1913, pp. 398, 399.

[8] Margaret G. Bondfield, “The Future of Women in Industry,” Labour Year Book, 1916, p. 259.

[9] Fabian Society, “The War, Women and Unemployment,” Fabian Tract No. 178, 1915, p. 5.

[10] Frederic Keeling, Child Labour in the United Kingdom, 1914, p. xxviii.

[11] These girls are also included in the number of “females gainfully occupied,” previously discussed. Vide [p. 14].

[12] Great Britain Board of Trade, Report on the State of Employment in October, 1914, 5.

[13] Fabian Society, “The War and the Workers,” Fabian Tract No. 176, 1914, p. 22.

[14] British Association for the Advancement of Science, Credit, Industry, and the War, 1915, pp. 70, 71.

[15] Great Britain Home Office, Report of the Chief Inspector of Factories and Workshops for 1914, 34.

[16] Vide [Appendix A, p. 230].

[17] Great Britain, Report of the War Cabinet Committee on Women in Industry, pp. 79-80.

[18] Great Britain, Report of the Central Committee on Women’s Employment, 1915, p. 5.

[19] Ibid., 9.

[20] The former “labour exchanges,” managed by the Board of Trade, became “employment exchanges” when the Ministry of Labour was created in December, 1916, and they were transferred to its jurisdiction.

[21] Fabian Society, “The War, Women, and Unemployment,” Fabian Tract No. 178, 1916, p. 19.

[22] Comprehensive reports on the state of employment in September and October, 1914, and in February, 1915, have been issued by the Board of Trade [Cds. 7703, 7755, and 7850]. The “Central Committee on Women’s Employment” has issued an interim report [Cd. 7748]. Miss Edith Abbott gives an excellent review of the extent of unemployment and the work of the Central Committee in the Journal of Political Economy for July, 1917. (“The War and Women’s Work in England,” pp. 641-678.)

[23] British Association for the Advancement of Science, Credit, Industry, and the War, pp. 75 and 137.

[24] Great Britain, Report of the War Cabinet Committee on Women in Industry, April, 1919, pp. 80-81. [Cd. 135.]

[25] Vide [Appendix D, 236].

[26] Report of the War Cabinet Committee on Women in Industry, April, 1919, 80.

[27] British Association for the Advancement of Science, Credit, Industry, and the War, 71.

[28] Great Britain Home Office, Report of the Chief Inspector of Factories and Workshops for 1914, 33.

[29] B. L. Hutchins, Women in Modern Industry, 1915, p. 246.

[30] Rosamond Smith. “Women and Munition Work,” Women’s Industrial News, April, 1916, p. 14.

[31] Great Britain, Report of the War Cabinet Committee on Women in Industry, April, 1919, p. 111.

[32] British Association for the Advancement of Science, Credit, Industry, and the War, 72.

[33] British Association for the Advancement of Science, Credit, Industry, and the War, 70.

[34] British Association for the Advancement of Science, Credit, Industry, and the War, 78.

[35] Women’s Industrial News, July, 1916, p. 28.

[36] Great Britain, Board of Trade, Report on the Increased Employment of Women during the War, with Statistics up to April, 1918, pp. 13-14.

[37] Great Britain Home Office, Report of the Chief Inspector of Factories and Workshops for 1915, 13. Vide [Appendix B, 232].

[38] Labour Gazette, January, 1917, p. 8.

[39] Vide [Appendix C, 234].

[40] John and Katherine Barrett, British Industrial Experience during the War, Sen. Doc. 114, 65th Cong., 1st Sess.

[41] Labour Gazette, July, 1916, p. 357.

[42] Great Britain War Office, Women’s War Work, pp. 49, 56, 57.

[43] Great Britain Ministry of Munitions, Dilution Bulletin, April, 1917, pp. 82 and 95.

[44] Labour Gazette, August, 1917, p. 274.

[45] Ibid., 282.

[46] Vide[ Appendix D, 236].

[47] Great Britain Home Office, Report of the Chief Inspector of Factories and Workshops for 1916, 5.

[48] British Association for the Advancement of Science, Labour, Finance, and the War, 1916, pp. 83, 84.

[49] Great Britain Home Office, Report of the Chief Inspector of Factories and Workshops for 1916, 6.

[50] British Association for the Advancement of Science, Industry and Finance—War Expedients and Reconstruction, pp. 39-40.

[51] Great Britain, Report of the War Cabinet on Women in Industry, April, 1919, pp. 80-81.

[52] Great Britain Board of Trade, Report on the Increased Employment of Women during the War, with Statistics up to April, 1918, pp. 8-9.

[53] Compiled from Board of Trade Report covering Extension of Employment of Women up to that Date.

[54] Great Britain. Report of the War Cabinet Committee on Women in Industry, April, 1919, p. 97.

[55] Vide [Appendices E and F, pp. 237-238].

[56] Great Britain. Report of the War Cabinet Committee on Women in Industry, 81.

[57] Great Britain, Board of Trade. Report on the Increased Employment of Women During the War with Statistics up to April, 1918, 8.

[58] Great Britain Ministry of Munitions, Dilution of Labour Bulletin, October, 1916, p. 6.

[59] United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, Monthly Review, June, 1917, p. 815.

[60] 5 and 6 Geo. 5, ch. 54.

[61] Labour Year Book, 1916, p. 63.

[62] Thomas A. Fyfe. Employers and Workmen under the Munitions of War Acts, 1915 and 1916, 22.

[63] Found in “Schedule II,” supplementary to the first munitions act.

[64] Labour Year Book, 1916, p. 70.

[65] Great Britain Ministry of Munitions, Dilution of Labour Bulletins, January, 1917, p. 47, and February, 1917, p. 55.

[66] United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, Monthly Review, June, 1917, p. 825.

[67] London Times, weekly edition, May 4, 1917.

[68] A comment on the publication from the point of view of the woman trade unionist may be of interest. It is to be found in The Woman Worker, the organ of the National Federation of Women Workers, for March, 1916, and is called “Lloyd George’s Picture Book.”

Our women munition makers ought to be proud: “Mr. Lloyd George has brought out a picture book about them!” It is a large, handsome book, costing 1s., entirely full of pictures of women workers and all the processes they can do. According to Mr. Lloyd George, never were there such useful workers as women munition workers. He says they can do brazing and soldering, they can make 8-in. H. E. shells, they can drill 8-pounder shells, and some of them are very successful in making high explosive shells.

Well, it is very nice to be praised by so important a man, and it is even nicer that he should take the trouble to have a book filled with pictures of the girls at work. We women, however, have always had in our minds a lurking suspicion that we were, after all, as clever as the men, and it is pleasant enough to hear Mr. Lloyd George say so. But there is a conclusion to be drawn from all this. If girls are as important and as clever as the men, then they are as valuable to the employer. If this is so it becomes a duty of the girls to see now and always, whether on government work or not, that they receive the same pay as the men. Otherwise, all their cleverness and their intelligence go to helping the employer and bringing down the wages of their husbands, fathers, and brothers.

[69] Great Britain Ministry of Munitions, Dilution of Labour Bulletin, April, 1917, p. 82.

[70] London Times, weekly edition, May 4, 1917.

[71] Great Britain, Home Office, Substitution of Women in Nonmunition Factories during the War, pp. 27-50.

[72] Great Britain Home Office, Report of the Chief Inspector of Factories and Workshops for 1915, 4.

[73] British Association for the Advancement of Science, Credit, Industry and the War, 151.

[74] Labour Year Book, 1916, p. 81.

[75] British Association for the Advancement of Science, Credit, Industry, and the War, 72.

[76] Labour Gazette, November, 1916, p. 403.

[77] Labour Gazette, March, 1916, p. 83.

[78] The New Statesman, April 7, 1917, p. 4.

[79] The Woman Worker, April, 1917.

[80] British Association for the Advancement of Science, Industry and Finance, pp. 146-147.

[81] Labour Gazette, February, 1916, p. 43.

[82] The Woman Worker, March, 1916, p. 3.

[83] Vide [Appendix D, 236].

[84] Great Britain Home Office, Report of the Chief Inspector of Factories and Workshops for 1914, 33.

[85] Vide pp. [35], [38].

[86] British Association for the Advancement of Science, Labour, Finance, and the War, 71.

[87] Monica Cosens, Lloyd George’s Munition Girls, 1916, p. 114.

[88] Miss O. E. Monkhouse, M. B. E., in Railway News, March 30, 1918, p. 368.

[89] Henriette R. Walter, “Munition Workers in England,” Munition Makers, 1917, p. 138.

[90] The New Statesman, January 13, 1917, p. 346.

[91] Labour Gazette, December, 1917, p. 438.

[92] Labour Gazette, March, 1917, p. 92.

[93] Labour Gazette, March, 1917, p. 93.

[94] Great Britain Minister of Munitions, Health of Munition Workers Committee, Memorandum No. 17, “Health and Welfare of Munition Workers Outside the Factory,” 1917.

[95] John and Katherine Barrett, British Industrial Experience during the War, Sen. Doc. 114. 65th Cong., 1st Sess.

[96] The Survey, Sept. 15. 1917, p. 527.

[97] National Union of Women Workers, Occasional Paper, May, 1916, pp. 66-68.

[98] Great Britain Ministry of Labour, Labour Gazette, February, 1920, p. 60.

[99] Great Britain, Home Office, Substitution of Women in Nonmunition Factories, pp. 26-50.

[100] Quoted from G. D. H. Cole in United States Monthly Labor Review, June, 1919, p. 1852.

[101] Paul U. Kellogg and Arthur Gleason, British Labor and the War, 1919, p. 141.

[102] The Woman Worker, January, 1916, p. 13.

[103] Women’s Industrial News, April, 1916, p. 19.

[104] Vide [p. 55].

[105] Munitions of War Act. 5 and 6 Geo. 5, Ch. 54. Part I. 2 (1).

[106] Vide [p. 51].

[107] 5 and 6 Geo. 5, Ch. 99.

[108] Women’s Trade Union Review, July, 1917, p. 1.

[109] The Woman Worker, February, 1917, p. 11.

[110] January, 1916, pp. 5-7.

[111] Labour Gazette, September, 1917, p. 314.

[112] The Woman Worker, January, 1916, p. 7.

[113] Great Britain, Report of the War Cabinet Committee on Women in Industry, April, 1919, p. 110.

[114] Barbara Drake, Women in the Engineering Trades, 14.

[115] Paul U. Kellogg and Arthur Gleason, British Labor and the War, 152.

[116] United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, Monthly Review, August, 1917, p. 123.

[117] Women’s Industrial News, April, 1916, p. 15.

[118] The Woman Worker, April, 1916, p. 9.

[119] The Woman Worker, January, 1916, p. 7.

[120] Great Britain, Statutory Rules and Orders, No. 181, February 28, 1916.

[121] The list of establishments to which the wage orders are applied was never published, as it was considered “contrary to the national interest.” Information as to their scope comes mainly from an article in the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics Monthly Review, “Women’s Wages in Munition Factories in Great Britain,” August, 1917, for which many facts were supplied by an administrative officer of the Ministry of Munitions.

[122] The Woman Worker, April, 1916, p. 9.

[123] John and Katherine Barrett, British Industrial Experience during the War, Sen. Doc. 114, 65th Cong., 1st Sess.

[124] Great Britain, Statutory Rules and Orders, No. 447, July 6, 1916.

[125] United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Wages of Women in Munition Factories in Great Britain,” Monthly Review, August, 1917, p. 123.

[126] Great Britain, Statutory Rules and Orders, No. 618, September 13, 1916.

[127] Great Britain, Statutory Rules and Orders, No. 888, January 1, 1917.

[128] Ibid., No. 49, January 24, 1917.

[129] Great Britain, Statutory Rules and Orders, No. 9, January 6, 1917.

[130] Ibid., No. 10, January 6, 1917.

[131] Ibid., No. 621, September 12, 1916.

[132] Ibid., No. 313, March 30, 1917.

[133] The men’s cost of living advances were “not otherwise to apply or affect present time rates, premium bonus rates or piecework prices.” According to the Statutory Order in force women employed on skilled men’s work were to receive the time rate of the men they replaced.

[134] Great Britain, Statutory Rules and Orders, No. 489, April 16, 1917.

[135] Ibid., No. 492, April 16, 1917.

[136] Ibid., No. 491, April 16, 1917.

[137] Ibid., No. 781, August 16, 1917.

[138] Ibid., No. 31, January 14, 1918.

[139] Ibid., No. 1073, August 28, 1918.

[140] Great Britain, Statutory Rules and Orders, No. 546, May 8, 1918.

[141] Vide [pp. 52-53], for text of clauses in question.

[142] [Pp. 197-217].

[143] Great Britain, Report of the War Cabinet Committee on Women in Industry, April, 1919, p. 119.

[144] United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Women’s Wages in Munition Factories in Great Britain,” Monthly Review, August, 1917, pp. 119-120.

[145] G. D. H. and M. I. Cole, The Regulation of Wages during and after the War, p. 14.

[146] John and Katherine Barrett, British Industrial Experience during the War, Sen. Doc. 114, 65th Cong., 1st Sess.

[147] Vide [p. 112].

[148] Standing Joint Committee of Industrial Women’s Organizations, The Position of Women after the War, p. 8.

[149] Great Britain Home Office, Report of the Chief Inspector of Factories and Workshops for 1916, p. 6.

[150] Women’s Industrial News, October, 1916, p. 64.

[151] Great Britain Ministry of Labour, Labour Gazette, October, 1918, p. 393.

[152] Vide [Appendix N (p. 248)] for table of wage changes in seventeen important nonmunitions trades.

[153] Great Britain, Report of the War Cabinet Committee on Women in Industry, April, 1919, pp. 150-151. Vide [Appendix G] for the committee’s estimate of the occupations falling into various wage groups.

[154] British Association for the Advancement of Science, Labour, Finance, and the War, p. 201.

[155] Ibid., Industry and Finance, p. 44.

[156] “Two Important Lessons from England’s Experience,” System, June, 1917, p. 567.

[157] Labour Gazette, April, 1917, p. xxiv.

[158] Labour Gazette, January, 1916, p. 5.

[159] Factory and Workshop Act, 1901, 1 Edw. 7, Ch. 22, Sec. 150.

[160] Great Britain Home Office, Report of the Chief Inspector of Factories and Workshops for 1914, p. 55.

[161] Vide [Appendix H, p. 240].

[162] Great Britain Home Office, Report of the Chief Inspector of Factories and Workshops for 1914, p. 39.

[163] Great Britain Home Office, Report of the Chief Inspector of Factories and Workshops for 1914, p. 40.

[164] Ibid., 1915, p. 6.

[165] Vide [Appendix I, p. 241].

[166] Great Britain Home Office, Report of the Chief Inspector of Factories and Workshops for 1915, p. 9.

[167] Order No. 551.

[168] John and Katherine Barrett, British Industrial Conditions during the War, Sen. Doc. 114, 65th Cong., 1st Sess.

[169] G. D. H. Cole, Labour in War Time, 1915, p. 273.

[170] John Bass, Report to the United States Federal Trade Commission, April 17, 1917. (In manuscript.)

[171] Great Britain Home Office, Report of the Chief Inspector of Factories and Workshops for 1915, p. 6.

[172] A. F. Stanley Kent, Second Interim Report on an Investigation of Industrial Fatigue by Physiological Methods, Home Office, 1916, p. 44.

[173] The latter quotation comes from Memorandum No. 4, “Employment of Women and Girls,” which appeared in January, 1916, and discussed daily hours, night work and rest periods, as well as Sunday labor.

[174] Great Britain Ministry of Munitions, Health of Munition Workers Committee, Memorandum No. 18, “Further Statistical Information Concerning Output in Relation to Hours of Work,” 1917, p. 4.

[175] Great Britain, Defence of the Realm Act, Order No. 702.

[176] Home Office, General Order, Sept. 9, 1916, p. 1.

[177] Vide [Appendix J, p. 243].

[178] Women’s Industrial News, April 1916, pp. 17, 18.

[179] The Woman Worker, Feb., 1916, p. 10.

[180] John and Katherine Barrett, British Industrial Experience during the War, Sen. Doc. 114, 65th Cong., 1st Sess.

[181] Great Britain Home Office, Report of the Chief Inspector of Factories and Workshops for 1916, p. 8.

[182] The Woman Worker, May, 1916, p. 12.

[183] Great Britain Ministry of Munitions, Health of Munition Workers’ Committee, Memo. No. 20.

[184]

Woolen and Worsted. In force till June 20, when government rationing of raw material began.

Cotton. Six hours weekly.

Hosiery. Six and a half hours weekly. In force till June 20, when government rationing of raw material began.

Print, bleach and dye works. Up to 60 hours weekly. “Little used.”

Manchester warehouses. Up to 60 hours weekly. “Used only in emergencies.”

Munitions. Order of September, 1916, continued in force.

Shipbuilding. Maximum daily limit 15 hours. Maximum weekly hours, 63 and 65 in “great emergencies.”

Boots. Maximum weekly limit 60 hours.

Flour Mills. Women allowed to work at night.

Oil and Cake Mills. Women allowed to work at night.

Malting. Women allowed to work at night.

[185] Henriette R. Walter, “Munition Workers in England,” Munition Makers, p. 139.

[186] Ibid., p. 138.

[187] Susan Lawrence, as reported in the Women’s Trade Union Review, July, 1917, p. 12.

[188] The Labour Gazette, October, 1919, p. 418.

[189] Great Britain Home Office, Report of the Chief Inspector of Factories and Workshops for 1915, pp. 14, 15.

[190] 6 and 7 Geo. 5, 1916, Ch. 31.

[191] Great Britain Ministry of Munitions, Health of Munition Workers Committee, Memorandum No. 4, “Employment of Women,” p. 7.

[192] Great Britain Ministry of Munitions, Circular L6.

[193] Under this head were included (1) cloakrooms having separate pegs and arrangements for drying clothes, (2) wash rooms with hot and cold water, soap and towels, (3) sanitary conveniences, (4) rest and first aid rooms, separated, if the latter were used by men, (5) chairs or stools, (6) caps and aprons.

[194] John and Katherine Barrett, British Industrial Experience during the War, Sen. Doc. 114, 65th Cong., 1st Sess.

[195] John and Katherine Barrett, British Industrial Experience during the War, Sen. Doc. 114, 65th Cong., 1st Sess.

[196] Great Britain Home Office, Report of the Chief Inspector of Factories and Workshops for 1916, p. 9.

[197] Ibid.

[198] Barbara Drake, Women in the Engineering Trades, p. 74.

[199] The Woman Worker, January, 1917, p. 13.

[200] Great Britain Ministry of Munitions, Health of Munition Workers Committee, Final Report, April, 1918, p. 58.

[201] The New Statesman, February 3, 1917, pp. 415-416.

[202] Great Britain Ministry of Munitions, Health of Munition Workers Committee, Final Report, April, 1918, p. 76.

[203] Memorandum No. 2, “Welfare Supervision,” January, 1916.

[204] John and Katherine Barrett, British Industrial Experience during the War, Sen. Doc. 114, 65th Cong., 1st Sess.

[205] B. Seebohm Rowntree, “The Value of Welfare Supervision to the Employer,” System (Eng. ed.), June, 1916.

[206] Rebecca West, “Mothering the Munition Maker,” The New Republic, Oct. 13, 1917, p. 300.

[207] Women in the Engineering Trades, p. 75.

[208] Women’s Trade Union Review, Jan., 1917, p. 12.

[209] Great Britain, Health of Munition Workers’ Committee, Final Report, 1918, in United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, Bulletin No. 249, p. 263.

[210] Women’s Industrial News, April, 1917, p. 19.

[211] Great Britain Ministry of Munitions, Health of Munition Workers Committee, Memorandum No. 17, “Health and Welfare of Munition Workers Outside the Factory,” 1917.

[212] Great Britain Ministry of Munitions, Health of Munition Workers Committee, Memorandum No. 2, “Welfare Supervision,” p. 3.

[213] Ibid., Memorandum No. 4, “Employment of Women,” p. 5.

[214] Rebecca West, “Mothering the Munition Maker,” The New Republic, Oct. 6, 1917, p. 267.

[215] June, 1918, pp. 206-210.

[216] A number of soldiers may be assigned to a town, and householders may be required to furnish them with board and lodging at a fixed rate.

[217] Final Report, April, 1918, p. 127.

[218] Vide [Appendix K, p. 245].

[219] Owen R. Lovejoy, “Safeguarding Childhood in Peace and War,” Child Labor Bulletin, May, 1917, p. 74.

[220] United States Department of Labor, Children’s Bureau, “Child Labor in Warring Countries,” Bureau Publication No. 27, 1917, p. 12.

[221] Great Britain Ministry of Reconstruction, “Juvenile Employment during the War and After,” Reconstruction Pamphlet, No. 15, p. 3.

[222] House of Commons, Debates, August 10, 1917, p. 790.

[223] Labour Year Book, 1916, pp. 88-89.

[224] Great Britain Board of Education, Circular 898, March 12, 1915.

[225] United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, Monthly Review, June, 1917, p. 889.

[226] The Woman Worker, May, 1916, p. 3.

[227] Great Britain Board of Education, Report of the Chief Medical Officer of the Board of Education for 1915, p. 106.

[228] Ibid., p. 103.

[229] Ibid., Circular 943, February 29, 1916.

[230] Great Britain Board of Education, School Attendance and Employment in Agriculture, Returns 1st September, 1914, to 31st January, 1915, p. 3.

[231] Labour Year Book, 1916, p. 89.

[232] Great Britain Board of Education, Annual Report for 1915 of the Chief Medical Officer of the Board of Education, p. 106.

[233] Ibid., Summary of Returns supplied by Local Education Authorities for the period of September 1, 1914, to January 31, 1915, p. 4.

[234] [Page 4].

[235] Vide [p. 123].

[236] Great Britain Ministry of Munitions, Dilution of Labour Bulletin, February, 1916, p. 2.

[237] London Times, Educational Supplement, March 15, 1917.

[238] February, 1917, p. 49.

[239] The Labour Woman, August, 1916, p. 44.

[240] Great Britain Ministry of Reconstruction, “Juvenile Employment during the War and After,” Reconstruction Pamphlet, No. 15, p. 27.

[241] Great Britain Ministry of Munitions, Health of Munition Workers Committee, Memorandum No. 13, “Juvenile Employment,” 1916, p. 4.

[242] Ibid., Interim Report, 1917, p. 103.

[243] Great Britain Ministry of Munitions, Health of Munition Workers Committee, Memorandum No. 13, “Juvenile Employment,” p. 5.

[244] Great Britain Ministry of Munitions, Health of Munition Workers Committee, Memorandum No. 5, “Hours of Work,” pp. 7-8.

[245] Following is the section of the general order regulating hours for boys under eighteen:

Scheme D. (Overtime for Boys.)

This scheme applies to male young persons of 16 years of age and over provided that the superintending inspector of factories shall have power in cases where the work is of a specially urgent character to extend the application of the scheme to male young persons between 14 and 16 years of age.

Such young persons may be employed overtime on week days other than Saturday subject to the following conditions:

(1) The total hours worked per week (exclusive of intervals for meals) shall not exceed 65.

(2) The daily period of employment (including overtime and intervals for meals)

(a) Shall not commence earlier than 6 a.m. or end later than 10 p.m.

(b) Shall not exceed 14 hours.

Provided that where overtime is worked on not more than 3 days in the week the period of employment may in the case of boys of 16 years of age and over be 15 hours.

(3) Intervals for meals amounting to not less than 1½ hours shall be allowed during the period of employment with an additional half hour if the period of employment is more than 13½ hours or an additional three-fourths of an hour if the period of employment is 15 hours.

(4) On Saturday the period of employment shall end not later than 2 p.m.

[246] Great Britain Ministry of Reconstruction, “Juvenile Employment during the War and After.” Pamphlets on Reconstruction Problems No. 15, p. 8.

[247] Great Britain Ministry of Munitions, Health of Munition Workers Committee, Memorandum No. 13, “Juvenile Employment,” p. 6.

[248] Great Britain Ministry of Munitions, Health of Munition Workers Committee, Interim Report, p. 103.

[249] Great Britain Ministry of Reconstruction, “Juvenile Employment during the War and After,” Reconstruction Pamphlet No. 15, p. 24.

[250] The Labour Woman, July, 1916, p. 34.

[251] Great Britain Ministry of Munitions, Health of Munition Workers Committee, Memorandum No. 4, “Employment of Women,” pp. 3, 10.

[252] Great Britain Home Office, Report of the Chief Inspector of Factories and Workshops for 1915, pp. 9-10.

[253] Great Britain Ministry of Munitions, Health of Munition Workers’ Committee, Final Report, April, 1918, pp. 21-22.

[254] Ibid., p. 72.

[255] Great Britain Home Office, Report of the Chief Inspector of Factories and Workshops for 1915, p. 14.

[256] Dr. Rhoda H. B. Adamson, “Future Possibilities for the Work of Women,” Common Cause, February 7, 1919, pp. 512-514.

[257] British Association for the Advancement of Science, Labour, Finance, and the War, p. 117.

[258] Labour, Finance, and the War, p. 129.

[259] Ibid., p. 84.

[260] Great Britain Ministry of Munitions, Health of Munition Workers Committee, Memorandum No. 4, “Employment of Women,” p. 4.

[261] Great Britain Ministry of Munitions, Health of Munition Workers Committee, Memorandum No. 4, “Employment of Women,” p. 4.

[262] An Inquiry into the Prevalence and Aetiology of Tuberculosis among Industrial Workers, with Special Reference to Female Munition Workers, p. 4.

[263] Great Britain Ministry of Munitions, Health of Munition Workers Committee, Memorandum No. 4, “Employment of Women,” p. 5.

[264] Committee of Industrial Women’s Organizations, The Position of Women After the War, p. 9.

[265] June 23, 1917, p. 271.

[266] Great Britain Home Office, Report of the Chief Inspector of Factories and Workshops for 1916, pp. 6, 7.

[267] Great Britain Ministry of Reconstruction, Reconstruction Pamphlet No. 1, “The Aims of Reconstruction,” 1918, p. 4.

[268] The Women’s Employment Committee of the Ministry of Reconstruction held that the question of what disposition should be made of the national factories was also one of major importance. The committee suggested that work in these factories, if they were retained by the government, could be so regulated as largely to prevent unemployment by manufacturing goods for which an early demand could be foreseen. Great Britain Ministry of Reconstruction, Report of the Women’s Employment Committee (Cd. 9239) 1919, p. 4.

[269] Great Britain Ministry of Reconstruction, Civil War Workers Committee, First Interim Report, p. 5.

[270] Vide [p. 246].

[271] Vide [Appendix L] for detailed figures on unemployment among women workers after the armistice.

[272] United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, Monthly Labor Review, May, 1919, pp. 242-243.

[273] Vide The Common Cause, May 9, 1919, p. 1.

[274] Labour Gazette, May, 1919, pp. 171 and 187.

[275] Committee of Inquiry into the Scheme of Out-of-Work Donation. Interim Report (Cmd. 196), Final Report (Cmd. 305).

[276] London Times, May 1, 1919.

[277] Violet Markham in The Labour Woman, June, 1919, p. 59.

[278] Vide [p. 55].

[279] Vide [p. 62].

[280] G. D. H. and M. I. Cole, Regulation of Wages, p. 17.

[281] Labour Gazette, August, 1918, p. 307.

[282] Tobacco; aerated waters; boot and shoe repairing; paper bag making; brush and broom making; hair, bass, and fibre trade; laundries; corsets.

[283] Great Britain, Ministry of Labour, Labour Gazette, December, 1919, pp. 514, 515.

[284] Vide [Appendix M (p. 249)] for list of “unsuitable” occupations.

[285] The report of the “Machinery of Government Committee” took a similar position, advocating in a rather guarded way the increased employment of women in the civil service, including the upper division, from which they had been excluded before the war.

[286] Great Britain, Report of the War Cabinet Committee on Women in Industry, Minority Report, p. 255.

[287] Scientific American, June 7, 1919.

[288] The Labour Gazette, December, 1919, p. 524.

[289] The Labour Gazette, December, 1919, p. 524.

[290] Great Britain Ministry of Reconstruction, Pamphlets on Reconstruction Problems, No. 15, “Juvenile Employment,” 1919, p. 19.

[291] Not owned by government.

[292] Includes arsenals, docks, government shell filling factories, etc.

[293] Includes teachers and transportation workers for municipalities.

[294] Not owned by government.

[295] Includes arsenals, docks, government shell filling factories, etc.

[296] Includes teachers and transportation workers for municipalities.

[297] Not owned by government.

[298] Includes arsenals, docks, government shell filling factories, etc.

[299] Includes teachers and transportation workers for municipalities.

[300] Not owned by government.

[301] Includes arsenals, docks, government shell filling factories, etc.

[302] Includes teachers and transportation workers for municipalities.

[303] The order expired and was not renewed.

[304] The order expired and was not renewed.

[305] The order expired and was not renewed.

[306] The order expired and was not renewed.

[307] The order expired and was not renewed.

[308] The order expired and was not renewed.

[309] A new order, which was allowed in all nontextile works not otherwise provided for. It allowed greater elasticity than was provided by the Factory Acts, and permitted, for example, such moderate overtime during the week as could be compensated by an earlier stop on Saturdays.

[310] Figures for Oct. 3 and 10, on account of special arrangements made during the railway strike of these weeks, are not given.

[311] Great Britain Ministry of Reconstruction, Report of the Committee on Women’s Employment, p. 82.

[312] Includes “Paper Making.”

Transcriber’s Notes:

The cover image was created by the transcriber, and is in the public domain.

Old or antiquated spellings have been preserved.

The footnotes have been moved to the end of the index.

Typographical and punctuation errors have been silently corrected.