Report on the Migration of Birds in the Spring and Autumn of 1881. Third Report

by J. A. Harvie-Brown; Richard Manliffe Barrington; John Cordeaux; P. M. C. Kermode; Alexander Goodman More

WEST COAST OF ENGLAND.

Schedules, &c., were forwarded to forty lighthouses and light-vessels on the west coast of England; from twenty-four returns have been received. The absence of returns is in some cases due to accident, e. g., at Caernarvon L.V., Mr. Bowen, the keeper, had been disabled with a broken rib, the result of a fall on board in a gale of wind, and there had been several changes of mates within a short period. In part, absence of reports is accounted for by the situation of the station—e. g., at Nash are two lighthouses, and from the western one, Mr. Richards, who last year supplied us with a well-filled schedule, having retired from the service, his successor objected to continue the work on the ground that it is so near to Nash E. On Lundy Island also are two stations close to each other, and last year the two reports therefrom were almost identical in every particular instance. Menai is reported as being out of the track of birds migrating, as also St. Bees. Still we should be glad to hear from these and the other stations that have not reported, and hope that next year all will send in returns, however slight, as "every little helps." Special thanks are due to those who have reported; they have given themselves considerable trouble, which will, however, not be thrown away; and the novelty and interesting nature of the work may in some degree perhaps compensate them for their pains. Mr. Baker writes, from Milford, "It would be a great help if a book could be supplied to different reporters, with a print of the different birds in it." If funds can be raised, we hope in time to & able to supply this want.

To Mr. Thompson we are indebted for a report from a new station, Allonby, on Solway Firth, which promises to be a good one, and which—being the northernmost on this coast—now heads our list.

The numbers of the stations differ from those of last year's report, beginning at 121 instead of 110 (the last included in Report of West Coast of Scotland being 120). The following is the list, those from which returns have been received being marked with an asterisk (*):—

121.	*Allonby, L.H. C. Donald Thompson.
122.	*St. Bees, L.H.; the tower 55 feet high, on cliffs estimated at 300 to 350 feet. R. E. Pizey.
123.	*Morecambe Bay, L.V.; centre of light above sea-level, 36 feet. Henry Clavell, P. K.; Dl. Kneale, mate.
124.	*Air, L.H. C. H. Aveston.
125.	*Menai, L.H. Joseph Steer, P. K.
126.	*Skerries, L.H. J. Garrett, P. K.; H. Knott.
127.	*Holyhead Breakwater, L.H. R. Prichard.
128.	North Stack, Fog Horn Station. John Harvey, gunner.
129.	*South Stack, L.H. W. E. Burgess.
130.	Caernarvon Bay, L.V.; centre of light above sea-level, 37 feet. W. Bowen.
131.	*St. Tudwal's, L.H. W. Davies.
132.	*Bardsey, L.H. Thomas Bowen.
133.	Cardigan Bay, L.V.
134.	*Bull Point, L.H.; centre of light above high water level, 154 feet. George Knott.
135.	South Bishop, L.H. John White.
136.	Smalls, L.H. W. Boulton.
137.	*Great Castle Head, L.H. W. S. Spicer.
138.	*Milford (Low), L.H. Fixed, white; centre of light from ground, 26 feet; Headland 150 feet from sea-level. (Syren fog horn 5 seconds every 3 minutes during fog, snow, or thick weather, about equidistant from each light). G. Baker.
139.	Milford (High), L.H. Fixed, white, showing red at entrance to harbour. G. Baker. (These two are looked upon as one station).
140.	Caldy, L.H. Centre of light above sea-level, about 250 feet. W. Ebben, P. K.
141.	Helwick, L.V. Thomas Cornell, mate.
142.	Scarweather, L.V. Henry Jenkins.
143.	Nash (Low or W.), L.H.—Wilson.
144.	*Nash (High or E.), L.H. Three lights: 1, upper, white, fixed, visible 19 miles; 2, fixed, red, shown from a window below lantern, shown N. of N.W. ¼ W., which bearing will lead ¼ mile S. of Breaksea Buoy; 3, a ray of red shown from a window below Breaksea light, extending over an arc between S.S.E. ¾ E. and S.E. ¾ S., about 2½ cables southward of Tuskar Buoy. H. T. Nicholas.
145.	Breaksea, L.V.
146.	*Flatholm, L.H. W. Dale, P. K.
147.	*Usk, L.H. Centre of light above sea-level, about 50 feet. Amos Russell.
148.	Avon, L.H. William Taylor.
149.	*Burnham, L.H. About 100 feet above sea-level. William Lewis.
150.	*Bideford, L.H. Low light, white, centre above sea-level 48 feet; Upper light white, centre above sea-level 96 feet. Edwd. Roberts.
151.	Lundy Fog Gun Station. John Morgan.
152.	*Lundy, L.H. Upper light revolving, powerful white, about 540 feet above sea-level. James Parsons.
153.	*Hartland Point, L.H. John Griffiths.
154.	Trevose Head, L.H. Fixed, white; upper 180 feet and lower 120 feet above sea-level. W. Bowen.
155.	*Godrevy, L.H. Richard Trahair.
156.	*Longships, L.H. Red towards shore; lantern 110 feet above high-water mark. William Jones, P. K.
157.	Sevenstones, L.V. Daniel Norton.
158.	Wolfrock, L.H. W. D. Crask.
159.	*Scilly, L.H. White, 150 feet above sea-level. E. L. Davis.
160.	Bishop Rock, L.H.

In the above list particulars of colour and height of lights, &c., are given where omitted from list of last year or where there have been alterations. Notes on the spring migration, being but few, have not been drawn up in a distinct report. Next year it is hoped that these may be much fuller and more general.

Altogether about sixty-two species have been noticed on this coast-line, including about fourteen species of Gulls and Water-birds.

To the various observers, and to the Trinity Superintendents, Mr. Davison, Mr. Evans, and Mr. Tregarthen, our thanks are given for their continued interest and kind assistance.

SEPARATE REPORT ON EACH SPECIES.

Song Thrush, Tardus musicus, Linn.; Fieldfare, Turdus pilaris, Linn.—Spring: At Scilly, from Jan. 13th to 25th, large flocks of Thrushes, Fieldfares, Larks, and Starlings remained during the snow. At Godrevy, on 14th, a great number of Thrushes, Starlings, and Lapwings from noon to 4 p.m., fresh E.S.E. breeze, frost and snow. At Air (River Dee), on March 30th, a Common Thrush was seen, at 9 a.m., light N.W. breeze, mist.—Autumn: Earliest date recorded Oct. 24th, when one killed at Godrevy, 1.30 a.m., mod. S.S.E. breeze, mist and rain; latest notice Dec. 24th, at Skerries, one killed, 3 a.m., strong S.S.W. breeze, misty.

Redwing, Turdus iliacus, Linn.—Separately noticed at Godrevy only, namely, Nov. 4th, at 3.30 a.m., one killed, fresh S.W. by S. breeze, mist and rain. On Nov. 13th, one killed, 6.10 p.m., fresh S.S.W. breeze, fog. On 22nd, at 2 p.m., one struck, fresh W.S.W. gale, squally and misty.

Blackbird, Turdus merula, Linn.—Autumn: First notice Sept. 28th, at Morecambe Bay, "one cock Blackbird in the vicinity." Through October the notices are more frequent and general. At Skerries, South Stack, and at Bull Point, on 25th and 26th, several struck and some were killed. At Bull Point, Oct. 31st, "a female" struck against the W. side of the lantern, 1.40 a.m., light S.E. breeze, cloudy, misty. The only stations reporting occurrences in November are Allonby, where through the month "a good many were about the hedgerows"; and one instance at Morecambe Bay (where none were seen in October), viz. on 4th, "a young female in vicinity." The next and last notice is Godrevy, where on Dec. 25th, at 6 a.m., one struck, gentle S.W. breeze, clear.

Wheatear, Saxicola œnanthe, Linn.—On Sept. 23rd, at South Stack, between 12 and 2 a.m., several struck and one was killed, light S.E. gloomy, misty. This is the only instance given.

Redbreast, Erithacus rubecula, Linn.—Spring: At Great Castle Head, on Jan. 20th, also on Feb. 1st, 4th, and 24th, "two or three Robins and Sparrows" were noticed about 7 a.m., mod. S.S.E., E.S.E., S.W., and N. breezes respectively. On March 1st, at 9 a.m., two Robins and two Magpies, fresh N.W. breeze, gloomy and showery, with snow. Autumn: On Oct. 28th, at Morecambe Bay, "a female Redbreast" in vicinity, 10 a.m., mod. N.N.E. breeze.

Nightingale, Daulias luscinia, Linn.—Spring: On April 22nd, at Burnham, "heard at 5 a.m. for first time, being one day later than last year, and in the very same spot."—W. Lewis, P. K.

Goldcrest, Regulus cristatus, Koch; Chiffchaff, Phylloscopus collybita, Vieill.—Spring: On May 2nd, at Nash E., 200 Chiffchaffs were counted from 1 a.m. to sunrise, light E. air, haze; 196 were killed. Autumn: On Oct. 26th, at South Stack, a few Goldcrests from 12 to 4 a.m., one killed, gentle E. breeze. The same day, at Morecambe Bay, one (cock) Goldcrest flew on board, struck the deck-house and fell on deck, but was not killed; and at Nash, the same day, 12 to 18 Chiffchaffs passed at 4 a.m., and 6 were killed, light E.N.E. breeze, rain. On Dec. 31st, at 3 a.m., one Goldcrest struck at South Stack, light S.W. breeze, cloudy. From Flatholm, Mr. Dale reports "Gold crested Wrens and Chiffchaffs not so numerous as usual in the autumn." Taking the whole family of the Turdidæ, the chief movement as observed on the west coast occurred the latter end of October: this, we find, agrees with a general movement of the family noticed on both coasts of Scotland, and also a rush from E. to W. observed on the English east coast. On Oct. 14th was "a whole gale" from the E., after which the winds continued E. and S.E. to the end of the month—the force when noted ranging from 2 to 7. With the exception of the Redwing, and excepting the note of Blackbirds and of Robins seen at Allonby, there has scarcely been an instance recorded of any of the family seen throughout November. There is an absolute absence of Fieldfares, and the scarcity of the family generally is remarked on from many stations. Thus, from Allonby, Mr. Thompson writes (Nov., 1881), "No Fieldfares seen in this part, which is very unusual." At Skerries, of Blackbirds, Thrushes, Fieldfares, &c., "very few are now seen." At Lundy, "till January," Mr. Parsons writes, "we had no birds on the islands, only now and then a Blackbird or Thrush." At Usk, Blackbird and Thrush seen occasionally. And from Nash E., Mr. Nicholas, P.K., writes in October, "Blackbirds and Thrushes have been very scarce since the gale and snowstorm of Jan. 18th last," and "not one Thrush has been seen here since January." Note:—At Bardsey, however, Mr. Bowen says of Blackbirds, Grey-birds (?), Jackdaws, House and Common (?) Sparrows, and Starlings, that they are resident. Does this mean that they are seen all the year round; even so, is there no increase and decrease in the number noticeable, and if so, when? Are Grey-birds the Grey-backed Crows? What is the difference between "House" and "Common" Sparrow? Does the latter mean the Hedgesparrow, or is one the Tree Sparrow? If there be any doubt, a specimen, or the skin, head, or wings sent through the post would serve to identify the species.

Wren, Troglodytes parvulus, Koch.—Autumn: First notice Sept. 4th, at Skerries, at 2 a.m., several struck the glass and remained till daybreak, light S.S.W. breeze, hazy. On 24th, at South Stack, a few struck between 9 and 10 p.m., W.N.W., fog. And on Sept. 30th, at Bull Point, one struck N.E. side of the lantern, with a mod. S.S.E. breeze, hazy (not a following wind). On Oct. 23rd, at Skerries, Wrens with Linnets were flying about all day; and—the latest notice—on 26th, one passed Morecambe Bay L.V. at sunrise, flying N.

Wagtail, Motacilla (?).—Spring: On Feb. 10th, at Great Castle Head, four Dishwashers at 5 a.m., strong S.S.W. breeze, showery and foggy.—Autumn: The first notice at Nash E., on Aug. 21st, "thirty to forty Wagtails passed S.W.," 6 a.m., mod. S.S.E. breeze, very clear. They are not again noticed till Sept. 8th, at Bull Point, when about two dozen "Dishwashers and Linnets" passed inland, 6 a.m., S.S.W., calm, clear. On the 19th, at Morecambe Bay, three Wagtails flying S.W., 7.30 a.m., gentle N.W. breeze; and on the 25th, "one" flying about the ship in the forenoon. On Oct. 5th, one flying S. by E., mod. N.E. by N. breeze; and on 7th, one flying N.W., light S.S.W. breeze. This is the last recorded, except at Allonby, where, Mr. Thompson writes on 20th, "Wagtails are common in these parts."

Meadow Pipit, Anthus pratensis, Linn.—Autumn: First notice Aug. 25th, at Nash, "eight Titlarks passed S.," strong S.W. breeze, rain. At Morecambe Bay, Sept. 25th, light N.W. breeze, some passed S.S.E. On 27th, "one or two at a time going N.N.W., W., and S.W.," a gentle N.W. by N. breeze; and on 28th, going S.W., light S. by E. breeze. Till Oct. 25th are constant notices of small flocks passing, their general direction being S.W. and S.: wind ranging from calm to mod. gale, but generally (when instances noted) not strong; till 8th easterly, then till 16th W. prevailing; after which E., with more or less of N. Time of records for the most part, the forenoon. At Longships, on Oct. 28th, one fluttered about the lantern at midnight, fresh N. to N.W. breeze, drizzly. This is the last notice till Nov. 29th, when at Morecambe Bay L.V. Titlarks were seen at 7.40 a.m., flying N.E., mod. N.W. by W. breeze.

Rock Pipit, Anthus obscurus, Lath.—At St. Tudwal's, in Jan., 1882, "two pairs of Sea Larks" are reported, with the note, "they remain here for the winter" (Is the Rock Pipit meant by Sea Lark? If a specimen were procured and sent by post it might easily be identified; or is it the Ringed Dotterel?).

Swallow, Hirundo rustica, Linn.—Autumn: First notice at Skerries, Aug. 14th, "two land-swallows flying about the island this morning." Next notice Sept. 3rd and 4th, at Milford, "a considerable quantity"; and on 10th Sept., at Bideford, "hundreds flying round and lighting on lantern," 5 p.m., calm E., fine, misty. On 18th and 25th several were seen from Skerries and from Morecambe Bay, flying S. and S.S.E: and on Oct. 2nd and 3rd some passed Morecambe Bay, flying S.E. by S., and S. On 7th, five were seen at Godrevy, 12.15 p.m.; and on 19th, at Bull Point, "a large flock passed, flying E.," strong E.S.E. breeze, this being the latest instance recorded.

Martin, Chelidon urbica, Linn.—Autumn: Sept. 24th, at Skerries, several were seen flying about the island with Swallows during the afternoon. From Flatholm Mr. Dale writes, "about the middle of September there was an unusually large quantity of Martins for a few days."

Greenfinch, Ligurinus chloris, Linn.; Yellowhammer, Emberiza citrinella, Linn.—Noticed only at Allonby, where, Oct. 20th, Green Linnets and Yellowhammers were seen in mixed flocks.

Sparrow, Passer domesticus, Linn.; P. montanus, Linn.—Spring: On Jan. 12th, at North Stack, "a flock of Mountain Sparrows" flying S.W., strong N.E. breeze, snow. At Great Castle Head, on 30th, "Sparrows with Robins"; and the notices are continuous throughout February (on 14th with "Ravens"). In March, 4th and 10th, "Sparrows with Robins." On 31st, "a flight of Sparrows." The time of the observations mostly between 6 and 8 a.m.; the weather invariably gloomy or foggy; breeze gentle to strong, and southerly, except on 24th N., and on 31st E.N.E.; the direction of flight not noted. Autumn: Sept. 11th, at Nash, "large flocks of Common Sparrows passed S.W.," light N.E. breeze. On 12th, "twenty" in same direction, light N., misty. At Bardsey, House and Common Sparrow (?) reported "resident all the year round."

Chaffinch, Fringilla cœlebs, Linn.—Autumn: Sept. 6th, at Nash, "fifteen to twenty Chaffinches struck at midnight, four killed," mod. E. breeze, rain. On Oct. 17th, at Morecambe Bay, one, flying W.N.W., mod. S. breeze; and on 19th, one, flying S.E., mod. S.E. gale.

Linnet, Linota cannabina, Linn.—Autumn: First notice at Nash, Sept. 7th, "a large flock of Linnets passed W. at 9 p.m.," fresh E.S.E. breeze, mist. On 8th, at Bull Point, "about two dozen Linnets and Dishwashers," 6 a.m., passing inland, S.S.W., calm, clear. On 25th, at Skerries, "many Linnets and Wrens all night striking the light," only a few killed, mod. W.S.W. breeze, misty. On 27th, at South Stack, "about fifty Linnets" passed W.N.W. at 7 a.m., gentle N.N.W. breeze, fine and clear. From this station flocks were observed till Oct. 16th passing N.W. or W.N.W., with light S.E. wind. At Skerries they were again noticed between Oct. 17th and 27th, generally with Larks, once with Blackbirds also, and once "Linnets and Wrens"; wind on every occasion S.E. or E.S.E., light breeze to fresh gale. On 24th and 25th, fresh E.S.E. gale, "Linnets, Larks, and Blackbirds passed all night, many striking, and a few being killed." On Oct. 16th, at Milford, "a considerable number passed." At Godrevy, Nov. 7th, one struck, light S.S.W. breeze, clear. The latest is reported from Milford, Nov. 23rd, "a considerable number with Larks have been about the land here the last few days," fresh breeze to mod. gale S.S.W. to W., "which prevented their going farther."

Bullfinch, Pyrrhula europæ (Vieill.).—Oct. 28th at Morecambe Bay, a female noticed at 2 p.m., mod. N.N.E. breeze.

Sky Lark, Alauda arvensis, Linn.—Spring: From Jan. 13th to 25th, "Sky Larks seen at Lundy and at Scilly." On 11th, "a quantity" arrived with Plovers and Starlings at Milford, and remained all day. On 12th and 13th, at South Stack, "continuous flocks of Larks and Starlings passed," fresh N.E. breeze, snow. Autumn: Sept. 24th, "a flock of Sky Larks" passed S.E., 3 p.m., mod. S.E. breeze, mist. On 25th, at Morecambe Bay, "three," and on 27th, at same hour, 10 a.m., "two passed" N.E., gentle N.W. by N. breeze. On 29th, at Nash, "a few Larks with Starlings" passed at noon, gentle E.N.E. breeze, mist. At Morecambe, Oct. 5th, one passed S., mod. E. by S. breeze. On 16th, three passed W.S.W., light N.N.E. breeze. At Skerries, throughout October, notices of passing chiefly at night, striking, and some killed; wind mod. S.E. to E.S.E. On 16th, at South Stack, "a flock of Larks accompanying a flock of Linnets" passed W.N.W., light S.E. air. On 21st, at Milford, a flight passed inland, 1 p.m., E.S.E. clear (the following night there was a fresh gale). In November, at Morecambe, on 4th, "a female"; and at Milford, 23rd, "a considerable number with Linnets been about the last few days," S.S.W. to W. fresh breeze to mod. gale. On Dec. 2nd, at Morecambe, "a male Sky Lark came on board and was caught," 7.45 a.m., mod. S.W. breeze, gloomy, misty. At Skerries, on 22nd, "a few Larks" struck from 10 to 11 p.m., one being killed, gentle E.N.E. breeze.

Starling, Sturnus vulgaris, Linn.—Spring: At South Stack, Jan. 12th and 13th, Starlings and Larks. On 14th, at Godrevy, "a great number with Thrushes and Lapwings" from noon to 4 p.m., fresh E.S.E. breeze, frost and snow. At Scilly, 13th to 25th, "large flocks with Larks and Fieldfares." On 7th several at Nash, and on 16th "flocks" passing N.W., light air, misty. On Feb. 16th, at Great Castle Head, "six were seen with Ravens," 4 p.m., mod. S.S.E. breeze, rain; and at Scilly, on 22nd, with Lapwings, Plovers, and Curlews, 9 a.m., strong E.N.E. breeze. Autumn: First notice at Nash, Aug. 13th, "a small flock" passed S.W., 9 a.m., gentle W. breeze, fog; so also on 19th, mod. E. breeze, mist. On Sept. 24th "a small flock" passed S.E., mod. S.E. breeze, mist, rain. On 29th, "twenty-four Starlings and a few Larks" passed S.W. at noon, gentle E.N.E. breeze, mist. At Morecambe, Sept. 27th, at 11.50 p.m., "two going W. and chirping loud," light W. air. On Oct. 1st, at Scilly, "flocks flying about in the morning," mod. S.E. breeze. On 13th, at South Stack, 7.30 a.m., "a very large flock rushed on the island," fresh N.N.W. breeze; they passed to E.; on 17th a few passed, two struck, but were not killed. On 19th, at Morecambe, one going S.S.E. at 8 a.m., and at 3.23 p.m. three going S.E., mod. S.E. gale. On 25th, one going E., mod. E. breeze. At Nash, on 21st, fifty to sixty passed, 4 a.m., fresh E.S.E. breeze, mist, rain (11 killed); and on 27th, at about the same hour, 100 to 150 passed to S.W., 10 to 20 struck, 4 killed, mod. E.N.E. breeze. At Bideford, throughout October, hundreds seen often in the morning, flying past from N.W. to E., to feed on Branston Burrows. In November, at South Stack, on 12th, flocks passed S., about fifty rested on the island, 8 a.m., mod. S.W. breeze, fine, clear. On 15th, at Morecambe, a flock at 10.55 a.m. passed, flying E.S.E., fresh S. breeze, mist, rain. At Nash, the same day and hour, 200 to 300 passed S.W., fresh S. breeze, mist (one white Starling among them); on 24th, twelve to eighteen passed at 8 a.m., strong S.W. breeze, clear. On Dec. 14th, 300 passed S.W. at noon, mod. S.W. breeze, mist, rain; and constant occurrences are noted at this station up to Feb. 7th, 1882. On Dec. 23rd a large flock passed to E., 8.30 a.m., calm; and on 31st, at same hour, a large flock passed to S.E., gentle S.S.E. breeze, fine and clear. On Jan. 16th, 1882, at 7.50 p.m., some struck the lantern, strong S. breeze, misty. At Skerries, on 17th, a great many passed all night, fifteen killed, strong S.W. breeze, mist; and at sunrise large flocks flying towards the land. On 20th, at Hartland Point, one struck, 9 p.m., calm. From Flatholm they are reported to have been very scarce.

Magpie, Pica rustica, Scop.—On March 1st, Great Castle Head, two Magpies and three Robins seen, 9 a.m., mod. N.W. breeze, gloomy, showery.

Jackdaw, Corvus monedula, Linn.—Autumn: In October it is reported from Allonby that a number of Jackdaws frequent these parts. On Oct. 25th, at Morecambe L.V., one seen at noon going S. by W., lighted on mizen-mast a moment, and then flew away very tired, strong E. breeze, clear.

Crow, Corvus cornix, Linn.; Chough, Pyrrhocorax graculus, Linn.—Spring: Feb. 18th, at Great Castle Head, "four Muscle Crows," 5 a.m., mod. to fresh E. breeze. On 22nd, at 7 a.m., six, E.N.E. On March 22nd, at 8 a.m., four Crows with two Ravens, strong breeze W.S.W. to mod. gale; and on 26th, four Crows. Autumn: Sept. 13th, at Nash, a small flock of Choughs passed S.W. at 3 p.m., gentle N.N.W. breeze, clear. At Morecambe, Sept. 28th, one Crow in vicinity, 11.20 a.m., gentle S. breeze, slight fog. On Oct. 13th, at Nash, a very large flock of Crows and Gulls seen inland from 8 a.m. to 4 p.m., mod. W. breeze, very clear; and on Dec. 14th, 40 Crows (with 300 Starlings) at noon, mod. S.W. breeze. On Jan. 20th, 100 with Gulls passed S.W., 11 a.m. (Would some of these notices refer to Rooks?)

Rook, Corvus frugilegus, Linn.—Nov. 6th, at Allonby, a great many Rooks coming from N., flying S., strong S.W. breeze.

Raven, Corvus corax, Linn.—Spring: At Great Castle Head, Feb. 14th, two with Sparrows, 4 p.m., strong S. breeze, showers. On 15th, two with Starlings at same hour, mod. S.S.E. breeze. On March 22nd, two, and four Crows, 8 a.m., strong W.S.W. breeze, showers.

Cuckoo, Cuculus canorus, Linn.—Spring: At Air (River Dee), on April 10th, a male and female seen, 4.30 p.m., mod. S.S.E. breeze, clear. On 19th, at Burnham, Cuckoo heard, weather very cold. At Nash, on 15th, eleven Cuckoos passed N.W. from 1 to 3 p.m., calm, mist. On 16th, five passed N.W. from 8 to 9 a.m., light E.S.E. air, mist. On May 4th, four passed S.W. at 9 a.m., gentle E.S.E. breeze, mist, rain.

Falcon, Falco peregrinus (Tunstall).—At Morecambe L.V., Nov. 21st, 3.30 p.m., a Falcon Hawk fell in the water close to the L.V., very tired, was drowned. At Hartland Point, Jan. 24th, 1882, a very large Hawk seen at a distance, 3.30 p.m., calm and clear.

Cormorant, Phalacrocorax carbo, Linn.—At Skerries, from May to September, Cormorants and Curlews seen occasionally. At Bideford, in September, a few Shags. At Morecambe, Oct. 9th, one Cormorant going W., 2.15 p.m., strong N.W. breeze, about through the day.

Gannet, Sula bassana, Linn.—Spring: At Holyhead, April 29th, four crossed, 1 p.m., flying from E. to W., mod. S.W. gale. Autumn: At Skerries, Sept. 11th, several at sunrise flying W. at a great height, mod. N.E., clear. At Morecambe, Oct. 7th, 7 a.m., one going S.; and on 8th, one going E. On 9th a good many, and on 10th a few were seen. At Hartland Point, Nov. 20th, several flying to and fro (and during the whole of the month).

Heron, Ardea cinerea, Linn.—At Skerries, Sept. 8th, one alighted close to the lighthouse, 6 p.m., calm and fine. At Allonby, Oct. 20th, several observed at 11 a.m. coming from the north, flying S., fresh N.E. breeze, clear.

Goose, Anser (?)—Spring: At Nash E., passing W. in January. At Sevenstones, on 11th, several flocks passed, flying W.; and at Scilly on 25th, three were seen. On Dec. 13th, at Hartland Point, Geese in flights going E., and on 23rd several birds going in same direction. On Jan. 17th, 1882, several (single birds, not in flights) during the morning flying W. These are all the instances noted.

Sheldrake, Tadorna cornuta, Gmel.—March 29th, at Air (River Dee), forty-one pairs at sunrise, gentle W.N.W. breeze. Oct. 17th, at Allonby, two flying S., 8 p.m., mod. S.E. breeze.

Duck, Anas boschas, Linn.; Mareca penelope, L.; Œdemia(?); Querquedula crecca, Linn.—Spring: At Godrevy, on Jan. 6th, a flock of Ducks and a Mallard flying W. On 13th and 14th, at Nash, flocks of Wild Ducks flying W. On 26th, at St. Tudwal's, "Ducks." On March 18th, Bardsey, three Ducks and one Drake Wigeon, at 1.30 a.m., mod. S.S.W. breeze, sleet. Autumn: First notice Sept. 1st, at Holyhead, large flocks of Wild Ducks in bay, 11.30 a.m., fresh N.E. breeze, clear. At Godrevy, on 15th, four "Black Ducks" (? Scoters), 1.30 p.m., mod. N. by E. breeze, clear. At Morecambe, on 14th and 15th, at 7 a.m., Wild Ducks flying S.S.W., light W. breeze, clear. During the first two weeks of October Wild Ducks are reported as passing towards the S.W., S.E., and S., the greatest number on the 9th; and on 19th and 24th, Black Ducks going S.E. or S.S.W. At Scilly, on 18th, three Wild Ducks, strong S.E. breeze. At Nash, on 21st, four Wild Ducks (Black Ducks) at 3.30 a.m. struck, one killed, strong E.S.E. breeze. On 26th, at Allonby, five Grey Ducks at 1.30 p.m., strong E. breeze, clear. In November Black Ducks and Wild Ducks were noticed from Morecambe Bay, Godrevy, and Air, passing to S. or E. At Godrevy, Dec. 14th, at 8.30 p.m., one Wild Duck was killed, fresh N. breeze, clear; and at Air, to Dec. 9th, flocks of Wild Ducks passed inland about sunset. At Morecambe, on Dec. 2nd, some were seen flying S.W.; and from Dec. 2nd to 11th Wild Ducks in numbers—from one and two to thirteen—passed, flying N.W., N.N.W. (and once W.N.W., with strong W.N.W. breeze), wind S.S.W. or mod. S.S.E., generally mist or rain. Time of observation varying from 8.30 a.m. to 3.30 p.m. On 27th one passed, flying S., gentle N.W. breeze. At Nash, on 20th, fifteen Ducks passed at midnight, two struck (not killed). On 29th, forty to fifty passed S. at 3.20 p.m., light S.W. breeze, fog; on same day, at 3.30 a.m., 100 to 150 Teal passed S.W. On 31st, four Ducks passed S.W. at 4 a.m., strong S.W. breeze, clear. On Jan. 24th about 200 seen close to the cliffs all day.

Wood Pigeon, Columba palumbus, Linn.—On June 22nd, at Nash, two Wood Pigeons struck (one killed), 2 a.m., mod. W. breeze. At Skerries, Aug. —, two Pigeons seen in the afternoon, remained some time. On Oct. 21st, at Nash, at 4 p.m., one killed, fresh E.S.E. breeze. On Nov. 30th, at Allonby, flocks of Wood Pigeons coming from E., flying W., strong S.W. breeze, cloudy.

Landrail, Crex pratensis, Bechst.—At Nash, June 19th, one killed at 1 a.m., light N. air, fog; again on Oct. 29th, one killed, 3.50 a.m., light E.N.E. breeze, mist.

Golden Plover, Charadrius pluvialis, Linn.—Spring: At Nash, between Jan. 3rd and 11th, flocks of Plovers, Peewits, and Starlings passed W. or N.W. At Bardsey, Feb. 11th, flocks of four and five Golden Plovers were flying about the island in the daytime, mod. N.E. gale, sleet. Autumn: Sept. 19th, at Skerries, two remained till evening. At Allonby, Oct. 20th, Golden Plovers in flocks. At Nash, Dec. 10th, fifty to sixty Plovers passed W. at 2 p.m., light N.E. breeze, mist. In January, 1882, at St. Tudwal's, two alighted on the island to rest, one flew away with difficulty to W., mod. W. gale. On 7th, at Nash, three Plovers killed, 4 a.m., strong N. breeze, showers of hail.

Grey Plover, Squatarola helvetica, Linn.—At Allonby, Nov. 7th, three Grey Plovers seen, one shot, strong S.W. breeze.

Ring Plover, Ægialitis hiaticula, Linn.—At Air, March 29th, forty Ring Plovers at noon, gentle W.N.W. breeze, clear.

Dotterel.—At Bideford, in September, hundreds. (Would this be the Ringed Dotterel?).

Lapwing, Vanellus vulgaris, Bechst.—Spring: At Nash, Jan. 3rd, large flocks passed W., and on 6th N.W., mod. E. breeze. On 10th, Plovers and Peewits passed S.W., gentle N.E. breeze; and on 11th, flocks (with Starlings) passed N.W., light breeze, mist. At Scilly, Jan. 10th, 13th, and 25th, large flocks of Lapwings and Plovers, mod. E. and N.N.E. breezes. At Sevenstones, on 11th, large flocks flying W., gentle W.N.W. breeze, hazy. At Godrevy, on 14th, Lapwings, Starlings, and Thrushes at 4 p.m., fresh E.S.E. breeze, clear. On 15th, at Skerries, several were seen flying round the lantern at midnight, strong S.S.W. breeze, gloomy. At Scilly, Feb. 22nd, 9 a.m., Lapwings with Plovers, Starlings, and Curlews, strong E.N.E. breeze, mist. Autumn: Aug. 30th, at Air, a flock hovering about in the morning. This is the only notice from any station till Oct. 1st, when, at Allonby, large flocks. On 16th, at Nash, two Peewits and a few Starlings passed S.W., gentle E. breeze, mist. At Allonby, Nov. 14th, several flocks coming from the north, flying S., strong S.W. breeze, rain. So on 18th, with gentle E. breeze, frost. At Morecambe, on Nov. 10th, at 11.30, a flock passed, flying S.E., fresh W. breeze. On Dec. 12th, at Milford, a considerable number (probably over 200) seen near, evidently on flight, were following a leader from the way they flew, light N. breeze, fine sharp frost. On Dec. 16th, at Nash, 1000 or more Lapwings passed W. at 1 p.m., light N.E. breeze, mist. At Menai, Peewits all the year round (but is no increase and decrease of their numbers observable?).

Turnstone, Strepsilas interpres, Linn.—At Allonby, Nov. 28th, small flocks of about a dozen Turnstones noticed on the shore, gentle S.W. breeze, clear.

Oystercatcher, Hæmatopus ostralegus, Linn.—On June 7th and 8th, at Nash, twenty Curlews and Sea-pies passed N., mod. N. to N.W. breeze. At Bideford, Sept. 17th, hundreds of Sea-pies visit the mussel-beds all the year with Curlews, Gulls, and Stints. On Oct. 6th, at Air, several flocks passed E. at different times of the day, mod. N.N.E. breeze. On 20th, at Allonby, flocks. At Skerries they are said to remain all the year. (But do all remain all the year? What about the young? Is there no movement noticeable at any time of the year?)

Woodcock, Scolopax rusticula, Linn.; Snipe, Gallinago cælestis, Frenzel.—At Bardsey, Jan. 14th, two passed W. at noon, fresh E. breeze, mist; on 20th one struck the lantern. At Nash, Jan. 5th, four Snipe passed S.W. at 3 p.m., fresh E.N.E. breeze, mist. On Oct. 27th, at Skerries, a Woodcock killed soon after midnight, fresh S.S.E. breeze. At Nash, Nov. 2nd, two Snipe passed E., mod. E. breeze, rain. On Dec. 21st, at Skerries, a Woodcock killed at midnight, mod. W.N.W. gale; and on Dec. 29th, at Nash, four Snipe passed S.W., light S.W. breeze, mist.

Stint, Tringa (?); Godwit, Limosa (?).—Sept. 17th, at Bideford, hundreds of Stints with Sea-pies, &c., between half-ebb and half-flood. At Allonby, Nov. 8th, a large flock of Stints and Godwits wheeling about.

Sanderling, Calidris arenaria, Linn.—At Godrevy, Dec. 20th, and 21st, about 11 a.m., mod. S. and W. by S. breezes, a flock passed W.; and on 25th, at 12.30 a.m., two Sanderlings struck and one was killed, fresh S.W. breeze, mist.

Curlew, Numenius arquata, Linn.—Spring: At Scilly, from Jan. 13th to 25th, large flocks, with Lapwings, &c. On 16th, at Skerries, an unusual number seen all day, mod. breeze, mist. On 22nd Feb. at Scilly, Starlings and Curlews, E.N.E., strong breeze; and from May to September they are reported as occasionally seen. At Nash, June 7th and 8th, twenty Curlews and Seapies passed N. from 6 a.m. to 3 p.m., mod. N. and N.W. breeze, rain. On 24th to 28th large numbers of Curlews and Seapies passed S.W. from sunrise to 1 p.m., mod. N.W. to S. breeze, rain. On July 11th twelve to fifteen Curlews passed S. 9 a.m., fresh W. breeze, fine. At Air, July 18th, 9.15 p.m., large quantities passed E., light W.N.W. breeze, rain. Autumn: At Morecambe, first instance, Sept. 18th, one flying about the ship, followed by a Skua; and on 25th, two flying S.S.E., gentle N.W. breeze. At Menai they are mentioned as being more plentiful in August and September; and at Bideford, in September, hundreds at the mussel-beds with Oystercatchers, &c. At Nash, Oct. 6th, eight passed N.W. at 1.30 p.m., light E. breeze. At Morecambe, on 19th, three passed S.W., strong S.E. gale. And at Skerries, on 18th, Curlews flying about the island all day, mod. S.E. breeze; on 23rd they were seen all day, light E.S.E. breeze, clear. At Usk, throughout the winter, large flocks seen on the sands when tide in, and these remained about till March, 3882.

Arctic Tern, Sterna macrura, Naum.; Lesser Tern, S. minuta, Linn.—At Nash, June 24th to 28th, a large number of Sea Swallows (with Curlews) passed S.W. from sunrise to 1 p.m., mod. N.W. to S. breeze, rain. At Skerries, May 1st to September, innumerable quantities of Arctic Terns or Sea Swallows (come to breed, leaving when young able to fly). At Bideford, Sept. 17th, a Sea Swallow, 10 p.m., struck the lantern, and was taken alive, fresh S. breeze, mist. On Sept. 27th, at Morecambe, three Lesser Terns passed with two Titlarks, flying N.N.W., gentle N.W. by N. breeze.

Gull, Larus.—Spring: At Great Castle Head, in January up to 20th, Gulls flew by. At Bull Point, from 11th to 26th, Sea Gulls (grey), flying rather high, S.W., with mod. breeze from N.W. At Nash, on 9th, a small flock of Gulls passed N., 11 a.m., light E.N.E. breeze. At Great Castle Head, March 14th and 18th, four and six Gulls flying S.S.E. and S.W. Autumn: At Nash, on Aug. 30th, a large flock of Gulls passed N.W. at 7 a.m., gentle E.N.E. breeze. At South Stack Gulls are reported as remaining till Aug. 29th. At Bideford hundreds of Common Gulls seen in September. At Bull Point, on Sept. 16th, a Black-backed Gull passed W.S.W., 10.15 a.m.; on 17th, at Morecambe, continuous flocks of Gulls, Black-headed, Grey, and different species. Thence to Oct. 19th. Flocks of Common Gulls and different species are constantly recorded; winds from N.N.E. to S.E. by S. (never directly E. or N., nor indeed N. of E.); greatest number Sept. 19th to 22nd inclusive. At Nash, Oct. 13th, a very large flock of Gulls and Crows seen inland from 8 a.m. to 4 p.m., mod. W. breeze, very clear. The same on 27th, gentle E.N.E. breeze, mist. A great number passsed up and down the Channel from August to October, about sunrise flying N. and at sunset S. At Allonby, Nov. 14th, it is "noted for some time past a great quantity of Kittiwakes been on the coast." At Skerries also an unusual number of Kittiwakes this year; a few Gulls all the year. At Usk large flocks of Gulls seen occasionally through the window. At Bardsey Gulls resident; and at Menai always seen.

Skua, Stercorarius catarrhactes, Linn.—The only records from Morecambe on Sept. 18th, one following a flock of Gulls, and again on 19th and 20th; several on 22nd, in vicinity all day; 23rd, a dozen going W., 1.30 p.m., gloomy and misty; on 25th, 29th, and 30th a good many seen. In October, one seen on 23rd chasing Gulls; on 8th, one going S., gentle E.N.E. breeze; the latest notice on 11th, a few chasing Gulls.

Petrel, Procellaria pelagica, Linn.—On Sept. 23rd, at Godrevy, one struck, 9.30 p.m. (not killed), mod. S.S.E. breeze, clear. At Morecambe, Nov. 22nd, a Stormy Petrel flying W., 2.30 p.m., mod. W. gale. At St. Tudwal's, Jan. 8th, 1882, four Stormy Petrels rested under lee of rocks, 3.30 p.m., mod. W. gale.

Razorbill, Alca torda, Linn.—From South Stack we hear Razorbills left after breeding in the beginning of August, At St. Bees the beginning of this year (1882), a bird was picked up dead on the shore, which, from the description and a sketch made by Mr. Pizey, P.K., I identified as a Razorbill.

Guillemot, Lomvia troile, Linn.—At South Stack they are mentioned in same note as Razorbills as leaving in beginning of August. At Holyhead, Sept. 1st, large flocks of Guillemots and Puffins, fresh N.E. breeze, clear. At Milford, on same date, it is noted that "several during the past week struck the lantern windows at night; they annually do so at this time and no other." At Morecambe, Sept. 20th, a great number of Divers (? Guillemots), with Gulls and Skuas, and so to 26th, when a few Divers throughout the day. At Hartland Point diving birds were observed near the shore in January, 1882. At Skerries Guillemots and Puffins are reported as remaining nearly the year round. (But if not all the year, when do they leave and when return? Could this be noticed for next year's report?)

Puffin, Fratercula arctica, Linn.—At Holyhead, Sept. 1st, large flocks with Guillemots. At Morecambe, Sept. 28th, small flocks of Gulls and Puffins continuous, and, on Oct. 1st to 28rd, flocks with Gulls seen in vicinity.

Birds unknown.—At Hartland Point, Oct. 27th, grey bird at midnight struck the lantern, fresh E. breeze. At Bardsey Mr. Bowen says grey birds, &c., are resident. Are Grey Crows meant? At Air, Oct. 29th, flocks of birds unknown passed before daylight, mod. N.E. breeze. At Scilly, Oct. 18th, a few migrants later part of the month. At Morecambe, Oct. 20th, small flocks of small birds going E.S.E., 8.30 a.m., strong S.E. by E. breeze, clear, a little misty.

Additional Remarks.

Holyhead, Menai, and St. Bees are reported as unfavourable stations for observation. From Bull Point Mr. Knott writes:—"Very few birds to be seen. It is a north aspect; more to be seen with a south aspect." And from Great Castle Head Mr. Spicer writes:—"This being an inland lighthouse there is scarcely a bird to be seen for days, and then by chance you might see some away in the fields."

Most of the stations report scarcity in comparison with other years, as South Stack, Lundy, Caldy, Usk, Burnham, and Trevose Head; the decrease appears to be ascribed to the mildness of the season. Whether this be the real or the main cause of a like scarcity or not from the following stations may be an open question; but I give the opinion of the observers, and they do not speak of it as the record of this year's observations alone, viz., Longships, from which Mr. Jones writes:—"Very few cases of birds coming against our lantern since (of late years) the light is red towards the shore." From Burnham it is reported "Birds very rarely strike, the lantern glass being only eight feet by four feet." And from Skerries report I extract the following:—"There is a small quantity of birds in comparison with years prior to introduction of fog-horn (see also Rep. 1880, p. 119). In thick and foggy weather during November and February great quantities were always seen, chiefly Starlings, with Blackbirds, Thrushes, Wheatears, Larks, &c. On one occasion I saw our lantern gallery full, and at the base of the tower the quantity killed necessitated the use next morning of the wheelbarrow to remove them to the garden for manure. On one occasion a monster pie, made by workmen employed here, contained two hundred Larks, besides other smaller birds. But since the fog-horn has been sounded in thick weather birds coming to the light have been few, though many seen and heard in the air."—H. Knott.

From the same station Mr. Garret, P.K., writes:—"These birds (Sea Swallows, which breed on the island) seem to take no notice of the fog-horn, while others, such as Starlings, Blackbirds, Thrushes, Larks, &c., keep off while the horn is sounding, so that very few are seen round the lantern now, while formerly, in thick or misty weather during February and November, the lantern-gallery would be full of birds; each on striking would drop into the gallery and remain till daylight, when, if not too much injured, they would fly; but with strong winds a great number, chiefly Starlings, would be killed."

It is easy to believe that the hideous sound of a fog-horn, till the birds get used to it, will keep them at a distance. That birds recognise landmarks cannot, I think, be doubted, and possibly a complete change in colour of a light they have grown accustomed to may for a time make them suspicious of it. I think that if a light be placed in a new, and not altogether unfavourable, situation, birds will be attracted to it, because, though not yet accustomed to see it in that spot, they will recognise it as a resting-place and sign of land. From some light-keepers I have heard that years ago (the lighthouse then not long erected) the slaughter among birds was much greater than now. Of course the nature of the season would partly account for this, but I think also that the unaccustomed light might attract many a weary wanderer to an untimely death. That birds profit by experience cannot, I think, be doubted, and I expect that the unrestrained destruction of them along a particular route will gradually effect a change in their ways. I believe that the scarcity now for some years generally noticed may be due in a measure to the ruthless destruction met with at certain points on the Continent in their line of annual flight.

Fresh instances are constantly occurring which show the relation between the movements of birds and the state of the weather. In connection with this point I quote the words of Mr. Nicholas, keeper at Nash E., who writes:—"I've noticed whenever there is a lot of Gulls and Crows inland, it indicates a gale. I first noticed this Oct. 13th; on 14th there was a whole gale. I have since that date observed the same thing before every gale."

The prevailing winds on this coast were:—From August to Sept. 17th, easterly; thence, to Sept. 29th, gentle to mod. W.; thence, to Oct. 8th, E., viz., mod. S.E. and E. to 5th, then with more or less of N. On and after 9th, W. till 14th, with touch of N. and strong; on 16th a whole gale, E., thence, to 24th, S.E., strong breezes; after which, to the end of the month, E. and N.E.

Birds have not been noticed in such large flocks as last year, and there have been but faint traces of rushes. No rare birds are reported.

The most decided and general movement took place between Oct. 16th and 27th; after October, except among the Anatidæ, the occurrences being very scarce. The chief occurrences in September were Wrens, Wagtails, Swallows, and Finches; and in October Starlings, Sky Larks, and the Turdidæ.

In the autumnal migration the difference in date of arrival, as compared with last year, may be worth marking. So far as our records show the Redwing was first noticed a month later, the Blackbird six weeks, and Thrush three weeks, the Sky Lark a month, Goldcrest twelve days, Wheatear and Greenfinch five days, the Golden Plover fourteen days. The following are recorded earlier: the Meadow Pipit by two weeks. Swallow seventeen days, Starling nineteen days, Wagtail, Chaffinch, and Linnet a few days. Of the Anatidæ, Ducks are noticed a few days earlier, Geese considerably later.

It is difficult to say anything positive as to direction of flight, which is too seldom noted; in case of the Turdidæ scarcely at all. This in part is owing to many of the instances occurring at night in the dark. So far as I can make out all birds here follow the coast line very clearly. The main direction, to judge from the scant records in September, was southerly; in October one or two directly E.; the rest E., with more or less of N. With a few marked exceptions the movement has in almost every species been noticed at the southerly stations first, and appears gradually to have extended N. Whether this be accidental or a rule can only be decided by continued and careful observations from all the stations. Of the Anatidæ and water-birds the most frequent records are in October, and the direction S.W. and S., sometimes S.E.; but between Dec. 2nd to 11th, at Morecambe Bay, they passed N.W. After 11th to end of December S.W.

The best filled returns have this year been received from Morecambe Bay, Skerries, and Nash E. These observers have also given the fullest information; Nash especially in showing the direction of flight, a matter concerning which information is very desirable.

As to the circumstances under which the movement takes place, as affecting the flight or the striking of birds, &c., the reports bear out the conclusions previously expressed. Last year Mr. Bowen (Bardsey) referred to flight of birds before the wind (Rep., p. 119); Mr. Knott now writes from Skerries, "Many birds are killed in strong winds, as they then fly with greater force, and almost invariably in the same direction as the wind." Still the evidence shows that birds, as a rule, migrate with the wind on the shoulder, and not strong. When they do fly with the wind, and the wind strong, it is probably because they have been taken by surprise, and are unable to save themselves.