A LIST OF SOME USEFUL AUTHORITIES.

BEFORE THE CONQUEST.

General Histories.

Lappenberg’s England under the Anglo-Saxon Kings. Lingard’s History of England. Sharon Turner’s History of the Anglo-Saxons. Freeman and Palgrave have each published short books for the young on the period.

Constitutional.

All that is necessary to be known is to be found in Stubbs’ Constitutional History. Treated more at length in Kemble’s Saxons in England, and Sir F. Palgrave’s History of the English Commonwealth. An excellent sketch in Freeman’s Norman Conquest. All the ancient laws are collected in Thorpe’s Ancient Laws; sufficient extracts to be found in Stubbs’ Illustrative Documents. The whole history, including literature and society, is given in Green’s History of the English People in a brief and very interesting form.

General Authorities.

Bæda’s Ecclesiastical History, for a century and a half after the landing of Augustin. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, which becomes very important after the time of Alfred. Milman’s Latin Christianity.

The English Conquest.

Gildas, and the earlier part of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.

Establishment of the Church.

Kemble’s Saxons. Stubbs’ Constitutional History.

Alfred.

Asser’s Life. Dr. Pauli’s Life.

Dunstan.

Stubbs’ Preface to Life of Dunstan (Master of the Rolls’ series). E. W. Robertson’s Essay on Dunstan.

Eadward the Confessor and Family of Godwine.

Lives of Eadward, edited by Luard (Rolls’ series). Freeman’s Norman Conquest, vol. ii.

Normandy.

Palgrave’s History of Normandy and England. Freeman’s Norman Conquest. William de Jumièges. Orderic Vitalis. William of Poitiers.

NORMAN AND PLANTAGENET KINGS.

General Histories.

Lingard. Lappenberg. Pearson’s Early and Middle Ages of England. Hook’s Lives of the Archbishops of Canterbury. Campbell’s Lives of the Chancellors. Foss’s Judges of England.

Constitutional.

Stubbs’ Constitutional History and Illustrative Documents.

General Authorities.

Orderic Vitalis. Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.

William I.

Eadmer’s Historia Novorum. Domesday-Book with Ellis’ Introduction.

William II.

Palgrave’s William Rufus. Eadmer’s Life of Anselm. Church’s Life of Anselm.

Henry I.

William of Malmesbury. Henry of Huntingdon (Surtees Society).

Stephen.

Gesta Stephani (Surtees Society).

Henry II. and Becket.

Dr. Giles’ Collection of the Letters of Becket, Foliot, and John of Salisbury. Gervais of Canterbury till 1200 (Twisden’s Decem Scriptores). Benedict of Peterborough, 1169-1192, and Roger of Hoveden to 1201, with Stubbs’ Prefaces in the Rolls’ series. William of Newbury, to 1198 (English Historical Society). Lord Lyttleton’s Life of Henry II.

Ireland.

Geraldus Cambrensis’ Conquest of Ireland (Rolls’ series, translated in Bohn).

Richard I.

Itinerarium Regis Ricardi (Rolls’ series). Richard of Devizes (English Historical Society). Ralph of Diceto, 1200 (Twisden). Several chronicles are translated in Bohn as Chronicles of the Crusades.

John and the Great Charter.

Roger of Wendover, who was continued by Matthew of Paris, and William Rishanger (Rolls’ series). Chronicles of various abbeys, such as Waverley and Dunstable. For the English reader, Stubbs’ Illustrative Documents.

Henry III.

Matthew of Paris. Rishanger. The Royal Letters (edited by Shirley in the Rolls’ series). The Rhyming Chronicle of Robert of Gloucester to 1270. Blaauw’s Barons’ War. Wright’s Political Songs (Camden Society). Brewer’s Monumenta Franciscana (Rolls’ series).

LATER PLANTAGENETS.

General Histories.

Sharon Turner’s Middle Ages. Lingard. Dr. Pauli’s Geschichte von England. Hook’s Archbishops. Campbell’s Chancellors.

Constitutional.

Stubbs. Hallam.

General Authorities.

Rymer’s Fœdera. Public Documents published chiefly by the Record Commission. Various Rolls, especially Rolls of Parliament, Statutes of the Realm, Proceedings and Ordinances of the Privy Council. Walter of Hemingburgh, to 1346. Thomas of Walsingham, a compilation from the Annals of St. Albans Abbey (Rolls’ series).

For Scotch History.

Hill Burton’s History of Scotland.

For French History.

Martin or Sismondi’s History.

Edward I.

Trivet (English Historical Society). Rishanger. Palgrave’s Documents and Records illustrating History of Scotland. Freeman’s Essay on Edward I. Modus tenendi Parliamentum (Stubbs’ Documents). Rotuli Scotiæ (Record Commission).

Towns.

Ordinances of the English Guilds (Early English Text Society), with Brentano’s Preface.

Edward II.

Trokelowe, to 1323 (Rolls’ series). Anonymous Monk of Malmesbury, to 1327. Thomas de la Moor (Camden Society). Adam of Murimuth (English Historical Society).

Edward III.

Froissart. John le Bel. Robert of Avesbury, to 1356 (Hearne). Knyghton (Twisden’s Decem Scriptores). Longman’s History of Edward III.

Wicliffe.

Shirley’s Preface to Fasciculi Zizaniorum. Vaughan’s Life of Wicliffe.

Black Death.

Seebohm’s Essays in the Fortnightly Review for 1865.

Condition of the People.

Rogers’ History of Prices.

Richard II.

Walsingham. Annales Ricardi Secundi et Henrici Quinti (Rolls’ series). Chronique de la Traison et Mort de Richard (English Historical Society). M. Wallon’s Richard II. is said to be the best modern book on the subject. Wright’s Political Songs (Rolls’ series).

HOUSES OF LANCASTER AND YORK.

General Histories.

As before, with Brougham’s History of England under the House of Lancaster.

Old Histories.

Fabyan, died 1512 (edited by Sir Henry Ellis). Hall, Henry IV. to Henry VIII. Polydore Vergil (Camden Society). Stowe, published 1592. Ellis’ Collection of Original Letters illustrative of English History.

Henry IV.

Walsingham (Rolls’ series). Knyghton. Royal Historical Letters (Rolls’ series).

Henry V.

Walsingham. Memorials of Henry V. (Rolls’ series). Titus Livius Vita Henrici Quinti (copied in part in the Gesta). Gesta Henrici Quinti (Historical Society). Monstrelet.

Henry VI.

William of Worcester to 1491 (completed by his son). English Chronicle (Richard II. to 1471) (Camden Society). Continuator of Croyland, 1459-1485. John of Westhampstead (Hearne). Paston Letters, 1434-1485 (E. D. Gairdner). Memoir of John Carpenter. Wars of the English in France (Rolls’ series). Procès de Jeanne d’Arc (Historical Society of France).

Edward IV.

Arrival of Edward IV. (Camden Society). Warkworth, 1461-1474.

Edward V.

Life, by Sir Thomas More.

Richard III.

History, by Sir Thomas More. Miss Halsted’s Life. Letters of Richard III. and Henry VII. (Gairdner, Rolls’ series).

CONTENTS.

ENGLAND BEFORE THE CONQUEST. 449-1066.
PAGE
Departure of the Romans,[1]
Settlement of the various English tribes,[1]
449The Jutes,[1]
477The Saxons,[2]
520The Angles,[2]
597Conversion to Christianity,[3]
Struggle for supremacy among the Saxon kingdoms,[3]
Supremacy of Northumbria,[3]
716-819 Supremacy of Mercia,[4]
800Ecgberht,[5]
Supremacy of the West Saxons,[5]
Period of Danish Invasion,[5]
836Æthelwulf,[6]
858Æthelbald,[6]
860Æthelberht,[6]
866Æthelred,[6]
870Danish Conquest of East Anglia,[7]
871Alfred,[7]
Appreciation of Alfred’s character,[8]
Continued superiority of Wessex,[10]
901Eadward the Elder,[10]
925Æthelstan,[11]
940Eadmund,[11]
946Eadred,[11]
Rise of Dunstan,[12]
955Edwy,[13]
957Eadgar,[13]
Dunstan’s government,[13]
Division of Northumbria,[14]
975Eadward the Martyr,[15]
Fall of Dunstan,[15]
979Æthelred the Unready,[15]
Third Period of Danish Invasion,[15]
991Battle of Maldon,[16]
994First Danegelt,[16]
Æthelred’s Marriage with Emma,[17]
1002Massacre of St. Brice,[17]
Pernicious influence of Eadric Streona,[17]
1008Thurkill’s invasion,[17]
1013Swegen’s Great Invasion,[18]
England submits to Swegen,[18]
1014Restoration of Æthelred,[18]
1016Edmund Ironside,[19]
Five great battles,[19]
Division of the Kingdom,[19]
1017Cnut King of all England,[19]
His patriotic government,[20]
Disputed succession,[21]
Importance of Earl Godwine,[21]
1037Harold,[21]
1040Harthacnut,[21]
Restoration of the English Line,[21]
1042Eadward the Confessor,[21]
Rivalry of Godwine and the French Party,[22]
1051Godwine banished,[22]
1052His return and death,[23]
1053Harold succeeds to his influence,[23]
He subdues Wales,[24]
1066Harold made King,[24]
Claims of his rivals, Tostig and William of Normandy,[24]
William’s preparations,[25]
Tostig’s invasion,[26]
William lands,[26]
Battle of Hastings or Senlac,[26]
Death of Harold,[27]
——————————
State of Society at the Conquest.
——————————
THE CONQUEST.
WILLIAM I. 1066-1087.
1066Intended resistance of the English,[40]
Election of Eadgar,[41]
William marches to London,[41]
William is crowned,[41]
His position as King,[42]
Transfer of Property,[43]
The form of Law retained,[43]
Castles built,[43]
Appointment of Earls,[43]
1067William revisits Normandy,[44]
Misgovernment by his Viceroys,[44]
Consequent rebellion,[44]
Insurrections call him home,[44]
1068His position in the North and West,[45]
1096His devastations in Yorkshire,[47]
1070Complete subjugation of the North,[47]
William’s legislation,[48]
His reform of the Church,[48]
Appointment of foreign Bishops,[48]
Stigand deposed,[48]
Lanfranc Archbishop,[49]
His Legislation,[49]
He connects the Church with Rome,[49]
But William still Head of the Church,[49]
1071Final Struggle of the English under Hereward,[50]
Wales held in check by the Counts Palatine,[51]
Savage invasions from Scotland,[51]
1072Malcolm swears fealty,[52]
1075Troubles in Normandy,[52]
1076Conspiracy of Norman nobles suppressed,[52]
Waltheof executed,[53]
Quarrel between William and his Sons,[53]
1079Reconciliation at Gerberoi,[54]
Odo’s oppressive government,[54]
1084Cnut’s threatened invasion,[54]
1085The Domesday Book,[55]
1087William’s death and burial,[55]
CONQUEST OF NORMANDY AND ORGANIZATION OF ENGLAND.
WILLIAM II. 1087-1100.
1087William crowned by Lanfranc,[56]
Appeases the English,[56]
Checks Norman opposition,[57]
1089Lanfranc dies,[57]
Flambard succeeds him,[57]
1090William’s quarrels with his Brothers,[57]
1091War with Scotland,[58]
1094Continued War with Wales,[59]
Troubles in Normandy,[59]
1095Conspiracy of Mowbray,[59]
1100Size of his Dominions at his death,[60]
Causes of his inferiority to his Father,[60]
1089Disputes with the Church,[61]
Bishoprics left vacant,[61]
1093Anselm made Archbishop,[61]
William opposes his reforms,[62]
HENRY I. 1100-1135.
1100Henry secures the crown,[63]
Conciliates all classes,[63]
His policy,[64]
His opponents,[65]
1101Robert seeks the crown,[65]
Withdraws without bloodshed,[65]
Henry attacks his partisans,[65]
1102Defeat of Belesme and Norman Barons,[66]
Establishment of royal power,[66]
Belesme received in Normandy,[66]
1105Consequent invasion of the Duchy,[66]
1106Battle of Tenchebray, defeat of Robert,[66]
1107War with France,[67]
Louis supports William Clito,[67]
End of the War,[67]
1113Treaty of Gisors,[67]
Prince William acknowledged heir,[68]
1115Renewed War with France and Anjou,[68]
1119Battle of Brenneville,[68]
Complete prosperity,[68]
1120Death of Prince William, and its consequences,[68]
1124War with Anjou,[69]
1128Death of William Clito,[69]
Attempt to secure the succession to Matilda,[69]
1135Death of Henry,[70]
Wales held in check by colonies of Flemings,[70]
Constant insurrections,[70]
Henry’s Church policy,[70]
1100Anselm refuses fealty,[71]
He has to leave England,[71]
1106 Unsupported by the Pope,[71]
Makes a compromise at Bec,[71]
1102Synod of Westminster,[71]
Frequent bad Church appointments,[72]
Henry corrects them when possible,[72]
Wretched condition of the People,[72]
Their chief complaints,[73]
Baronial tyranny,[73]
Heavy taxation,[73]
Henry cures what evils he can,[74]
His strict Police,[74]
Administrative machinery,[74]
Local Courts,[75]
Curia Regis,[75]
Its political effect,[76]
The National Assembly,[76]
FEUDAL OUTBREAK.
STEPHEN. 1135-1154.
1135Strange character of the Reign,[77]
Great power of the Church,[78]
Stephen’s Charter,[78]
Affairs in Wales,[78]
Early signs of disturbance,[79]
1137War with Scotland,[79]
Last national effort of the English,[79]
1138Battle of the Standard,[80]
Growth of Anarchy in England,[80]
Creation of Earldoms and castles,[80]
Robert of Gloucester renounces his fealty,[81]
Stephen’s mercenaries,[81]
Jealousy between the old and new Administrations,[81]
Stephen’s quarrel with the Church,[82]
1139Consequent arrival of Matilda,[82]
Civil War,[82]
Continued quarrel with the Church,[82]
1141Robert of Gloucester, to bring matters to a crisis, fights the Battle of Lincoln,[83]
Matilda seeks help from the Church and becomes Queen,[83]
Importance of the Londoners,[83]
Matilda offends both Church and Londoners,[84]
Consequent revolution of affairs,[84]
1142 Gloucester taken prisoner and exchanged for Stephen,[84]
1146Renewal of the old anarchy,[84]
1147Appearance of Prince Henry,[84]
1148Death of Robert of Gloucester,[85]
1152Henry’s marriage and increased power,[85]
The Church sides with him,[85]
1153Meeting of the armies at Wallingford,[85]
The Church mediates a Compromise,[86]
1154Death of Stephen,[86]
Quotations from Chroniclers showing the miseries of the Reign,[86]
RECONSTITUTION OF THE MONARCHY—FORMATION OF THE NATION.
HENRY II. 1154-1189.
1154Main Objects of Henry’s Reign,[89]
He restores order in the State,[90]
Friendship with Adrian IV.,[90]
1157Master of England, Henry attacks Wales,[91]
Rise of Thomas à Becket,[92]
1158He is employed in foreign negotiations,[92]
1159Nevertheless there is war with France,[92]
Interesting points in it,[92]
The Scotch King serves Henry,[93]
Introduction of Scutage,[93]
Having reduced the State to order, Henry turns to the Church,[93]
General friendship of England and France with the Pope,[94]
1161Election of Becket to Archbishopric,[95]
He upholds the Encroachments of the Church,[95]
1164Quarrel with Becket, and Constitutions of Clarendon,[95]
Becket refuses them,[96]
Lukewarmness of Alexander III.,[96]
The quarrel takes a legal form,[97]
Comes before the Council,[97]
Henry presses him with charges,[97]
Becket leaves the Court before judgment is given,[98]
1165He is received by the Pope,[98]
But Henry refuses to oppose Alexander,[99]
1166Meanwhile he attacks Wales, and secures Brittany,[99]
Becket excommunicates his enemies,[99]
1167The Pope temporizes,[99]
Critical position of Henry,[100]
1170Coronation of young Henry,[100]
Finding this step unpopular,[101]
Henry submits,[101]
Becket ventures to return to England,[101]
Becket’s death,[101]
Henry retires to the Invasion of Ireland,[102]
Condition of Ireland,[102]
1169Invasion by Strongbow,[102]
1171Henry himself invades Ireland,[102]
Irish Church adopts Romish discipline,[102]
Henry’s reconciliation with Rome,[103]
1174Great Insurrection,[103]
Crisis of the danger,[104]
Henry’s penance at Canterbury,[104]
Capture of the Scotch King at Alnwick,[104]
Henry’s complete success,[105]
Small diminution of Henry’s power, either temporal or ecclesiastical,[105]
Henry’s Judicial and Constitutional changes,[106]
The Curia Regis,[106]
Itinerant Justices,[106]
Origin of the Jury,[108]
Assize of Arms, Scutage,[109]
Closing troubles with his Sons and with France,[109]
The causes of these troubles,[109]
1183First War, against Young Henry,[110]
1184Second War, against Richard,[111]
1187Third War,[111]
1188Saladin Tax,[111]
1189Last War, with Richard and Philip,[112]
Henry’s ill success,[112]
Disastrous Peace and Death,[112]
Importance of the Reign,[113]
RICHARD I. 1189-1199.
1189Persecution of the Jews,[115]
All Offices put up for sale,[116]
1190Richard starts for the Crusade,[110]
Leaving England to Longchamp,[116]
Richard quarrels with Philip in Sicily,[117]
1191He conquers Cyprus,[118]
Miserable condition of the Kingdom of Jerusalem,[119]
1187Jerusalem taken by Saladin,[119]
1189 Acre besieged,[119]
1191Arrival of the Crusaders,[119]
Richard saves Acre,[120]
Philip goes home,[120]
Richard quarrels with Austria,[120]
1192Truce with Saladin,[121]
1191John’s Behaviour in England,[121]
Return of Philip,[122]
Need of Richard’s return,[122]
1192His imprisonment in Germany,[122]
John and Philip combine against him,[122]
England ransoms him,[123]
1194Richard’s return, John’s defeat,[123]
War with France,[123]
1199Richard’s death at Chaluz,[124]
Development of the Administrative System,[124]
STRUGGLE BETWEEN THE CROWN AND THE NATION.
JOHN. 1199-1216.
1199John secures the crown,[126]
His strong position,[127]
1200His danger from France,[127]
Peace with Philip, and marriage treaty,[127]
Marriage with Isabella de la Marche,[128]
1201Homage of Scotland,[128]
Outbreak in Poitou,[128]
1202John’s French Provinces forfeited,[128]
1203Death of Arthur,[129]
1205Loss of Normandy,[129]
1206Peace with Philip,[129]
1205Election of the Archbishop of Canterbury,[130]
Stephen Langton,[131]
1207Consecration at Viterbo, and John’s violence,[131]
1208Interdict and flight of Bishops,[131]
1209Excommunication,[131]
1210Attack on Scotland, Ireland and Wales,[132]
Disaffection of the Northern Barons,[133]
The King’s rapacity,[133]
1211European crisis,[133]
League with Northern Princes,[133]
1213John’s deposition,[133]
Surrender of the Crown to the Pope,[134]
John’s improved position,[134]
1214Renewed difficulties with Stephen Langton,[135]
1215John hopes to secure his position by victory in France,[135]
1214Battle of Bouvines,[136]
1215Insurrection in England on his return,[136]
Meeting at Brackley,[136]
Capture of London,[137]
Runnymede,[137]
Political position of England,[137]
Terms of Magna Charta,[138]
John attempts to break loose from it,[139]
1216Louis is summoned,[139]
John’s death,[140]
HENRY III. 1216-1272.
1216Henry’s authority gradually established,[141]
Difficulties at his accession,[142]
Pembroke’s measures of conciliation,[142]
1217Fair of Lincoln,[112]
Louis leaves England,[142]
Renewal of the Charter,[142]
1218Papal attempt to govern by Legates,[143]
Pandulf’s government,[143]
1221His fall,[143]
Triumph of national party under Hubert de Burgh,[143]
Parties in England,[144]
1223Opposition Barons at Leicester,[144]
Resumption of royal castles,[145]
1224Destruction of Faukes de Breauté,[145]
Danger from France,[145]
1223Death of Philip,[145]
1226Death of Louis VIII.,[145]
English neglect this opportunity,[146]
Poitou remains French,[146]
1227Hubert’s continued power,[146]
Langton supports his policy,[146]
Change of Popes—increased exactions,[147]
1228Death of Langton,[147]
Quarrel of Henry and De Burgh,[147]
1229Henry’s false foreign policy,[147]
1231Return of Des Roches,[148]
1232Twenge’s riots,[148]
Fall of De Burgh,[148]
1233Revolution under Des Roches,[149]
Earl of Pembroke upholds De Burgh,[149]
1234Edmund of Canterbury causes Des Roches’ fall,[150]
1235Henry becomes his own minister,[151]
1236Henry’s marriage,[151]
1237Influence of the Queen’s uncles,[151]
1238Formation of a national party under Simon de Montfort,[152]
Revival in the Church,[152]
Grostête,[153]
1243Loss of Poitou,[153]
Prince Richard joins the foreign party,[154]
1244Exactions in Church and State,[154]
1247Inroad of Poitevin favourites,[155]
1248Discontent of the Barons,[155]
Continued misgovernment,[155]
1249Tallages on the cities,[155]
1250Diversion of the Crusade,[156]
De Montfort’s government of Gascony,[156]
His quarrel with the King,[156]
1253By his aid Gascony is saved,[156]
The King’s money difficulties,[157]
1254The Pope offers Edmund the Kingdom of Sicily,[157]
Henry accepts it on ruinous terms,[157]
1256Consequent exactions,[158]
1257Terrible famine,[158]
Parliament at length roused to resistance,[158]
Parliament at Westminster,[158]
1258The “Mad Parliament,”[159]
Provisions of Oxford,[159]
Opposition to the surrender of Castles,[160]
Exile of aliens,[160]
Proclamation of the Provisions,[160]
Government of the Barons,[160]
1259Final treaty with France,[161]
Henry thinks of breaking the Provisions,[161]
1261The Pope’s absolution arrives,[161]
Quarrel between De Clare and De Montfort,[161]
1262Return of De Montfort,[162]
1263Outbreak of hostilities,[162]
1264The Award of Amiens fails,[163]
War—Battle of Lewes,[163]
The Mise of Lewes,[163]
Appointment of revolutionary government,[163]
The exiles assemble at Damme,[164]
De Montfort desires final settlement,[164]
Royalist movements on the Welsh Marches,[164]
1265Parliament assembles,[165]
Conditions of Prince Edward’s liberation,[165]
De Clare forsakes the Barons,[166]
He joins the Marchers,[166]
Escape of Edward,[166]
Leicester opposes Edward in Wales,[166]
Defeat at Kenilworth,[166]
Battle of Evesham,[167]
1266Dictum of Kenilworth,[168]
1267De Clare compels more moderate government,[168]
Constitutional end of the reign,[168]
Views of the people on the war,[168]
SETTLEMENT OF THE CONSTITUTION.
EDWARD I. 1272-1307.
1272Edward’s accession and character,[171]
The first English King,[172]
His political views,[173]
His legal mind,[173]
His success,[173]
His enforced concessions,[174]
1275His first Parliament,[174]
Statute of Westminster,[174]
Establishment of Customs,[174]
1278Edward’s restorative measures,[174]
New coinage,[175]
1279Statute of Mortmain,[175]
Affairs in Wales,[175]
1275Llewellyn’s suspicious conduct,[175]
1277War breaks out,[176]
Llewellyn submits, and is mercifully treated,[176]
1282Second rising in Wales,[176]
Death of Llewellyn,[176]
1288Execution of David,[176]
1284Statute of Wales,[177]
Annexation of Wales,[177]
1282Foreign affairs call Edward abroad,[177]
1284The Sicilian Vespers,[177]
1286Edward acts as mediator between France and Aragon,[178]
1288 His award is repudiated,[178]
1289Disturbances in England during his absence,[178]
He returns, punishes corrupt judges, banishes the Jews,[179]
Second period of the reign,[179]
Relations with Scotland,[180]
1290Extinction of the Scotch royal family,[181]
Proposed marriage of the Maid and Prince Edward,[181]
Invitation to Edward to settle the Succession,[182]
Death of the Maid,[182]
1291Meeting at Norham,[182]
Edward’s supremacy allowed,[182]
The claimants to the Scotch throne,[182]
1292Edward gives a just verdict,[183]
Balliol accepts the throne as a vassal,[183]
1293Scotland appeals therefore to the English Courts,[183]
The appeals not pressed to extremities,[184]
Quarrel with France,[184]
Edward is outwitted, Gascony occupied,[184]
Balliol in alliance with France,[184]
1295First True Parliament,[183]
1296Edward marches into Scotland,[185]
Defeat of the Scotch at Dunbar,[185]
Submission of Balliol and Scotland,[186]
Constitutional opposition of Clergy and Barons,[186]
1296Refusal of the Clergy to grant subsidies,[186]
1297The Clergy outlawed,[187]
The Barons refuse to assist Edward,[187]
Compromise with the Clergy,[187]
Edward secures an illegal grant,[187]
The Earls demand the confirmation of the Charters,[188]
They are granted with reservations,[188]
Scotch insurrection under Wallace,[189]
1299English Treaty with France,[189]
Edward invades Scotland,[190]
Defeats Wallace at Falkirk,[190]
Comyn’s Regency,[190]
1301Parliament of Lincoln,[190]
The Pope’s claims rejected,[191]
1303Third invasion and conquest of Scotland,[191]
1306Bruce murders Comyn and rebels,[192]
Preparations for a fourth invasion,[192]
1307Edward’s death near Carlisle,[192]
Constitutional importance of the reign,[193]

RENEWAL OF THE STRUGGLE OF THE NATION AGAINST THE CROWN.
EDWARD II. 1307-1327.
1307Edward’s friendship for Gaveston,[198]
1308The Barons demand his dismissal,[198]
1309Gaveston’s return,[199]
General discontent,[199]
Statute of Stamford,[200]
1310Appointment of the Lords Ordainers,[200]
1311Useless assault on Scotland,[200]
The Ordinances published,[201]
Policy of the Opposition,[201]
Gaveston banished,[201]
1312He reappears with the King,[202]
He is beheaded at Warwick,[202]
1314Renewal of the War with Scotland,[203]
Battle of Bannockburn,[203]
Edward refuses to treat,[204]
Consequent disasters,[204]
1315Wars in Wales and Ireland,[204]
Bruce’s invasion of Ireland,[204]
1316He is crowned King,[205]
1318He is killed at Dundalk,[205]
1316Distress in England,[205]
Lancaster temporary Minister,[205]
Power of the Despensers,[205]
1318Temporary reconciliation,[206]
1320Truce with Scotland,[206]
The Welsh Marchers quarrel with the Despensers,[206]
Edward supports his favourites,[206]
1321Hereford and Lancaster combine,[206]
The Despensers are banished,[206]
An insult to the Queen rouses the King to energy,[207]
Edward recalls the Despensers,[207]
1322Pacifies the Marches,[207]
Attacks Lancaster,[207]
Battle of Boroughbridge,[207]
Lancaster worshipped as a Saint,[207]
Triumph of the Despensers,[208]
Renewal of war with Scotland,[208]
1323Peace for thirteen years with Scotland,[208]
Dangers surrounding the King,[208]
1324Difficulties with France,[209]
1325The Queen and Prince in France,[209]
1326She lands in England,[210]
Her party gathers strength,[210]
The King is taken,[210]
1327The Prince of Wales made King,[210]
Murder of Edward,[211]
BEGINNING OF HUNDRED YEARS’ WAR, AND CONSTITUTIONAL PROGRESS.
EDWARD III. 1327-1377.
1327Measures of reform,[214]
Mortimer’s misgovernment,[214]
Fruitless campaign against Scotland,[214]
Opposition to Mortimer,[214]
1330Conspiracy and death of Kent,[215]
Edward overthrows Mortimer,[215]
Edward’s healing measures,[216]
1332Balliol invades Scotland,[216]
Edward supports him,[216]
Siege of Berwick,[217]
1333Battle of Halidon Hill,[217]
1334Temporary Submission of Scotland,[217]
Edward’s claims on France,[218]
The Scotch, with Philip’s help, renew the War,[218]
1337Edward therefore produces his claims,[218]
Edward attacks France,[218]
1338His alliances on the North-east,[219]
He is made Imperial Vicar,[219]
Great taxation,[219]
He lands in Flanders,[220]
1339Deserted by his allies, he returns home,[220]
1340Returns, and wins the Battle of Sluys,[220]
Fruitless expedition to Tournay,[220]
Sudden visit to England,[221]
Displacement of the Ministry,[221]
1341His dispute with Stratford,[221]
Edward yields,[221]
1342Loss of all his allies,[222]
New opening in Brittany,[222]
1343Mediation of the Pope offered,[223]
Decay of Papal influence,[223]
1344 His mediation accepted conditionally, it fails,[224]
Edward’s commercial difficulties,[224]
1345War breaks out again,[224]
Derby hard pressed in Guienne,[224]
1346Edward, to relieve him, lands in Normandy,[225]
Marches towards Calais,[225]
Battle of Cressy,[227]
Battle of Neville’s Cross,[228]
1347Siege of Calais,[228]
Truce,[229]
1349The Black Death,[229]
1355Renewal of the War,[229]
Destructive March of the Black Prince southwards,[229]
The “Burnt Candlemas,”[231]
1356The Black Prince’s expedition northwards,[231]
Battle of Poitiers,[231]
Release of King David,[232]
1357Peace with Scotland,[232]
Terrible condition of France,[232]
1359Reviving power of the Dauphin,[232]
Edward again invades France,[233]
1360Want of permanent results induce Edward to make The Peace of Brétigny,[233]
The Treaty is not carried out,[234]
1364The War in Brittany continues,[234]
1365Affairs of Castile,[234]
1366France and England support the rival claimants,[234]
1367Battle of Navarette,[235]
1368Taxation in Aquitaine,[235]
The Barons appeal to Charles,[235]
1369Renewal of French War,[235]
Gradual Defeat of the English,[236]
1370The Black Prince takes Limoges,[236]
His final return to England,[236]
1374Loss of Aquitaine,[236]
1372Naval victory of the Spaniards,[236]
1375Discontent in England,[236]
Politics of the Time,[237]
1376The Good Parliament,[239]
Death of the Black Prince,[240]
Lancaster regains power,[240]
1377The Lancastrian Parliament,[240]
Trial of Wicliffe,[240]
Uproar in London,[240]
Death of the King,[240]

BEGINNING OF THE FACTION FIGHT AMONG THE NOBILITY.
RICHARD II. 1377-1399.
1377Difficulties of the new reign,[242]
Regency and administration of Lancaster,[242]
Patriotic government,[243]
1380Money wanted for the War in Brittany,[243]
The Poll Tax,[243]
1381Insurrection of the Villeins,[244]
Death of Wat Tyler,[244]
The insurrection suppressed,[245]
Parliament rejects the Villeins’ claims,[245]
1383Suspicions of Lancaster’s objects,[245]
He deserts Wicliffe,[245]
He is charged with the failure in Flanders,[246]
1385Jealousy of him thwarts the Scotch invasion,[246]
He is glad of the excuse to leave England to support his claims in Castile,[246]
Gloucester takes Lancaster’s place,[246]
The King’s Favourites,[247]
1386Gloucester heads an opposition,[247]
Change of Ministry demanded,[247]
Impeachment of Suffolk,[247]
Commission of Government,[247]
1387The King prepares a counterblow,[248]
The Five Lords Appellant,[248]
They impeach the King’s friends,[248]
Affair of Radcot,[248]
1388The Wonderful Parliament,[248]
1389Gloucester’s unimportant Government,[249]
Richard assumes authority,[249]
1393Final Statute of Provisors,[250]
1394Expedition to Ireland,[250]
1397Marriage with Isabella of France,[251]
Richard’s vengeance after seven years’ peace,[251]
1398Hereford and Norfolk banished,[252]
His arbitrary rule alienates the people,[253]
1399During his absence in Ireland,[253]
Hereford returns and is triumphantly received,[253]
He captures Richard,[254]
Makes him resign the Kingdom,[254]
———————
State of Society.
———————

MONARCHY BY PARLIAMENTARY TITLE.
HENRY IV. 1399-1413.
1399Henry’s position in English History,[275]
Reversal of the Acts of the late King,[276]
Tumultuous scene in the First Parliament,[276]
The King’s insecure position for nine years,[276]
1400Insurrection of the late Lords Appellant,[277]
Imprisonment and secret death of Richard,[277]
Hostile attitude of France and Scotland,[278]
Useless and impolitic march into Scotland,[278]
1401Insurrection Wales,[278]
Owen Glendower,[278]
1402Quarrel with the Percies,[278]
The pretended Richard,[279]
Causes of the quarrel with Northumberland,[279]
1403The Percies combine with Glendower,[279]
Battle of Shrewsbury,[280]
1404Submission of Northumberland,[280]
Widespread Conspiracy,[280]
1405Flight of the young Earl of March,[280]
Renewed activity of Northumberland, Scrope and Mowbray,[281]
Events which secured Henry’s triumph,[281]
Capture of James of Scotland,[281]
1407Murder of Orleans,[282]
1408Final defeat and death of Northumberland,[282]
Henry’s improved position,[282]
His enforced respect for the Commons,[282]
Climax of their power,[283]
Explained by the King’s failing health,[283]
1412Renewed vigour at the end of his reign,[283]
Henry’s foreign policy,[283]
His alliance with the Church,[284]
His persecuting Statute,[285]
Views of the nation with regard to the Church,[285]
Henry’s jealousy of the Prince of Wales,[285]
RENEWAL OF THE HUNDRED YEARS’ WAR.
HENRY V. 1413-1422.
1413Fortunate opening of his reign,[287]
General amnesty and release of prisoners,[288]
1414 Signs of slumbering discontent,[288]
The Lollards,[288]
Henry’s reason for the impolitic French War,[289]
State of France,[290]
Expulsion of the Burgundians from Paris,[290]
Attempt at national government,[290]
Henry’s double diplomacy and outrageous claims,[291]
His preparations,[291]
1415He lands in France,[292]
Conspiracy of Cambridge,[292]
Capture of Harfleur,[292]
Henry compelled to retire upon Calais,[293]
Battle of Agincourt,[295]
The French Government falls into the hands of the Armagnacs,[296]
1416Visit of Sigismund,[297]
His position in Europe,[297]
His close union with Henry,[297]
Failure of his mediation,[298]
1417Armagnac attacks Queen Isabella,[298]
She allies herself with Burgundy,[298]
Henry’s second Invasion,[298]
1418The Parisians, anxious for peace, admit the Burgundians,[298]
1419Fall of Rouen,[299]
Negotiations for peace,[300]
Attempted reconciliation of the French parties,[300]
Murder of Burgundy,[300]
Young Burgundy joins England,[300]
1420Treaty of Troyes,[300]
1421English defeat at Beaugé,[301]
Henry hurries to Paris,[301]
1422While re-establishing his affairs he dies,[301]
Death of Charles VI.,[302]
LOSS OF FRANCE AND DESTRUCTION OF THE BARONAGE.
HENRY VI. 1422-1461.
1422Arrangements of the Kingdom,[303]
Position of affairs in France,[304]
1423Bedford’s marriage,[304]
Release of the Scotch King,[304]
1424Battle of Verneuil,[305]
Consequent strength of the English position in France,[305]
It is disturbed by the consequences of Gloucester’s marriage,[305]
The first blow to the Burgundian alliance,[305]
1425Rivalry of Beaufort and Gloucester,[306]
1426Gloucester’s marriage with Eleanor Cobham,[307]
Bedford again secures Burgundy,[307]
1428And attacks Orleans,[307]
1429Battle of the Herrings,[308]
Danger of Orleans,[308]
Joan of Arc,[308]
Causes of her success,[310]
The siege is raised,[310]
March to Rheims to crown the Dauphin,[310]
Unsuccessful attack on Paris,[311]
1430Capture of Joan of Arc,[311]
Coronation of King Henry,[311]
1431Joan’s death,[311]
1432Increasing difficulties of the English,[312]
State of England,[312]
Conduct of Gloucester,[312]
Death of the Duchess of Bedford,[312]
Bedford re-marries. Second blow to the Burgundian alliance,[312]
1433Efforts at peace, and[313]
1434Rise of a War party under Gloucester,[313]
1435Great Peace Congress at Arras,[314]
Bedford’s death,[314]
Consequent defection of Burgundy,[314]
1436Obstinacy of the War party,[314]
Continued ill success,[315]
Danger from Scotland,[315]
1437James’s death,[315]
1440Peace party procures the liberation of Orleans,[316]
1442Peace becomes necessary,[316]
Rise of Suffolk,[316]
1445Marriage of Henry with Margaret of Anjou,[316]
1446Pre-eminence of Suffolk,[317]
1447Gloucester’s death,[317]
York takes his place,[317]
1448Ministry of Suffolk,[318]
His unpopularity,[318]
Renewal of the War,[318]
1449Fall of Rouen,[319]
Popular outbreak against Suffolk,[319]
1450Murder of Suffolk,[319]
Continued discontent,[320]
Jack Cade,[320]
1452York’s appearance in arms; Civil War begins,[320]
He is duped into submission,[321]
1453Imbecility of the King,[321]
1454Prince of Wales born,[321]
York’s First Protectorate,[322]
Recovery of the King,[322]
1455York again appears in arms,[322]
First Battle of St. Albans,[322]
Character of the two parties,[323]
1456York’s Second Protectorate,[324]
1457With the Nevilles he retires from Court,[324]
1458Hollow reconciliation of parties,[325]
1459Renewed hostilities,[325]
Battle of Blore Heath,[325]
Flight of the Yorkists from Ludlow,[325]
Lancastrian Parliament at Coventry,[325]
1460Fresh attack of the Yorkists,[325]
Battle of Northampton,[326]
Yorkist Parliament in London,[326]
York at last advances claims to the throne,[326]
The Lords agree on a compromise,[326]
York is defeated and killed at Wakefield,[326]
1461The young Duke of York wins the Battle of Mortimer’s Cross,[327]
The Queen, advancing to London, wins second Battle of St. Albans,[327]
Sudden rising of the Home Counties,[327]
Triumphant entry of Edward,[327]
HEREDITARY ROYALTY WITHOUT CONSTITUTIONAL CHECKS.
EDWARD IV. 1461-1483.
1461Edward secures the crown,[328]
Battle of Towton,[328]
Yorkist Parliament,[328]
1462With French help Margaret keeps up the War,[328]
1464Battle of Hedgeley Moor,[328]
Battle of Hexham,[328]
1465Edward’s triumph and popular Government,[329]
Apparent security of his Throne,[330]
Destroyed by his marriage, and the rise of the Woodvilles,[330]
1466 Power of the Nevilles,[331]
Their French policy,[331]
Edward’s Burgundian policy,[331]
1467Defection of the Nevilles,[332]
1469Popular risings inspired by them,[332]
Clarence’s weakness drives them to the Lancastrians,[333]
1470Wells’ rebellion,[333]
Flight of Warwick,[333]
He returns and re-crowns Henry,[334]
1471Edward gets help from Burgundy,[334]
Clarence joins him,[335]
Battle of Barnet,[335]
Margaret lands in England,[335]
Battle of Tewkesbury,[335]
Edward’s triumphant return to power,[335]
Murder of Henry,[335]
Clarence’s quarrels,[336]
1476With Richard,[336]
1477With Edward,[336]
1478His trial and death,[337]
1475Edward joins Burgundy against France,[337]
Failure of his expedition,[337]
Treaty of Pecquigni,[338]
Ambitious projects of marriage for his daughters,[338]
1482Affairs in Scotland,[338]
Edward supports Albany,[339]
He gains Berwick,[339]
1483His death and character,[339]
EDWARD V. 1483.
1483State of parties at Edward IV.’s death,[340]
Richard overthrows the Queen’s party,[340]
He is made Protector,[340]
He quarrels with the new nobles,[340]
Hastings’ death, and fall of his party,[341]
Richard, with Buckingham’s help, secures the crown,[341]
RICHARD III. 1483-1485.
1483Richard’s position, and policy of conciliation,[345]
His strong position,[345]
Weak points in it,[346]
Disaffection in the South,[346]
Death of the Princes,[346]
Projected marriage of Elizabeth and Richmond,[346]
Defection of Buckingham,[347]
Richmond’s first Invasion,[347]
Death of Buckingham,[347]
Failure of the Conspiracy,[347]
1484The great Act of Confiscation,[347]
Richmond’s continued schemes,[348]
Richard’s efforts to oppose him,[348]
Attempts to win the Queen,[348]
Death of the Prince of Wales,[348]
Lincoln declared heir,[348]
1485General uneasiness in England,[348]
Richard has recourse to benevolences,[349]
Richmond lands at Milford,[349]
Conduct of the Stanleys,[349]
Battle of Bosworth,[349]
Richard’s character and laws,[350]

LIST OF MAPS.

1. SAXON ENGLAND[At end of Book]
2. CRUSADES” ”
3. FRANCE” ”
4. ENGLISH POSSESSIONS IN FRANCE” ”
5. NORTH OF FRANCE” ”
6. ENGLAND AND WALES” ”