Athens and her Philosophers
In Alexandria, then, the Hellenic genius was as fruitful as ever. But it was growing under glass there, and it was not pure Occidental culture. We have to think of the Greek Ptolemies, descended from Macedonian generals, as on the one hand writing Greek poetry and inviting Greek scholars to criticise it, but on the other hand accepting homage and
Plate 86.—Relief from Pergamum.
W. Titzenthaler, Photo. Berlin, W.
adulation as Eastern potentates, and actually marrying their sisters after the customary manner of Pharaohs. In Egypt Father Zeus took over the horns of Amen-Ra and became Zeus Ammon. Aphrodite, the foam-born goddess, assumed her Oriental nature once more and was mated with young Adonis in weird and lascivious Eastern ritual. Adonis was no Grecian youth, but a mystic personification of the spring, and his worshippers tore their hair and made lamentation for him with the same frenzy as made the priests of Carmel cut themselves with knives in honour of Baal. All over Asia Minor Hellenism had to mingle with Asiatic elements, losing in the contact all its fine austerity and sweet reasonableness. Hence was born the worship of Cybele, an Oriental Great Mother, with horrid mysteries performed by priestly eunuchs. Even the sculpture with which the wealthy Attalids adorned their great altar of Zeus at Pergamum, though Greek in plot and execution, is of almost Asiatic luxuriance and voluptuous beauty.[111] Passion and effort replace calm and dignity even as they do in the new Asiatic schools of oratory. Alexander’s violent battering at the gates which separate East from West had produced a strange hybrid in many of the cities of Eastern Greece.
But in some quarters the pure Greek spirit still produced lovely and reasonable work in art and literature alike. It seems to me impossible to think of degeneracy in connection with the Aphrodite of Melos, known to the public as the Venus of Milo.[112] If she has the charm and suavity of Praxiteles, she has the dignity and breadth of Pheidias. Unless you follow the pedants who make some point of the arrangement of her drapery, there is not a trait of vulgarity in her aspect. No doubt if we had the original Lady of Cnidos we should know better, but at present this superb statue rightly stands as the embodiment of feminine loveliness in statuary. And yet all the archæological indications go to prove that her author lived at the very end of the second century in the Asiatic city of Antioch, on the Mæander. She was found in a cavern on the little island of Melos, hidden there by who knows what devout worshipper or terrified pirate? She is, in fact, surrounded with mystery. No one has succeeded in restoring her missing arms, though far the most plausible theory is that which would make her hold a shield for a mirror in the same manner as the Victory of Brescia. No one has found anything else in Greek sculpture which could belong to the same artist, or even to the same phase of art. I name her here only to prove that you cannot fairly close the history of Greek art with Praxiteles or any other named sculptors, seeing that an unnamed artist living two centuries later could produce a statue on the same plane of excellence.
One of the most interesting figures among the warriors who followed Alexander was Demetrius, the Besieger of Cities, who gained his title from a celebrated but unsuccessful siege of Rhodes. He gained the kingdom of Macedonia and enslaved Athens. In celebration of a naval victory gained by him in 306 B.C. he set up at Samothrace a wonderful statue of Victory standing on the prow of a warship.[113] Her wings are outspread, her drapery is blown back by the wind, she is all life and motion. Along with the Venus of Milo she is the chief glory of the sculpture galleries in the Louvre. The reader should compare her with that earlier Victory fashioned by Pæonius. He will see that her drapery is much richer and the whole conception far more sensational. Both are very beautiful statues, but a pure taste will probably prefer the earlier one.
In all this period the dear city of Pallas had not suffered any material change. She had lost most of her colonies and maritime possessions, and in external politics she was but a pawn among the kings of Macedon and Egypt. But for the most part she remained a free democracy, governed by her free Assembly. The Peiræus still remained an important centre of commerce. Intellectually Athens still ruled the world not only in virtue of her past achievements, but by the continuing pre-eminence of her philosophers. Her principal literary product
Plate LXXXVII. APHRODITE OF MELOS [VENUS OF MILO
Alinari]
of these days was the New Comedy of Menander and his school. Menander’s work was taken over bodily by the Roman poets Plautus and Terence, who did little more than translate his comedies into Latin, and sometimes weave two of them together into one play, a process known by the not inappropriate technical name “contamination.” From the Roman comedians they passed almost direct to the Elizabethan age, so that in the history of the drama Shakespeare’s “Measure for Measure” begins almost where Menander left off. It must be confessed that the large fragments of Menander recently discovered do not raise our estimate of this dramatist.
If we turn now to philosophy we find the great name of Aristotle overshadowing everything else.[114] If we have a true sense of historical proportion, we shall probably admit that the words of Aristotle have conquered the world in far truer sense than the spears of his great pupil. For Aristotle is the father of the inductive method, the patron saint of all those who observe and verify facts in order to discover the laws that control them. He was born at Stagira, in Thrace, but he came to Athens to be a disciple in the Academy, that pleasant olive-grove where Plato was the master. Twenty years he spent thus in study, and then he was commissioned by Philip to teach Alexander and other noble youths of Macedon. As soon as this task was completed he returned to Athens, and there founded his famous Peripatetic school of philosophy, so called because his lectures were delivered in the shady walks that surrounded the Lyceum. In the morning he would discuss abstruse questions with an inner circle of adepts, and in the cool of the evening deliver polished lectures to a wider circle. The fame of his teaching was spread throughout the world, and all the ablest intellects of Greece gathered to hear him. All his life he received the most generous support from Alexander, who made a point of collecting strange beasts from all quarters to enrich his zoological studies. The attitude of the monarch towards learning was in striking contrast to the behaviour of the Athenian democracy. Some wretched hierophant instituted a prosecution for impiety against Aristotle, just as they had done against Socrates, and forced him to withdraw from Athens for the closing years of his life.
Aristotle took all knowledge as his province and proceeded to map it out for further investigation. It is impossible even to enumerate all his extant writings here, and they are only a small part of what he wrote. For scientific method he wrote on Logic and Dialectic, and here he was the discoverer of the syllogism and distinguished the inductive and deductive methods of reasoning. For literature he dissected Poetry and Rhetoric, laying down principles which all subsequent critics have been compelled to follow. In his Ethics he defines the nature of virtue in a sense that is truly Hellenic. Virtues are the mean between two vices. Thus liberality is the virtue of which prodigality and parsimony are the extremes; courage is the mean between foolhardiness and cowardice. For Natural Science he wrote the first treatise on zoology, enumerating about 500 different species. It was the first time in the history of the world when men had thought it worth while to observe the world around them. Most of this scientific work was beyond the reach of mankind, and remained so for two thousand years. The Romans studied him, but scarcely advanced a step. In the Dark Ages Europe lost even the power to follow him, and much of his teaching was recovered from the wise men of Arabia. The mediæval schoolmen were content with abridged translations for their scientific knowledge. It was not until the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries that Europe came again to be able to study and understand him. In the seventeenth and eighteenth men like Bacon and Newton began to make some advance. Even now he is our master in Logic, in Criticism, and above all in Politics.
Plato had treated Political Science in three great dialogues, the greatest of which is “The Republic.” The ostensible object of this work is to define the nature of Justice, and in order to do so Socrates and his friends set out to construct an
Plate LXXXVIII. THE VICTORY OF SAMOTHRACE
Alinari
Ideal Republic. Before they have gone very far it is evident, and indeed it is admitted, that such a state as they envisage cannot exist upon earth, though it may be laid up in the heavens for an example. It is a small Greek city-state. Plato discerns three elements in every state, the producers, the warriors, and the thinking element. Of these he makes three rigid classes, though education, upon the importance of which Plato everywhere insists, is to provide the means of rising for all. Music and gymnastics are the twofold base of Platonic education. The thinking part of the community are to have the sole title to government. They are to live a simple communistic life, rather like the nobles of Sparta, but without their military activity. In order that nothing may disturb their absolute unity, Plato decrees that wives and children are to be held in common, as well as all property. These strange doctrines have caused Plato to be held as the father of Socialism, but it is to be observed that in Plato communism is only advocated for a restricted circle of aristocrats, and that it is based not upon economic considerations, but on ethics in a spirit of asceticism. In a later dialogue Plato regretfully admits that laws are necessary to a state, seeing that you cannot keep your philosophers on the throne when you have got them there. This admission may be occasioned by the failure of Plato to realise his ideals in actual practice. He had an extraordinary chance. He was invited over to Syracuse to mould the character and policy of the young tyrant Dionysius II. He argued that it was useless to place an ideal system of government before a young man who was not of sufficient education to appreciate it. He therefore determined to begin with the education of the prince, and began it with geometry. The issue may be easily guessed.
Aristotle approached Politics from a more practical standpoint. True to his inductive method, he first collected accounts of all the existing forms of government in the Greek world, more than a hundred in number. Unfortunately, the “Polity of Athens,” recently discovered, is the only surviving example. Then in his great treatise called “The Politics” he attempted to criticise practical statesmanship from a scientific standpoint, and in his turn also constructed something like an ideal state. For him, as for all Greek thinkers, politics was only a branch of ethics. The state came into existence for the sake of enabling men to live; it survives for the purpose of enabling men to live well. The object, therefore, of the statesman is to get the right kind of people at the head of affairs—and that means Aristocracy. Viewing all Greek society from the philosopher’s standpoint, he regarded all those whose economic position required them to be mainly interested in gaining a livelihood as too much preoccupied with sordid cares to possess political virtue or to be fit to govern. His governing class is therefore necessarily the rich class, just as it was with Plato, though neither philosopher would admit wealth as the sole or even the main criterion. Aristotle regards Monarchy as a good form of government also, if you could secure that the monarch should be better than the people he rules, and should rule for their advantage, not his own. There is also a good form of Republic or Free Constitution, in which the whole body of the citizens take their turn in office. But each of these three sound forms of government has its own special danger—Aristocracy degenerates into Oligarchy when the few rule for their own advantage, Monarchy into Tyranny, and the Free Constitution into Democracy.
It is evident in all his writings that he regards the Athenian government as a bad one, but we must remember that he only saw it in its decline. The most valuable part of his teaching is that wherein he defines the state as a partnership, not in all things, but only in those things which concern its telos—the good life. Also, it is made up, not of individuals, but of smaller partnerships such as the family. It is on these grounds that he criticises the doctrine of communism. Since the whole object of political life is to secure moral completeness, it is obvious that the citizen does not surrender his whole being to the state. Thus both philosophers are alike in putting aside the claims of the working classes, who, it must not be forgotten, largely
Plate LXXXIX. STATUE OF ARISTOTLE
Anderson
consisted of slaves. Both are therefore aristocratic. Both look upon the state as existing for moral rather than economic ends. Both regard the laws and constitution as something sacred and clearly beyond the reach of the citizens. Neither of them has conceived the idea of political progress, which, indeed, is an idea of very modern origin. Such was the philosophic ideal of the city-state, in some respects better and in some respects worse than our own.
After Aristotle Greek political thinkers took up and developed the hints he drops as to the Mixed Constitution, in which the three elements Monarchic, Aristocratic, and Democratic are to be subtly mingled as they were in Sparta and Rome.
Other schools of philosophy arose at Athens which from their more vital influence upon the lives and actions of ordinary men are quite as important in the history of human civilisation. Zeno founded in the Stoa Poikile of Athens the Stoic philosophy, and Epicurus taught the doctrines which bore his name, at the same time when Aristotle was lecturing in the Lyceum and the successor of Plato in the Academy. Both were largely concerned with the rules for right conduct in life. The Stoics taught that wisdom and virtue are the true goal of man. Virtue consists in living according to Nature, and it becomes the business of the wise man to discover what is essential and distinguish it from what is merely accidental and ephemeral. Pleasure, praise, even life itself, are among things accidental. At its best Stoicism insisted very sternly upon duty, and the contempt of pain and death. In this way it seized upon all that was noblest in the Roman character and raised up under the Empire a series of martyrs who alone withstood the tyrants because they were not afraid of death. It approaches the sublime in the mouths of Marcus Aurelius and Epictetus. Filtering through the Asiatic temperament and mingling in its course with the higher teaching of Pharisaism, it did much to form the philosophy of a certain Jew of Tarsus, and through him has vitally influenced Christianity. In another sphere its insistence upon Natural Law bore fruit in Roman jurisprudence and lies at the base of all the legal systems of Europe.
Epicurus, on the other hand, made pleasure the end of life, not the mere bodily pleasure with which his name has been associated, but that which in the sum of its moments goes to form what we call happiness. It was necessary to happiness that men should cast off all the degrading fears born of superstition and know that the gods—if indeed gods exist—are too much occupied themselves in enjoying celestial happiness to condescend to punish and afflict the mortals under their feet. So the Epicureans accepted a material theory, largely due to Democritus, which explained the universe on atomic principles. Death was merely the resolution of body and soul into its primordial atoms. The less noble spirits among them undoubtedly taught the maxim “Let us eat and drink, for to-morrow we die,” but in such a mind as that of the Roman poet Lucretius Epicureanism is a fine and lofty thing, with its fearless spirit of inquiry and its bitter scorn of superstition.
We should mention also the Cynics, whose chief teacher was Diogenes, for they inculcated a contempt for pleasure and an asceticism which led some of them to live a hermit life, or, like mendicant friars, to carry neither staff nor scrip and to take no thought for their raiment. Needless to say, Cynicism never became a popular doctrine.
It is evident, then, that intellectual life was still in full vigour at Athens in the third century. But there was a weakening already visible. These Greeks could still think clearly, even nobly, but it was not until they made Roman converts that noble thoughts could be translated into noble action. As for the Greeks, their restless tongues and subtle brains carried them away into logic-chopping and childish love of paradox. There was a day when Athens sent on an embassy to Rome the three heads of her chief schools of philosophy. Their brilliant discourses charmed and amazed the simple Romans. Carneades proved that virtue was profitable, and the Romans were delighted. On the next day he proved that it was unprofitable, and the Romans were astonished. Cato, however, the truest Roman of them all, thought that Rome was better without such brilliant visitors. And he was probably right.
VII
EPILOGUE
ἡ πόλις ἡμῶν ... τὸ τῶν Ἑλλήνων ὄνομα πεποίηκε
μηκέτι τοῦ γένους ἀλλὰ τῆς διανοίας δοκεῖν εἶναι.
Isocrates.
T was, according to Isocrates, the fruit of the activity of Athens that Hellas had ceased to be a geographical expression and had become the definition of an intellectual standpoint. In that very true sense Greek history cannot close. It falls into chapters which are ever to be continued as soon as man begins to think again. Whosoever from the beginning of his action already contemplates its final end and adapts his means thereto in earnest simplicity, whosoever knows that pride and vain ostentation will assuredly bring its own punishment, of whatever land or age he may be, he is a Greek. In that sense we cannot close Greek history. Greece, as Juvenal said in a very hackneyed phrase, vanquished the Roman, her barbarian conqueror, and the Roman took up the mission of extending Hellenism over the West. The history of Roman civilisation only begins in the second century, when Rome was first brought into contact with Greece. Elsewhere I hope we shall see how Greek culture permeated everything at Rome after that, supplied her with art and literature, taught her philosophy, overlaid and almost destroyed her native religion, and even wrote her history. Losing Hellas, Europe sank into ages of darkness: recovering her, the European nations began to think again. Shakespeare we trace through the Latins to Menander, Milton through Vergil to Homer and Theocritus, Bacon to Aristotle, Sir Thomas More to Plato, and so with the others. So that every one who reads books or enjoys art in Europe to-day is indirectly borrowing from Greece.
Moreover, it is fairly obvious that Greece has not ceased to exist as a geographical expression. The more we study modern Greece, the more we are convinced that the Hellenic race is by no means extinct. Greece was, it is true, conquered by the Romans in 146 B.C. They had been forced partly by the aggression of Pyrrhus and partly by the expansion of their own empire to take some action in the Eastern Mediterranean. There they found themselves physically as men among children, intellectually as children among men. Nothing is more striking than the almost reverent spirit in which the Roman soldiers first moved about among the old cities of Greece. But the Greeks were impossible neighbours, and at last, after infinite forbearance, the Romans were compelled by their masculine sense of order to take the responsibility of controlling Greece. Corinth was destroyed for a warning, Macedonia made a province. But cities like Athens and Sparta were left to govern themselves, though, of course, their foreign policy was subject to Roman control. Athens still continued to talk and write and teach. She became a sort of university town to which noble Romans were sent for their studies. Even when Achaia was added to the list of Roman provinces in the days of Augustus it did not mean that Athens ceased to be a free city. In the days of the Empire the more cultured emperors, like Nero and Hadrian, loved to pass their time in Greece, in the attempt to share in her intellectual prestige. So we have Nero performing in the Olympian Games, and Hadrian rebuilding a large part of Athens. It was Hadrian who attempted to complete the gigantic temple of Olympian Zeus begun by Peisistratus. The Athenian schools of philosophy continued to attract strangers from all parts of the world, until Christianity began to see its bitterest foe in the Stoics, who taught many of its doctrines. Julian the Apostate dreamed for a moment of reviving Greek philosophy, so as to overcome Christianity by borrowing many of its doctrines, but at last a decree of Justinian closed the Athenian schools of philosophy in A.D. 529. Meanwhile clouds of barbarian invaders were continually passing over the land. The Goths ravaged Greece under Alaric. The Slavs conquered and peopled a great part of it without, in the long run, materially altering its nationality. Norman invaders conquered it, and not long before our own conquest Harold Hardrada entered Athens in triumph. Then came the Latin crusaders and Venetians. All through the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries there were Frankish Dukes of Athens. In 1456 the Caliph Omar conquered her, and thenceforth, with a temporary period of Venetian triumph, the Turks ruled Greece with a heavy hand until the glorious War of Independence, in which Lord Byron played a part of prophet and warrior. In 1830 Greece was declared an independent kingdom, and shortly afterwards provided with a youthful European king from Bavaria. The experiment was not a success. The Greeks succeeded in getting rid of one king, and Europe obligingly furnished another from her inexhaustible stock of younger sons. Even yet the bed of a Greek king is not altogether a bed of roses. In 1897 the little kingdom plunged into a war with her big neighbour, Turkey, for which she lacked resources and organisation. Her flanks were turned, her armies miserably routed, and she lost a great deal of the credit she had won in the War of Independence. But her true element is still, as it was in ancient times, the sea.
We have already seen that Greek art still crops out in occasional masterpieces down to imperial times. With literature this is still more the case. Long after the best of Roman literature was over and done with, Greece kept putting forth new products. The Greek novel, for example, in Lucian and Heliodorus is something entirely fresh and of great importance in literary history. The biographies of Plutarch are a new departure; so are the guide-books of such writers as Pausanias.
Plate XC. THE PORTLAND VASE
Mansell & Co.
The case of Lucian, in particular, shows that a Syrian of the second century A.D. could write in pure Attic Greek. In him we have the prototype of Swift and Sterne, a brilliant mocker and a creative genius. With him Greek literature expired laughing.
It only remains to glance at the decadence of Greek art and to see what form it took. The Romans, when they plundered and sacked Corinth, transported enormous quantities of plunder to Rome, and a taste for Greek art quickly sprang up among the wealthy senators. To meet their tastes, Greek artists were set to work. Some of their works, in the form of portraits, we shall meet again when we come to deal with Rome. Greek architects also evolved a Græco-Roman style, in which they blended, sometimes with the happiest results, massive Roman strength with Greek elegance and grace. In minor crafts such as gem-engraving Greek artists continued to produce exquisite work for the Roman market. The famous Portland Vase is a good example of this sort of work.[115] Although the material is glass, it is genuine cameo-engraving, and must have involved infinite labour. The material of the vase was composed of two layers of glass, white over dark blue, and then the white was ground away by hand, so as to leave the design in white upon the blue background, a scheme of decoration imitated with great success by the Wedgwood artists. It is one of the tragedies of the British Museum that this priceless treasure was smashed to pieces by an insane visitor. It has, however, been repaired with great skill. In the Greek cities of South Italy where the taste of the patrons remained Greek we find preserved, as at Pompeii and Herculaneum, works thoroughly Greek in all branches of art, produced at various dates down to the first century A.D. Given good taste in the patron, Greek artists did not cease to be capable of fine art.
But every national virtue has its characteristic defect which will come to the surface as soon as the stimulus of national self-respect is removed. A strong conquering breed is apt to
The Laocoön Group
become cruel and vicious when it loses the power to conquer. A sensitive, artistic people is prone to sensuality and weakness in its latter days. An industrous commercial race degenerates into sordid greed. That is why a loss of national pride is such a serious loss in history. A characteristic virtue of the Greeks was, as we have seen, their supple facility of intellect, their
Plate XCI. THE FARNESE BULL
Brogi
adaptability to environment. This made them, in the days of their decline, sink readily to the position of flatterers and parasites. We find this character attached to the “Hungry Greekling” of Juvenal’s days. In history we meet him as the hanger-on of aristocracy or the crafty tool of emperors. The Romans started as a virile race of warriors, and ended as brutal gluttons with a craving for sensationalism, which the Greeks were only too ready to supply. Hence we get Græco-Roman art in the worst sense of the term, wretched stuff made by sneaks to satisfy the taste of bullies. Most of the sculpture galleries of Europe can supply examples. The Vatican and the Naples Museum are full of them. In the nineteenth century, when the taste of Europe had sunk to its lowest depth of artificiality, work of this kind appealed very strongly to critics. It is only fair to them to say that they had not much opportunity of knowing better, since genuine Greek work of the best periods was mostly lying below the surface unexcavated. Out of this mass of inferior material critics picked one or two examples for admiration. Even great men like Lessing and Winckelmann based excellent maxims of criticism on these rotten foundations. The “Laocoön,” a sensational work by Rhodian sculptors of the first century B.C., was taken by Lessing as the text of his great discourse on the proper functions of the arts. We, on the other hand, can see that this tangled triangle of writhing forms expressing violent emotion of pain and terror has a theatrical and sensational character abhorrent to the very spirit of Greek moderation. Exactly the same is true of the two Farnese masterpieces, the Bull[116] and the Hercules. Such facts as these give one cause to ponder on the mutability of taste and the fallibility of artistic criticism. Restlessness, the symptom of nerves overwrought, is a feature of decadence, which we can observe in the late Greek vase-paintings. The spaces are covered with trivial ornament, the drawing is slack, the sole aim is prettiness. The vigour of the composition is frittered away upon trivial details. In short, the name of the disease from which Greek art was to perish is Vulgarity. Idealism without romanticism was the secret of Greek art at its best. When we find romance without ideals we have reached the nadir.
Late Greek Vase-painting: from a Pelike in the British Museum.
THE PRAYING BOY
Mansell & Co.
GLOSSARY
For explanation of words marked A refer to the architectural diagrams on page 107.
Acroterion, A.
Ægis, a breastplate adorned with the head of a Gorgon and a fringe of serpents, an attribute of Zeus and Athena.
Agora, market-place.
Amphictyony, neighbouring states grouped in a religious union.
Amphiprostyle, a building with columned porch at both ends.
Aniconic, without images, an early stage of religion.
Anthropomorphism, the religious habit of representing gods as men.
Architrave, A.
Archon, a ruler or magistrate; a board of nine at Athens.
Aretē, virtue; strictly, the quality of a man.
Aulētris, female player on the clarinets.
Βασιλεἴς, kings or chiefs.
Caduceus, the snake-wreathed wand carried by Hermes.
Caryatid, a column carved to represent a maiden.
Cella, the nave or main chamber of a temple.
Chiton, a tunic fastened on the left shoulder.
Chlamys, a short mantle worn by Spartans and soldiers.
Chthonic animism, worship of subterranean spirits, generally including cult of the dead and of the reproductive powers of Nature.
Choregus, the man who equipped a chorus for a stage play; generally a man of wealth on whom this duty was laid as a sort of tax.
Chryselephantine, made of gold and ivory.
Decadrachm, a coin of ten drachms (francs).
Deme, a parish.
Dōma, house-place, resembling the medieval hall.
Ecclesia, the Athenian assembly.
Echinus, A.
Entablature, that part of a classical building which rests upon the columns and supports the roof; it includes architrave and frieze.
Entasis, a system of optical correction employed in Greek architecture (see page 161).
Ephebus, a youth of about eighteen.
Ephorate, the board of “overseers” at Sparta.
ἦθος, character, spiritual quality.
Gerousia, Senate and senators of Sparta.
Gerontes, Senate and senators of Sparta.
Guttæ, A.
Harmosts, Spartan governors of conquered cities.
Hegemony, leadership, undefined suzerainty.
Hexastyle, with six columns.
Hierophant, a priest of the mysteries.
Hoplites, heavy armed infantry.
In antis, columns at the end of a building, between the ends of the side walls produced, are said to be in antis.
Iconic, with images, a stage of religious worship.
Kuanos, a blue transparent paste, resembling glass.
Kylix, a goblet.
Lecythus, oil-jar, a certain shape of Greek pottery.
Liturgy, a public duty imposed as a tax upon the rich.
Megaron, hall.
Metopes, A.
Palæstra, wrestling-ground.
Parabasis, an ode sung by the chorus in Greek drama at their entrance on the stage.
Peplos, a long female robe or mantle.
Perioikoi, neighbours, the second class in the Spartan caste system.
Peripteral, surrounded with colonnades.
Peristyle, the colonnades surrounding a building.
Pictographic script, a form of writing in which the symbols are rudimentary pictures.
Pnyx, a hill at Athens, where the Assembly met.
Prodomos, fore-court.
Satrap, a Persian viceroy.
Skolion, a drinking-song in which the guests took part in turns.
Stasis, civil strife, party-feeling, treason.
Stēlē, a monument in the form of an erect slab, a gravestone.
Strategoi, generals, an Athenian magistracy.
Strigil, an instrument used by athletes for scraping off the oil and sand of the palæstra.
Stylobate, the floor from which the columns rise (A).
Telos, goal or end in view.
Thalamos, inner chamber, bed-chamber of the master of the house.
Thalassocracy, maritime supremacy.
Tholos, a vault or dome, any round building.
Triglyphs, A.
Xoanon, an image mainly in the form of a tree-trunk.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
[The following list of books will serve two purposes, as a guide to the reader who wishes to inquire further on any special point, and as an acknowledgment of some of the obligations of the writer. Only works in English are here included.]
General Histories of Greece
Bury, Professor J. B. A History of Greece. Macmillan.
The most up-to-date “student’s history”; copiously illustrated; a storehouse of facts in narrow compass.
Grote, G. History of Greece. From the Earliest Times to the Death of Alexander. 10 vols. Murray.
Holm, Adolf. The History of Greece from its Commencement to the Close of the Independence of the Greek Nation. Translated by F. Clarke. 4 vols. Macmillan.
Short chapters with elaborate notes, written from a liberal and sympathetic point of view.
Special Works on the Early Periods
Burrows, Professor R. M. The Discoveries in Crete and their Bearing on the History of Ancient Civilisation. Murray.
Evans, Sir Arthur. Principal work of, is to be found in the Annuals of the British School at Athens. Macmillan.
Grundy, Dr. G. B. The Great Persian War and its Preliminaries. A Study of the Evidence, Literary and Topographical. Murray.
Lang, Andrew. Homer and his Age. Longmans.
Mosso, Angelo. The Palaces of Crete and their Builders. Fisher Unwin.
Murray, Professor Gilbert. The Rise of the Greek Epic. Clarendon Press.
Ridgeway, Professor W. The Early Age of Greece. 2 vols. Cambridge University Press.
—— Minos the Destroyer rather than the Creator of the so-called Minoan Culture of Cnossos. (A lecture delivered before the British Academy, May 26, 1909.)
Politics
Barker, E. The Political Thought of Plato and Aristotle. Methuen.
Fowler, W. Warde. The City State of the Greeks and Romans. Macmillan.
Greenidge, A. H. J. A Handbook of Greek Constitutional History. Macmillan.
Whibley, L. Greek Oligarchies: their Organisation and Character. Methuen.
—— Political Parties in Athens during the Peloponnesian War. Prince Consort Dissertation. 1888. Cambridge University Press.
Mythology and Religion
Farnell, L. R. The Cults of the Greek States. 5 vols. Clarendon Press.
Frazer, J. G. Adonis, Attis, Osiris. Macmillan.
Harrison, Jane E., and Verrall, M. de G. Mythology and Monuments of Ancient Athens. 1890.
Lawson, J. C. Modern Greek Folklore and Ancient Greek Religion. Cambridge University Press.
Reinach, Salomon. Orpheus. A General History of Religions. Heinemann.
Sculpture and Art
Gardner, Professor E. A. A Handbook of Greek Sculpture. New Edition, with Appendix. In two Parts; Appendix separately. Macmillan.
Jones, H. Stuart. Select Passages from Ancient Writers, Illustrative of the History of Greek Sculpture. Macmillan.
Murray, A. S. A Handbook of Greek Archæology. Murray.
Perrot and Chipiez. History of Art in Primitive Greece. 2 vols. Chapman and Hall.
Waldstein, Charles. Essays on the Art of Pheidias. Cambridge University Press.
Walters, H. B. Greek Art. Methuen.
—— The Art of the Greeks. Methuen.
Coinage
Head, B. V. Historia Numorum. A Manual of Greek Numismatics. Clarendon Press.
Hill, G. F. Greek and Roman Coins. Macmillan.
Bronzes
Murray, A. S. Greek Bronzes. Seeley.
British Museum Catalogue.
Vases
British Museum Catalogues: Greek and Etruscan, White Athenian Vases.
Literature
Jebb, Sir Richard. A Primer of Greek Literature. Macmillan.
Jevons, F. B. A History of Greek Literature from the Earliest Period to the Death of Demosthenes. Griffin.
Topography, Social Life, &c.
Baedeker’s Greece. Fisher Unwin.
Becker, W. A. Charicles: or, Illustrations of the Private Life of the Ancient Greeks. Translated by the Rev. F. Metcalfe. Longmans.
Frazer, J. G. Pausanias’ Description of Greece. 6 vols. Macmillan.
Freeman, K. J. Schools of Hellas. Macmillan.
Gardiner, E. Norman. Greek Athletic Sports and Festivals. Macmillan.
INDEX
[A], [B], [C], [D], [E], [F], [G], [H], [I], [J], [K], [L], [M], [N], [O], [P], [Q], [R], [S], [T], [U], [V], [W], [X], [Z]
Academy, the, [253]
Acanthus, the, [226]
Accents, Greek system of, [248]
Achæan League, the, [237], [245]
Achæans, the, from the North, [37];
and Homer, [40-42]
Achaia, a Roman province, [261]
Achilles, worship of, [41];
the Shield of, [42-47]
Acragas, temple at, [130];
Telamones of, [166]
Acrocorinthus, [7]
Acropolis, the, [7], [95], [96], [102], [138], [157];
its architecture, [163-165]
Actors, [174]
Acusilaus, [78]
Admetus, [179]
Adonis, [190], [251]
Adultery in Sparta, [90]
Ægean civilisation, [16];
culture, [17] et seq.;
decay, [31];
art, [32] et seq.;
dress of warriors, [38];
worship, [65]
Ægean Sea, [15]
Ægeus, [15], [165]
Ægina, commerce, [127];
war with, [135];
pedimental figures from, [147]
Ægis, the, [95]
Ægospotami, [144]
Æolians, the, [42]
Æschylus at court of Hiero, [113], [129];
and the Oriental host, [136];
the drama of, [174];
the “Persæ,” [176];
the poet of Marathon, [177];
number of plays, [182];
in the “Frogs” of Aristophanes, [184]
Æsculapius, [70]
Ætolian League, [237]
Agamemnon, tomb of, [13], [29];
worship of, [41];
in the Iliad, [49], [58];
in tragedy, [181]
Agariste, [109]
Agathocles, [250]
Agathon, [227], [239]
Agelâdas of Argos, [147]
Agesilaus, King of Sparta, [81], [85], [200], [228], [241]
Agias (statue), [169], [218]
Agis, King of Sparta, [85], [93]
Agora, the, [167]
Aidōs, [10], [137], [187]
Ajax, [147], [176]
Alaric the Goth, [170], [262]
Alcæus, [119], [121]
Alcamenes, [70], [159]
“Alcestis” of Euripides, [179]
Alcibiades, [78], [99], [144], [146], [170], [195], [196]
Alcinous, [48]
Alcmæonids, the, [99], [115], [116]
Alcman, [88], [104]
Alexander the Great, career of, [11];
romantic, [180];
Agesilaus and, [201];
Lysippus sculptor to, [218];
and the temple at Ephesus, [221];
portraiture on coinage, [226];
Macedon under, [237], [241-245];
in art, [245-247]
Alexandria, [243];
laid out by Greek architects, [247];
commerce, [247];
the greatest city, [247];
library of, [248];
culture, [248];
the Museum, [248];
and poetry, [249]
Amazons, battle of (sculpture), [222]
Amen-Ra, [251]
Ammon, [243]
Amphictyons, [72]
Amphidamas, [63], [76]
Amphipolis, [240]
Anacreon, [113], [121], [122], [129]
Anaxagoras, [145], [146]
Anaximander, [122]
Ancestor-worship, [30], [34], [50]
Andromache, [55], [59]
Animal deities, [65]
“Answerers,” [174]
Antenor’s “Harmodius and Aristogeiton,” [115]
Anthela, [72]
Anthropomorphic religion, [67]
Antigone, [176], [178]
Antioch, [251]
Antiochus the Great, [116]
Antiphon, [229]
Anytus, [232]
Apelles, [213], [223], [242], [245]
Aphaia, temple of, Ægina, [147]
Aphrodite in Homer, [50];
worship of, in Corinth, [108];
on the Parthenon frieze, [155];
in fourth-century art, [211];
the Cnidian Aphrodite, [213], [214];
in Alexandria, [251];
Aphrodite of Melos, [251]
Apollo, the coming of, [65-74];
the Apollo Belvedere, [71];
Apollo of Delos, [112];
on the Parthenon frieze, [155];
temple of Phigaleia, [169];
statue at Delphi, [169];
and Orestes in drama, [181];
in fourth-century art, [211];
Apollo Sauroctonos, [217];
Palatine Apollo, [218];
and Niobe, [222];
“Apollo and Marsyas,” [216]
Apollonius the Rhodian, [249]
Apoxyomenus, [81], [218]
Arcadians, the, [206], [207]
Arcady, [167]
Archelaus, [239]
Archilochus, [104], [121], [122]
Archimedes, [248]
Architecture, prehistoric, [24];
Doric, [106];
temples, [161];
the Parthenon, [161-163];
the Acropolis, [163], [165];
the Erechtheum, [165-167];
other Athenian buildings, [167-168];
other Greek buildings, [168-171];
fourth-century, [226];
the Corinthian order [226];
Græco-Roman, [263]
Archons, [117]
Areian Hill, [117]
Areopagus, Solon and the, [100];
its powers, [117];
its influence, [133];
under democracy, [141];
power taken away by Pericles, [142];
meeting-place, [167]
Ares, [77], [154];
the Ludovisi, [220]
Arethusa, [131];
coins, [225]
Arginusæ, [195], [232]
Argives, the, [109]
Argonautic expedition of Jason, [249]
Argos, [28], [109], [245]
Ariadne, [15]
Arion, [122], [173]
Aristarchus, the Father of Criticism, [248]
Aristeides, [135], [140], [141]
Aristion, stēlē of, [114]
Aristocracies, [86], [119], [145], [256]
Aristogeiton, [115], [180]
Aristophanes and “the Harmodius,” [116];
champions the hoplites, [140];
and Cleon, [144];
and liberty of speech, [145];
and Pheidias, [157];
humour of, [183]
Aristotle on Spartan government, [86];
on tragedy, [181];
and state payment, [197];
his greatness and birth, [253];
disciple of Plato, [253];
teacher of Alexander, [253];
his writings, [254];
“The Politics,” [255];
his influence, [261]
Arnold’s, Matthew, “Thyrsis,” [250]
Art, Greek, its perfection, [10], [103];
qualities, [56];
the cults and, [103];
simplicity, [153], [162];
subordination of the artist, [158];
in the fourth century, [208];
continuance and decadence, [262-263];
Græco-Roman, [265];
perishes from vulgarity, [266]
Artaphernes, [134]
Artaxerxes, [201], [204]
Artemis, [202], [222];
of Brauron, [99], [165];
temple of, at Ephesus, [221];
“Artemis and Apollo,” by Praxiteles, [216]
Artemisia, wife of Mausolus, [221]
Ascra, [62]
Ashtaroth, [108]
Asia, [244]
Aspasia, [146]
Athena, statue of, at Troy, [54];
Pallas Athena, [51], [94];
birth and worship, [94];
Northern origin, [95];
an Achæan goddess, [95], [102];
hoplite goddess, [95];
and the name of Athens, [95];
gift of olive-tree, [97];
origin of Athena, [99];
and Erechtheus, [102];
shrine and image, [102], [165], [166];
Athena Parthenos, [148], [156];
in Parthenon sculptures, [151], [152], [154];
statues of, [157];
the Mourning Athena, [160], [192];
Athena Promachos, [102], [165];
Athena the Crafts-woman, [165];
Athena type of coins, [225];
Athena and Marsyas, [165]
Athenian drama, [172]
Athenian mysteries, [98]
Athens and the sea, [6];
and silver-mines, [6];
the state, [9];
pays tribute to Minos, [16];
occupations of the Athenians, [40];
Pallas Athena and, [95];
Theseus and, [97];
agricultural, [97], [98];
Eupatridæ, [97];
democracy, [97];
religious customs, [98];
law-giving, [99];
Homer and, [102];
and the tyrants, [104], [115];
Peisistratus and, [110];
police, [111];
state cults, [111];
freedom of, [115];
government, [116];
the rise of, [132];
attacks by Medes and Persians, [134-140];
and a navy, [135];
Athenian civilisation, [140];
a democratic city-state, [140];
Athenian empire, [141];
Pericles and liberty, [142];
conflict with Sparta, [143];
Peloponnesian War, [143];
capitulates, [144];
freedom in, [145];
Pericles’ ideal, [146];
Pericles’ Athens, [150];
the Long Walls, [163], [195], [198];
buildings of, [167];
aristocracy, [172];
downfall and restoration, [194];
popular government, [195], [197];
oligarchy, [196];
the Thirty Tyrants, [197];
finance, [198];
fourth-century Athens, [209];
coinage, [225];
legal system, [229];
rebellion against aliens, [238];
and Macedon, [240];
oppressions, [244];
enslaved by Demetrius, [252];
her philosophers, [252];
and Aristotle, [253];
“Polity of Athens,” [255];
intellectual life of the third century, [258];
self-government under the Romans, [261];
schools of philosophy, [261];
Frankish dukes, [262].
See also Attica.
Athens and Sparta, [40], [83], [94], [195], [206], [231]
Athletics, Greek, antiquity of, [74], [76];
religious significance, [74], [75], [76];
a modernised programme of sports, [74];
Pythian Games, [76];
Olympian Games, [76], [78];
nature of the contests, [77];
sacrifice and ritual, [77];
the competitors, [77];
the judges, [77];
the prize and honours, [78];
discreditable practices, [78];
anecdotes of Pausanias, [78];
Euripides’ tirade against, [79];
inspires sculpture, [80];
nudity, [81]
Atreus, [181]
Attalids, [251]
Attalus, [238]
Attica and Northern invasion, [96];
a city-state, [97], [111];
the older worship of, [98]
Attica, plain of, [9]
Augustus and Alexander the Great, [242]
Aule, [59]
Aulis, [63]
Autocracy, civilisation and, [32]
Babylon, [241]
Bacchiads, the, [104]
Bacchylides, [113], [129]
Bacon, [261]
“Basileis,” [104]
Basileus, [47]
Bassæ, temple at, [169], [226]
Beauty, Hellenism and, [4]
Bentley, Richard, [129]
Bias of Priene, [101], [122]
Bion, [250]
Black Sea, the, [110]
Bœotia, [9], [142]
Boethos, [220]
Boston Museum, slabs in, [125]
Boy Victor (statue), [160]
Boy with thorn in foot (statue), [160]
Branchidæ figures, [54]
Brasidas, [93], [229]
Breathings and accents, Greek, [248]
British Museum, Elgin Marbles, [151], [164], [166];
Strangford Shield, [156];
frieze from Phigaleia, [170];
statue of Demeter, &c., [219];
head of Hypnos, [220];
Mausolus, [221];
Tanagra figures, [227];
Head of Alexander, [246];
the Portland Vase, [263]
Bronze Age, the, [16], [19], [36]
Bronzes, [220]
Brunn on the Parthenon figures, [151]
Bucchero nero, [18]
Bucephalus, [242], [245]
Bull, the Farnese (sculpture), [265]
Bull-baiting, Cnossian, [25]
Burial of the dead, [190]
Burke, Edmund, [230]
Burrows, Prof., on Minoan drains, [26];
date of the fall of Minoan empire, [38]
Butler, Samuel, on Homer, [58]
Byron, Lord, [262];
on Anacreon, [113]
Calamis, [159]
Callimachus, [166], [226], [249]
Callinus, [122]
Calydonian boar-hunt, [218]
Cameo-engraving, [263]
Candahar, [243]
Capitoline Gallery, [214]
Carcinus, [187]
Caria, [221], [237]
Carneades, [259]
Carrara marble, [147]
Carrey’s Parthenon drawings, [150]
Carthage, [129]
Carthaginian invaders of Sicily, [250]
Caryatids, [131], [166]
Cassandra, [58]
Cat, the, [193]
Catabasis, the, [202]
Cato, [259]
Cave of Pan, [168]
Caves as dwellings, [18]
Cecropia, [95]
Cecrops, [96], [166]
Cephisodotus, [213]
Cerameikos cemetery, [192]
“Cerberus, sop to,” [189]
Chæroneia, [238], [241]
Chalcidian peninsulas, [240]
Chalcis, [63]
Chariot-races, [78]
Charioteer, the long-robed (statue), [81], [169]
Charon, [189]
Charondas of Catane, [73], [128]
Cheirisophos, [201]
Child-birth, goddess of, [98]
Children, Spartan, [91]
Chios, [142]
Chorus, the, [173], [182]
Christianity and Stoicism, [257], [261]
Chronology, system of, [249]
Chryseis, [58]
Cicero, [128], [230]
Cinadon, conspiracy of, [200]
Cithara, [68], [224]
City-state, the, [7], [10], [206], [238];
and patriotism, [145];
the ideal, [255], [257]
Civilisation, prehistoric, [18]
Classicism, “Greek” and, [2]
Clearchus, [201]
Cleisthenes, [99], [109], [116], [117], [133]
Cleombrotus, [85], [205]
Cleomenes, [85]
Cleomenes III., [239]
Cleon, [144], [160], [183], [187]
Cleonymus, [186]
Clytæmnestra, [58], [181]
Cnidos, [213]
Cnossos, [16], [20] et seq.;
destruction of, [31];
athletics of, [74]
Cockerell, C. R., [147]
Coins, Sparta and, [89];
Ionian, [123];
of Syracuse, [129], [131], [225];
of Elis, [148];
art of coins, [225];
Athena type, [225];
gold, [225];
Corinthian,
and others, [225], [226];
with portraits of Alexander, [247]
Comedy, [173], [183-186]
Commerce, Hermes the god of, [68]
Common sense of the Greeks, [180]
Communism, Platonic, [255]
Companions of the King, the (Macedon), [240]
Conon, [198], [226]
Constantinople Museum, Sidon sarcophagus, [246]
Constitution, free, [256];
Mixed, [257];
Mixed, of Sparta, and political science, [86]
Constitutional history, contradictions in, [228]
Corcyra (Corfu), [105], [108], [137]
Corinth and commerce, [105], [127];
art, [105];
and Egypt, [106];
under the Cypselid tyrants, [108];
worship of Aphrodite, [108];
and the Bacchiads, [104];
and the Leagues, [245];
destroyed by the Romans, [261], [263]
Corinth, Isthmus of, [137]
Corinthian Gulf, the, [7]
Corinthian War, the, [203]
Cory, Wm. Johnson, [249]
Cos, [213]
Council of Ten, Spartan, [200]
Courtesans of Corinth, [108]
Crabbe (Carcinus), [187]
Cremation, [189]
Creon, [178]
Cresilas, [160]
Crete, [14] et seq.;
Stone Age in, [18];
palaces, [24]
Cripple, [46]
Critias, [197], [232]
Criticism, Aristotle and, [254]
Crito, [233]
Crœsus, King of Lydia, [71], [123]
Cronos, [66]
Croton, [127]
Crown of wild olive, [78]
Crusaders, Latin, [262]
Cunaxa, [201]
Cupbearer frieze, the, [23], [25], [32]
Curses, the, [66]
Cybele, worship of, [251]
Cyclopes, [36]
Cylon, [99], [104], [110]
Cyme, [62]
Cynics, the, [258]
Cyprus, [17], [142], [237]
Cypselid tyrants, [108]
Cypselus, tyrant of Corinth, [104], [105], [109]
Cyrus, [72], [123], [201]
Cythera, figure found at, [220]
Dædalus, [15], [166]
“Daimonion,” [232]
Damagetus, [78]
Damon the musician, [146]
Dancing-floors, [173]
Daphnis, [250]
Dardanelles, the, [136]
Darius, [72], [134], [245]
Datis, [134]
Death, Greek ideas of, [190];
sculpture representing, [126], [220];
according to the Epicureans, [258]
Deianira, [176]
Deities, names for, [66]
Delos, shrine of Apollo, [68];
removal of dead from, [112];
confederacy of, [141]
Delphi, shrine of Apollo, [68], [71];
spoils of war, [168];
treasures of, [238]
Delphic Amphictyony, [72]
Delphic Oracle and priests, [71-73];
and art, [103];
and the Persian invasion, [137];
Lysander and, [200]
Demaratus, [137]
Demeter, or Mother Earth, an early deity, [66];
shrine of, at Anthela, [72];
Eleusinian mysteries, [98], [190];
Persephone and, [124];
worship of, [170];
Demeter of Cnidos (statue), [219]
Demetrius, the Besieger of Cities, [252]
Democracy, Spartan, [84];
Athenian, [98], [100], [118], [141], [172], [195], [197];
and the Free Constitution, [256]
Democritus, [258]
Demosthenes, [194], [229], [230], [240]
“Diadumenus,” [81], [159]
Diagoras, [78]
Diana of the Ephesians, [34], [118];
temple of, [219]
Diipolia, [98]
Diodorus, [128]
Diogenes, [258]
Dionysius I. and II., tyrants of Syracuse, [250], [255];
coins, [225]
Dionysus on the Parthenon frieze, [154];
in the “Frogs” of Aristophanes, [184];
the drama and festivals of, [112], [173], [184];
theatre of, [168]
Dipylon Gate, [168]
Dipylon Style, the, [56]
“Discobolus,” [80], [159]
Dithyramb, the, [106], [113], [173]
Dogs on tombstones, [193]
Dōma, [59]
Domestic life in Homer, [58]
Dorian Mode in music, [223]
Dorians, the, origin of, [38];
dress of warriors, [38];
religious beliefs, [38];
ignored by Homer, [42];
communism, [88];
Apollo, god of the, [69];
Dorian greatness, [70]
Doric architecture, [106], [161], [171]
Dörpfeld, Dr., [166]
“Doryphorus,” [81], [159]
Douris, [225]
Dracon, [99]
Drainage work, Cnossian, [26]
Drama, Athenian, [112];
the Greek, [172-187];
as instrument of public education, [172];
“Middle Comedy,” [227];
the New Comedy of manners, [228], [253];
the mime, [250];
“contamination,” [253]
Earth, circumference of the, [248]
East and West, conflict between, [11]
Ecclesia, [116]
Education, Spartan, [89];
Platonic, [255]
Egypt, Greek learning from, [119];
Athens and the affairs of, [142];
under the Ptolemies, [244].
See also Alexandria
Egyptian influence in Crete, [20], [33]
Egyptologists and dates, [17]
Eilithuia, [151]
Eleatic school of philosophy, [128]
Eleusinian mysteries, [34], [98], [170]
Eleusinian relief, the (sculpture), [160]
Eleusis, the Great Temple of the Mysteries, [170]
Eleutheria, [94]
Elgin, Lord, and the Parthenon marbles, [151]
Elis, citizens of, and Olympian Games, [77];
coins of, [148]
Empire and democracy, [11]
Empires, Greek, [11]
Epaminondas the Theban, [180], [204-208], [240]
Ephesus, wealth, &c., [112], [118];
column from, [123];
temple of Artemis, [218], [221];
new temple at, [226]
Ephorate, Spartan, [85]
Ephorus, [228]
Epictetus, [257]
Epicureanism, [258]
Epicurus, [257], [258]
Epidaurus, [104]
Epimenides the Cretan, [15], [101]
Epinikia, the, [76]
Epirus, [245]
Eratosthenes, [248]
Erechtheum, the, [102], [165-167]
Erechtheus, [95], [96], [102], [110], [112]
Eretria, [133]
Eros, [155], [211];
Eros of Thespiæ, [213], [215];
Eros of Centocelle, [215]
Ethics, [235];
of Aristotle, [254];
politics a branch of, [256]
Etruscan art, [17]
Etruscans, [127]
Euænetus, [225]
Eubœa, [63], [196]
Eubouleus, [190]
Eucleides, [197]
Euclid, [248]
Eugenics, Spartan, [89]
Euhemerism, [122]
Eumæus, [47]
Eunomia, [73], [94]
Eupatridæ, [97]
Euploia, [213]
Euripides, against athletes, [79];
the chorus in, [174];
the sceptic and prophet of the new age, [177];
the “Alcestis,” [179];
number of his works, [182];
in the “Frogs” of Aristophanes, [184], [186];
and social problems, [210];
influence on art, [211];
Archelaus and, [239]
European civilisation and modern discoveries, [14];
early civilisation, [247]
Eurotas, Vale of, [204]
Eurymedon, [142]
Euxine, the, [202]
Evagoras, [238]
Evans, Sir Arthur, discoveries of, [17], [24], [25], [30]
Fashions (dress), Cnossian, [25]
Fates, the, [66], [123], [189]
Federal systems, [238]
Flagellation, Spartan, [92]
Fortresses of Tiryns, &c., [28]
Four Hundred, government of the, [196]
François Vase, [43], [57]
Frere’s, Hookham, translation of Aristophanes, quoted, [184]
Frieze of the Parthenon, [153]
Funeral customs, [188]
Furies, the, [181]
Furtwängler, Adolf, [151], [158]
Gaia (Earth), [152]
Games, the—see Athletics
Gardner, Prof. Ernest, on the Parthenon sculptures, [150], [154]
Gauls, the, [238]
Gelo of Syracuse, [130], [131], [137], [225]
Gem-engraving, [263]
Gems, [225]
Genius, the rise of, [132];
Greek impersonal genius, [158]
Geometric style in art, [56]
Gerontes, Spartan, [84]
Gerousia, or Senate, [84]
Ghost-worship, [66]
Glaucus, [79]
God, Socrates and, [232]
Gods in Homer, [50]
Gorgias of Leontini, [230]
Gorgon, the, [57]
Goths, the, [262]
Government of the Greek States, [83], [116];
popular government in Athens, [195];
Platonic government, [255]
Græco-Roman art, [265]
“Greece,” and “Greek,” ideas conveyed by, [1]
Greece, the country, [5];
and the sea, [5];
climate, [7];
scenery, [9];
the Dark Ages, [36];
the earlier civilisation, [74];
government, [116];
invaders of, [262];
its decline, [263]
Greece, modern, [261];
War of Independence, [262];
war with Turkey, [262]
Greek character, the, [10]
Greek culture, its continuing influence, [260]
Greek history, new discoveries and, [12]
Greek poetry, [53]
Greek states, government of the, [83]
Greek world, the, under Alexander, [244]
Greeks inherently aristocratic, [171];
racial character of modern Greeks, [8]
Griffin, the, [58]
“Grin, the archaic,” [70]
Grundy, Dr. G. B., [138]
Gylippus, [93]
Hades, [123], [124], [190], [233]
Hadrian, Emperor, [111], [261]
Hæmon, [178]
Halicarnassus, coin, [123];
mausoleum at, [221]
Happiness, [258]
Harmodius and Aristogeiton, legend of, [115], [180];
statue by Antenor, [115];
“the Harmodius,” [116];
group from Ægina, [147]
Harold Hardrada, [262]
Harp, the, [39];
and Spartans, [224]
Harpies, the, [66], [189]
Harpy tomb, [123]
Heavenly twins, the, [245]
Hecatæus of Miletus, [122]
Hegeso, tomb of, [192]
Helen of Troy, [55], [58]
Helicon, Mount, [9];
Muses of, [63]
Heliodorus, [180], [262]
Helios, [226]
Hellas, definition of, [260]
Hellenic people, the, fusion of races, [39]
Hellenism, the study of, [4];
contest between Hellenism and barbarism, [153];
Alexander the Great and, [243];
and Asiatic elements, [251];
the Roman and, [260];
and Europe, [260]
Helots, [87]
Hephæstus, shield of, [43];
works of, [54];
and Athena, [94];
in the Parthenon frieze, [151], [155];
the temple of, [167]
Hera, [23], [50], [130], [154];
temple of, [106], [108], [215]
Heracleitus of Ephesus, [122]
Heracles, [85];
and his labours, [111], [153];
and Hylas, [180];
the Farnese, [265]
“Heracles, the sons of,” [73]
Herculaneum, bronzes, [221];
Greek art at, [263]
Hercules—see Heracles
Hermes, early origin, [66], [67];
popularity of, [68];
in art, [70];
and the Olympian Games, [76];
in the Parthenon frieze, [154];
on sepulchral slab, [192];
replaces Apollo in art, [211];
of Praxiteles, [169], [211], [215]
Hero-worship, [38];
in Homer, [51]
Herodotus, [228];
on Homer and Hesiod, [50];
and the Delphic oracle, [73];
declaimed at the Olympic Games, [76];
and the Persians, [136]
Heroic age, the, [36], [38];
cult and art, [103]
Herondas of Cos, [250]
Hersephoria, [98]
Hesiod and the five ages of the world, [36];
and the gods, [50];
contemporary with Homer, [52];
the world of, [61-64];
and mythology, [66];
and poetic contest, [75], [88];
popularity of, [104]
“Heureka!” [248]
Hiero, tyrant of Syracuse, [113], [129], [225]
Hieron, [225]
Himera, battle of, [130], [131]
Hindu Khush, the, [243]
Hipparchus, [113], [115]
Hippias, [115], [116], [134], [235]
Hippocleides, [109]
Hissarlik, [13]
Historians, [228]
Homer and primitive European civilisation, [12], [13], [14];
and the Achæans, [40];
composition of the epics, [41];
as history, [42];
the Shield of Achilles, [42-47];
kings and gods in, [47-53];
Homeric religion, [51];
when written, [52];
and the art of the period, [53];
women in, [58];
houses and domestic life in, [59];
and mythology, [66];
popularity of, [103];
the recitation of, [112];
theology of, [232];
Ionia and, [119];
scholars of Alexandria and, [248];
influence of, [261]
“Homeric” hymns, [68]
Homeridæ, the, [41]
Hoplite, the Athenian, [135]
Horace, [121]
Horse, the, in Greek art, [57]
Horse-races, [129]
Houses in Homer, [59]
“Hungry Greekling,” [265]
Hygiæa, [70]
Hylas, [180]
Hymettus, Mount, [96]
Hypnos (Sleep), [220]
Ibycus of Rhegium, [129]
Ictinus, the architect, [147];
and the temple-builders, [161-171]
“Ilissus,” [152]
Immortality, doctrine of, [128];
immortality of the soul, [190];
Platonic theory of, [234]
India, Alexander the Great’s invasion of, [243]
Indo-Europeans, Ægean, [32]
Ionia, [118-126];
cities, [112];
poets, [119];
philosophers, [122];
plastic art, [123], [126];
King Crœsus, [123];
Sparta and Ionian cities, [199], [204]
Ionians, the, [40], [68], [118]
Ionic states, the, [112]
Iphicrates, [204]
Iris, [51], [152]
Iron Age, the, [31], [37]
Isæus, [229]
Isles of the Blessed, [37], [39], [189], [190]
Isocrates, [230], [241], [260]
Issus, [245], [246]
Italy, South, Greek cities of, [263]
Jason, [211], [249]
“Javan,” [118]
“Jove of Otricoli,” [148]
Judges of the games, [77]
Julian the Apostate, [262]
Julius Cæsar and Alexander the Great, [242]
Justice, Plato’s “The Republic” and, [254]
Justinian, [262]
Juvenal, [260], [265]
“Kamáres” ware, [20]
Karuæ, [166]
Keftiu, [20]
Kimon, [140], [141], [157]
Kings, the, of Homer, [47];
of Hesiod, [62];
Spartan kings, [84]
Kingsley’s, Charles, “Heroes,” [15]
Koré, [98].
See also Persephone
Koroplastes, [227]
Kylix, the, [24]
Kypselus, Chest of, [43]
Labdacus, [181]
Labyrinth legend, the, [25]
Lacedæmon, [206]
Lacedæmonians, the, [82]
Laconia, [200]
“Laconic,” [92]
Lady of Cnidos, [251]
Lais, [109]
Lang, Andrew, on Theocritus, [250]
“Laocoön,” the, [265]
Laurium silver-mines, [111], [135]
Law, Natural, [258]
Law-givers, [128];
of Athens, [99]
Laws of Solon, [97], [100]
Lawson’s, J. C., “Modern Greek Folklore,” [170]
Legal system of Athens, [229];
Stoicism and the legal systems of Europe, [258]
Lemnian Athena, [157]
“Lenormant” statuette, [148]
Leonidas, King, [93], [138];
and the Spartans, [113]
Lesbos, [118], [142]
Lessing, [265]
Leto, [222]
Leucas, canal through, [109]
Leuctra, battle of, [205], [207], [208], [239]
Levant, the, commerce and sea-power of, [247]
Liberty in Athens, [145]
Library of Alexandria, [248]
Lighthouse, great (Pharos), [247]
Literature, the Ptolemies and, [248];
of the fourth century, [227];
Greek literature, [262]
“Liturgies,” [174]
Lizard-slayer, the, [212]
Logic, Aristotle and, [254]
Louvre, the, [215];
Venus of Milo, [252];
Victory of Samothrace, [252]
Love, Plato on, [234];
love in Greek drama, [178];
male, [91]
Lucian, [214], [263]
Luck, Hermes the god of, [68]
Lucretius, [258]
Ludovisi Throne, reliefs from the, [124], [160]
Lyceum, the, [253]
Lycia, Nereid Monument, [226]
Lycurgean constitution, [200]
Lycurgus, [73], [99], [228]
Lydian Mode, the, in music, [224]
Lydians, coinage invented by, [123]
Lyre, the, [68]
Lysander, [94], [144], [197], [199]
Lysias, [229]
Lysicrates, monument of, [182], [226]
Lysimachus, [246]
Lysippus of Sicyon, [169], [218], [242], [245], [246]
Macedon, [237];
rise of, [239]
Macedonia, the kingdom of, [244], [252];
a Roman province, [261];
the Macedonian kings, [240];
anti-Macedonian party, [240]
Malaria in modern Greece, [8]
Mantinæa, [93], [204], [206], [208], [216]
Marathon, [134], [139]
“Marble Faun,” the, [214]
Marbles, Greek, [149]
Marcus Aurelius, [257]
Mardonius, [139]
Marriage customs, Spartan, [90]
Marshlands and malaria, [9]
“Marsyas,” by Myron, [159]
Masks in drama, [175]
Mausolus and his mausoleum, [221]
Medea, [211]
Medes and Persians, [133]
Mediterranean peninsulas, [247]
Medusa the Gorgon, [95];
the “Rondanini” Medusa, [220]
Megacles, [99], [109]
Megara, [104], [110], [142]
Megaron, [59]
Meidias, [230]
Melanthius, [186]
Meleager, quoted, [249];
statue of Meleager, [218]
Melitus, [232]
Menander, [180], [228], [253], [261]
Menestheus, [96], [97]
“Messengers” in Greek tragedy, [181]
Messenia, [206]
Messenians of Naupactus, [160]
Metayer system, [97]
Metempsychosis, [128]
Metopes, [130];
of the Parthenon, [153]
Miletus, [104], [112], [118], [123], [127], [176]
Milo, [127]
Miltiades, [111], [134], [228]
Milton, John, [261];
“Lycidas,” [250]
Mime, the, [250]
Minoan empire, fall of, [38];
Minoan discoveries, [16]
Minos, [15], [16];
laws of, [33]
Minotaur, the, [15]
Mitylene, [110], [118], [144], [195]
Mnesicles, [164], [171]
Monarchy, [256]
Money, coined, [89]
More, Sir Thomas, [261]
Morosini, General, [151]
Moschus, [250]
Mourning, [190]
Mummy-cases, [223]
Munich Glyptothek, [147], [214]
Murray, Prof. Gilbert, on Homer, [51]
Musæus, [114]
Museum, the, [248]
Music, Greek, [223]
Mycenæ, [13];
Bronze Age, [23];
palace of, [24];
fortress of, [28], [29];
tombs, [29];
treasures of, [30];
art, [31]
Mycenæan discoveries, [16];
art, [31]
Myres, Mr., on Cnossian millinery, [26]
Myron (sculptor), [80], [159], [217]
“Myrtle Bough, The,” [114]
Mythology, [66], [98]
Naples Museum, [116], [265]
Napoleon and Alexander the Great, [242]
Narrative in Greek drama, [180]
Natural science, Aristotle and, [254]
Naturalistic worship, [34]
Nature in primitive Cretan art, [22]
Nature-study, [128]
Nature-worship, [39], [99]
Naupactus, [142]
Naval empires, [15]
Navy, Athenian, [135]
Neighbours, or Perioikoi, [87]
Neolithic man, [18]
Neoptolemus, [176]
Nereid Monument, [226]
Nero, [261]
Nestor, [54]
Newton, Sir Charles, [221]
Nicetas, [157]
Nicomedes, King, of Bithynia, [213]
Nike, [245]
Nikias, [140], [229]
Niobe, [222]
Niobids, the, [222]
Normans, the, [262]
Northern invasion of Greece, [35] et seq.
Novel, the Greek, [262]
Nudity, the Greeks and, [81];
in sculpture, [211]
Obscenity, [184]
Odeion, [168]
Odysseus, [47], [54], [59];
palace of, [60]
Œdipus, [36], [178]
Œnomaus, [76]
Oligarchy, [84], [195], [199], [256]
Olympia, sculptures at, [157], [159], [160];
temple of Zeus, [168];
the Altis, [169]
Olympian cult and art, [103];
deities, [9], [66]
Olympic Games, [76];
nature of the contests, [77];
sacrifice and ritual, [77];
the competitors, [77];
the judges, [77];
the prize and honours [78];
trickery, [78];
their duration, [78];
account of Pausanias, [78];
dress of the athletes, [82];
Nero in the, [261]
Omar, the Caliph, [262]
Omphalos, [71]
Onomacritus, [113]
Opuntius, [186]
Oracle, the Delphic—see Delphic
Oratory, [228-231]
Orchomenos, Apollo of, [69]
Orestes, [181], [182]
Orpheus, [53];
and Eurydice, [192]
Ortygia, [131]
Ostracism, [117]
Ostrakon of Themistocles, [141]
Owl, Athena’s, [99]
Ox-murder, [98]
Pæonius, [159], [160];
Victory by, [252]
Pæsto, [128]
Painting, Greek, [223]
Pallas Athena—see Athena
Pan, [99];
Cave of, [168]
Pan-pipes, [224]
Panainos, [149], [167]
Panathenæa, Greater, [111]
Panathenaic amphoræ, [224];
festival, [154], [163]
Pandion, [96]
Pandora, [62]
Pandrosos, [166]
Panegyric oration of Isocrates, [230]
Pangæus, Mount, gold-mines of, [240]
Panhellenic orations, [230];
union, [241]
Pantarkes, [157]
Panticapæum, [225]
Parian marble, [149]
Paris, palace of, [59]
Parmenio, [246]
Parnassus, [69]
Parrhasios, [223]
Parrhesia, [94]
Parry, Sir Hubert, and Greek music, [223]
Parthenon, the, supersedes the Acropolis, [102];
architecture, [107], [161-163];
sculptures, [148], [150];
of the pediments, [150], [151];
the metopes, [153];
the frieze, [112], [153];
Athena Parthenos, [156];
destructions, [150], [151]
Parthenos of the Parthenon, [148]
Party system, [117]
Pastoral poetry, [249]
Patroclides, [186]
Patroclus, [74], [147]
Paul, St., and Stoicism, [257];
and the teaching of Socrates, [234]
Pausanias, King of Sparta, [85], [94], [141]
Pausanias, the traveller, on the Chest of Kypselus, [43];
and Greek worship, [67];
and Olympia, [78];
and the Parthenon, [150], [160];
and the Hermes of Praxiteles, [215];
his works, [262]
Pediments of the Parthenon, [150]
Pegasus coins, [225]
Peiræus, the, as part of Athens, [140];
the planning, [171];
Spartan attack, [205];
new walls, [226];
a centre of commerce, [252]
Peirithous, [180]
Peisistratus, Homer edited during his tyranny, [42];
democracy before, [98];
and Solon’s laws, [101];
the tyranny of, [104];
services to Athens, [110];
and the foundations of Athenian civilisation, [133];
temple of Athena built by, [165];
temple of Olympian Zeus begun by, [168]
Pelasgians, the, [96], [163]
Pelasgic Wall, [96]
Pelopidas, [205],
[207]
Peloponnese, the, [137], [206]
Peloponnesian War, [143], [194], [199], [208]
Pelops, [76]
Penelope, [47], [55], [58]
Penrose, F. G., on the Parthenon, [161]
Pentelic marble, [147]
Pergamum, [237];
altar of Zeus, [251]
Periander, [106], [108], [109]
Pericles, [99], [110];
and the constitution of Athens, [118], [142-144];
attacks on, [145], [156];
oration on Athenian soldiers, [146];
bust of, [160];
the Odeion, [168];
the Acropolis, [192]
Peripatetic school of philosophy, [253]
Persephone, Eleusinian mysteries in honour of, [98];
on Harpy Tomb (Queen of the Dead), [123];
on Ludovisi reliefs, [123];
worship of, [170];
Hades the home of, [190];
on an archaic relief, [192]
Perseus, [130]
Persian Empire and Alexander the Great, [242], [243]
Persian Gulf, the, [243]
Persian wars, the, [124], [133-139], [142], [153], [203];
Greek mercenaries in the Persian army, [201];
Isocrates and the Persians, [230];
Alexander and Persian troops, [241]
Persis, [62]
Phæacia, [54]
“Phædo,” the, of Plato, [233]
Phalanx, the, [241]
Phalaris of Acragas, [105]
Phanes, coin of, [123]
Pharisaism, [257]
Pharnabazus, [199]
Pheidias, [81], [102], [145], [146-158], [213]
Phidolas, [79]
Phigaleia, temple of, [169]
Philip of Macedon, [208], [237-241]
Philip II., [239]
Philippiades, [135]
Philosophers, Ionian, [122]
Philosophy of Pythagoras, [127];
Eleatic school of, [128];
of the fourth century, [231-236];
Aristotle, [253];
Stoicism, [257];
Epicurean, [257];
the Cynics, [258];
and Julian the Apostate, [262]
Phocians, the, [138], [238]
Phœnicia, [244]
Phœnician fleet, [142], [247]
Phœnician traders, [129]
Phœnicians, the, [33], [130]
Phormio, [230]
Phrygian Mode in music, [224]
Phryne, [213]
Phrynichus, [174], [176]
Phthiotis, [41]
Pictographic script, [20]
Pillar-worship, [29]
Pindar, [73], [76], [113], [129];
the house of, [243]
Pipes, [224]
Piracy on the Ægean, [105]
Pisirodus, [78]
Pittacus, [121]
“Place of the Wine-press,” [175]
Platæa, battle of, [87], [130], [135], [139], [168];
Pheidias and statue for Platæa, [157]
Plato, influence of Pythagoras on, [128];
on feminine nudity, [82];
sex problem, [180];
the “Republic,” [209], [254];
and Socrates, [231];
and the Homeric gods, [232];
his ideal philosophy, [234];
Aristotle and, [253];
influence of, [261]
Plato’s garden of the Academy, [210]
“Platonic” love, [234]
Plautus, [253]
Pleading in litigation, [229]
Pleasure, [258]
Pliny, [149], [213], [219], [223]
Plutarch on Spartan women, [90];
on Periclean Athens, [150];
the basis of his narratives, [228];
his biographies, [262]
Pluto, [190]
Pnyx, the, [229];
hill of Pnyx, [168]
Poetry, religious aspect of, [75];
lyric, [119];
lyric poets, [129];
the epic, hexameter verse, the elegiac couplet, epigrams, pastoral, [249];
Alexandria and poetry, [249];
Aristotle and, [254]
Poets, Ionian, [119-122]
Political science, Aristotle and, [254], [255]
Political system, Apollo and, [73]
Politics, Greek, [10];
in the fourth century, [209];
Plato, [254];
Aristotle, [255]
Polycleitus, [80], [81], [159]
Polycrates, tyrant of Samos, [104], [113]
Polygnotus, [164], [167], [191], [213], [223]
Pompeian frescoes and mosaics, [223];
mosaic floor, [245];
Greek art, [263]
Population, decline of, [239]
Portico, the Royal, [167];
Portico of Freedom, [167];
Decorated Portico, [167]
Portland Vase, the, [263]
Portraiture, [211];
on coins, [226], [247]
Poseidon, the sea-god, [66];
Athena and, [95], [152];
worship, [96];
of Mycale, [112];
in the Parthenon frieze, [155];
and the salt spring, [165];
marks of his trident, [166]
Posidonium, [128]
Potter’s wheel, the, [22]
Pottery, design in, and progress, [19];
Athenian, [112];
red-figured style, [224];
Panathenaic amphoræ, [225]
Praxiteles, Statue of Brauronian Artemis, [164];
Hermes, [169], [209];
and Athens, [194];
nudity in sculpture, [211];
works of, [213]
“Praying Boy, The,” [220]
Priam, palace of, [60]
Professionalism, [210], [225]
Prometheus, [62]
Protagoras, [235]
Psammetichus, [106]
Psyche, [189]
Ptolemies, the, [244], [247], [248], [250]
Pugilism, Cnossian, [25]
Punjaub, the, [243]
Pyrrhus, [245], [261]
Pythagoras of Samos, philosophy of, [74], [127];
immortality taught by, [190]
Pythian games, [72], [76]
Pytho, [69], [71]
Quoit-thrower, the, [81]
Racial decline, [239]
Religion of the Stone Age, [18];
prehistoric Greek, [34];
early religious beliefs, [65];
survival of, [67];
and morality, [235]
Religious significance of the games, [74-76];
of poetry, [75]
Renaissance, the, and Greek thought, [3]
Republic, an Ideal, [254];
of Aristotle, [256]
Rhetoric, [228-231];
of Aristotle, [254]
Rhodes, [237], [244];
gold coins of, [226];
siege of, [252]
Rhodian sculptors of the “Laocoön,” [265]
Ridgeway, Prof. Wm., on the survival of early Greek language, [32];
on naturalistic worship, [34];
and the invaders of Greece, [38];
on Homer, [51];
and Greek drama, [173]
Rock-tombs, [188]
Rodin, M., [148]
Romans, the, and Greece, [245];
and Greek philosophy, [258];
and Hellenism, [260];
and the control of Greece, [261];
and Græco-Roman art, [265]
Romantic, the, in the Greek character, [180]
Roof-tiles, [108]
Roxana, [242]
Royal Portico, the, [167]
Running Girl (statue), [161]
Ruskin, John, [150]
Sacred Band, the, [180], [205]
“Sacred Wars,” [241]
Sacrifice and ritual at Olympic Games, [77]
Sacrifices and the dead, [66]
Salamis, [110], [138]
Samos, [142]
Samothrace, [252]
Sanitation, Cnossian, [26]
Sappho, [119-121]
Sardis, [133]
Satyr, the young, by Praxiteles, [213], [214], [215]
Satyric drama and the Satyrs, [173]
Scepticism, Ionian, [122]
Scheria, [48]
Schliemann’s discoveries, [13]
Scopas the Parian, [212], [217], [221]
Sculpture of the Homeric period, [54];
development of, [69];
inspired by athletes, [80];
Ionian, [123] et seq.;
earliest temple, [130];
before Pheidias, [147];
methods, [148];
materials, [149];
pediment figures, [150];
metopes, [153];
frieze (Parthenon), [153];
statues by Pheidias, [156], [157];
works of sculptors, [159-161];
great sculptors, [159];
minor sculptors, [192];
of the fourth century, [211];
materials, [212];
anatomy, [212];
supports, [213];
works by Praxiteles, [213-217];
convention, [216];
tinted marble, [216];
Scopas, [217];
Lysippus, [218];
works by unknown artists, [219];
six greatest statues, [219];
bronzes, [220];
the Venus of Milo, [251];
Græco-Roman, [265];
the Laocoön, [265]
Scyros, [190]
Sea, Hesiod and the, [63];
the Greek true element, [262]
Sea-power, [195]
Seleucid kings, the, [244]
Selinus, [130]
Sellasia, [239], [245]
Semites, the, [129]
Seven Sages, the, [74], [101], [106]
Seven Wonders of the World, [247]
Sex problem, the, [180]
Shakespeare and Menander, [253], [261]
Shelley’s “Adonais,” [250]
Shield of Achilles, the, [42-47]
Shields lost in battle, [121]
Sicily, tyranny in, [104];
poets in, [126];
and wheat, [127];
the Semites and (Carthaginian invasion), [129], [137];
Athens and, [142], [144], [195];
Idylls of Theocritus, [249];
history, [250]
Sicyon, [104], [109]
Sidon sarcophagus, [246]
Sigeum, [110], [121]
Simonides, [104], [109], [113], [122], [129]
Simplicity, Greek, in drama, [182]
Sirens, the, [66]
Skirophoria, [99]
“Skolia,” [114]
Slavery, [145], [171], [236]
Slavs, the, [262]
Snake-worship, [69], [99]
Socialist, Pericles a, [143];
Plato the father of socialism, [255]
Socrates and the education of women, [82];
and Alcibiades, [144];
attacks upon, [145];
and Aspasia, [146];
and the Royal Portico, [167];
Xenophon and, [203];
the personality of, [231];
trial and death, [232];
his philosophy, [231], [234]
Soldiers, Spartan, [204];
professional, [238]
Solon, the Spartans and, [74];
his laws, [97], [99], [100], [191];
poetry, [100];
and Egypt, [101];
and Peisistratus, [110];
and Cleisthenes, [118];
and funerals, [191];
historians and, [228]
Sophistry, [231]
Sophocles, actors in, [174];
and the Athenian spirit, [177];
number of his works, [182];
and Aristophanes, [186]
Sophrosune, [10]
Sparta, conservative in type, [6];
its smallness, [10];
political system, [73], [83];
and the Olympian Games, [77];
government, [84];
kings, [84];
Ephorate, [85];
Mixed Constitution, [86];
an aristocracy, [87];
Helots, [87];
Neighbours, or Perioikoi, [87];
the city, [87];
as conqueror, [88];
military education and discipline, [83], [88-89];
art, [88];
coinage, [89];
education, [89];
women, [90];
marriage customs, [90];
children and youths, [91];
warfare, [92];
relaxations, [93];
Spartan character, [93];
conservatism, [94];
and Persian invasion, [137];
and democracy, [196];
and Lysander, [200];
domination and aggression of, [198], [203], [205];
an inland power, [199];
government, [200];
soldiers, [204];
and Thebes, [207];
reformation of, [239];
and the confederacies, [244];
government under the Romans, [261]
Sparta and Athens, [133], [135], [195];
conflict between, [83], [143]
Spartans of the Dorian race, [40]
Spartiate race of Lacedæmon, [239]
Spartiates, the, [84], [87], [88], [239]
Sphacteria, [144], [160]
Sphinx, the, [58]
“Spinario,” the, [161]
Stackelberg, Baron von, [170]
Stadium, the, [226]
Stage, the, [174], [175]
Stagira, [253]
Stesichorus of Himera, [129]
Stoic philosophy, the, [167], [257], [258]
Stoicism and Christianity, [261]
Stone Age, the, in Crete, [18]
Strategoi, [117]
Studniczka, Prof., [126]
Styx, the, [189], [233]
“Successors, the,” [244]
Sulla, [220]
Swinburne, A. C., on Sappho, [120]
Sybaris, [127], [128]
Syracuse, poets of, [129];
tyrants of, [78], [129], [250];
Doric columns, [131];
coins, [129], [131], [225]
“Syrinx,” the, [224]
Tanagra statuettes, [227]
Tartarus, [233]
Taygetus, Mount, [87]
“Tearless Battle,” [208]
Tegea, [218]
Telamon, [147]
Telamones of Acragas, [166]
Tempe, [9], [137]
Temples, Doric, in Selinus, [130]
Ten Thousand, the march of the, [201]
Tenean Apollo,
[69]
Tenedos, [226]
Terence, [253]
Terpander, [88], [122]
Textile art in Homer, [55]
Thalamos, [59]
Thalassa (Sea), [152]
Thalassocracies, [15]
Thales of Miletus, [101], [119], [122]
Thaletus, [15]
Theagenes, [110]
Theatre of Dionysus, [168], [175], [226]
Theatres, [173]
Theban and Persian alliance, [207]
Thebes and the Persians, [137];
and Epaminondas, [205];
Theban hegemony, [207];
destroyed, [243]
Themis, [69]
Themistocles and the sea, [5];
and ships, [135];
and the sea-fight of Salamis, [138-140];
ostracised, [141];
biographies of, [228]
Theocritus, [180], [249], [261]
Theopompus, [228]
Theramenes, [100], [197], [232]
Thermopylæ, [92], [93], [113], [138]
Theron, [130]
Thersites, [50]
Theseum, the, [167]
Theseus, the story of, [15];
legendary King of Athens, [96], [97];
Peisistratus and, [110], [111];
the Panathenæa, [112];
“Theseus” statue, [152];
the contests of (sculpture), [153];
and Peirithous, [180];
the bones of, [97], [190]
Thesmophoria, [98]
Thespis, [174]
Thessalians, the, [38]
Thessaly, [18], [137], [237]
Thetis, [51]
Thirty Tyrants, the, [197], [232]
“Tholos,” [29]
Thorwaldsen, A., [147]
Thrace, gold in, [6];
and expansion of Athens, [240];
coin of, [246]
Thracian Chersonese, the, [110]
Thrasybulus, [197]
“Three Fates, The,” [152]
Thucydides and tradition, [100];
and Greek tragedy in history, [136];
and Pericles, [143];
and the perspective of Greek history, [194];
ethical purpose, [228];
speeches in, [229]
Thurii, [142]
Tiberius, Emperor, [218]
Timanthes, [79]
Timotheus of Miletus, [224]
Tiryns, [24], [28]
Tissaphernes, [199], [201]
Tombs, [188];
Mycenæan, [29];
objects from, [191]
Tombstones, [192]
Traeis, battle of the, [127]
Tragedy, [173-183];
development of, [76]
Triphylia, [202]
Tripod of Delphi, [68]
Triptolemus, [98], [190]
Troy, ruins of, [13], [36];
Homer and, [41]
Truce, Sacred, [77]
Turkestan, [243]
Turkey, rule of, and war with modern Greece, [262]
Tyranny, [256]
Tyrants, the, [104], [105]
Tyre, [244];
destroyed, [247];
and Sidon, [129]
Tyrtæus, [88]
“Unities,” the dramatic, [182]
Valhalla, [189]
Vaphio gold cups, [30]
“Varvakeion” statuette, [148]
Vase-painting, decadence, [265]
Vases, funeral, [191];
metal vases, [225].
See also Pottery
Vatican, the, [265]
Venetians, the, [262]
Venus, [213];
Medici Venus, [214];
Venus of Milo, [251]
Vergil, [261]
Victory, Parthenon pediment, [152];
at Olympia, [160];
the Wingless Victory, [164];
of Brescia, [252];
of Samothrace, [252]
Virtue, [257]
Vitruvius on the orders of architecture, [227]
Waldstein, Prof., on the Parthenon figures, [152]
War and democracy, [195]
War of Independence, [262]
Warfare among the Greeks, [203]
Wedgwood art, [263]
Whitelaw’s, Mr., translation of Sophocles, [178]
Winckelmann, [265]
Wolf-god, [99]
Women in Homer, [58];
and nudity, [82];
and gymnastics, [82];
Spartan women, [90]
Wordsworth’s “Ode on Immortality” and the Platonic theory, [234]
Writing, earliest European, [20]
Xanthippus, [141]
Xanthus, Harpy Tomb, [188], [123]
Xenophanes of Colophon, [128]
Xenophon and the Persian war, [201];
the Catabasis, [202];
retires to Sparta, [202];
his works, [203];
and the battle of Leuctra, [206];
as writer, [210];
favours Sparta, [228];
and Socrates, [231]
Xerxes, [72], [116], [136], [139]
Zaleucus of Locri, [73], [128]
Zeno, [167], [257]
Zeus, birthplace of, [15];
heaven of, [39];
in Homer, [50];
and minor deities, [66];
athletic honours to, [76];
in the Parthenon pediment, [151];
the “Dresden Zeus,” [148];
gold statue of, at Olympia, [109];
by Pheidias, [148], [149];
temple of, 111 [168], [261];
Zeus Ammon, [251]
Zeuxis, [191], [213], [223]
Zoology, Aristotle and, [254]
Printed by
BALLANTYNE & COMPANY LTD
AT THE BALLANTYNE PRESS
Tavistock Street Covent Garden
London
FOOTNOTES:
[1] This and similar technical terms are explained in the Glossary at the end of the book.
[21] See Vase Plate, Fig. 3 (a Panathenaic Amphora).
[32] Plate [27], and Vase-Plate, Fig. 1.
[34] Plates [24] and [76], and Vase-Plate, Fig. 3.
[59] Plates 31 and 32.
[73] Plate [56], Fig. 2; and Vase Plate, Fig. 2.
[74] Plate [57]; and Vase Plate, Fig. 4.
[90] My other five would be the Hermes of Praxiteles, the Aphrodite of Melos, the “Theseus” of the Parthenon, the Colleoni of Verrocchio, and Rodin’s St. Jean-Baptiste.
[94] See plate facing [p. 266].
[102] See Plate [76] and Vase Plate, Fig. 3.
[112] Plate [87] and [Frontispiece].
