Chapters on Jewish literature

by Israel Abrahams

INDEX

[ToC]

• Abayi, Amora, [51].
• Abba Areka, Amora, [47], [48], [51].
  • popularizes Jewish learning, [49].
  • wide outlook of, [50].
• Abbahu, Amora, [48]-[49].
• Abraham de Balmes, translator, [149].
• Abraham de Porta Leone, historian, [220].
• Abraham Ibn Chisdai, story by, [154]-[155].
• Abraham Ibn Daud, historian, [213]-[214].
• Abraham Ibn Ezra, on Kalir, [88].
  • life of, [115].
  • quotations from, [115].
  • activities and views of, [116], [123], [151].
• Abraham Abulafia, Kabbalist, [171].
• Abraham Farissol, geographer, [206].
• Abraham Zacuto, historian, [216].
• Abul-Faraj Harun, Karaite author, [77].
• Abulwalid Merwan Ibn Janach, grammarian, [101].
  • works of, translated, [148].
• Achai, Gaon and author, [70].
• Acharonim, later scholars, [240].
• Æsop, used by Berachya ha-Nakdan, [157].
• "Against Apion," by Josephus, [34].
• Akiba, a Tanna, [23], [24]-[26].
  • characteristics and history of, [24]-[26].
  • school of, [26].
  • fable used by, [65].
  • Alphabet by, [175].
• Al-Farabi, works of, translated, [185].
• Alfassi. See Isaac Alfassi.
• Alfonso V of Portugal, Abarbanel with, [225].
• Alfonso VI of Spain, takes Toledo, [126].
• Alfonso X of Spain, employs Jews as translators, [150], [156].
• Almohades, the, a Mohammedan sect, [134], [135].
• "Alphabet of Rabbi Akiba," Kabbalistic work, [175].
• Amoraim, the, teachers of the Talmud, [44].
  • characterised, [45]-[46].
  • some of, enumerated, [46]-[52].
• Amram, Gaon, liturgist, [70].
• Anan, the son of David, founder of Karaism, [75].
• Andalusia, the Spanish Piyut in, [85].
• "Answers." See "Letters"; "Responses."
• "Antiquities of the Jews," by Josephus, [34].
• Antonio de Montesinos, and the Ten Tribes, [208], [247].
• Apion, attacks Judaism, [36].
• Apocrypha, the, addresses of parents to children in, [194].
• Aquila, translates the Scriptures, [26].
  • identical with Onkelos, [26]-[27].
• Aquinas, Thomas, studies the "Guide," [140].
• Arabic, used by the Gaonim, [71].
  • in Jewish literature, [83].
  • poetry, [84].
  • translation of the Scriptures, [91], [93], [94].
  • commentary on the Mishnah, [135].
• Aragon, Spanish Piyut in, [85].
• Aramaic, translation of the Pentateuch, [27].
  • used by Josephus, [37].
  • language of the Talmud, [44].
  • used by the Gaonim, [71].
  • translation of Scriptures in the synagogues, [94].
  • language of the Zohar, [173].
• Arbäa Turim, code by Jacob Asheri, [234], [239].
• Archimedes, works of, translated, [150], [185].
• Aristotle, teachings of, summarized, [140].
  • interpreted by Averroes, [149].
  • works of, translated, [185].
• Aruch, the, compiled by Zemach, [70].
  • by Nathan, the son of Yechiel, [121], [200].
• Asher, the son of Yechiel, the will of, [195]-[196].
  • codifier, [234].
• Ashi, Amora, compiler of the Talmud, [51]-[52].
• Atonement, the Day of, hymn for, [162].
• "Autobiography," the, of Josephus, [34].
• Averroes, works of, translated, [148], [149], [185].
• Azariah di Rossi, historian, [221]-[222], [223].
• Azriel, Kabbalist, [171].
• Azulai, Chayim, historian, [220].
• Babylonia, Rabbinical schools in, [44].
  • centre of Jewish learning, [49], [68].
  • loses its supremacy, [92].
• Bachya Ibn Pekuda, works of, translated, [148].
  • ethical work by, [190].
• Bacon, Roger, on the scientific activity of the Jew, [150].
• Bahir, Kabbalistic work, [171].
• Bar Cochba, Akiba in the revolt of, [24].
• "Barlaam and Joshaphat," by Abraham Ibn Chisdai, [154]-[155].
• Baruch of Ratisbon, Tossafist, [161].
• Beast Fables, in the Midrash, [64]-[67].
  • examples of, [65]-[66].
• Bechinath Olam, by Yedaiah Bedaressi, [191]-[192].
• Benjamin of Tudela, traveller, [203].
• Benjamin Nahavendi, Karaite author, [77].
• Berachya ha-Nakdan, fabulist, [156]-[157].
• Berlin, under Frederick the Great, [254].
• Beruriah, wife of Meir, [28].
• Bible, the. See Scriptures, the.
• Bidpai, Fables of, and the Jews, [155]-[156].
• Biur, the, commentary on the Pentateuch, [230].
• Bohemia, the Kalirian Piyut in, [85].
• "Book of Creation, The," Kabbalistic work, [175].
• "Book of Creation, Commentary on the," by Saadiah, [95].
• "Book of Delight, The," by Joseph Zabara, [157]-[158].
• "Book of Genealogies, The," by Abraham Zacuto, [216].
• "Book of Lights and the High Beacons, The," by Kirkisani, [80].
• "Book of Principles, The," by Joseph Albo, [141].
• "Book of Roots, The," by David Kimchi, [117].
• "Book Raziel, The," Kabbalistic work, [175].
• "Book of the Exiled, The," by Saadiah, [94].
• "Book of the Pious, The," ethical work, [191].
• "Book of Tradition, The," by Abraham Ibn Daud, [213]-[214].
• Braganza, Duke of, friend of Abarbanel, [226].
• Brahe, Tycho, friend of David Gans, [220].
• "Branch of David, The," by David Gans, [219], [220]-[221].
• "Breastplate of Judgment, The," part of the Shulchan Aruch, [240].
• "Brilliancy," Kabbalistic work, [171].
• Browne, Sir Thomas, alluded to, [127].
• Buddha, legend of, [154]-[155].
• Burgundy, the Kalirian Piyut in, [85].
• Buxtorf, as translator, [148].
• "Caged Bird, The," fable, [65].
• Cairo, Old. See Fostat.
• Calendar, the Jewish, arranged, [48].
• "Call of the Generations, The," by David Conforte, [220].
• "Captives of Hope, The," by Penso, [246].
• Castile, the Spanish Piyut in, [85].
• Catalonia, the Spanish Piyut in, [85].
• "Ceremonies and Customs of the Jews," by Leon da Modena, [220].
• Chacham Zevi, author of "Responses," [238].
• "Chaff, Straw, and Wheat," fable, [65].
• "Chain of Tradition, The," by Gedaliah Ibn Yachya, [220], [222]-[223].
• Chanina, the son of Chama, Amora, [46].
• Charizi, on Chasdai, [99]-[100], [107].
  • on Moses Ibn Ezra, [114].
  • as a poet, [131]-[132].
  • influences Immanuel of Rome, [184].
  • ethical work by, [189].
  • geographical notes by, [200].
• Chasdai Ibn Shaprut, patron of Moses ben Chanoch, [97].
  • Charizi on, [99]-[100], [107].
  • activities of, [100].
  • as a patron of Jewish learning and poetry, [100]-[101], [102].
  • and the Chazars, [102]-[103].
  • as translator, [150].
• Chasdai Crescas, philosopher, [141].
  • studied by Spinoza, [251].
• Chassidim, the, new saints, [176].
  • hymns by, [177].
• Chayim Vital Calabrese, Kabbalist, [176].
• Chazars, the, and Chasdai Ibn Shaprut, [102]-[103].
• Chiddushim, Notes on the Talmud, [234].
• Chiya, Amora, [49].
• Chizzuk Emunah, by Isaac Troki, [81].
• Choboth ha-Lebaboth, by Bachya Ibn Pekuda, [190].
• "Choice of Pearls, The," by Solomon Ibn Gebirol, [110], [189].
• Choshen ha-Mishpat, part of the Shulchan Aruch, [240].
• "Chronicle of Achimaaz," [213].
• Clement VII, pope, and David Reubeni, [207].
• "Cluster of Cyprus Flowers, A," by Judah Hadassi, [80].
• "Cock and the Bat, The," fable, [65].
• Cohen, Tobiah, geographer, [209].
• "Collections." See Machberoth.
• "Come, my Friend," Sabbath hymn, [239].
• "Conciliator, The," by Manasseh ben Israel, [245].
• "Consolations for the Tribulations of Israel," by Samuel Usque, [217]-[218].
• Constantine, forbids Jews to enter Jerusalem, [205].
• Cordova, centre of Arabic learning, [96]-[97].
  • a Jewish centre, [103], [112].
  • in the hands of the Almohades, [134].
• Corfu, Abarbanel in, [226].
• Council, the Great. See Synhedrion, the.
• Cromwell, and Manasseh ben Israel, [248].
• Crusades, the, and the Jews of France, [124].
• Cuzari, by Jehuda Halevi, [127], [139].
• Damascus, Jehuda Halevi in, [129].
• Daniel, the Book of, commentary on, [48].
• Dante, influences Jewish poets, [179], [182], [183], [186].
• David, the son of Abraham, Karaite author, [79].
• David ben Maimon, brother of Moses, [135].
• David Abi Zimra, author of "Responses," [238].
• David Alroy, pseudo-Messiah, [203].
• David Conforte, historian, [220].
• David Gans, historian, [220]-[221].
• David Kimchi, grammarian, [117], [123].
• David Reubeni, traveller, [207].
• "Deeds of God, The," by Abarbanel, [229].
• Descartes, studied by Spinoza, [250].
• "Deuteronomy." See "Strong Hand, The."
• "Diary of Eldad the Danite," [201]-[203].
• Dictionary, Hebrew rhyming, by Saadiah, [93].
  • See also Lexicon.
• Dioscorides, works of, translated, [150].
• Doria, Andrea, doge, physician of, [219].
• Dramas in Hebrew, [246]-[247].
• Dunash, the son of Labrat, grammarian, [101], [123].
• Duran family, writers of "Responses," [237].
• Eben Bochan, by Kalonymos, [185].
• Eben ha-Ezer, part of the Shulchan Aruch, [240].
• Egypt, Jehuda Halevi in, [129].
• Eldad the Danite, traveller, [201]-[203].
• Eleazar of Worms, writer, [191].
• Eleazar the Levite, will of, [196]-[197].
• Eleazar, the son of Azariah, saying of, [25]-[26].
• Eleazar, the son of Isaac, will of, [194]-[195].
• Elias del Medigo, critic, [222].
• Elias Levita, grammarian, [229].
• Elijah Kapsali, historian, [216].
• Elisha, the son of Abuya, and Meir, [28].
• Emden, Jacob, author of "Responses," [238].
• Emek ha-Bacha, by Joseph Cohen, [218], [219].
• Emunoth ve-Deoth, by Saadiah, [95].
• En Yaakob, by Jacob Ibn Chabib, [192].
• Enan, giant in "The Book of Delight," [157]-[158].
• England, the Kalirian Piyut in, [85].
  • Jews re-admitted into, [244].
  • "Ennoblement of Character, The," by Solomon Ibn Gebirol, [110].
• Eshkol ha-Kopher, by Judah Hadassi, [80].
• Esthori Parchi, explorer of Palestine, [204]-[205].
• Ethical Wills, prevalence and character of, [193]-[194].
  • examples of, and quotations from, [194]-[198].
• "Ethics, the," by Spinoza, [251].
• Euclid, works of, translated, [149].
• Eusebius, used in "Josippon," [214].
• "Examination of the World," by Yedaiah Bedaressi, [191]-[192].
• Exilarchs, the, official heads of the Persian Jews, [72].
• "Eye of Jacob, The," by Jacob Ibn Chabib, [192].
• Ezra, Kabbalist, [171].
• Fables. See Beast Fables; Fox Fables.
• "Faith and Philosophy," by Saadiah, [95].
• Fathers, the Christian, and Simlai, [47].
• Fayum, birthplace of Saadiah, [91].
• Ferdinand and Isabella, Abarbanel with, [226].
• Fez, the Maimon family at, [135].
• Fiesco, rebellion of, [217].
• Folk-tales, diffusion of, [153].
• Fostat, Maimonides at, [135].
• "Foundation of the World, The," by Moses Zacut, [246].
• "Fountain of Life, The," by Solomon Ibn Gebirol, [110].
• "Four Rows, The," code by Jacob Asheri, [234], [239].
• "Fox and the Fishes, The," fable, [65].
• "Fox as Singer, The," fable, [66].
• Fox Fables, by Meir, [64].
  • by Berachya ha-Nakdan, [156]-[157].
• France, the Kalirian Piyut in, [85].
  • a Jewish centre, [116], [119], [124].
  • Jewish schools of, destroyed, [124].
• Fränkel, teacher of Mendelssohn, [253].
• Frederick II, emperor, patron of Anatoli, [149].
• Frederick the Great, the Berlin of, [254].
• Galen, works of, translated, [150], [185].
• Galilee, centre of Jewish learning, [20].
• explored by Esthori Parchi, [205].
• Gaonim, the, heads of the Babylonian schools, [68].
  • work of, [68]-[69].
  • literary productions of, [69]-[71].
  • language used by, [71].
  • "Letters" of, [71]-[74].
  • religious heads of the Jews of Persia, [72].
  • as writers, [74].
  • Karaite controversies with, [78].
  • works of, collected, [104].
  • analyze the Talmud, [121].
• Gedaliah Ibn Yachya, historian, [222]-[223].
• Gemara. See Talmud, the.
• Genesis, commentary on, by Saadiah, [94].
• Geographical literature among the Jews, [200].
• German Jews, stagnation among, [254].
• Germany, the Kalirian Piyut in, [85].
• Gersonides. See Levi, the son of Gershon.
• "Glory to the Virtuous," by Luzzatto, [247].
• Graetz, H., quoted, [21], [168].
• Grammar, Hebrew, works on, [77], [79], [117].
• Granada, Jewish literary centre, [112].
• Greece, the Kalirian Piyut in, [85].
• Greek, translation of the Scriptures, [26].
  • used by Josephus, [37].
  • used in the Sibylline books, [39].
  • used among the Jews, [48].
• Grotius, friend of Manasseh ben Israel, [245].
• Guarini, influences Luzzatto, [246].
• "Guide of the Perplexed, The," by Moses Maimonides, [136], [139]-[141], [142].
• Habus, Samuel Ibn Nagdela minister to, [103].
• Hagadah, the poetic element of the Talmud, [47].
• Hai, the last Gaon, [71].
• Halachah, the legal element of the Talmud, [47], [55].
• Halachoth Gedoloth, compilation of Halachic decisions, [73].
• Haman, a fable concerning, [66].
• Hassan, the son of Mashiach, Karaite author, [78], [79].
• "Heart Duties," by Bachya Ibn Pekuda, [190].
• Hebrew, the, of the Mishnah, [29].
  • used by the Gaonim, [71].
  • the language of prayer, [83].
  • influenced by Kalir, [88].
  • translations into, [145], [146].
  • a living language, [147].
  • studied by Christians, [230].
• Heilprin, Yechiel, historian, [220].
• Heine, quoted, [128].
• "Hell and Eden," by Immanuel of Rome, [182], [184]-[185].
• "Higher Criticism," the, father of, [116].
• Hillel I, parable of, [62].
• Hillel II, arranges the Jewish Calendar, [48].
• Hippocrates, works of, translated, [150].
• Historical works, [33]-[34].
• Historical writing among the Jews, [211]-[212], [213], [217].
• "History of France and Turkey," by Joseph Cohen, [217].
• "History of the Jewish Kings," by Justus, [34].
• "History of the Ottoman Empire," by Elijah Kapsali, [216].
• Holland, a Jewish centre, [243].
• Homiletics, in the Midrash, [57].
  • in Sheeltoth, [70].
• "Hope of Israel, The," by Manasseh ben Israel, [208]-[209], [248].
• Hosannas, the Day of, hymn for, [89].
• Huet, friend of Manasseh ben Israel, [245].
• Huna, Amora, [49]-[50].
• Ibn Roshd. See Averroes.
• Icabo, character in Samuel Usque's poem, [218].
• Iggaron, dictionary by David, [79].
• Ikkarim, by Joseph Albo, [141].
• Immanuel, the son of Solomon, Italian Jewish poet, [179], [180].
  • life of, [180]-[181].
  • works of, [182]-[185].
• Isaac the Elder, Tossafist, [161].
• Isaac, the son of Asher, Tossafist, [161].
• Isaac Abarbanel, in Portugal, [225]-[226].
  • writes commentaries, [226], [227].
  • in Castile, [226].
  • in Naples and Corfu, [226]-[227].
  • in Venice, [227].
  • as a writer, [227]-[228].
  • as an exegete, [228], [229].
  • as a philosopher, [229].
• Isaac Aboab, ethical writer, [192].
• Isaac Alfassi, Talmudist, [121]-[122].
• Isaac Lurya, Kabbalist, [176].
• Isaac Troki, Karaite author, [81].
• Isaiah Hurwitz, Kabbalist, [176].
• Isaiah, the Book of, Abraham Ibn Ezra on, [116].
• Islam, sects of, [75]-[76].
• Israel Baalshem, Kabbalist, [176]-[177].
• Israel Isserlein, author of "Responses," [237].
• "It was at Midnight," by Jannai, [86].
• Italian Jewish literature, [178]-[180], [187].
• Italy, the Kalirian Piyut in, [85].
• "Itinera Mundi," by Abraham Farissol, [206].
• "Itinerary," by Benjamin of Tudela, [203].
• Jabneh. See Jamnia.
• Jacob Ibn Chabib, writer, [192].
• Jacob Anatoli, translator, [148].
  • patron and friend of, [149].
• Jacob Asheri, compiler of the Turim, [234], [239].
• Jacob Weil, author of "Responses," [237].
• Jacobs, Mr. Joseph, quoted, [65], [66], [156], [158]-[159].
• Jair Chayim Bacharach, author of "Responses," [238].
• Jamnia, centre of Jewish learning, [19]-[22].
• Jannai, originator of the Piyut, [86].
  • date of, [87].
• Japhet, the son of Ali, Karaite author, [78], [79].
• Jayme I of Aragon, orders a public disputation, [164].
• Jehuda Halevi, models of, [107].
  • subjects of, [109].
  • prominence of, [126].
  • youth of, [126]-[127].
  • as a philosopher and physician, [127]-[128], [139].
  • longs for Jerusalem, [128].
  • on his journey, [128]-[129].
  • quotation from, [129]-[130].
  • works of, translated, [148].
• Jerome, under Jewish influence, [48].
• "Jerusalem," by Mendelssohn, [256].
• "Jewish War, The," by Justus, [34].
• "Jews, The," by Lessing, [256].
• Jochanan, the son of Napacha, Amora, [46], [47], [51].
• Jochanan, the son of Zakkai, characterized, [20]-[21], [24].
  • as a Tanna, [23]-[24].
• Jochanan Aleman, Kabbalist, [174].
• John of Capua, translator, [155].
• Joseph Ibn Caspi, will of, [196].
• Joseph Ibn Verga, historian, [218]-[219].
• Joseph al-Bazir, Karaite author, [78], [79].
• Joseph Albo, philosopher, [141].
• Joseph Cohen, historian, [216]-[217], [219].
• Joseph Delmedigo, on Gedaliah Ibn Yachya, [222].
• Joseph Karo, prohibits the Machberoth, [183].
  • compiler of the Shulchan Aruch, [233].
  • life of, [238]-[239].
  • See Shulchan Aruch, the.
• Joseph Kimchi, exegete, [116].
• Joseph Zabara, poet, [157]-[158].
  • geographical notes by, [200].
• Josephus, Flavius, historian, [34]-[38].
  • works of, [34].
  • characterized, [35]-[36].
  • champion of Judaism, [36], [37]-[38].
  • style of, [36]-[37].
  • language used by, [37].
  • used in "Josippon," [214].
• Joshua, the son of Levi, Amora, [47].
• "Josippon," a romance, [214].
• Judah the Prince, a Tanna, [23], [28]-[29].
  • characterized, [28]-[29].
• Judah Ibn Ezra, anti-Karaite, [214].
• Judah Ibn Tibbon as a translator, [146], [147].
  • as a physician, [146]-[147].
• Judah Ibn Verga, chronicler, [218].
• Judah Chayuj, grammarian, [101].
• Judah Chassid, ethical writer, [191].
• Judah Hadassi, Karaite author, [80]-[81].
• Judah Minz, author of "Responses," [237].
• Judah Romano, school-man, [185].
• Judaism, after the loss of a national centre, [21].
  • championed by Josephus, [36], [37]-[38].
  • philosophy of, [77].
• Justus of Tiberias, historian, works of, [34].
• Kabbala, mysticism, [170].
  • development of, [171].
  • and Christian scholars, [174].
  • the later, [175].
• Kalila ve-Dimna. See Bidpai, Fables of.
• Kalir, new-Hebrew poet, [85], [86], [87].
  • date of, [87].
  • style of, [87]-[88], [107].
  • subject-matter of, [88]-[89].
  • quotation from, [89]-[90].
• Kalirian Piyut, the, [85].
• Kalonymos, the son of Kalonymos, translator, [149], [185].
  • as poet, [179], [180], [185]-[186].
• Kant, and Mendelssohn, [257].
• Kaphtor va-Pherach, by Esthori Parchi, [205].
• Karaism, rise of, [75]-[76].
  • a reaction against tradition, [76].
  • defect of, [76].
  • literary influence of, [77].
  • history of, [80].
  • Rabbinite opposition to, [82].
  • opposed by Saadiah, [91], [92].
• Kepler, correspondent of David Gans, [220].
• Kether Malchuth, by Solomon Ibn Gebirol, [110].
  • quotation from, [111]-[112].
• Kimchi. See Joseph; Moses; David.
• Kirkisani, Karaite author, [80].
• Kodashim, order of the Mishnah, [31].
• Kore ha-Doroth, by David Conforte, [220].
• "Lamp of Light, The," by Isaac Aboab, [192].
• Landau, Ezekiel, author of "Responses," [238].
• Lavater, and Mendelssohn, [258].
• "Law of Man, The," by Nachmanides, [166].
• Lecha Dodi, Sabbath hymn, [239].
• Lecky, on the scientific activity of the Jews, [150].
• Leon da Modena, historian, [220].
• Leon, Messer, physician and writer, [187].
• Leshon Limmudim, by Sahal, the son of Mazliach, [79].
• "Lesser Sanctuary, The," by Moses Rieti, [186].
• Lessing, and Mendelssohn, [255]-[256].
• "Letter," by Sherira, [70]-[71], [212].
• "Letter of Advice, The," by Solomon Alami, [197]-[198].
• "Letter of Aristeas," by Azariah di Rossi, [223].
• "Letters," the, of the Gaonim, scope of, [71]-[73].
  • style of, [74].
  • geographical notes in, [200].
  • and the "Responses," [234].
• Levi, the son of Gershon, philosopher, [141].
• Lexicon, by Sahal, [79].
  • by David, [79].
  • by David Kimchi, [117].
• Lexicon, Talmudical. See Aruch, [70].
• "Light of God, The," by Chasdai Crescas, [141].
• "Light of the Eyes, The," by Azariah di Rossi, [220], [223].
• Literature, Jewish, oral, [21]-[22].
  • principle of, [23]-[24].
  • under the influence of Karaism, [77].
  • See Mishnah, the.
• Liturgy, the, earliest additions to, [83].
  • See Piyut, the.
• Lorraine, the Kalirian Piyut in, [85].
• Lost Ten Tribes, book on, [201].
  • in Brazil, [208].
• Lucas, Mrs. Alice, translations by, quoted, [63].
• Lucian, used in "Josippon," [214].
• Luzzatto, Moses Chayim, Kabbalist and dramatist, [176].
  • ethical work by, [193].
  • as dramatist, [246]-[247].
• Lydda, centre of Jewish learning, [20].
• Machberoth, by Immanuel of Rome, [182]-[185].
• Maggid, familiar of Joseph Karo, [239].
• Maharil, collection of Customs, [238].
• Maimonides, Moses, the forerunner of, [95].
  • youth of, [134]-[135].
  • activities of, [135]-[136].
  • disinterestedness of, [136].
  • attacks on, [137], [141].
  • prominence of, [137]-[138].
  • as a philosopher, [138]-[141], [142], [151].
  • works of, translated, [148].
  • and Nachmanides, [163].
  • studied by Spinoza, [250].
• Mainz, Rashi at, [122].
• Majorca, the Spanish Piyut in, [85].
• Manasseh ben Israel, and the Lost Tribes, [208]-[209], [243], [247]-[248].
  • political activity of, [244], [248].
  • life of, [244].
  • attainments and friends of, [245].
  • activities of, [247].
  • as a pamphleteer, [248]-[249].
  • and Spinoza, [250].
• Manetho, historian, and Josephus, [36].
• Massechtoth, tractates of the Mishnah, [31].
• "Maxims of the Philosophers," by Charizi, [189].
• Mebo ha-Talmud, by Samuel Ibn Nagdela, [104].
• Mechilta, a Midrashic work, [57].
• Megillath Taanith. See "Scroll of Fasting, The."
• Meir, a Tanna, [23], [27]-[28].
  • characterized, [27]-[28].
  • fables by, [64].
• Meir of Rothenburg, poet, [131], [235]-[237].
  • writer of "Responses," [235].
• "Memorial Books," historical sources, [216].
• Menachem, the son of Zaruk, grammarian, [100], [101], [123].
• Mendelssohn, Moses, antagonized by Ezekiel Landau, [238].
  • life of, [253].
  • objects to the separation of culture and religion, [254].
  • service of, to Judaism, [254]-[255].
  • and Lessing, [255]-[256].
  • style of, [257].
  • and Lavater, [258].
  • translates the Pentateuch, [258]-[259].
  • circle of, [259].
  • influence of, [259]-[260].
• Menorath ha-Maor, by Isaac Aboab, [192].
• Meör Enayim, by Azariah di Rossi, [220].
• Meshullam of Lunel, patron of learning, [146], [147].
• Messiah, the, Joshua on, [47].
• Messilath Yesharim, by Moses Chayim Luzzatto, [193].
• Metre, in Hebrew poetry, [84].
• Michlol, by David Kimchi, [117].
• Midrash, the, characterized, [55]-[57].
  • poetical, [56], [57].
  • popular homiletics, [57].
  • works called, [57]-[58].
  • style of, [58]-[59].
  • proverbs in, [59]-[60].
  • parables in, [60]-[64].
  • beast fables in, [64]-[67].
  • and the Piyut, [86], [88]-[89].
  • used by Rashi, [123], [124].
• Midrash Haggadol, a Midrashic work, [58].
• Midrash Rabbah, a Midrashic work, [58].
• Mikdash Meät, by Moses Rieti, [186].
• Minhag, established by the Gaonim, [69].
• Miphaloth Elohim, by Abarbanel, [229].
• Mishnah, a paragraph of the Mishnah, [31].
• Mishnah, the, origin of, [22].
  • principle of, [24].
  • compiled by Rabbi, [28].
  • contents and style of, [29]-[31].
  • divisions of, [31].
  • development of, [43]. See Talmud, the.
  • date of, [52].
  • Sherira on, [70].
  • Maimon's commentary on, [135].
  • commentary on, [206].
  • personified, [239].
• Mishneh Torah. See "Strong Hand, The."
• Moed, order of the Mishnah, [31].
• Mohammedanism assumed by the Maimon family, [135].
• Moreh Nebuchim. See "Guide of the Perplexed, The."
• Moses, teachings of, summarized, [140].
• Moses of Leon, author of the Zohar, [172], [173].
• Moses, the son of Chanoch, founds a school at Cordova, [97].
• Moses, the son of Maimon. See Maimonides, Moses.
• Moses Ibn Ezra, and the Scriptures, [107], [109].
  • life of, [112]-[113].
  • quotation from, [113]-[114].
  • hymns of, [114].
  • Charizi on, [114].
• Moses Ibn Tibbon, translator, [148].
• Moses Alshech, homiletical writer, [230].
• Moses Kimchi, grammarian, [117].
• Moses Minz, author of "Responses," [237].
• Moses Rieti, poet, [186]-[187].
• Mysticism, an element of religion, [169]-[170].
  • in Judaism, [170].
• Nachmanides, Moses, Talmudist, [160]-[168].
  • on the French Rabbis, [160], [162].
  • as a poet, [162].
  • gentleness of, [163].
  • in a disputation, [163]-[164].
  • in Palestine, [165].
  • as an exegete, [165]-[168].
  • teacher of, [171].
  • will of, [195].
• Nahum, poet, [109].
• "Name of the Great Ones, The," by Chayim Azulai, [220].
• Naples, Abarbanel in, [226].
• Nashim, order of the Mishnah, [31].
• "Nathan the Wise," by Lessing, [256].
• Nathan, the son of Yechiel, lexicographer, [121].
• Nehardea, centre of Jewish learning, [44].
• Nehemiah Chayun, Kabbalist, [176].
• New-Hebrew, as a literary language, [83].
• New-Hebrew poetry, and the Scriptures, [107].
  • characteristics of, [108]-[109].
  • after Jehuda Halevi, [130]-[131], [132].
  • See also Piyut.
• Nezikin, order of the Mishnah, [31].
• Nicholas, monk, translator, [150].
• "Novelties," Notes on the Talmud, [234].
• Numeo, character in Samuel Usque's poem, [218].
• Obadiah of Bertinoro, Rabbi of Jerusalem, [206].
• Omar, forbids Jews to enter Jerusalem, [205].
• Onkelos. See Aquila.
• Orach Chayim, part of the Shulchan Aruch, [239], [240].
• "Order of Generations, The," by Yechiel Heilprin, [220].
• "Order of the Tannaim and Amoraim," [212].
• Orders of the Mishnah, [31].
• Origen, under Jewish influence, [48].
• Pablo Christiani, convert, and Nachmanides, [164].
• Palestine, the Kalirian Piyut in, [85].
  • the Maimon family in, [135].
  • explored, [204]-[205].
  • open to Jews, [205]-[206].
• Parables, in the Midrash, [60]-[64].
  • examples of, [62], [63].
• Parallelism of line, in the Scriptures, [108].
• Passover, hymn for, [86].
• "Path of Life, The," part of the Shulchan Aruch, [239], [240].
• "Path of the Upright, The," by Moses Chayim Luzzatto, [193].
• Penso, Joseph Felix, dramatist, [246].
• Pentateuch, the, translated, [27], [247], [258].
  • as viewed by Meir, [27].
  • commentary on, [166]-[168], [230].
  • See also Scriptures, the.
• Perakim, chapters of the Mishnah, [31].
• Perez of Corbeil, Tossafist, [161].
• "Perfection," by David Kimchi, [117].
• Persia, the Jews of, independent, [72].
  • See also Babylonia.
• Pesikta, a Midrashic work, [58].
• Petachiah of Ratisbon, traveller, [204].
• "Phædo, or the Immortality of the Soul," by Mendelssohn, [257].
• Philo, on Judaism, [38].
• Philosophy, Jewish, created by Saadiah, [91], [95].
• Pico di Mirandola, and the Kabbala, [174].
• Piyut, the, characteristics of, [83]-[84].
  • two types of, [84]-[85].
  • Kalirian, [85].
  • Spanish, [85].
  • creator of, [85]-[86].
  • by Samuel Ibn Nagdela, [105].
  • in Italy, [186].
• Poetry. See New-Hebrew poetry; Piyut.
• Poland, the Kalirian Piyut in, [85].
• Porphyry, on the Book of Daniel, [48].
• Prayer-Book, the, compiled by Amram, [70].
  • arranged by Saadiah, [95].
• Prester John, Eldad on, [203].
• "Prince and Nazirite," by Abraham Ibn Chisdai, [154]-[155].
• Provence, the Spanish Piyut in, [85].
  • Jewish learning in, [146].
• Proverbs, in the Midrash, [59]-[60].
  • quoted, [59].
• Psalms, the, and new-Hebrew poetry, [104]-[105], [108].
  • mysticism in, [169], [170].
• Ptolemy, works of, translated, [149], [185].
• Pumbeditha, centre of Jewish learning, [44], [72].
• "Purim Tractate, The," by Kalonymos, [185]-[186].
• Pygmies, the, discovered by Tobiah Cohen, [209].
• "Questions and Answers," decisions, [73].
• Rab. See Abba Areka.
• Rabba, the son of Nachmani, Amora, [51].
• Rabbi. See Judah the Prince.
• Rabbinical schools, in Babylonia, [44].
• Rabina, Amora, compiler of the Talmud, [51], [52].
• Ralbag. See Levi, the son of Gershon.
• Ramban. See Nachmanides, Moses.
• Rashbam. See Samuel ben Meir.
• Rashi (R. Shelomo Izchaki), importance of, [119].
  • style of, [119]-[120].
  • characteristics of, [120]-[121].
  • life of, [122].
  • as an exegete, [123]-[124].
  • descendants of, [124], [161].
• Rava, Amora, [51].
• Rembrandt, friend of Manasseh ben Israel, [245].
• Renaissance, the, and Italian Jewish literature, [178], [182], [184], [187].
• Renan, on the students of Averroes, [148].
• "Responses," on religious subjects, [234]-[235], [237]-[238].
• Reuchlin, Johann, and the Kabbala, [174].
• Rhyme, in Hebrew poetry, [84].
• "Rod of Judah, The," by the Ibn Vergas, [218]-[219].
• Rokeach, by Eleazar of Worms, [191].
• "Royal Crown, The," by Solomon Ibn Gebirol, [110].
  • quotation from, [111]-[112].
• Saadiah, Gaon, [70], [91]-[97].
  • activities of, [91], [95].
  • opposes Karaism, [92], [94].
  • translates the Scriptures, [93], [94].
  • style of, [93].
  • conflict of, with the Exilarch, [95].
  • arranges a prayer-book, [95].
  • as a philosopher, [95]-[96], [139].
  • works of, translated, [148].
• Sabbatai Zevi, and the Kabbala, [175].
  • opponents of, [238].
• "Sacred Letter, The," by Nachmanides, [165].
• Safed, Kabbalist centre, [175].
• Sahal, the son of Mazliach, [77]-[78].
• Salman, the son of Yerucham, Karaite author, [78].
• Salonica, Kabbalist centre, [175].
• "Salvation of his Anointed," by Abarbanel, [229].
• "Samson," by Luzzatto, [246].
• Samuel, Amora, [47]-[48], [51].
  • astronomer, [48].
• Samuel, the son of Chofni, Gaon and author, [71].
• Samuel ben Meir, exegete, [124].
• Samuel Ibn Nagdela, Nagid and minister, [103].
  • as a scholar, [104].
  • as a poet, [104]-[105].
• Samuel Ibn Tibbon, translator, [147], [148].
  • son-in-law of, [148].
• Samuel Usque, poet, [217]-[218].
• Scientific activity of the Jews, [151].
• Scot, Michael, friend of Anatoli, [149], [151].
• Scriptures, the, translated into Greek, [26].
  • commentaries on, [77], [79], [123], [229].
  • translated into Arabic, [91], [93], [94].
  • translations of, in the synagogues, [94].
  • and new-Hebrew poetry, [107]-[108].
  • characteristics of the poetry of, [108].
  • addresses of parents to children in, [194].
  • See also Pentateuch, the.
• "Scroll of Fasting, The," contents, character, and purpose of, [40]-[41].
• Sedarim, order of the Mishnah, [31].
• Seder ha-Doroth, by Yechiel Heilprin, [220].
• Sefer Dikduk, by Sahal, the son of Mazliach, [79].
• Sefer ha-Chassidim, ethical work, [191].
• Sefer ha-Galui, by Saadiah, [93].
• Sefer ha-Kabbalah, by Abraham Ibn Daud, [213]-[214].
• Sefer Yetsirah, by Saadiah, [95].
  • Kabbalistic, [175].
• Seleucid era, the, abolished, [238].
• Selichoth, elegies, Zunz on, [215]-[216].
• Sepphoris, centre of Jewish learning, [20].
• Septuagint, the, style of, [26].
• Seville, Jewish literary centre, [112].
• Shaaloth u-Teshuboth, decisions, [73].
• Shalsheleth ha-Kabbalah, by Gedaliah Ibn Yachya, [220].
• Shebet Jehudah, by the Ibn Vergas, [218]-[219].
• Sheeltoth, by Achai, [69]-[70].
• Sheloh, by Isaiah Hurwitz, [176].
• Shelomo Izchaki. See Rashi.
• Sherira, Gaon and historian, [70]-[71].
• Sheshet family, writers of "Responses," [237].
• "Shields of the Mighty, The," by Abraham de Porta Leone, [220].
• Shiites, the, Mohammedan sect, [75].
• Shilte ha-Gibborim, by Abraham de Porta Leone, [220].
• Shulchan Aruch, the, publication of, [232].
  • scope of, [232]-[233].
  • sources of, [233]-[234].
  • parts of, [239]-[240].
  • value of, [241].
• Sibylline books, the Jewish, [38]-[40].
  • on the Jewish religion, [38]-[39].
  • language of, [39].
  • quotations from, [39], [40].
• Siddur, the, compiled by Amram, [70].
• Sifra, a Midrashic work, [57].
• Sifre, a Midrashic work, [57].
• Simlai, Amora, [47], [48].
• Simon, the son of Lakish, Amora, [46].
• Simon, the son of Yochai, alleged author of the Zohar, [172].
• Solomon, the son of Adereth, writer of "Responses," [235].
• Solomon Ibn Gebirol, and the Scriptures, [107].
  • subjects of, [109].
  • life of, [109]-[110].
  • works of, [110].
  • quotations from, [111]-[112].
  • works of, translated, [148].
• Solomon Ibn Verga, chronicler, [218].
• Solomon Alami, ethical writer, [197]-[198].
• Solomon Alkabets, poet, [239].
• Solomon Molcho, and the Kabbala, [175], [207].
• Song of Songs, the, and new-Hebrew poetry, [107].
• Spain, Moorish, the centre of Jewish learning, [96]-[97].
• Spanish-Jewish poetry. See New-Hebrew poetry.
• Spanish Piyut, the, [85].
• Speyer, Rashi at, [122].
• Spinoza, Baruch, influenced by Chasdai Crescas, [141].
  • philosopher, [243], [244], [249]-[251].
  • life of, [250]-[251].
  • works of, [251].
• Steinschneider, Dr., on Jewish translators, [144].
• "Stone of Help, The," part of the Shulchan Aruch, [240].
• Strabo, used in "Josippon," [214].
• "Strengthening of Faith, The," by Isaac Troki, [81].
• "Strong Hand, The," by Moses Maimonides, [136]-[137], [139], [232].
• "Strong Tower, The," by Luzzatto, [246].
• Sunnites, the, Mohammedan sect, [75].
• Sura, centre of Jewish learning, [44], [72].
  • Saadiah at, [91], [96].
• Synhedrion, the, at Jamnia, [19]-[20].
• "Table Prepared." See Shulchan Aruch, the.
• Tables of Alfonso, in Hebrew, [221].
• Tachkemoni, by Charizi, [131]-[132], [183].
• Talmud, the, commentary on the Mishnah, [43].
  • language of, [44].
  • two works, [44].
  • the teachers of, [44].
  • character of, [45], [50], [53].
  • the two aspects of, [47].
  • and Rab and Samuel, [47]-[48], [51].
  • influences traceable in, [50]-[51].
  • compilation of, [51]-[52].
  • beast fables in, [64]-[67].
  • lexicon of, [70].
  • and the Piyut, [86].
  • commentary on, by Rashi, [120].
  • geographical notes in, [200].
  • Notes on, [234].
• Talmud, the Babylonian, [44].
  • the larger work, [44].
• Talmud, the Jerusalem, [44].
• Tam of Rameru, Tossafist, [161].
• Tanchuma, a Midrashic work, [58].
• Tannaim, the, teachers of the Mishnah, [22].
• four generations of, [23].
• Targum Onkelos, Aramaic translation of the Pentateuch, [27].
• Tarshish, by Moses Ibn Ezra, [114].
• "Teacher of Knowledge, The," part of the Shulchan Aruch, [239]-[240].
• Teharoth, order of the Mishnah, [31].
• Teshuboth. See "Letters," the; "Responses," the.
• "Theologico-Political Tractate," by Spinoza, [244], [251].
• Tiberias, centre of Jewish learning, [20].
• Todros Abulafia, Kabbalist, [171].
• Toledo, Jewish literary centre, [112].
  • cosmopolitanism of, [126].
• "Topaz, The," by Moses Ibn Ezra, [114].
• Torah, the. See Pentateuch, the.
• Tossafists, the, French Talmudists, [160]-[161].
• Tossafoth, Additions, [161].
• "Touchstone, The," by Kalonymos, [185].
• Tractates of the Mishnah, [31].
• Tradition, the Jewish, investigated at Jamnia, [21].
  • Sherira on, [70].
  • reaction against, [76].
  • See Mishnah, the.
• Translations, value of, [144].
  • made by Jews, [144]-[145], [146], [149]-[151], [153]-[154], [155]-[156].
• "Travels," by Petachiah of Ratisbon, [204].
• Troyes, Rashi at, [122].
• "Two Tables of the Covenant, The," by Isaiah Hurwitz, [176].
• Tyre, Jehuda Halevi in, [129].
• Usha, centre of Jewish learning, [20].
• "Valley of Tears, The," by Joseph Cohen, [218], [219].
• Venice, Abarbanel in, [227].
• Vindiciæ Judeorum, by Manasseh ben Israel, [244], [249], [258].
• "Vineyard," the. See Jamnia.
• Vossius, friend of Manasseh ben Israel, [245].
• "Wars of the Jews, The," by Josephus, [34].
  • the language of, [37].
• "Wars of the Lord, The," by Gersonides, [141].
• "Wars of the Lord, The," by Salman, the son of Yerucham, [78].
• Wessely, N.H., pedagogue, [210].
• "Wolf and the two Hounds, The," fable, [65].
• "Wolf at the Well, The," fable, [65].
• "Work of Tobiah, The," by Tobiah Cohen, [209].
• Worms, Rashi at, [122].
• Yad Hachazaka. See "Strong Hand, The."
• Yalkut, collected Midrashim, [58].
• Yedaiah Bedaressi, writer, [191]-[192].
• Yeshuoth Meshicho, by Abarbanel, [229].
• Yoreh Deah, part of the Shulchan Aruch, [240].
• Yuchasin, by Abraham Zacuto, [216].
• Zabara, satirist, [127].
• Zacut, Moses, dramatist, [246].
• Zeëna u-Reëna, homiletical work, [230].
• Zeira, Amora, [46].
• Zemach, the son of Paltoi, Gaon and lexicographer, [70].
• Zemach David, by David Gans, [220]-[221].
• Zeraim, order of the Mishnah, [31].
• Zevaoth. See Ethical Wills.
• Zicareo, character in Samuel Usque's poem, [218].
• Zion, odes to, by Jehuda Halevi, [109], [129]-[130].
• Zohar, the, Kabbalistic work, [172]-[174].
  • style and language of, [172]-[173].
  • contents of, [173]-[174].
  • Christian ideas in, [174].
  • importance of, [175].