Rousseau and Romanticism

by Irving Babbitt

ENGLISH FIELD

✱ The Cambridge History of English Literature, vols. X, XI, XII, 1913 ff. (Excellent bibliographies.)—See also articles and bibliographies in ✱ Dictionary of National Biography, Chambers Encyclopædia of English Literature (new edn.) and Encyclopædia Britannica (11th edn.).

L. Stephen: ✱ History of English Thought in the 18th Century, 1876. (To be consulted for the deistic prelude to emotional naturalism. The author’s horizons are often limited by his utilitarian outlook.)—T. S. Seccombe: The Age of Johnson, 1900.—E. Bernbaum’s English Poets of the 18th Century, 1918. (An anthology so arranged as to illustrate the growth of sentimentalism.)—W. L. Phelps: The Beginnings of the English Romantic Movement, 1893.—H. A. Beers: A History of English Romanticism in the 18th Century, 1898. A History of English Romanticism in the 19th Century, 1901. (Both vols. are agreeably written but start from a very inadequate definition of romanticism.)—C. H. Herford: The Age of Wordsworth, 1897.—G. Saintsbury: Nineteenth Century Literature, 1896.—A. Symons: The Romantic Movement in English Poetry, 1909. (Ultra-romantic in outlook.)—W. J. Courthope: History of English Poetry, vols. V and VI, 1911.—O. Elton: ✱ A Survey of English Literature, 1780-1830, 1912. (A distinguished treatment of the period, at once scholarly and literary. The point of view is on the whole romantic, as appears in the use of such general terms as “beauty” and the “infinite.”)—H. Richter: Geschichte der englischen Romantik, 1911 ff.—W. A. Neilson: The Essentials of Poetry, 1912. (The point of view appears in a passage like the following, pp. 192-93: According to Arnold high seriousness “is the final criterion of a great poet. One might suggest it as a more fit criterion for a great divine. … The element for which Arnold was groping when he seized on the σπουδή of Aristotle was not seriousness but intensity.”)—P. E. More: ✱ The Drift of Romanticism (Shelburne Essays, Eighth Series), 1913. (Deals also with the international aspects of the movement, especially in the essay on Nietzsche. The point of view has much in common with my own.)

George Lillo: The London Merchant; or The History of George Barnwell, 1731. Fatal Curiosity, 1737. Both plays ed. with intro. by A. W. Ward, 1906. (Bibliography.)—E. Bernbaum: The Drama of Sensibility, 1696-1780, 1915.

S. Richardson, 1689-1761: Novels, ed. L. Stephen, 12 vols. 1883.

D. Diderot: Eloge de R., 1761. Reprinted in Œuvres complètes, vol. v.—J. Jusserand: Le Roman Anglais, 1886.—J. O. E. Donner: R. in der deutschen Romantik, 1896.—W. L. Cross: The Development of the English Novel (chap. II, “The 18th Century Realists”), 1899.—J. Texte: ✱ J.-J. Rousseau et les Origines du Cosmopolitisme littéraire. Eng. trans. by J.W. Matthews, 1899.—C. L. Thomson: Samuel Richardson: a Biographical and Critical Study, 1900.—A. Dobson: S. R., 1902.

L. Sterne, 1713-68: Collected Works, ed. G. Saintsbury, 6 vols. 1894. Ed. W. L. Cross, 12 vols. 1904.

P. Fitzgerald: Life of S., 2 vols. 1864. 3d edn. 1906.—P. Stapfer: Laurence Sterne, 1870.—H. D. Traill: Sterne, 1882.—L. Stephen: Sterne. Hours in a Library, vol. III, 1892.—J. Czerny: Sterne, Hippel, und Jean Paul, 1904.—H. W. Thayer: L. S. in Germany, 1905.—P. E. More: Shelburne Essays, 3d Series, 1905.—W. L. Cross: The Life and Times of L. S., 1909.—W. Sichel: ✱ Sterne, 1910.—L. Melville: The Life and Letters of L. S., 2 vols. 1911.—F. B. Barton: Etude sur l’influence de S. en France au XVIII^e siècle, 1911.

Henry Mackenzie: The Man of Feeling, 1771.—Horace Walpole: The Castle of Otranto, 1765.—Clara Reeve: The Champion of Virtue, 1777. Title changed to The Old English Baron in later edns.—Thomas Amory: Life of John Buncle, Esq., 4 vols. 1756-66. New edn. (with intro. by E. A. Baker), 1904.—Henry Brooke: The Fool of Quality, 5 vols. 1766-70. Ed. E. A. Baker, 1906.—William Beckford: An Arabian Tale [Vathek], 1786. In French, 1787. Ed. R. Garnett, 1893.—L. Melville: The Life and Letters of William Beckford, 1910.—P. E. More: W. B., in The Drift of Romanticism, 1913.

Edward Young, 1683-1765: Works, 6 vols. 1757-78. Poetical Works (Aldine Poets), 1858.—George Eliot: The Poet Y., in Essays, 2d edn. 1884.—W. Thomas: Le poète E. Y., 1901.—J. L. Kind: E. Y. in Germany, 1906.—H. C. Shelley: The Life and Letters of E. Y., 1914.

James Macpherson, 1736-96: Fingal, 1762. Temora, 1763. The Works of Ossian, ed. W. Sharp, 1896.—For bibliography of Ossian and the Ossianic controversy see Lowndes’s Bibliographer’s Manual, part VI, 1861.—J. S. Smart: ✱ James Macpherson, 1905.

Thomas Percy: Reliques of Ancient English Poetry, 3 vols. 1765. Ed. H. B. Wheatley, 3 vols. 1876 and 1891.—A. C. C. Gaussen: Percy, Prelate and Poet, 1908.

Thomas Chatterton, 1752-70: Complete Poetical Works, ed. with intro. and bibliography by H. D. Roberts, 2 vols. 1906. Poetical Works, with intro. by Sir S. Lee, 2 vols. 1906-09.—A. de Vigny: Chatterton. Drame, 1835—D. Masson: Chatterton in Essays, 1856.—T. Watts-Dunton: Introduction to poems of C., in Ward’s English Poets.—C. E. Russell: Thomas Chatterton, 1909.—J. H. Ingram: The True Chatterton, 1910.

Thomas Warton: The History of English Poetry, 1774-88.—C. Rinaker: Thomas Warton, 1916.—Joseph Warton: Essay on the Genius and Writings of Pope, 2 vols. 1756-82.—Paul-Henri Mallet: Introduction à l’Hist. de Dannemarc, 2 vols. 1755-56—F. E. Farley: Scandinavian Influence on the English Romantic Movement, 1903 (Bibliography).—R. Hurd: Letters on Chivalry and Romance, 1762; ed. E. J. Morley, 1911.

W. Godwin, 1756-1836: Political Justice, 1793. Caleb Williams, 1794.

C. K. Paul: W. G., his Friends and Contemporaries, 2 vols 1876.—W. Hazlitt: W. G., in The Spirit of the Age, 1902.—L. Stephen: W. G.’s Novels. Studies of a Biographer, vol. III, 1902.—P. Ramus: W. G. der Theoretiker des kommunistischen Anarchismus, 1907.—H. Saitzeff: W. G. und die Anfänge des Anarchismus im xviii Jahrhundert, 1907.—Helene Simon: W. G. und Mary Wollstonecraft, 1909.—H. Roussin: W. G., 1912.

R. Burns, 1759-96: The Complete Poetical Works, ed. J. L. Robertson, 3 vols. 1896.—J. C. Ewing: Selected List of the Works of R. B., and of Books upon his Life and Writings, 1899.

W. Wordsworth: Letter to a Friend of R. Burns, 1816.—T. Carlyle: Burns, 1828. Rptd. 1854. On Heroes and Hero-Worship, 1841.—J. G. Lockhart: Life of R. Burns, 1828.—H. A. Taine: Histoire de la Littérature Anglaise, vol. III, 1863-64.—J. C. Shairp: R. Burns, 1879.—R. L. Stevenson: Familiar Studies of Men and Books, 1882.—M. Arnold: Essays in Criticism, Second Series, 1888.—A. Angellier: ✱ R. Burns: la vie et les œuvres, 2 vols. 1893.—T. F. Henderson: R. Burns, 1904.—W. A. Neilson: Burns: How to Know Him, 1917.

W. Blake, 1759-1827: The Poetical Works, ed. with an intro. and textual notes by J. Sampson, 1913.

A. Gilchrist: Life of B., 2 vols. 1863. New edn. 1906.—A. C. Swinburne: W. B., 1868. New edn. 1906.—A. T. Story: W. B., 1893.—J. Thomson (B.V.): Essay on the Poems of W. B., in Biographical and Critical Studies, 1896.—W. B. Yeats: Ideas of Good and Evil, 1903.—F. Benoit: Un Maître de l’Art. B. le Visionnaire, 1906.—P. E. More: Shelburne Essays, Fourth Series, 1906.—P. Berger: W. B., 1907.—S. A. Brooke: Studies in Poetry, 1907.—E. J. Ellis: The Real B., a Portrait Biography, 1907.—B. de Selincourt: W. B., 1909.—G. Saintsbury: A History of English Prosody, vol. III, 1910.—J. H. Wicksteed: B.’s Vision of the Book of Job, 1910.—H. C. Beeching: B.’s Religious Lyrics, Essays and Studies by Members of the Eng. Association, vol. III, 1912.—A. G. B. Russell: The Engravings of W. B., 1912.

W. Wordsworth, 1770-1850: Poetical Works, ed. T. Hutchinson, 1904. Poems, chosen and edited by M. Arnold, 1879. Prose Works, ed. W. Knight, 2 vols. 1896. Wordsworth’s Literary Criticism, ed. N. C. Smith, 1905.

W. Hazlitt: The Spirit of the Age, 1825.—C. Wordsworth: Memoirs of W. W., 2 vols. 1851.—T.B. Macaulay: Critical and Historical Essays, 1852.—J. R. Lowell: Among my Books, 1870.—R. H. Hutton: Essays Theological and Literary, 2 vols. 1871.—J. C. Shairp: W., 1872.—S. A. Brooke: Theology in the English Poets, 1874. 10th edn. 1907.—E. Dowden: Studies in Literature, 1878. New Studies in Literature, 1895.—W. Bagehot: Literary Studies, 1879.—F. W. H. Myers: W., 1881.—J. H. Shorthouse: On the Platonism of W., 1882.—W. A. Knight: Memorials of Coleorton, 2 vols. 1887. Letters of the Wordsworth Family from 1787 to 1855, 1907.—M. Arnold: ✱ Essays in Criticism, Second Series, 1888.—P. Bourget: Etudes et Portraits, vol. II, 1888.—W. H. Pater: Appreciations, 1889.—L. Stephen: Hours in a Library, vol. II, 1892. Studies of a Biographer, vol. I, 1898.—Dorothy Wordsworth: Journals, ed. W. Knight, 2 vols, 1897.—E. Legouis: ✱ The Early Life of W., 1770-98. Trans. by J.W. Matthews, 1897.—E. Yarnall: W. and the Coleridges, 1899.—W. A. Raleigh: W., 1903.—K. Bömig: W. W. im Urteile seiner Zeit, 1906.—A. C. Bradley: Eng. Poetry and German Philosophy in the Age of W., 1909.—M. Reynolds: The Treatment of Nature in Eng. Poetry between Pope and W., 1909. (Bibliography.)—L. Cooper: A Concordance to the Poems of W. W., 1911.—E. S. Robertson: Wordsworthshire. An Introduction to a Poet’s Country, 1911.

W. Scott, 1771-1832: Poetical Works, ed. J. L. Robertson, 1904. The Waverly Novels (Oxford edn.), 25 vols. 1912. The Miscellaneous Prose Works, 30 vols. 1834-71.

W. Hazlitt: The Spirit of the Age, 1825.—J. G. Lockhart: ✱ Memoirs of the Life of Sir W. S. Baronet, 2 vols. 1837-38.—T. Carlyle: Sir W.S., 1838.—G. Grant: Life of Sir W. S., 1849.—L. Stephen: Hours in a Library, vol. I, 1874. The Story of S.’s Ruin, Studies of a Biographer, vol. II, 1898.—R. H. Hutton: Sir W. S., 1876.—W. Bagehot: The Waverley Novels in Literary Studies, vol. II, 1879.—G. Smith: Sir W. S., in Ward’s English Poets, vol. IV, 1883.—R. L. Stevenson: A Gossip on Romance in Memories and Portraits, 1887.—J. Veitch: The Feeling for Nature in Scottish Poetry, 2 vols. 1887. Vol. II. History and Poetry of the Scottish Border. 2d edn. 2 vols. 1893.—C.D. Yonge: Life of Sir W.S. (bibliography by J.P. Anderson), 1888.—V. Waille: Le Romantisme de Manzoni, 1890.—A. Lang: Life and Letters of J.G. Lockhart, 2 vols. 1896. L. and the Border Minstrelsy, 1910.—F.T. Palgrave: Landscape in Poetry, 1896.—A.A. Jack: Essays on the Novel as illustrated by S. and Miss Austen, 1897.—G. Saintsbury: Sir W.S., 1897.—L. Maigron: ✱ Le Roman historique à l’époque romantique. Essai sur l’influence de W.S., 1898.—W.L. Cross: Development of the English Novel, 1899.—M. Dotti: Delle derivazioni nei Promessi sposi di A. Manzoni dai Romanzi di W.S., 1900.—W.H. Hudson: Sir W.S., 1901.—W.S. Crockett: The Scott Country, 1902. Footsteps of S., 1907. The Scott Originals, 1912.—A. Ainger: S. Lectures and Essays, vol. I. 1905.—A.S.G. Canning: History in S.’s Novels, 1905. Sir W.S. studied in Eight Novels, 1910.—G. Agnoli: Gli Albori del romanzo storico in Italia e i primi imitatori di W.S., 1906.—C.A. Young: The Waverley Novels, 1907.—G. Wyndham: Sir W.S., 1908.—F.A. MacCunn: Sir W.S.’s friends, 1909.

S. T. Coleridge, 1772-1831: Dramatic Works, ed. D. Coleridge, 1852. Poetical Works, ed. with biographical intro. by J.D. Campbell, 1893. Complete Poetical Works, ed. E.H. Coleridge, 2 vols. 1912. Prose Works, 6 vols. in Bohn’s Library, 1865 ff.—Biographia Literaria, ed. with his æsthetical essays by I. Shawcross, 2 vols. 1907. Anima Poetae, ed. E.H. Coleridge, 1895. C.’s Literary Criticism, with intro. by J.W. Mackail, 1908. Biographia epistalaris, ed. A. Tumbull, 2 vols. 1911.

W. Hazlitt: Mr. C., in The Spirit of the Age, 1825.—T. Allsop: Letters, Conversations, and Recollections of S.T.C., 2 vols. 1836.—T. Carlyle: Life of John Sterling (part I, chap, VIII), 1851.—Sara Coleridge: Memoirs and Letters of Sara Coleridge, 2 vols. 1873.—H.D. Traill: Coleridge, 1884.—A. Brandl: S.T.C. und die englishe Romantik, 1886. Eng. trans. by Lady Eastlake, 1887.—W. Pater: Coleridge. Appreciations, 1889.—T. De Quincey: S.T.C., 1889.—L. Stephen: Coleridge, Hours in a Library, vol. III, 1892.—J.D. Campbell: S.T.C., 1894. 2d edn.; 1896.—E. Dowden: C. as a Poet. New Studies in Literature, 1895.—E.V. Lucas: Charles Lamb and the Lloyds, 1898.—R.H. Shepherd: The Bibliography of C., 1900.—C. Cestre: La Révolution française et les poètes anglais (1789-1809), 1906.—J. Aynard: La vie d’un poète. Coleridge, 1907.—A.A. Helmholtz: The Indebtedness of S.T.C. to A.W. Schlegel, 1907.—A.A. Jack and A.C. Bradley: Short Bibliography of C., 1912.

C. Lamb, 1775-1834: Life and Works, ed. A. Ainger, 12 vols. 1899-1900. The Works of Charles and Mary L., ed. E.V. Lucas, 7 vols. 1903-05. The Works in Prose and Verse of Charles and Mary L., ed. T. Hutchinson, 2 vols. 1908. The Letters of C.L. Intro, by H.H. Harper, 5 vols. 1907. Dramatic Essays of C.L., ed. B. Matthews, 1891.

G. Gilfillan: C.L., vol. II, 1857.—B.W. Proctor: C.L., 1866.—P. Fitzgerald: C.L., 1866.—A. Ainger: C.L., a Biography, 1882. Lectures and Essays, vol. II, 1905.—W. Pater: C.L. Appreciations, 1889.—E.V. Lucas: Bernard Barton and his Friends, 1893. C.L. and the Lloyds, 1898. The Life of C.L., 2 vols. 1905.—F. Harrison: L. and Keats, 1899.—G.E. Woodberry: C.L., 1900.—H. Paul: C.L. Stray Leaves, 1906.

W. Hazlitt, 1778-1830: Works, edd. A.R. Waller and A. Glover, 12 vols. and index, 1902-06.

L. Hunt: Autobiography, 3 vols. 1850.—W. C. Hazlitt: Memoirs of W. H., 2 vols. 1867. Four Generations of a Literary Family, 2 vols. 1897. Lamb and H., 1899.—G. Saintsbury: H. Essays in English Literature (1780-1860), 1890.—L. Stephen: Hours in a Library, vol. II, 1892.—A. Birrell: W. H., 1902.—P. E. More: The Shelburne Essays, Second Series, 1905.—J. Douady: Vie de W. H., 1907.—Liste chronologique des œuvres de W. H., 1906.

Lord Byron, 1788-1824: The Works of Lord B., ed. by R. H. Coleridge and R. E. Prothero, 13 vols. 1898-1904. Complete Poetical Works, ed. with intro., etc., by P. E. More, 1905.—Poetry of B., chosen and arranged by M. Arnold, 1881.

S. E. Brydges: Letters on the Character and Poetical Genius of Lord B., 1824.—T. Medwin: Journal of the Conversations of Lord B., 1824.—L. Hunt: Lord B. and Some of his Contemporaries, 3 vols. 1828.—J. Galt: The Life of Lord B., 1830, 1908.—V. E. P. Chasles: Vie et influence de B. sur son époque, 1850.—T. B. Macaulay: Lord B., 1853.—H. Beyle: Lord B. en Italie, in Racine et Shakespeare, 1824.—K. Elze: Lord B., 1870.—H. von Treitschke: Lord B. und der Radicalismus, in Historische und politische Aufsätze, vol. I, 1871.—E. Castelar: Vida de Lord B., 1873.—A. C. Swinburne: B., in Essays and Studies, 1875.—C. Cant: Lord B. and his Works, 1883.—J. C. Jeaffreson: The Real Lord B., 2 vols. 1883.—M. Arnold: ✱ Essays in Criticism, Second Series, 1888.—R. Noel: Life of B. (bibliography by J. P. Anderson), 1890.—O. Schmidt: Rousseau und B., 1890.—S. Singheimer: Goethe und Lord B., 1894.—K. Bleibtreu: B. der Übermensch, 1897. Das Byron-Geheimnis, 1912.—R. Ackermann: Lord B., 1901.—F. Melchior: Heines Verhältnis zu Lord B., 1902.—G. K. Chesterton: The Optimism of B., in Twelve Types, 1902.—E. Koeppel: Lord B., 1903.—J. C. Collins: The Works of Lord B., in Studies in Poetry and Criticism, 1905.—W. E. Leonard: B. and Byronism in America, 1905.—M. Eimer: Lord B. und die Kunst, 1907.—E. Estève: ✱ B. et le romantisme français, 1907.—J. Calcaño: Tres Poetas pesimistas del siglo xix (Lord B., Shelley, Leopardi), 1907.—P. H. Churchman: B. and Espronoeda, 1909.—R. Edgcumbe: B.; The Last Phase, 1909.—B. Miller: Leigh Hunt’s Relations with B., 1910.—C. M. Fuess: Lord B. as a Satirist in Verse, 1912.—E. C. Mayne: B., 2 vols. 1912.

T. De Quincey, 1785-1859. Select Essays, ed. D. Masson, 2 vols. 1888. Collected Writings, ed. D. Masson, 14 vols. 1889-90. Literary Criticism, ed. H. Darbishire, 1909.

A. H. Japp: T. De Q.: His Life and Writings.. 2 vols. 1877. New edn. 1890. De Q. Memorials, 2 vols. 1891.—S. H. Hodgson: Outcast Essays, 1881.—D. Masson: T. De Q., 1881.—G. Saintsbury: De Q. Essays in English Literature (1780-1860), 1890.—L. Stephen: Hours in a Library. New edn. vol. I. 1892.—J. Hogg: De Q. and his Friends, 1895.—A. Barine: Névrosés: De Q., etc., 1898.—A. Birrell: Essays about Men, Women and Books, 1901.—H. S. Salt: De Q., 1904.—J. A. Green: T. De Q.: a Bibliography, 1908.

P. B. Shelley, 1792-1822: Complete Poetical Works, ed. T. Hutchinson, 1904. Prose Works, 4 vols. Ed. H. B. Forman, 1880. Prose Works, ed. R. H. Shepherd, 2 vols. 1888, 1912. S.’s Literary Criticism, ed. J. Shawcross, 1909. Letters to Elizabeth Hitchener, ed. B. Dobell, 1909. The Letters of S., ed. R. Ingpen, 2 vols. 1909. New edn. 1912.

L. Hunt: Lord Byron and his Contemporaries, 1828.—T. Medwin: The Shelley Papers, 1833. Life of S., 2 vols. 1847. Ed. H. B. Forman, 1913.—T. J. Hogg: Life of S., 2 vols. 1858. Ed. E. Dowden, 1906.—E. J. Trelawny: Recollections of the Last Days of S. and Byron, 1858. Ed. E. Dowden, 1906.—D. Masson: Wordsworth, S., Keats, and other Essays, 1874.—J. A. Symonds: S., 1878.—J. Todhunter: A Study of S., 1880.—Shelley Society Publications, 1884-88.—F. Rabbe: S., 1887.—J. C. Jeaffreson: The Real S., 2 vols. 1885.—E. Dowden: Life of S., 2 vols. 1886. Revised and condensed, 1896.—W. Sharp: Life of S., 1887.—M. Arnold: ✱ Essays in Criticism, Second Series, 1888.—F. S. Ellis: A Lexical Concordance to the Poetical Works of S., 1892.—W. Bagehot: Literary Studies. New edn., vol. I, 1895.—H. Richter: P. B. S., 1898.—W. B. Yeats: The Philosophy of S.’s Poetry, 1903.—S. A. Brooke: The Lyrics of S., etc. Studies in Poetry, 1907.—E. S. Bates: A Study of S.’s Drama The Cenci, 1908.—F. Thompson: S., 1909.—A. C. Bradley: S.’s View of Poetry, in Oxford Lectures on Poetry, 1909. Short Bibliography of S., English Association Leaflet, no. 23, 1912.—A. Clutton-Brock: S., the Man and the Poet, 1910.—P. E. More: S., in Shelburne Essays, Seventh Series, 1910.—A. H. Koszul: La Jeunesse de Shelley, 1910.—H. R. Angeli: S. and his Friends in Italy, 1911.—F. E. Schelling: The English Lyric, 1913.—H. N. Brailsford: S. and Godwin, 1913.—R. Ingpen: S. in England, 2 vols. 1917.

J. Keats, 1795-1821: Poetical Works, ed. with an intro., etc., by H. B. Forman, 1906. Poems, ed. Sir S. Colvin, 2 vols. 1915. Letters. Complete revised edn., ed. H. B. Forman, 1895. Keats Letters, Papers and other Relics, ed. G. C. Williamson, 1914.

M. Arnold: Selections from K.’s Poems, with Introduction, in Ward’s English Poets, vol. IV, 1880. Also in ✱ Essays in Criticism, Second Series, 1888.—A. C. Swinburne: Miscellanies, 1886.—W. M. Rossetti: Life of J. K. (bibliography by J. P. Anderson), 1887.—S. Colvin: K., 1887.—W. Watson: Excursions in Criticism, 1893.—J. Texte: K. et le neo-hellénisme dans la poésie anglaise in Etudes de littérature européenne, 1898.—P. E. More: Shelburne Essays, Fourth Series, 1906.—S. A. Brooke: Studies in Poetry, 1907.—A. E. Hancock: J. K., 1908.—A. C. Bradley: The Letters of K., in Oxford Lectures on Poetry, 1909.—L. Wolff: An Essay on K.’s Treatment of the Heroic Rhythm and Blank Verse, 1909. J. K., sa vie et son œuvre, 1910.—J. W. Mackail: Lectures on Poetry, 1912.—Sir S. Colvin: ✱ Life of J. K., 1917.