COLOURED MAPS

PAGE
Atlantic Ocean, Toscanelli, 1474[1]
Discoveries of Columbus[2]
Discoveries of the Norsemen[3]
America, 1492-1522[3]
America, 1522-1700[4, 5]
North American Colonies, 1643[6]
North America, 1740[7]
North American Colonies, 1755-1763[8, 9]
North American Colonies, 1783[10, 11]
Canada, 1791[12, 13]
United States, 1801[14]
United States, 1845[15]
United States—Civil War, 1861-65[16, 17]
Cortes in Mexico, 1519[18]
Mexico and West Indies, 1650[19]
Mexico and West Indies, 1763[20]
Mexico and West Indies, 1855[21]
South America—Political Formation[22, 23]
The World on Mercator's Projection, showing Routes to America[24, 25]
America—Commercial Routes on Mercator's Projection[26, 27]
America—January Temperature[28]
America—July Temperature[29]
America—Rainfall and Winds, January[30]
America—Rainfall and Winds, July[31]
Sketch Chart of the North Atlantic on Mercator's Projection[32, 33]
Arctic Regions[34]
Antarctic Regions[35]
North America—Orographical[36]
North America—Vegetation[37]
North America—Political[38]
North America—Population[39]
Dominion of Canada[40, 41]
Canada—Railways and Economic[42, 43]
Newfoundland and Gulf of St. Lawrence[44]
New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, etc.[45]
Quebec[46, 47]
Ontario[48, 49]
Manitoba and Part of Saskatchewan[50, 51]
British Columbia, etc.[52, 53]
United States—Political Acquisitions[54, 55]
United States—Railways and Economic[56, 57]
New York, Pennsylvania, and New England States[58, 59]
New York and Environs[60, 61]
Chicago[62]
St. Louis[62]
Boston[63]
Philadelphia[63]
Atlantic States[64, 65]
Central States[66, 67]
Southern States[68, 69]
Western States[70, 71]
The Yosemite Valley[71]
California, etc.[72]
Vancouver[73]
San Francisco[73]
Alaska[74]
Philippine Islands[75]
Mexico[76, 77]
West Indies and Central America[78, 79]
Cuba, Jamaica, etc.[80]
Panama Canal[81]
South America—Orographical[82]
South America—Vegetation[83]
South America—Political[84]
South America—Population[85]
South America—Railways and Economic[86, 87]
Brazil and Guiana[88, 89]
Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru[90, 91]
Chile, Argentina, etc.[92, 93]
Rio de Janeiro[94]
Monte Video[95]
Buenos Ayres[95]
Patagonia[96]
A BRIEF SURVEY OF THE COINAGE OF NORTH AND SOUTH AMERICA, by G. C. Brooke, B.A., Department of Coins and Medals, British Museum[97]

LINE MAPS
MAPS AND PLANS OF NOTABLE BATTLES AND DISTRICTS CONNECTED WITH FAMOUS AUTHORS AND THEIR BOOKS

Battle of Bunker Hill, 17th June, 1775[117]
Siege of Charleston, 1776[118]
Battle of [Long Island], 1776[118]
Battle of Brandywine, 1777[119]
Battle of Freemans Farm[119]
Plan of West Point, showing Forts and Batteries, 1780[120]
Siege of Yorktown[120]
Maps showing Principal Battles of the War of Independence[121]
A Plan of the Operations at the taking of Quebec and the Battle fought near that City, September 13th, 1759[122]
Port Royal, 1613[123]
A Map of New England in 1631, as observed and described by Captain John Smith[124]
A Map of the Whole Territory traversed by John Lederer in his Three Marches, 1672[125]
A Map of the American Indian Nations adjoining to the Mississippi, West and East Florida, Georgia, South and North Carolina, Virginia, etc., 1775[126]
New Amsterdam about 1650[127]
New York about 1730[128]
Plan of New York in 1746[129]
Early Highways, showing expansion westwards[130]
The Boston District[130]
The Concord Neighbourhood—Emerson, Hawthorne, Thoreau, etc.[131]
Virginia in American Fiction[131]
The El Dorado of Sir Walter Raleigh, 1595[132]
Map of Peru at the Period of the Conquest[133]
Growth of Trade of the United States[134]
Growth of Population of the United States[134]
Immigration—United States, Canada, Argentine, Brazil[135]
A Gazetteer of Towns and Places in America having a Literary or Historic Interest[137]
Index[169]

ATLANTIC OCEAN, TOSCANELLI, 1474
The Correct outline of North America is shown in light blue tint

John Bartholomew & Co., Edinr.

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DISCOVERIES OF COLUMBUS

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AMERICA, 1492-1522
DISCOVERIES OF THE NORSEMEN

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AMERICA
1522 to 1700

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NORTH AMERICAN COLONIES
1643

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NORTH AMERICA
1740

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NORTH AMERICAN COLONIES
1755 TO 1763

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NORTH AMERICAN COLONIES
1783

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CANADA
1791

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UNITED STATES 1801

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UNITED STATES 1845

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UNITED STATES
CIVIL WAR 1861-65

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CORTES IN MEXICO
1519

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MEXICO & WEST INDIES
1650

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MEXICO & WEST INDIES
1763

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MEXICO & WEST INDIES
1855

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SOUTH AMERICA
POLITICAL FORMATION

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THE WORLD ON MERCATORS PROJECTION.
SHOWING ROUTES TO AMERICA

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AMERICA
COMMERCIAL ROUTES ON MERCATORS PROJECTION.

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AMERICA
JANUARY TEMPERATURE

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AMERICA
JULY TEMPERATURE

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AMERICA
RAINFALL & WINDS JANUARY

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AMERICA
RAINFALL & WINDS JULY

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SKETCH CHART OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC ON MERCATORS PROJECTION

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ARCTIC REGIONS

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ANTARCTIC REGIONS

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NORTH AMERICA
OROGRAPHICAL

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NORTH AMERICA
VEGETATION

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NORTH AMERICA
POLITICAL

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NORTH AMERICA
POPULATION

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DOMINION OF CANADA

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CANADA
RAILWAYS & ECONOMIC

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NEWFOUNDLAND & GULF OF ST LAWRENCE

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NEW BRUNSWICK, NOVA SCOTIA, &c.

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QUEBEC

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ONTARIO

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MANITOBA AND PART OF SASKATCHEWAN

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BRITISH COLUMBIA &c.

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UNITED STATES POLITICAL ACQUISITIONS

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UNITED STATES RAILWAYS & ECONOMIC

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NEW YORK PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW ENGLAND STATES

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NEW YORK & ENVIRONS

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CHICAGO
ST. LOUIS

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BOSTON
PHILADELPHIA

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ATLANTIC STATES

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CENTRAL STATES

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SOUTHERN STATES

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WESTERN STATES

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CALIFORNIA, &c.

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VANCOUVER
SAN FRANCISCO

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ALASKA

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PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

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MEXICO

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WEST INDIES AND CENTRAL AMERICA

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CUBA, JAMAICA, &c

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PANAMA CANAL

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SOUTH AMERICA
OROGRAPHICAL

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SOUTH AMERICA
VEGETATION

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SOUTH AMERICA
POLITICAL

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SOUTH AMERICA
POPULATION

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SOUTH AMERICA
RAILWAYS & ECONOMIC

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BRAZIL & GUIANA

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VENEZUELA COLOMBIA, ECUADOR & PERU

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CHILE, ARGENTINA &c.

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RIO DE JANEIRO

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BUENOS AYRES
MONTE VIDEO

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PATAGONIA

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A BRIEF SURVEY
OF THE
COINAGE OF NORTH AND SOUTH
AMERICA

By G. C. BROOKE, B.A.
Department of Coins and Medals, British Museum.

The discovery of America by Columbus in 1492 was made under the flag of Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain whose portraits appear on the remarkably fine gold coin (a Quadruple Escudo) figured on [Plate I.], No. 1; and it was therefore to the empire of Spain that the West Indian Islands on which he landed were annexed. The money circulated in these islands was Spanish, and after 1535 coins were struck specially for currency in these islands and other American colonies of Spain at the mint of Mexico which was established in that year (see [Plate I.], No. 6, and [Plate VI.], No. 2). This is the reason why countermarked Spanish "Pieces of Eight" or fractions of them were the regular currency in these islands during English and French occupation even so late as the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. English settlement in the West Indies began with Drake, Hawkins and Raleigh and continued through the first half of the seventeenth century; in many cases (e.g., St. Lucia, Dominique and Guadeloupe) their possession was long disputed with France and was not finally settled before the Napoleonic wars. All this time these countermarked Spanish pieces formed almost the only currency; on [Plate I.] are shown such pieces made current for Tortola (Fig. 2), St. Lucia (Fig. 3), Dominique (Fig. 4), and Guadeloupe (Figs. 5 and 6). The two last pieces of Guadeloupe are especially interesting as showing how a fraction was cut out of a "Piece of Eight" (i.e., 8 reals), and the remainder of the original coin also put into circulation; it was originally struck by Ferdinand VII. at the Mexican mint in the year 1811. In 1816 Guadeloupe became French and such pieces were put out of circulation in favour of regular issues of French colonial coins. The Bermuda Islands, discovered by Bermudez in 1515, were not inhabited till Sir G. Somers (from whom they were also called Somers islands) was wrecked there in 1609, and a colony was sent from Virginia a few years later; here were struck the first coins of any English colonies in America; shillings, sixpennies and threepennies were issued bearing on the obverse a hog and on the reverse a ship; a threepenny piece is figured on [Plate I.], Fig. 7; they are now commonly known, from the obverse type, as Hog-money; these coins were probably struck between 1616 and 1618, certainly before 1624 in which year John Smith published his Historie of Virginia, etc., in which he mentions their use during the government of Daniel Tucker; the type of the hog, says John Smith, is in memory of the abundance of hogs found at the first landing in the islands. At the end of the eighteenth century copper coins were issued for Barbadoes; a penny of 1788 is figured on [Plate I.], No. 8; the types are mercantile—a negro's head and a pine-apple; the slave trade was abolished in 1806, and a later halfpenny token bears the motto "Freedom without Slavery."

PLATE I.

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Five years after the first voyage of Columbus, John Cabot, sailing from Bristol, discovered Labrador and Newfoundland, and within forty years Verazzano and Cartier opened up the St. Lawrence River as far as Montreal for French settlement; before the end of the century Frobisher had explored Hudson Bay and Gilbert made the first attempt at colonising Newfoundland and Virginia; in 1620 the Pilgrim Fathers sailed the Mayflower into Cape Cod Bay, where five years later the colony of Massachusetts was planted. The coast settlements from Maine to Connecticut assumed in 1642 the name of New England, where were used the interesting silver pieces struck at Boston with N E and the mark of value (XII., VI. or III.); a sixpence is shown on [Plate II.], Fig. 9; Fig. 10 on the same plate is a Massachusetts shilling of 1652 with the inscription, which runs from obverse to reverse, "Masathusets in New England: An. Dom. 1652. XII." (=12 pence), which type was substituted in 1651 for the earlier New England pieces. The foundation of the Baltimore, or Maryland, plantation in 1632 is illustrated ([Plate II.], Fig. 11) by a shilling made, together with sixpennies and groats (or fourpennies), in England in 1659 under direction of Lord Baltimore, the founder, whose bust and title "Cecil, Lord of Maryland," and coat of arms are seen on the coins. [Plate II.], Fig. 12, is a pewter piece struck by James II. (who is seen on horseback) for circulation as small change in the American plantations; its chief interest lies in the fact that being rated as one twenty-fourth of the Spanish real it recognizes Spanish money as common currency. The next coin ([Plate II.], Fig. 13) is a penny token (dated 1694) of Carolina, the colony which Charles II. presented to his favourite nobles in 1668. In 1717 and 1722 George I. issued copper coins (twopence, penny, and halfpenny) for the American colonies, called the Rosa Americana series; those of the latter year (of which a penny is figured on [Plate II.], No. 14) were made by William Wood whose Irish halfpence of the same year were pilloried by Swift in the Drapier Letters. By the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 the quarrel between French and English settlers was embittered by the ill-defined clause which gave to England "Acadia with its ancient boundaries;" Acadia never had any boundaries except the sea, but it was more or less identical with Nova Scotia. These quarrels culminated in the Seven Years' War, when after her victories at Louisburg, Quebec, Montreal, etc., England became possessed of Canada and the country between Mississippi and the Alleghanies by the Treaty of Paris in 1763. In the first half of the nineteenth century tokens played the part of copper money in British North America; on [Plate II.], Fig. 15, is a token of Prince Edward Island, which was originally part of Cape Breton and took its name in 1800 from the Duke of Kent; it became a province of Canada in 1873. Similar tokens, issued by banks, companies, or tradesmen, are illustrated on [Plate III.], Nos. 16 to 20; Fig. 16 is a halfpenny token of Upper Canada, Fig. 17 a sou of Lower Canada, Fig. 18 a halfpenny issued by Montreal Bank (a rare piece showing a corner view of the bank), Fig. 19 a halfpenny of Nova Scotia with a branch of mayflower on the reverse; earlier tokens had the thistle for reverse design to commemorate the Scottish settlements of 1623 in the French country of Acadia; Fig. 20 is a trade token of Newfoundland. Fig. 21 shows a gold Two-dollar piece of Newfoundland of 1870, and Figs. 22 and 23 (Canadian 25 Cent pieces of Victoria and Edward VII.) show the present currency issued for Canada by the English mint.

PLATE II.

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The exclusion of the French from North America by the Treaty of Paris in 1763 and the self-confidence acquired by the Americans in the Seven Years' War paved the way for the Independence of the American States; the arrogant legislation of the English Parliament caused a smouldering irritation which was finally exploded by the Quebec Act of 1774 which followed the series of Boston riots culminating in the "Tea-party" of 1773. The Declaration of Independence was made by the Thirteen States at Philadelphia in 1776; suggestions at this time for a federal coinage only resulted in the issue of proofs and tokens of which some bear the bust of Washington. In 1783 the Treaty of Versailles gave liberty to the United States. The coinage of the United States began in the year 1792; a selection of pieces to illustrate the ordinary denominations is shown on [Plates IV.] and [V.] The gold pieces are the Eagle or Ten Dollars ([Plate IV.], Fig. 24) and its parts, the Half Eagle (Fig. 25) and Quarter Eagle (Fig. 26); and the Gold Dollar (Fig. 27), which was first issued in 1849 and suppressed in 1890. The Silver Dollar of 1795 ([Plate IV.], No. 28) has fifteen stars round the head of Liberty to denote the number of the states, which had been increased in 1791 to fifteen by the inclusion of Vermont and Kentucky; Fig. 29, the dollar of 1797, has sixteen stars, Tennessee having been admitted to the Union in the previous year; on later dollars thirteen stars only, the number of the original states, appear. From 1873 to 1887 the ordinary dollar was replaced by the Trade Dollar ([Plate V.], Fig. 30), which was designed for commerce with the Far East. Figs. 31 and 32 show the Half and Quarter Dollar, Fig. 33 the Dime, or Ten Cents, and 34, 35 and 36 the Cent. These pieces have been chosen partly with a view to showing the various representations of Liberty at different periods. When the law which initiated the coinage came before the House of Representatives a clause ordering that every coin should bear the bust of the president in power at the time of its issue raised such a storm of indignation that the head of Liberty was substituted for that of the president; the early coins represent the head with wild flowing locks ([Plate V.], No. 34), the dollars of 1795 and 1797 ([Plate IV.], Nos. 28, 29) have a bust with the hair tied at the back by a bow of ribbon, and the same head is seen on the Ten-Dollar piece wearing a high cap ([Plate IV.], Fig. 24). The Quarter Eagle of 1836 ([Plate IV.], Fig. 26) shows the hair dressed in thick curls and bound by a fillet inscribed "Liberty," and on the Half Dollar of the same year ([Plate V.], Fig. 31) she wears also a small cap. On the Half Eagle of 1845 ([Plate IV.], Fig. 25) the hair is tied up in three curls at the back of the head and a stephane takes the place of the fillet; on the Cent of 1856 ([Plate V.], Fig. 35) the head is similarly treated, but a double coil takes the place of the curls; on the gold Dollar of 1862 ([Plate IV.], Fig. 27) the hair again hangs loose and she wears a crown of plumes. On the Quarter Dollar of the following year ([Plate V.], Fig. 32) the full figure is represented seated supporting a shield and holding a staff and cap, and on the Trade Dollar ([Plate V.], Fig. 30) a similar figure is seen holding an olive spray and seated among goods of commerce. On the small Cent of the same year, 1878 ([Plate V.], Fig. 36) the head again is shown wearing a fillet and Indian feathers; on the Dime of 1892 ([Plate V.], Fig. 33) the hair is tightly bound in a cap wreathed in laurel. The reverse of the gold and silver coins bears an eagle sometimes supporting the shield, except the gold Dollar, which, like the copper coins, has simply the denomination within a wreath. The small nickel Cent was introduced in 1857 bearing an eagle on the obverse, which was changed in 1859 to the head of Liberty as seen on [Plate V.], Fig. 36; in 1864 the nickel Cent was supplanted by a copper coin of the same type.

PLATE III.

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PLATE IV.

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PLATE V.

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The Five Dollar gold piece figured in [Plate V.], No. 37, illustrates the settlement of the Mormons under Brigham Young in Utah on the Salt Lake in 1847. This private issue includes pieces of 20, 10, 5, and 2½ dollars. On the obverse is seen the Eye of Providence with the inscription "Holiness to the Lord," and on the reverse the clasped hands of friendship, above which are the letters G.S.L.C.P.G. (Great Salt Lake City Pure Gold).

PLATE VI.

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The coinage of Mexico and Central and South America takes us back to the sixteenth century, when American mints were opened and struck Spanish colonial coins, which, as we have seen above, formed the chief currency of the American continent for nearly three centuries. On [Plate VI.] are shown an Eight Real piece, or "Piece of Eight," struck in Peru by Philip IV. of Spain in 1677 (Fig. 38), and a Two Real piece struck by Charles IV. in 1795 (Fig. 39). The landing of Fernando Cortez in 1518 resulted in the complete reduction of Mexico within four years; [Plate VI.], Fig. 40, a Two Real piece of the Emperor Charles V. (Charles I. of Spain), is one of the earliest coins struck at the Mexican mint after it was opened in 1535. Until the end of the eighteenth century the Spanish colonies in America remained under the control of Spain, and the chief cause of their disaffection was the exposure of the weakness of Spain in the Napoleonic wars. Mexico was one of the earliest to revolt; the rebels were led by the priest Hidalgo in 1810 and, on his execution in the following year, by another priest, Morelos, under whom were struck coins of the type figured on [Plate VI.], No. 41, bearing on the obverse the date and mark of value, and on the reverse a bow and arrow and the word "Sud" implying his command of the southern army. Independence was declared in 1813, but Spanish control restored in 1820, and the country finally won its independence in the following year under Augustin Iturbide, who was later declared emperor. An Eight Real piece with a fine portrait of Augustin as Emperor of Mexico is shown on [Plate VI.], Fig. 42. In 1823 a federal republic was formed which received recognition from Spain ten years later.

Brazil is interesting as the seat of Portuguese colonisation in America. Originally annexed to Spain by Pinzon, it was accidentally discovered a second time in 1500 by the Portuguese admiral Cabral, who, in an attempt to follow Vasco da Gama's course by the Cape of Good Hope to India, so greatly exaggerated the circuit which was necessary to avoid contrary winds and currents that he struck the coast of Brazil; it was then found that it lay within Portuguese territory by the agreement of 1494, and a few years later Vespucci was sent by Portugal to colonise it. After the middle of the sixteenth century it passed into Spanish and Dutch possession and was recovered by Portugal in 1640. On the invasion of Portugal by Napoleon in 1807, John VI. fled to Brazil, and it became the seat of government till 1821, when, on his father's return to Portugal, Pedro was left regent, and became emperor by a revolution in the following year; its independence was recognised in 1825. [Plate VII.], Fig. 43, shows a silver coin of Brazil struck in 1749 by John V.; the sphere on the reverse was the emblem adopted by Manoel about the year 1500 to typify the large additions to Portuguese dominions at that time. Fig. 44 is a gold piece of 4000 Reis with portrait of Pedro I. as emperor in 1824 and Fig. 45 a gold 10,000 Reis piece (the Reis having greatly depreciated by this time) struck in 1889, the first year of the Brazilian Republic.

French colonisation is seen in the island of Haiti, in which, though discovered by Columbus, a French colony settled in 1690, and by the treaty of Ryswick in 1697 the part of the island known as San Domingo was ceded to France. After long fighting between French and natives independence was declared under Dessalines, who took the title of James I.; after his assassination in 1806, Christophe seized power and in 1811 became king of the largest part of the island; his portrait and assumed title of Henry I. are seen on the silver coin figured on [Plate VII.], No. 46. Pétion, ruler of the other part, was succeeded by Boyer who united the whole island in 1822. In 1844 it was again divided as at the present time.

PLATE VII.

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[Plate VII.], Fig. 47, shows an English Shilling countermarked by the Republic of Costa Rica, a practice which was much in vogue in Central America to supply the lack of small silver. Having become independent in 1821 Costa Rica joined in 1824 the Confederation of Central America and separated again in 1840. A gold Escudo of 1849 is seen on [Plate VII.], Fig. 48, on which is continued the type in use during the Confederacy. Guatemala, the head republic of this Confederacy, won its independence also in 1821; the Peso, or Eight Real piece, of the first year of the Confederacy, which is figured on [Plate VII.], No. 49, bears the mint-mark N.G. (New Guatemala).

PLATE VIII.

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The independence of the Spanish possessions in Central and South America was due mainly to Bolivar, a Venezuelan, whose portrait is seen on [Plate VIII.], Fig. 50; he was made dictator in 1813, and in 1819 united Venezuela and New Granada as the Republic of Columbia, in which Ecuador was included in 1822. On the death of Bolivar in 1830 these three states separated themselves, and New Granada formed in 1861 the United States of Columbia of which a fine gold 20 Peso piece (1863) is shown on [Plate VIII.], No. 51. In 1871 were formed the United States of Venezuela by which was struck the gold piece of 1886 on [Plate VIII.], Fig. 50, with the commemorative portrait of Bolivar. [Plate VIII.], Fig. 52, is a silver coin of Ecuador struck in 1884 commemorating by the portrait and the coin denomination (Half Sucre) the great general who fought under Bolivar for the independence of these republics; after his victory at Ayacucho in 1824 he became in the following year the first president of the new republic of Bolivia. Fig. 53 is a gold Five Peso piece of Chili of 1862, and Fig. 54 a 20 Soles piece of Peru of 1863. The last three pieces are all struck under the decimal system, which was established in most of the South American republics between 1860 and 1875; in the several republics various denominations were used, many of which were taken from the type; the gold Condor, for example, in Chili and other countries is named after the condor or vulture which appears on its reverse, the silver Sucre at Ecuador from the commemorative portrait to which we have referred above, and in Peru the Sol from the Sun on the shield beside Liberty (see [Plate VIII.], No. 54) or above the shield of arms.

MAPS AND PLANS
OF
NOTABLE BATTLES AND DISTRICTS
CONNECTED WITH
FAMOUS AUTHORS AND THEIR BOOKS

BATTLE OF BUNKER HILL 17th June 1775

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SIEGE OF CHARLESTON 1776

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BATTLE OF LONG ISLAND 1776

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BATTLE OF BRANDYWINE 1777

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BATTLE OF FREEMANS FARM

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PLAN OF WEST POINT SHOWING FORTS AND BATTERIES 1780]

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SIEGE OF YORKTOWN

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MAP SHOWING PRINCIPAL BATTLES OF THE WAR OF INDEPENDENCE

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A Plan of the operations at the taking of Quebec, and the Battle fought near that City, Sept 23. 1759.

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PORT ROYAL 1613

The figures show the depth of water in fathoms.

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A MAP OF NEW ENGLAND PUBLISHED IN 1631 AS OBSERVED AND DESCRIBED BY CAPTAIN JOHN SMITH IN 1614.

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A MAP OF THE WHOLE TERRITORY TRAVERSED BY JOHN LEDERER IN HIS THREE MARCHES. PUBLISHED IN 1672.

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A MAP OF THE AMERICAN INDIAN NATIONS ADJOINING TO THE MISSISSIPPI, WEST & EAST FLORIDA, GEORGIA SOUTH & NORTH CAROLINA, VIRGINIA, ETC.
1775.

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NEW AMSTERDAM
ABOUT 1650

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NEW YORK
ABOUT 1730

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NEW YORK IN 1746.

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EARLY HIGHWAYS
SHOWING EXPANSION WESTWARDS

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THE BOSTON DISTRICT

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THE CONCORD NEIGHBOURHOOD
Emerson, Hawthorne, Thoreau, Etc.

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VIRGINIA IN AMERICAN FICTION

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GUYANA
THE EL DORADO OF SIR WALTER RALEIGH 1595.

Morse's Cerography

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MAP OF PERU at the period of the CONQUEST.

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GROWTH OF TRADE OF THE UNITED STATES

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GROWTH OF POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES

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IMMIGRATION
UNITED STATES
CANADA
ARGENTINE
BRAZIL

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A GAZETTEER
OF
TOWNS AND PLACES
IN
NORTH AND SOUTH AMERICA[2]

ABBREVIATIONS

A.Author
Ass.Associations with
Bp.Birthplace
Cap.Capital
F.Founded
Ind.Indies
Res.Residence
Sc.Scene (of, in)
W.War(s)
Cent. A.Central America
Conn.Connecticut
Mass.Massachusetts
Mex. W.Mexican War
N.A.North America
N.Y.New York
Penn.Pennsylvania
S.A.South America
U.S.United States
S. A. W. Ind.South American War of Independence

[Abancay], Peru. 10S. 70W. Victory of Almagro, fellow-conqueror with Pizarro of Peru and Chili, over his Spanish rival Alvarado, Captain-General of Peru, 1537. (See Prescott, 'Conquest of Peru.')

Acadia, see [Nova Scotia].

[Acapulco], Mexico. 16N. 99W. Old commercial centre; Spanish galleon from, captured by Anson, 1743; by Parker, 1762. (See Anson, 'Voyage Round the World.')

Acul, Haiti. 19N. 74W. Port named Saint-Thomas by Columbus.

[Alabama], U.S. 31N. 85W. De Soto, discoverer of Mississippi (q.v.), had fierce combats with natives; first colonised by French 18th century (see [Mobile]); part transferred by France to Great Britain, 1763; formerly part of Georgia; became independent state, 1817; admitted to Union, 1819; seceded, 1861; readmitted, 1868.

Alamo Fort, San Antonio, Texas. 28N. 98W. Heroically defended by Texans against Mexicans under Santa Ana, who massacred the six left of the garrison after capitulation, 1836 (Texan struggle for independence).

[Alaska]. 55N. 140W. Formerly 'Russian America;' discovered by Bering, 1741; bought by the U.S. and organised as a territory, 1867.

[Albany], cap. of N.Y. State. 42N. 72W. Dutch traders at, 1614; f. by Dutch (Fort Orange), 1622; present name given by English, to whom ceded, 1664; peace conference with the five nations at, 1689; colonial conventions, at which the six nations were represented, 1748, 1751, and 1754, when Benjamin Franklin assisted as delegate from Pennsylvania. Bp. Bret Harte (1839-1902); P. H. Sheridan, general (1831-88).

[Albemarle Sound], N. Carolina. 36N. 76W. Indecisive battle during Civil W.

Alderman Jones's Sound. 76N. 82W. So named by Baffin, 1616.

Aleutian Islands, N. Pacific. 53N. 173E. Discovered by Bering, 1741.

Allatoona, Georgia. 34N. 84W. Capitulated to Sherman, 1864 (Civil W.). (His signal 'Hold the fort' has been made popular in a well-known hymn.)

Allumette, island, Ottawa River, Quebec. 45N. 77W. Champlain at, 1612.

Amaquemecan, Mexico. 19N. 98W. Cortés at, on his march to Mexico, 1519.

[Amazon] (Marañon), river, 0N. 50W. So called from the accounts given by Orellana of the warlike women he encountered on its banks. First seen at its mouth by Vincent Yañez Pinzon, 1500; Orellana, who accompanied Gonzalo Pizarro on his expedition from Quito into the interior, sailed down to the mouth from the Rio Napo, 1540; among later explorers were Lope de Aguirre, Pedro de Texeiro, La Condamine, and in the 19th century the naturalists Alfred Wallace, Walter Bates, Poeppig, Agassiz, Orton, and English, American, and French navigators.

[Ambato], Ecuador. 1S. 79W. Defeat of Huascar by Atahuallpa, brother Incas of Peru and Quito. (See Prescott, 'Peru,' op. cit.)

America. Visited by Northmen 10th century (see [Massachusetts]); mainland of the North sighted by John Cabot, 1497; discovered by Columbus during his third voyage, 1498; Vespucci accompanied Ojeda in expedition to, 1499 (there is uncertainty as to V.'s earlier voyage); further explorations of the east coast in 1498-9 by the Cabots; 1500-1 by the Cortereals; 1502 and 1504 by Columbus; 1524 by Verazzani; in 1500 Yañez Pinzon and Cabral discovered Brazil shortly after one another; 1513, Balboa crossed the isthmus of Panama and sighted the Pacific; other explorers of 16th-17th centuries: Cortés, Pizarro, Almagro, De Soto, Magalhaes, Cartier, Champlain, La Salle, Joliet, and Marquette; in the 18th the American travellers Lewis and Clarke, and Pike. The continent was first named after Amerigo Vespucci in a geographical work by Waldseemüller, 1507.

Anaquito, Plains of, Ecuador, 0. 78W. Battle between Gonzalo Pizarro and Blasco Nuñez, Viceroy of Peru, and defeat and death of latter, 1546, (Prescott, 'Peru,' op. cit.)

Anastasia Island, Florida. 29N. 81W. Ribault and his Huguenot followers massacred by Menendez, 1565.

[Andes], The. 18S. 65W. Passage of, by Pizarro, 1532. The highest summit is Aconcagua, in the Chilian Andes, ascended by Zurbriggen, 1897; a partial ascent of Chimborazo was made by Humboldt and Bonpland, 1802; Edward Whymper was the first to reach the summit, 1880; ascent of Cotopaxi by Thielmann, 1878; by Whymper, 1880; ascents of other heights were made by Conway, 1898.

[Angostura] (Ciudad Bolivar), Venezuela. 8N. 63W. F. by Jesuits, 1576, and formerly known as S. Tomas de Nueva Guayana; present name derived from the liberator Bolivar, who here held the congress which converted New Grenada and Venezuela into the single state of Colombia, 1819.

[Annapolis], Maryland. 39N. 76W. Settled by Puritans from Massachusetts under Durand, 1649; formerly known as Providence; present name given in honour of Queen Anne; tea burned in harbour by American patriots, 1774; convention for establishing temporary government, 1775. Bp. J. H. Alexander, scientist (1812-67).

[Annapolis] (former Port Royal), Nova Scotia. 44N. 65W. F. by French, 1604; several times captured by English in following years; by Sir W. Phipps, 1690; again in 1710, and finally ceded to Great Britain, when the change of name took place.

[Anticosti], island, Canada. 49N. 63W. Discovered by Cartier, 1534.

Antietam Creek, near Sharpsburg. 39N. 77W. Battle between McClellan and Lee, the former remaining victor, Sept. 16-17, 1862 (Civil W.).

[Antigua], West Indies. 17N. 61W. Discovered by Columbus, 1493.

Appomattox Court House, Virginia. 37N. 78W. Surrender of the Confederate Gen. Lee to Gen. Grant, 1865.

[Apurimac], river, Peru. 13S. 73W. Perilous passage of, effected by Gasca's army, 1548. (Prescott, 'Peru,' op. cit.)

[Aquidaban], river, Paraguay. 20S. 55W. Paraguayans defeated at, and the despot Lopez killed, 1870 (war with Brazil).

Aragua, near Barcelona, Venezuela, 10N. 63W. Bolivar and Marino severely defeated by the Royalist forces under Morales, 1814 (S. A. W. Ind.).

Araucania, Chili. 36-39S. 73W. The natives waged devastating warfare with the Spaniards from the first endeavour of the latter to subdue them; in 1773 independence was granted them by Spain; in 1858 M. de Tounens was made king by them; he was taken prisoner by the Chilians; fierce war raged with Chili, 1868-70; now nominally under Chili. An epic poem by Alonzo d'Ercilla commemorates the conflict of the 16th century in which the author himself took part.

Arctic Regions. Early explorers of 16th-18th centuries: Cabot, Sir H. Willoughby, Frobisher, Davis, Hudson, Baffin, Barentz, Bering, Phipps, Cook and Clerke; 19th century: Parry, Ross, Franklin, followed by many others, among the latest being Nansen ('Fram'), and Peary, who finally discovered the North Pole in the present century.

Arena Islands. 22N. 75W. So named by Columbus, 1492.

[Arequipa], Peru. 16S. 71W. F. by Pizarro, 1536; Almagro and his Spaniards in, 1537; taken by Chilians, 1883.

[Argentine Republic] (La Plata), S.A. 35S. 65W. Revolted from Spain, 1810; republic established, 1816; war with Brazil, 1827-28; Rosas dictator, 1835-52; war with France and England, 1838-50; constitution drawn up, 1853; civil war continued till 1862; war with Paraguay, 1865-70.

[Arica], Chili. 18S. 70W. Stormed by Chilians and taken from Peruvians, 1880.

[Arispe], Sonora, Mexico. 30N. 109W. Count G. de Raousset Boulbon proclaimed a republic in 1853, but was taken and shot.

[Arizona], U.S. 34N. 112W. Vasconcellos, follower of Cortés, in, 1526; mission established by Jesuits, 1687, later destroyed by Indians; sold by Mexicans to U.S. Government (Gadsden Purchase), 1850; explored by Lieut. Mowry, 1855; separated from New Mexico and made a territory of the U.S., 1863.

[Arkansas], U.S. 35N. 92W. Discovered by De Soto, 1541; Father Marquette in, 1673; colonised by French, 1685; bought by U.S., 1803; admitted to Union, 1836; seceded, 1861; readmitted, 1868.

[Arkansas], river. 35N. 92W. Explored by La Harpe, 1722.

[Astoria], Oregon. 46N. 123W. Settled by Astor Company, 1810; captured by British and renamed Fort George, 1813; restored to U.S., 1818; boundary dispute settled, 1846. (See work by Washington Irving.)

[Asuncion], Paraguay. 25S. 57W. First Spanish settlement in Paraguay f. by Mendoza, 1536 or 1537; Yrala and Cabeza de Vaca were in turn the first governors; overthrow of Belgrano, leader of Paraguayan revolutionaries, by Royalists, 1811 (S. A. W. Ind.). (See [Paraguay].)

[Atacama], desert of, Chili. 24S. 70W. Crossed by Almagro, the Spanish conqueror of Chili, 1536.

[Atlanta], cap. of Georgia. 33N. 84W. Capitulated to Sherman, 1864 (Civil W.).

[Augusta], Georgia. 33N. 81W. F. by British under Oglethorpe; surrendered to Americans, 1781 (W. of Ind.).

[Ayacucho] (formerly Huamanga), Peru. 13S. 74W. F. by Pizarro, 1539; Spaniards defeated by patriots and their power broken, 1824 (also known as battle of Candorcanqui) (S. A. W. Ind.).

Ayohuma, Argentine. Belgrano, leader of the Buenos Ayreans, defeated, 1813 (S. A. W. Ind.) (See Crichfield, 'Rise and Progress of S.A. Republics.')

[Baffin's Bay]. 72N. 67W. Named after the discoverer, 1616.

[Bahama Islands]. 25N. 77W. One of these (now identified as Watling Island) was the first land sighted by Columbus, and called by him San Salvador, 1492.

[Bahia]. 12S. 38W. Former cap. of Brazil; f. 1549 by Thomas de Souza. (See Darwin, 'Voyage of the Beagle.')

[Bahia Blanca], Argentine. 38S. 62W. (See Darwin, 'Voyage of the Beagle.')

[Ball's Buff] (or Leesburg Heights), on the Potomac. 39N. 77W. Defeat of Federals 1861 (Civil W.).

[Baltimore], Maryland, U.S. 39N. 76W. First settler on site of, 1682; f. 1729, and named in honour of Lord Baltimore; attacked unsuccessfully by the English, 1814; Federal volunteers attacked by citizens, 1861; finally joined the Federal cause. (See [Fort MacHenry] and [North Point].)

[Barbadoes], Windward Islands. 13N. 59W. Actual discoverers unknown, perhaps the Portuguese; sighted by English, 1605; in power of English since first colonised by them, 1625, in which year Jamestown was f.

Bastimentos, Boca Toro. 9N. 82W. Columbus at, 1502.

Baylis's Creek, James River, near Malvern Hill. 37N. 77W. Attack on driven back by Confederates, 1864 (Civil W.).

Beagle Channel, Tierra del Fuego. 54S. 67W. (See Darwin, 'Voyage of the Beagle.')

[Belle Isle] Strait. 50N. 55W. J. Cartier in, 1534.

Belmont, on the Mississippi. 36N. 89W. Fierce indecisive encounter during Civil W., 1861.

Bemis's Heights, near Albany, N.Y. 42N. 72W. Battles Sept. and Oct., and final defeat of English, 1777 (W. of Ind.).

[Bennington], Vermont, U.S. 42N. 73W. Victory of Stark and his New England farmers over part of Burgoyne's army, 1777 (W. of Ind.).

Bentonville, N. Carolina. 35N. 77W. Confederates defeated near, by Sherman, March 18-21, 1865 (Civil W.).

Berbice, S. America, 0N. 55W. Discovered by Pinzon, 1499; Dutch settlement, 1580; in English possession, 1796-1802; retaken by English, 1803, and ceded to them by treaty, 1814; now part of British Guiana.

Bering Island, N. Pacific. 55N. 166E. Bering died on, from exhaustion, having been wrecked off coast, 1741.

[Bering Strait]. 65N. 170W. Named after the Danish navigator who first explored it, 1728; Cook during his third and last voyage (1776-9) endeavoured to make his passage through, but failed.

Bermudas, The, islands. 32N. 64W. Discovered by Juan Bermudez, 1522; the first Englishman on was the shipwrecked navigator May, 1593; colonised by Sir George Somers (or Summers), who with Sir T. Gates was shipwrecked on, 1609 (the account of this storm by Strachey possibly furnished source for part of 'Tempest'). (See poem by Waller.)

[Big Bethel], Virginia. 37N. 76W. Victory of Confederates, 1861 (Civil W.).

Big Black River, Mississippi. 32N. 90W. Defeat of Confederates, 1863 (Civil W.).

Big Horn, battle of, at junction of Big and Little Big Horn River. 44N. 106W. General Custer's force destroyed by the Sioux Indians under Sitting Bull, 1876.

[Bio-bio], river, Chili. 38S. 72W. Fierce contests at, between Araucanians to the south, and Spaniards to the north, during the 16th century.

Blackrock, near Buffalo. 42N. 78W. Fort surprised by British, 1813.

Blackstock's Plantation, Charlotte, N. Carolina. 35N. 80W. Defeat of British by Sumter, 1780 (W. of Ind.).

Blackwater, river, Missouri. Surrender of Confederates, near Milford, 1861 (Civil W.).

Bladensburg, Maryland. 39N. 76W. Americans defeated by English, 1814.

Blakely, near Mobile, Alabama. 30N. 88W. Fort taken by Federals, 1865 (Civil W.).

[Block Island], Connecticut. 41N. 71W. Taken by Endicott after murder of English traders by the Indians, 1636.

Bloody Bridge, near Detroit. 42N. 82W. Rout of English by Indians at Parent's Creek (Bloody Run) and death of Dalzell. (See Parkman, 'Conspiracy of Pontiac.')

Boca del Sierpe. 9N. 61W. So named by Columbus, 1498.

[Bogota], cap. of Colombia. 4N. 74W. F. by the conqueror Quesada, and formerly known as Santa Fé, 1538; independence proclaimed at, 1811; taken by Spaniards, 1816; delivered by Bolivar, 1819 (S. A. W. of Ind.).

[Bolivia], S.A. 18S. 68W. Formerly Upper Peru. Rise of natives under Tupac Amaru, descendant of the Incas, who was cruelly put to death by the Spaniards, 1780-2; sc. successive battles during S. American War of Independence, 1809-25; independence secured by victory of Ayacucho, 1824; republic named after the liberator Bolivar; Santa Cruz president of B. and Lower Peru, 1828-39; Peru-Bolivian war with Chili, 1879-83; sc. frequent civil war.

Boonesboro, Kentucky. 39N. 84W. On site of fort built by Daniel Boone, the explorer of Kentucky (1735-1820), who was several times attacked in it by the Indians, and once made prisoner.

[Booneville], Missouri. 38N. 92W. Confederates defeated by Gen. Lyon, 1861 (Civil W.).

Boothia Felix. 70N. 94W. Northern extremity of the continent, discovered by Sir John Ross, 1829-30; named after Sir F. Booth, the financier of the expedition, during which Ross's nephew (James Clark Ross) discovered the magnetic pole.

[Borgne, Lake], Louisiana. 30N. 89W. British naval victory, 1812.

[Boston], Mass., U.S. 42N. 71W. Called Shawmut by the Indians and Trimountain by the English. In 1630 a settlement was made here by Winthrop, governor of Mass. Bay, and this year the present name was given, after the English town from which many of the colonists came; first congress of confederated colonies (Mass., Plymouth, Connect.,) 1643; seizure and expulsion of Andros, governor-general, 1688; seizure of the British sloop 'Liberty,' 1768, first action taken in the W. of Ind.; the Boston massacre, 1770; 'Boston tea party,' 1773; meeting in Faneuil Hall ('Cradle of American Liberty') denouncing the Boston Port Bill, 1774; warlike preparations begun by General Gage, 1774; besieged by Washington, 1775-6, when English evacuated; first charter, 1822. The city has suffered from several destructive fires, the latest in 1872. The 'Boston News Letter,' 1704, was the first newspaper printed in the U.S. Dr. Channing minister at Federal Street Church, 1803-40. Bp. Cotton Mather (1663-1728); T. Hutchinson, historian of Massachusetts (1711-80); Paul Revere, patriot (1735-1818) (see Longfellow's poem); W. Austin, A. of 'Peter Rugg, the Missing Man' (1778-1841); Ticknor, A. of 'History of Spanish Literature' (1791-1871); Parkman, historian (1823-93); R. Waldo Emerson (1803-82); Edgar Allan Poe (1809-49); Benjamin Franklin (1706-90); Francis J. Child, scholar (1825-96); Mrs. Craigie, novelist (1867-1906).

Boston Bay. Expedition to, under Miles Standish, 1621.

Boyaca, Colombia. 5N. 73W. Decisive victory by Bolivar, 1819 (S. A. W. of Ind.).

Boydton Plank Road, near Petersburg, Virginia. 56N. 78W. Battle, 1864 (Civil W.).

Braceti (Brazito), Texas. 30N. 109W. Mexicans defeated, 1846 (Mex. W.).

[Braintree], near Quincy, Mass. 42N. 71W. Bp. John Adams, second president of the U.S. (1735-1826), and John Quincy Adams, sixth president of the U.S. (1767-1848).

Brandywine Creek, near Wilmington. 39N. 75W. Defeat of Washington by Howe, Lafayette wounded, 1777 (W. of Ind.).

[Brazil], S.A. 10S. 52W. Discovered by the Spaniard Yañez Pinzon, 1500, and shortly after by the Portuguese Cabral; Vespucci reached the bay of Rio de Janeiro on New Year's Day, 1502 or 1504, and named it accordingly; Hawkins in 1528 and 1530, bringing a Brazilian king home with him from this latter voyage; traversed by Cabeza de Vaca, 1540-2; French colony of short duration planted at Fort Coligny by Villegagnon, 1555; Portuguese and Dutch in possession in turns; latter driven from, 1654; Portuguese court take refuge from Napoleon at Rio, 1807; independence declared and Pedro I. crowned emperor, 1822; war with Paraguay, 1865-70; emancipation of slaves, 1885; country revolts against Pedro's son and declares itself a republic, 1889; revolt of fleet and civil war, 1893-5; campaigns against Indians (Jaguncos), 1897; attempt to assassinate President Barros, 1897; disturbances continue. (See Darwin, 'Voyage of Beagle.')

Brier Creek, Georgia. 32N. 81W. Americans defeated by English under Gen. Prevost 1779 (W. of Ind.).

British Columbia (formerly New Caledonia). 49N. 114W. Cook off, 1778; coast explored by Vancouver during voyage of 1793-5; in 1858 it received its present name, and in 1871 was incorporated with the dominion of Canada.

Brook Farm, West Roxbury, near Boston, Mass. 42N. 71W. Association at organised by G. Ripley and Dr. Channing, 1841; among its members and the visitors to B. Farm were Hawthorne, Dana, Margaret Fuller, W. H. Channing, Emerson, Alcott, Brownson, Miss Peabody (the 'Miss Birdseye' of H. James's 'Bostonians'), etc.; Fourierism was adopted by the community in 1843, and in 1847 the community broke up. (See Hawthorne's 'Blithedale Romance.')

Brooklyn Heights, Long Island, N.Y. 40N. 73W. Occupied by British, 1776. (See [Long Island], battle of.)

Brown, Fort, Rio Grande, Texas. 25N. 97W. Defended by Brown against attack on by Mexicans, 1846 (Mex. W.).

Buena Vista, near Saltillo, Mexico. 25N. 101W. Defeat of Santa Ana, 1846 (Mex. W.).

[Buenos Ayres], province, Argentine. 34S. 58W. Independence proclaimed, 1816; separated from other provinces, 1853; rejoined, 1860; La Plata made the capital, 1882.

[Buenos Ayres], cap. of Argentine Republic since 1882, formerly cap. of province. 34S. 60W. F. by Mendoza, 1535; Spaniards driven from by Indians, 1539; re-colonised, 1580; attacked by English and Portuguese, 1763; taken by English under Admiral Popham and Beresford, who were soon forced to surrender, 1806; two days' fighting in streets ending in defeat of English under Whitelocke, 1807; blockaded by French and English, 1835 (see [Argentine]). (See Darwin, 'Voyage of the Beagle.')

[Buffalo], Erie, N.Y. 42N. 78W. Taken and destroyed by British and Indian allies, 1813; Pan-American Exhibition, 1901.

Buffington Island (St. George's Creek), Ohio. Capture of Confederate raiders under Morgan, 1863 (Civil W.).

[Bull Run], near Manassas Junction, Virginia. 38N. 77W. Victories of Confederates, 1861 and 1862 (battle of Groveton).

Bunker Hill, Charlestown, Mass. 42N. 71W. First great battle of the W. of Ind., fought actually on Breed's Hill, in which the Americans gained a substantial victory, 1775.

Burburata, Venezuela. Sir John Hawkins at, trading in slaves, 1565.

Burlington, New Jersey. 40N. 74W. F. by Quakers, 1677. Bp. of James Fenimore Cooper (1789-1851).

Burnt Corn Creek, near Pensacola. 50N. 37W. Victory of McQueen and his Indians over Caller's force, 1813 (Creek W.).

Bushy Run, about 25 miles from Fort Pitt (q.v.). Victory of Bouquet over the Indians, 1763. (See Parkman, 'Conspiracy of Pontiac.')

[Buzzard's Bay], Mass. 41N. 70W. Early trading station of the Plymouth Fathers.

Cabo de la Vela, Colombia. 12N. 74W. Furthest point reached by Ojeda, who was the first to sight this cape, 1499.

Cahokia, St. Claire Co., Illinois. 38N. 90W. Pontiac, Indian chief, killed in wood near, 1769 (see Parkman, op. cit.); prehistoric mounds near.

[Caimanera], Cuba. 19N. 75W. Engagement between Americans and Spaniards, latter finally driven from their camp, 1898.

[Cajamarca] (Caxamarca), Peru. 6S. 79W. The Inca Atahuallpa treacherously made prisoner and his followers massacred by Pizarro, 1532; the Inca executed, 1533. (See Prescott 'Peru,' op. cit.).

California, Gulf of. 28N. 112W. Expedition of Narvaez to, 1527; explored by Cortés and his generals, 1528-35; reached by Cabeza de Vaca and survivors of expedition, the first explorers to cross the American continent, during their nine years' wanderings, 1527-36; Ulloa in, 1539; Alarçon, 1540; Viscayno. 1596.

[California, Lower], Mexico. 28N. 113W. Discovered by Grijalva, 1534; taken possession of by Spaniards, 1602; colonised by Jesuits, 1642; part of Mexico since 1823.

California, Upper, U.S. 37N. 120W. Coast explored by Cabrillo, 1542; taken possession of by Drake for Elizabeth, and named by him 'New Albion,' 1578; expedition to, under Viscayno, 1602-5; colony in settled by Spaniards, 1698; coast explored by Vancouver, 1793; revolted from Spain, 1823; exploring expedition under Frémont, 1844; ceded by Mexico to U.S., 1848; admitted to Union, 1850; decides against joining Confederates, 1860.

[Callao], Peru. 12S. 77W. Known to early Spanish founders as Ciudad de los Reyes: former town destroyed by tidal wave, 1746: last stronghold in Peru held by Spaniards, who capitulated, 1826; Spanish fleet defeated off, 1866; bombarded by Chilians, 1882.

Cambridge, Mass. 42N. 71W. F. 1631, and originally named Newtown; Harvard University f. 1636; first printing press in U.S. set up by Day, 1638; the 'Bay Psalm Book,' first book printed in English America, 1640; first president of Harvard, Henry Dunster, 1640-54; theological constitution known as the 'Cambridge Platform' framed at synod, 1646-8; congress for re-organising army, at which Franklin and Washington assisted, 1775; Washington here took command of the continental army, 1775. Bp. R. H. Dana, poet and essayist (1787-1879); Oliver Wendell Holmes (1809-94); James Russell Lowell (1819-91); res. Lowell, Longfellow (see [Mount Auburn]).

Cambridgeport, Mass. (now part of Cambridge). 42N. 71W. Bp. of S. Margaret Fuller (Marchioness d'Ossoli), drowned off Long Island (1810-50).

[Camden], S. Carolina. 34N. 80W. English victory under Cornwallis, 1780; engagement near, between Gen. Greene and Lord Rawdon, 1781; evacuated by English, 1781 (W. of Ind.).

Campbell's Station, near Knoxville, Tennessee. 36N. 83W. Federals forced to withdraw from, after repelling Confederates, 1863 (Civil W.).

[Campeche], Yucatan, Mexico. 19N. 90W. Discovered by Cordova, 1517; Spaniards settled at, 1539; taken by English, 1659; by the buccaneer Louis Scot, 1678; and again by buccaneers, 1685.

[Campeche Bay], Gulf of Mexico. 20N. 93W. Cortés sails down, 1519.

Canada (New France). 46N. 55W. The Cabots discover Labrador and Newfoundland, 1497, 1498; further discoveries by the Cortereals, 1500, 1501; Verazzani in Gulf of St. Lawrence, 1524; explored by Cartier, 1534, who was the first to sail up the St. Lawrence, 1535; small French colony planted by Roberval, 1541; voyages of exploration and discoveries by Champlain, founder of Quebec, 1602-35; taken by the English, 1759-60; finally ceded to, by Treaty of Paris, 1763; divided into Upper and Lower, 1791; in 1840 reunited and known as East and West; Confederate Dominion formed, 1867; original provinces joined in 1870 by the N.W. Territories; in 1871 by British Columbia, and in 1873 by Prince Edward Island.

[Canelas] (Land of Cinnamon). 25N. 105W. Gonzalo Pizarro in, during his expedition into Quito, 1540-2.

Cape Breton Island. 46N. 60W. Probably discovered by Cabot, 1497; settled by French, 1712; ceded to England by Peace of Paris, 1763; incorporated with Nova Scotia, 1819.

Cape Desolation, Greenland. 61N. 48W. So named by Davis, 1585.

Cape Farewell, Greenland. 60N. 44W. Davis off, 1585.

Cape Horn, S.A. 55S. 68W. Rounded by Magalhaes, 1520; sighted by Drake, 1578.

Cape Mercy, Cumberland, Baffin Land. 64N. 64W. So named by Davis, 1585.

Carabobo, Venezuela. 9N. 68W. Victory of Bolivar over Spaniards, 1821 (S. A. W. Ind.).

[Caracas], Venezuela. 10N. 66W. Sighted by Columbus, 1498; f. by Spaniards, 1567; sacked by buccaneer Amyas Preston, 1595; and by French, 1679; revolted, 1810, and after being twice retaken by Spaniards, finally delivered, 1821; destroyed by earthquake, 1812; now capital of Venezuela. Bp. Miranda, revolutionary leader (or at Santa Fé, N. Granada) (1756-1816); Bolivar, the 'Liberator' (1785-1830).

Carenas, Port, Cuba. Name given by Ocampo, who here careened his vessels, 1508.

Caribees, N. and S. (or Windward and Leeward) islands, W. Indies. 16N. 62W.; 13N. 60W. Name derived from the aboriginal tribe.

Carnifex Ferry, near Summersville, W. Virginia. 38N. 80W. Federal victory, 1861 (Civil W.).

[Carolina], N. and S. (called Albemarle by refugees from Virginia, 1660). 34N. 80W. Discovered by Ponce de Léon, 1512; explored by expedition sent by De Ayllon, 1521; by Verazzani, 1524; Raleigh landed on Roanoke Island, 1584; 1663 conceded by Charles II. to Lord Clarendon and other nobles, hence its present name; constitution drawn up by Locke, 1670; became crown colony, 1729; two of the 13 original United States; both N. and S. seceded, 1861; readmitted to Union, 1868. (See [Roanoke] and [Fort Carolina].)

[Cartagena], Colombia, S.A. 10N. 75W. F. by Pedro de Heredia, 1533; Hawkins at, 1568; taken by Drake, 1586; resisted English attack under Vernon, 1741; captured by Royalists, 1815; retaken by revolutionaries, 1821. (See [Colombia].)

[Carthage], Jasper Co., Missouri. Confederates force Gen. Lyon to retreat, 1861 (Civil W.).

Cary Islands, off Ellesmere Land. 76N. 83W. Name given by Baffin, 1616.

Caseros, near Buenos Ayres. 34S. 58W. Final defeat of Rosas, by forces of Brazil and Uruguay, 1852.

Caxas, Peru. 10S. 79W. De Soto at, when reconnoitring for Pizarro, 1532. Painful march of Blasco Nuñez through valley of, pursued by Gonzalo Pizarro. 1544. (See Prescott, 'Peru,' op. cit.)

[Cayenne], cap. of French Guiana. 4N. 52W. In possession in turns of French, English, and Dutch, 1604-76; restored to French and taken by English, 1809; French possession since Peace of 1814; formerly French penal settlement.

Cedar Creek, Virginia. 39N. 77W. Confederates defeated, 1864 (Civil W.).

Cedar Mountain, Virginia. 38N. 78W. Victory, and subsequent retreat, of 'Stonewall' Jackson, 1862 (Civil W.).

Cempoalla, Mexico. 19N. 96W. Cortés and his troops received in state by the cacique, 1519; Cortés destroys part of his fleet, 1519; his victory over Narvaez, envoy of Velasquez, Governor of Cuba, 1520. (See Prescott, 'Conquest of Mexico.')

Cerrito, near Montevideo. Spaniards defeated by Argentine revolutionaries, 1812.

Cerro, S.A. Victory of Montevideans by aid of Garibaldi over the forces of Rosas, 1846.

Cerro-Cora, Paraguay. 22S. 55W. The dictator F. S. Lopez surprised and killed by Lacerda (Chico le Diable), 1870, thus putting an end to war between Brazil and Paraguay.

[Cerro Gordo], Mexico. 26N. 105W. American victory over Mexicans and flight of Santa Ana, 1847 (Mex. W.).

Ceutla, Plains of, Tabasco, Mexico. Defeat of Indians by Cortés, 1519. (Prescott, 'Conquest of Mexico.)

Chacabuco, Chili. 33S. 70W. Spaniards defeated by the Argentinians under San Martin and the allied revolutionaries, 1817 (S. A. W. Ind.).

Chalco, on lake of name, Mexico. 19N. 98W. Cortés marches along Lake of, on his way to Mexico, 1519; Mexicans defeated by Spaniards under Sandoval, 1521; noted for its 'floating gardens.' (See Prescott, 'Mexico,' op. cit.)

[Chaleur Bay]. 47N. 65W. So named by Cartier, 1534.

Champion Hills, Hind's Co., Miss. 32N. 90W. Confederates defeated by Gen. Grant, 1863 (Civil W.).

Champlain, Lake. 44N. 73W. Named after the explorer who reached the lake and there defeated the Iroquois, 1609; American fleet under Arnold defeated by English, 1776; English fleet by American, 1814.

[Chancellorsville], near Fredericksburg, Virginia. 38N. 77W. Army of the Potomac defeated by the Confederates, and 'Stonewall' Jackson mortally wounded, 1863 (Civil W.).

Chantilly, near Washington, Virginia. 38N. 76W. Confederates driven back, 1862 (Civil W.).

[Chapultepec], near the cap., Mexico. 19N. 99W. Ancient res. of kings of Mexico. Hill forts stormed by Gen. Scott, and Mexicans heavily defeated, 1847 (Mex. W.).

Charcas, Mexico. 23N. 101W. Gonzalo Pizarro at, to explore the Potosi mines, 1543.

[Charleston], S. Carolina. 32N. 79W. The people of old Charlestown on the Ashley removed here, 1680; French and Spanish defeated, 1706; British fleet under Parker repulsed, 1776; surrendered to Clinton, 1780; evacuated by English, 1782; capture of Fort Sumter by S. Carolinians, 1861 (beginning of Civil W.); attacks on Forts Wagner and Sumter by Gen. Gillmore, 1863; town besieged till 1865, when evacuated by Confederates and national flag raised.

Charlestown, W. Virginia. 39N. 77W. John Brown, abolitionist, hanged, 1859.

Charlestown, Mass. 42N. 71W. Part of Boston; Bunker's Hill in; burnt by Gage, 1775; taken by British, 1779 (W. of Ind.).

[Chattanooga], Tennessee. 35N. 85W. Victory of Confederates on Chickamanga Field, Sept. 20; defeat of Confederates by Grant (Look-out Mountain and Missionary Ridge), Nov. 23-25, 1863.

[Chesapeake Bay] (known to early explorers as Bay of St. Mary). 38N. 76W. Discovered by explorers sent by Q. V. de Ayllon, 1521; Verazzani off, 1524; De Ayllon in, 1526; expedition to, under Newport, in which John Smith took part, 1607; English Admiral Graves forced to retire, 1781 (W. of Ind.); sc. hostilities during war of 1814.

[Chiahuitzlan], Mexico. 39N. 30W. Cortés at, with his troops, 1519. (Prescott, 'Mexico,' op. cit.)

[Chicago], Illinois. 41N. 87W. French fur-traders at, 1654; Marquette at, 1673, and during winter 1674-5; fort built by French, 1683; abandoned when Canada ceded to English; American fort (Dearborn) built, 1804; raid and massacre by Indians, 1814; small beginning of present town laid out, 1830; terrible fire, 1871; World's Fair, 1893.

Chickahominy River, Virginia. 37N. 77W. Explored by John Smith, 1607; a series of battles fought on, ending in victory for Confederates under Lee, 1862. (See [Richmond].)

Chickamanga, see [Chattanooga].

Chickasaw Bayou, arm of the Yazoo river. 32N. 90W. Sherman repulsed by Confederates, 1862 (Civil W.).

[Chihuahua], Mexico. 28N. 106W. Hidalgo, Mexican patriot, shot, 1811.

Chili ([Chile]), S.A. 32S. 70W. Almagro as conqueror in, 1536; Valdivia invades, 1540; Santiago f. by, 1541; revolt against Spanish rule, 1810; supremacy of Spain renewed, 1814; defeat of Spaniards at Chacabuco, 1817; national independence finally proclaimed after battle of Maypo, 1818; recognised at Madrid, 1844; alliance with Peru and declaration of war with Spain, 1865-6; Valparaiso bombarded by Spanish fleet, 1866; treaty with Spain, 1879; war with Peru and Bolivia, 1879-83; Balmaceda president, 1886; revolution in and revolt of navy, 1891; complications with U.S. concerning the 'Matta Note' affair, peaceably settled, 1892.

Chiloe, island. 42S. 73W. Spanish fleet defeated off by Peruvians and Chilians, 1866; Darwin on (see 'Voyage of the Beagle').

[Chimborazo], see [Andes].

[Chincha Islands], Peru. 13S. 76W. Seized by the Spaniards when at war with Peru, 1864; restored on conclusion of peace, 1865.

Chippawa (or [Chippewa]), Ontario. 43N. 79W. Gen. Riall defeated by Americans, 1814.

Cholula, Mexico. 19N. 98W. Famous pyramid at, four times the size of the pyramid of Cheops; massacre of the Cholulans by Cortés, 1519. (Prescott, 'Mexico,' op. cit.)

[Chonos Islands], S.A. 44S. 74W. Darwin on (see 'Voyage of the Beagle').

Chrysler's Field, Ogdensburg, St. Lawrence. 44N. 75W. Fierce but indecisive action, 1813.

Chupas, Peru. 12S. 75W. Defeat of the Spaniards under Almagro by Vaca de Castro, commissioner sent out by Spanish Government, 1542. (See Prescott, 'Peru,' op. cit.)

[Chuquisaca] (now Sucre), cap. of Bolivia. 19S. 64W. F. by one of Pizarro's followers, 1529; independence of Bolivia proclaimed at, 1825; said to be oldest university in S. America.

Churubusco, near Mexico. 19N. 99W. Santa Anna defeated by Americans, 1847 (Mex. W.).

[Cincinnati], city, Ohio. 39N. 84W. Block-house erected by Ensign Luce, 1788, and first known as Losantiville.

Ciudad Bolivar, see [Angostura].

Clarksburg, Harrison Co., W. Virginia. Bp. Thomas Jonathan Jackson ('Stonewall' Jackson), Confederate general (1824), killed at Chancellorsville, 1863.

[Cleveland], Ohio. 41N. 81W. Named in honour of its founder, 1796.

Coaque, Peru. 0. 77W. Taken by Pizarro, 1531.

[Cod, Cape], Mass. 42N. 70W. Discovered by Gosnold, who so named it, 1602; Champlain off during his second expedition to Canada, 1604-7, and called by him Cape Fortune; explored by John Smith, 1614; first land sighted by Pilgrim Fathers.

Cold Harbour, near Richmond, Virginia. 37N. 77W. Sanguinary and indecisive battle between Grant and Lee, 1864 (Civil W.). (See under [Richmond] for former battle, 1862.)

[Colombia], S.A. 3N. 75W. Coasts, etc., explored by Columbus (from whom the present name derived), and earlier and later navigators, 15th-16th centuries; named New Granada by Quesada, conqueror of Bogota, 1538; revolt against Spanish rule, 1810; independence established after Bolivar's victory at Boyaca, 1819; Venezuela and Ecuador withdrew from confederation, 1830; name changed to 'United States of Colombia,' 1861; constant revolutions.

[Colorado], U.S. 39N. 105W. Explored by Vasquez de Coronado, 1540; Pike's Peak discovered by mountaineer of that name, 1806; Frémont in, during his expedition over the Rocky Mountains, 1842-4; organised as a territory, 1861; sided with Federals in Civil W.; admitted to Union, 1876.

[Colorado River], Colorado, N. America. 34N. 114W. Discovered by Hernando Alarçon on his expedition to California, 1540; explored last century by Yves, White, and Powell.

[Columbia], Tennessee. 35N. 86W. Battle of Duck Run, and earlier encounter, 1862 (Civil W.).

Columbia, S. Carolina. 34N. 80W. Taken and burnt by Gen. Sherman, 1865 (Civil W.).

Columbia, river, Oregon. 46N. 124W. Discovered by Capt. Grey, 1792; the same year Lieut. Broughton, under directions from Vancouver, sailed up; later explorations by Lewis and Clarke, 1805; navigation of granted to England by treaty, 1846.

Columbia University, New York. Originally King's College, chartered, 1754; Columbia College, 1784; University, 1896.

[Concepcion], town, Chili. 36S. 73W. F. by Valdivia, 1550. (See account of earthquake, Darwin, 'Voyage of the Beagle.')

Concord, Mass. 42N. 71W. First battle fought during W. of Ind. was at Lexington (six miles off) and Concord, 1775 (see Emerson's hymn to the 'embattled' farmers). Sleepy Hollow and Walden Pond are both near. Res. and burial-place of Emerson, Hawthorne, Thoreau, who was also born here (1817-62); Hawthorne wrote his 'Mosses from an Old Manse' in Emerson's house; other literary names are ass. this place, which has been called the American Weimar.

Conestoga, Pennsylvania. Indians at massacred by the 'Paxton boys,' 1763. (Parkman, 'Pontiac,' op. cit.)

[Connecticut], U.S. 41N. 72W. One of the thirteen original North-American states; discovered by Dutch, 1613; Dutch in possession of valley till 1635-6, when English settled in; war with the Pequods, 1636; Windsor settled, 1637; charter granted to by Charles II. (1662) secreted in 'Charter Oak' to preserve it from James II.'s envoy, 1687-8; became independent, 1776.

Contreras, Mexico. 19N. 99W. American victory over Mexicans under Santa Ana, 1847 (Mex. W.).

Copan, on river of name, Honduras. 14N. 89W. Gigantic remains of ancient temple and pyramids.

[Cordoba], cap. province, Argentina. 31S. 63W. F. by Jerome Cabrera, 1573.

[Corinth], Mississippi. 35N. 88W. Confederates forced to evacuate, 1862; later the same year they were defeated in the battle of Oct. 3-4.

[Coronation Gulf], Arctic Ocean. 68N. 110-116W. Reached by Sir J. Franklin, 1821.

[Corrientes], Argentina. 38S. 57W. Three days' naval fight between Garibaldi, on behalf of the Montevideans, and Admiral Brown, commander of Rosas' fleet, 1846.

[Costa Rica], Republic of, Cent. A. 10N. 84W. East coast discovered by Columbus, 1502; west coast reached by Espinoza about 1514; early Spanish colonies, and final conquest of country by Coronado, 1561-5; Indians rise along the Atlantic coast and win their independence, 1709; independent state since 1821; part of Confederation of Cent. A., 1824-9; constitution promulgated, 1870.

[Cotopaxi], volcano, Ecuador, 0S. 78W. The earliest recorded eruption took place during Pizarro's invasion; the first complete ascent was made by Dr. Reiss, 1872.

Cowpens, near Spartanburg, S. Carolina. 34N. 81W. English under Tarleton defeated by Morgan. 1781 (W. of Ind.).

[Cozumel], island, Yucatan. 20N. 87W. Cortés and his forces land on, 1519.

Crampton's Gap, near Barkittsville, Maryland. 39N. 77W. Battle of South Mountain fought at, 1862 (Civil W.).

Crosskeys, Virginia. 38N. 78W. Indecisive action between 'Stonewall' Jackson and the Federals, 1862 (Civil W.).

Crown Point, Lake Champlain. 43N. 73W. English caught in ambuscade near, and Indian King Hendrick killed; French under Dieskau, who was taken prisoner, finally forced to fall back on Crown Point, 1755; captured by English under Amherst, 1759.

[Cuba], island, W. Indies. 21N. 79W. Discovered by Columbus, who named it Guana, 1492; further explored by, 1494; Ocampo off coast, 1508; Ojeda stranded on, 1509-10; final conquest of by Velasquez, 1511; De Soto made captain-general, 1537; Hawkins off, 1564-5; taken by English, 1762, and restored to Spain by Treaty of Paris, 1763; Black Eagle rebellion, 1829; insurrection of blacks, 1844; further rebellion against Spain, 1868-78; further revolution, 1895; autonomy granted to, 1897; the 'Maine' blown up, 1898; armed intervention of U.S. and liberation of island from Spanish rule, 1898; control of island formally transferred to Cuban Government, 1902; insurrection, 1906, and provisional government of U.S. till 1909.

[Cuernavaca], Mexico. 19N. 99W. Remains of palace and church built by Cortés.

[Cumana], Venezuela. 10N. 64W. Destroyed and inhabitants massacred by Royalist Gen. Boves, 1814 (S. A. W. Ind.).

Cumberland Bay, N.A. 64N. 65W. Davis in, 1585.

Cummington, Mass. 42N. 72W. Bp. of William Cullen Bryant, poet (1794-1878).

[Curaçao], island, Antilles. 12N. 69W. Discovered by Ojeda, 1499; Spanish settlement on, 1527; in Dutch possession since 1632; taken by English during continental wars and restored to Dutch by Treaty of London, 1814.

Curiana (or Pearls), Gulf of, Nicaragua. Discovered by Ojeda, 1499.

Cuttyhunk, island, Buzzard's Bay, Mass. English colony under Gosnold on, 1602.

[Cuzco], the 'Holy City,' Peru. 13S. 72W. F. by Manco Capac, 11th century; ancient res. and burial-place of the Incas, and site of famous Temple of the Sun, now occupied by a Dominican convent; its buildings despoiled by Pizarro's emissaries to complete the Inca's ransom, 1532; entered by Pizarro as conqueror, 1533; besieged and burnt by Peruvians, 1535; Almagro, Pizarro's rival, makes himself master, 1537; Hernano Pizarro enters as victor, and Almagro executed, 1538; Francesco Pizarro again in, 1538; the younger Almagro in power for a while and executed by Vaca de Castro, 1542; insurrection under Gonzalo Pizarro, 1544; won back for the crown by Centeno, 1547; return of F. Pizarro after victory of Huarina, 1547; Gonzalo Pizarro executed, 1548; remains of gigantic fortress and other Peruvian relics. Bp. of Garcilasso de la Vega, historian of Peru (1539, d. after 1617). (See Prescott, 'Peru,' op. cit.)

[Dakota], N. and S. 42N. 97W. Gold-fields in; Pembina f. by French, 1780; Sioux Falls by Americans, 1857; uprising of Sioux Indians, 1862; campaign against and destruction of Custer's force, 1876; re-rising, death of Sitting Bull, and final suppression of, 1890; admitted to Union, 1889.

Dallas, Georgia. 34N. 84W. Federals defeated, May 25, Confederates, May 28, 1864 (Civil W.).

[Dalton], Georgia. 34N. 84W. Confederates forced to evacuate, 1864.

Danbury, Connecticut. 41W. 73N. Burnt by Governor Tryon, 1777 (W. of Ind.).

[Darien] Isthmus, S. America. 9N. 89W. Bastidas and Columbus off (see [Panama]); F. Pizarro reached, 1509; crossed by Nuñez de Balboa, who was the first European to sight the Pacific, 1513; by Drake, 1572; Scottish settlement on (New Caledonia) forced to evacuate by Spaniards, 1698-9; treaty conferring right on U.S. of constructing canal across, 1869. (See sonnet by Keats.)

Darwin Sound, and Mount Darwin, King Charles's South Land, Tierra del Fuego. (See Darwin, 'Voyage of the Beagle.')

[Davis Strait], N.A. 65N. 57W. Named after the explorer who discovered it in 1585.

Deerfield, Mass. 42N. 72W. Attacked by Indians and saved by the fugitive regicide, Colonel Goffe, 1674; sc. destruction and massacre by French and Indians, 1704.

[Delaware], U.S. 38N. 75W. One of the 13 original states; bay discovered by Hudson, 1609; first entered by Lord de la Warr, 1610; Dutch colony settled in, 1631; Wilmington settled by Swedes, 1638; latter driven out by Dutch, who were succeeded by English, 1655, 1664; Penn became proprietor, 1683; declared an independent state, 1776; first of the 13 states to ratify the Federal constitution.

[Delaware River]. 40N. 74W. Passage of, by Washington, 1776.

Demerara, British Guiana, S.A. 6N. 57W. Colonised by Dutch, 1580; taken by the English, 1796 and 1803; finally surrendered to England, 1814.

[Detroit], Michigan. 42N. 83W. In possession of French in 17th century; colony planted by Cadillac, 1701; taken by the English under Rogers, 1760; six months' siege by Pontiac, finally relieved by Col. Bradstreet, 1763-4; Americans in possession, 1796; surrendered to British, 1812; finally ceded to America, 1813. (See Parkman, 'Conspiracy of Pontiac.')

Dismal Swamp, Virginia and N. Carolina. 36N. 76W. Former hiding-place of runaway slaves. (See poems, Longfellow and Moore.)

[Dominica], W. Indies. 15N. 61W. Discovered by Columbus on a Sunday (hence its name) in 1493; Sir J. Hawkins at, 1565, 1568; taken by English, 1761, and ceded to them by Treaty of Paris, 1763; taken by French and restored to England, 1770, 1783; attempts by French on, 1795 and 1805; negro insurrection, 1802.

Dominican Republic, see [Santo Domingo].

Dorchester, near Boston, Mass. 42N. 71W. Bp. of J. Lothrop Motley, historian (1814-77).

Dranesville, Fairfax Co., Virginia. 38N. 76W. Confederates defeated, 1861 (Civil W.).

[Durango] (Ciudad de Victoria, or Guadiana), Mexico. 24N. 104W. F. by Velasco, 1559.

Dustin's Island, Merrimac River, near Concord, N.H. 42N. 71W. So called from Hannah Dustin, who escaped with her two companions from the Indians, after killing and scalping their captors, 1697.

Duxbury, Mass. 42N. 70W. Ocean telegraph from Brest terminates at this point; here died in 1687 John Alden, one of the Pilgrim Fathers, commemorated by Longfellow in his 'Courtship of Miles Standish.'

Easter Island (Davis's Land), Pacific. 27S. 109W. Discovered by Davis, 1686; Roggewein at, 1722; Cook at, 1774.

Eastport, Moose Island, Passamaquoddy Bay. 45N. 67W. Surrendered to British squadron, 1814.

East Windsor, Conn. 41N. 72W. Bp. Jonathan Edwards, theologian (1703-58), and of Lorrin Andrews, missionary and Hawaiian scholar (1795-1868).

[Eatonton], Georgia. 33N. 83W. Bp. of Joel Chandler Harris, A. of 'Uncle Remus,' etc. (1848-1908).

Econochaca (or Holy Ground), Alabama River, Lourdes Co., Miss. 31N. 88W. Indians surprised and scattered by Gen. Claiborne, 1813 (W. with Creek Indians).

[Ecuador] (Equator), S.A. 2S. 78W. Part of the Inca's territory conquered by Pizarro in the 16th century; it formed part of the presidency of Quito; first revolt against Spanish rule in 1809; finally liberated after defeat of Spaniards at Pichincha, 1822; became part of Colombia, and finally separated as an independent republic under its present name, 1830; continual civil war in after this; the dictator Moreno assassinated at Quito, 1875; frequent revolutions since.

El Caney, near Santiago, Cuba. 20N. 76W. Defended by Vera de Rey against Americans, victory of latter and death of Spanish commander (Spanish-American W.), 1898.

El Molino del Rey, capture of, see [Chapultepec].

Emucfau, Alabama. 32N. 85W. Fierce encounter near, between Jackson and Creek Indians, 1814.

Erie Canal, running 363 miles between Buffalo and Albany, connecting the upper lakes and Hudson river, completed, 1825.

[Erie, Lake], 42N. 81W. Heavy defeat of British by Commander Perry in Put-in Bay, 1813.

Esopus, near Kingston, N.Y. 41N. 73W. Warfare between Dutch and Indians known as the 'Esopus War,' 1655-64.

Espanola, see [Haiti].

[Essequibo], British Guiana, S.A. 5N. 58W. Colonised by Dutch, 1580; taken by the English, 1796 and 1803; finally surrendered to England, 1814.

Essequibo, river (mouth of), 7N. 58W. Discovered by Pinzon, 1499.

Eutaw Springs, Charleston Co., S. Carolina. 53N. 80W. The battle was indecisive; the Americans under Greene gained a complete victory over the English under Stuart during the first great conflict, but were forced to give way during a renewed fight of some hours, 1781 (W. of Ind.).

Exeter, New Hampshire. 42N. 71W. English colony settled at, 1638.

Fair Oaks (or Seven Pines), on the Chickahominy. 37N. 77W. One of the series of battles known as the 'Seven days of Richmond.' The Confederates after gaining considerable advantage over enemy were finally driven back, May 31-June 1, 1862 (Civil W.).

Falkland Islands, S. Atlantic. 52S. 60W. Discovered by Davis, 1592; Hawkins off, 1594; the present name was given first to the sound by John Strong, captain, in 1690; in 1710 they were christened Malonines by French from St. Malo; finally, after various countries had established settlements in, it passed, 1833, into English possession, and is one of the crown colonies; Darwin on (see 'Voyage of the Beagle').

Farmville, Virginia. 37N. 78W. Confederates under Lee defeated by Sheridan, 1865 (Civil W.).

Fayette, Missouri. 38N. 92W. Indecisive action between Federals and Confederates, 1862 (Civil W.).

[Fayetteville], N. Carolina. 35N. 78W. Surrendered to Confederates, 1861; retaken by Gen. Sherman, 1865 (Civil W.).

Filbert Island (Isle aux Condres), St. Lawrence. 47N. 70W. So named by Cartier, 1535.

Fire Island Beach, Long Island, N.Y. 40N. 73W. Margaret Fuller (Marchioness d'Ossoli) and her husband and child drowned off, 1850.

Fisher's Hill, near Woodstock, Virginia. 38N. 78W. Confederates defeated by Sheridan, 1864 (Civil W.).

Five Forks, Virginia. 37N. 77W. Defeat of Confederates under Lee, March 31-April 1, 1865.

[Florida], U.S. 29N. 82W. The Cabots off, during voyage, 1498-9; discovered and named by Ponce de Leon, who landed on Palm Sunday (Pascua Florida), 1513; expedition to, under Pineda, 1519; disastrous expedition to, under Narvaez, 1528; colonising expedition to, under De Soto, 1539; expeditions sent to by Coligny, 1562, 1564 (see [Fort Caroline]); St. Augustine f. by Spaniards, 1565, and taken by Drake, 1586; invasion of, under Oglethorpe, 1740; ceded to Great Britain by Treaty of Paris, 1763; invaded by Spaniards, 1779, and Pensacola seized by, 1781; restored to Spain by treaty, 1783; purchased by U.S., 1819, and transferred to, 1821; war with Seminole Indians, 1835-42; admitted to the Union, 1845; seceded, 1861; readmitted, 1868.

Florida, Missouri. 38N. 92W. Bp. Samuel Langhorne Clemens (Mark Twain) (1835-1910).

Fort Bowyer, Mobile Bay. 30N. 87W. British fleet repulsed, 1814; besieged for two days and surrendered to English, 1815.

[Fort Carolina], St John's R., Florida. 30N. 81W. Small Huguenot colony settled by Ribault, 1562; Laudonnière joins, 1564; attacked and massacred by Spaniards under Menendez, 1565; revenge taken on Spaniards by De Gourges, 1568.

Fort Chambly, St. Lawrence. 45N. 73W. Captured by Americans, 1775 (W. of Ind.).

[Forts Clinton] and Montgomery, Hudson R. 41N. 73W. Taken by Sir Henry Clinton's forces, 1777 (W. of Ind.).

Fort Detroit (see [Detroit]). Surrendered by Gen. Hull to the English, 1812.

Fort Donelson, near Dover, Tennessee. 36N. 87W. Surrendered by Confederates to Gen. Grant, 1862; attack on by, and repulse of, Confederates, 1863 (Civil W.).

Fort Du Quesne, Penn. 40N. 79W. Built by French on site of present city of Pittsburg, 1754; disastrous expedition against, under Braddock, 1755; taken by English and name changed to Fort Pitt (q.v.), 1758.

Fort Erie, Ontario. 42N. 78W. Bombarded by English, Aug. 7-15, when the bastion they had taken blew up; a sortie of the defenders, Sept. 17, finally left the victory to the Americans, 1814.

Fort Fisher, Wilmington, N. Carolina. 34N. 77W. Bombarded and captured by the Federals, 1865 (Civil W.).

Fort Frontenac, Lake Ontario. 44N. 76W. Garrison surrendered to English, 1758.

Fort George, see [Lake George].

Fort George, Long Island. 40N. 73W. Garrison surrendered to Americans under Tallmadge, 1780 (W. of Ind.).

Fort George, Niagara. 43N. 79W. British garrison forced to retreat, 1813.

Fort Harrison, Richmond. 37N. 77W. Taken by Federals, and renamed Fort Burnham, in honour of the commander who fell, 1864; failure of Confederates under Lee to recapture later the same year (Civil W.).

Fort Harrison, near Terre Haute, Indiana. 39N. 87W. Attacked by Indians, under the instigation of "the Prophet," and with difficulty saved by the enfeebled garrison, 1812.

Fort Henry, Tennessee R. 36N. 87W. Surrendered by Confederates, 1862 (Civil W.).

Fort Hindman, Arkansas. 34N. 91W. Confederates surrender, 1863 (Civil W.).

Fort Lee, near Jersey City, N. Jersey. 40N. 74W. Narrow escape of Gen. Greene from English forces under Cornwallis, 1776 (W. of Ind.).

[Fort McHenry], Whetstone Point, Baltimore. 39N. 76W. Heavily bombarded by Admiral Cochrane, who was forced to withdraw, 1814. (During the bombardment, F. Scott Key, who was in custody on an English vessel, wrote 'The Star-spangled Banner.')

Fort Meigs, Maumee R., Indiana. 41N. 85W. Besieged by British and Indians, who were forced to retire, 1813.

Fort Mercer, near Philadelphia. 39N. 74W. Fierce bombardment by British forces under Donop, who died of his wounds; the attack was a failure, 1777 (W. of Ind.).

Fort Miami, Maumee R., Indiana. 41N. 85W. Surrendered to Indians, 1763 (Pontiac W.).

Fort Mifflin, opposite Fort Mercer (q.v.). Besieged by British for six days, when the remainder of defenders escaped, 1777.

Fort Mims, near junction of Alabama and Tombigbee Rivers. 31N. 87W. Slaughter of men, women, and children by Indians, under the chief Weathersford, during the rising of Tecumseh and his brother the prophet, 1812.

Fort Montgomery, see [Fort Clinton].

Fort Moultrie, Sullivan Island, S. Carolina. 32N. 79W. Unsuccessfully assaulted by English fleet under Sir Peter Parker, 1776 (W. of Ind.).

Fort Necessity, Monongahela R. 39N. 78W. Surrendered by Washington, 1754; a previous encounter near was the first blood shed in French and Indian war.

[Fort Niagara], Lake Ontario. 43N. 79W. Begun by La Salle, 1673; strongly fortified by French, 1725; taken by English, 1759; concourse of Indians at, 1764; seized by English and part of garrison massacred, 1813.

Fort Ouatanon, near Lafayette, Wabash R. 40N. 86W. Taken by Indians, 1763. (See Parkman, 'Pontiac.')

Fort St Philip, Mississippi R. 29N. 89W. Fierce naval battle near, ending in victory to the Federals, 1862 (Civil W.).

Fort Pillow, near Memphis, Tennessee. 35N. 89W. Taken, and garrison massacred, by Gen. Forrest, Confederate leader, 1864 (Civil W.).

[Fort Pitt]. Name given to Fort Du Quesne (q.v.) after it fell into the hands of the English, 1758; saved from Pontiac's assault by Col. Bouquet, 1763. (See Parkman, op. cit.)

[Fort Pulaski], Savannah R. 32N. 80W. Taken by Federals, 1862 (Civil W.).

Fort Schuyler (on site of village of Rome), Oneida Co., N.Y. 43N. 75W. Taken by English and Indian allies, 1779 (W. of Ind.).

Fort Spring Hill, Richmond. 37N. 77W. Carried by the Federals, 1864 (Civil W.).

Fort Sumter, see [Charleston].

Fort Ticonderoga, see under [T.]

Fort Wagner, Charleston, S. Carolina. 32N. 79W. Assault on by Federals, 1863 (Civil W.).

Fort Washington, Manhattan Island, N.Y. 40N. 74W. Captured by the English, 1776 (W. of Ind.).

Fort Watson, Santee R., near Camden. 34N. 80W. Capitulation of English, 1781 (W. of Ind.).

[Fort Wayne], Maumee R., Indiana. 41N. 85W. Repulse of attack on by English and Indian allies, 1812.

Fort William and Mary, Newcastle, Portsmouth Harbour. 43N. 70W. Attack on and seizure of ammunition by patriots under Sullivan, 1774.

Fort William Henry, Lake George. 43N. 73W. Taken by Montcalm, and English garrison massacred by the Indian allies, 1757. (See [Louisburg].)

Franklin, Tennessee. 35N. 86W. Fierce [battle] ending in defeat of the Confederates, 1864 (Civil W.).

Franklin (formerly included in Salisbury), N. Hampshire. 43N. 71W. Bp. Daniel Webster, orator (1782-1852).

[Frazier's Farm], near Richmond. 37N. 77W. One of the fierce battles fought near Richmond. Confederates finally driven back (also known as battle of Glendale), 1862.

Frederica, Georgia 31N. 81W. Spanish attack on repulsed by Oglethorpe, 1742.

[Frederick], Frederick Co., Maryland. 39N. 77W. Sc. Barbara Frietchie's patriotic courage in continuing to wave the Union flag, 1862. (See poem by Whittier.)

Frederick Co., Maryland. Bp. Francis Scott Key, A. of 'The Star spangled Banner' (1779-1843).

[Fredericksburg], Virginia. 38N. 77W. Victory of Confederates under Lee, 1862 (Civil W.).

Fredericksburg, Penn. 40N. 76W. Bp. James Lick, to whom the observatory is due (1796-1876).

Fredericktown, Missouri. 38N. 90W. Defeat of Confederates, 1861 (Civil W.).

[Fredericton], N. Brunswick. 45N. 66W. Bp. W. Bliss Carman, poet (1861).

Frenchtown (now Monroe), Michigan. 41N. 83W. Taken by Americans, 1813; recaptured by English two days later, when Indians massacred the sick and wounded.

[Frobisher Bay]. 62N. 65W. Named after the discoverer, 1576; Hudson off, 1610.

Front Royal, Virginia. 39N. 78W. Victory of Confederates, 1862 (Civil W.).

Fulton, Missouri. 38N. 92W. Confederates defeated, 1861 (Civil W.).

[Fundy], Bay of. 45N. 66W. Explored by Champlain, 1604-7, during his second expedition to Canada.

Fury and Hecla Strait. 69N. 84W. Discovered by Parry, 1821.

Gaines's Mill, Chickahominy R. One of the series of engagements near Richmond (q.v.), fought between Lee and McClellan, 1862.

Galapagos Islands, S.A. 0S. 91W. Marked on early map of 1570; Dampier on, 1684; explored by Capt. Colnett, 1794.

[Galveston], Texas. 29N. 95W. Surrendered to Federals, 1862; attacked and retaken by Confederates, 1863 (Civil W.).

[Gaspe], Quebec. 48N. 64W. Cross erected on the shore by Cartier, who landed here, 1534.

[George], Lake, N.Y. 43N. 73W. Sc. action during French and Indian war, 1755-9; its chief forts were William Henry (q.v.), George, and Ticonderoga (q.v.). French under Dieskau, who was mortally wounded, defeated, 1755. (Parkman, 'Conspiracy of Pontiac.')

[Georgia], U.S. 33N. 83W. One of the 13 original states; named in honour of George II.; colony f. (for debtors and others) by Oglethorpe, 1733; Wesleys and Whitefield in, 1736, 1738; Spaniards repulsed from Frederica by Oglethorpe, 1742; Savannah in English occupation, 1778-82 (W. of Ind.); seceded, 1861; readmitted to Union, 1870.

[Georgian Bay], Lake Huron. 45N. 81W. Reached by Jean Nicolet during expedition, 1634-9.

Germantown, suburb of Philadelphia, Penn. 39N. 75W. F. by Germans, 17th century; first Bible (German) printed in America, 1743; English victory over Americans, 1777.

[Gettysburg], Penn. 39N. 77W. Battles, July 1-2, and July 3, in which the Confederates under Lee were finally defeated, 1863.

Gibraltar, Gulf of Maracaybo, Venezuela. 9N. 70W. Spanish ships sunk and captured by the buccaneer Morgan, 1669.

Glendale, see [Frazier's Farm].

[Gloucester], Cape Ann, Mass. Bay. 42N. 70W. Settled by English colonists known as Dorchester Adventurers, 1623.

[Goldsboro], N. Carolina. 35N. 77W. Taken by the Federals, 1862 (Civil W.).

[Gorgona], island, S.A. 2N. 78W. Pizarro on with his few followers for seven months awaiting help, 1527.

Gracias-a-Dios, Honduras, S.A. 15N. 33W. F. by De Chaves, 1536.

Gracias-a-Dios, cape, Nicaragua. 15N. 83W. Discovered and so named by Columbus, 1502.

Granada, Nicaragua. 12N. 85W. F. 1523 by Cordova; sacked by buccaneers, 1666, burnt by the filibuster Walker, 1856.

Grand Gulf, Mississippi, U.S. 32N. 91W. Forts on taken by Federals, 1863 (Civil W.).

[Grand Pré] (or Lower Horton), Nova Scotia. 44N. 63W. Expatriation of Acadians, 1755. (See Longfellow's 'Evangeline.')

Great Bethel, see [Big Bethel].

Great Bridge, Elisabeth R., Dismal Swamp. 36N. 76W. British repulsed, 1775.

Great Meadow, near Cumberland. 39N. 78W. Washington attacked at, by French, 1754.

[Great Salt Lake], Utah. 41N. 112W. First mention of by La Hontan, 1689; discovered by Bridger, 1825; explored by Bonneville, 1833; by Frémont and others, 1843; settlement on by Mormons under Brigham Young, 1847.

[Green Bay] (Bay of Puan), Lake Michigan. 44N. 87W. Reached by Jean Nicolet during expedition, 1634-9.

Greenbriar, river, Virginia. 37N. 80W. Encounter on, between Federals and Confederates, 1861 (Civil W.).

Greenland. 70N. 40W. Norsemen settled in, 10th-11th centuries (see saga of 'Eric the Red'); the Venetian Nicolo Zeno off, about 1390; the Cortereals off, 1501; Frobisher off, 1576, 1577, and 1578; Davis off, 1585-7 (part of the coast he named Desolation); Weymouth off, 1602; Hudson, 1607; explored and colonised by the Norwegian Hans Egede ('Apostle of the North'), 1721-35. (See [Baffin's Bay].)

Greenville, Ohio. 40N. 84W. Treaty between Gen. Wayne and N.W. Indian tribes, after war 1793-4, 1795.

[Grenada] (Granada), Antilles. 12N. 61W. Discovered by Columbus, 1498; aborigines exterminated by French, 1650; English possession, 1762-79; retaken by French and restored to England by Treaty of Paris, 1763.

[Grenadines], islands, Antilles. 12N. 61W. Ceded to England by Treaty of Paris, 1763.

Greytown (San Juan del Norte), Nicaragua. 11N. 83W. Founded by Spaniards; old town bombarded and destroyed by U.S. vessel, 1854.

Grijalva, river, Tabasco, N.A. 17N. 93W. Named after the explorer, who first skirted this part of the Gulf of Mexico, 1518; Cortés at mouth of, 1519.

Griswoldville, near Macon, Georgia. 32N. 83W. Confederates defeated, 1864.

Groveton, see [Bull Run].

[Guadeloupe], island, W. Indies. 16N. 61W. Discovered by Columbus during his second voyage, 1493-6; taken by French, 1635; four times captured by English, 1759-1815; finally restored to France, 1816.

Guadalupe-Hidalgo, Mexico. 19N. 99W. Treaty between U.S. and Mexico, whereby the former gained a large increase of territory, 1848.

Guadino, see [Durango].

Guamanga, former name of Ayacucho (q.v.). F. by Pizarro; name changed after victory of A. gained at a small place near.

Guanahani, see [San Salvador].

Guanaja (Bonacca), island, Honduras. 16N. 85W. Discovered by Columbus, who called it Isle of Pines, 1502.

[Guanajuato], Cent. Mexico. 21N. 100W. Bp. Lucas Alamán, statesman, A. of 'Historia de Méjico' (1792-1853).

Guancabamba (Huancabamba), Peru. 5S. 79W. De Soto at when reconnoitring for Pizarro, 1532.

Guatemala, Cent. A. 13-17N. 88-92W. Conquered by Don Pedro de Alvarado, 1524; threw off Spanish yoke and became a republic, 1821.

[Guatemala], city. 14N. 90W. The old city was destroyed by earthquake, 1773; present town lies to the N.E. of the old.

[Guayama], Porto Rico. 18N. 66W. Captured by Americans, 1898.

[Guayaquil], Gulf of, Ecuador. 2-4S. 80-81W. Pizarro sailed into, 1527.

[Guiana] (British, Dutch (Surinam), and French). 3N. 53W. Columbus off coast, 1498; coast captured by Pinzon, 1500; expeditions to by Raleigh, 1595 and 1617. (See [Orinoco].)

Guilford, Long Island Sound, Conn. 41N. 72W. Bp. Fitzgreene Halleck, poet (1790-1867).

Guilford Court House, near Greensboro, N. Carolina. 36N. 79W. Victory of Americans, and end of British dominion in the Carolinas, 1781 (W. of Ind.).

Hadley, Mass. 42N. 72W. Saved from the Indians by Col. Goffe, the fugitive regicide, 1675.

Hagerstown, Maryland. 39N. 77W. Gen. Lee and Confederates in occupation, 1862-4.

[Haiti] (Hayti), island, W. Indies. 19N. 71W. Discovered by Columbus, whose ship was wrecked off, 1492; Cortes lands on, 1504; Hawkins at, trading in negroes, 1562-3; attacked by Drake, 1585; western division guaranteed to France by Treaty of Ryswick, 1697; negro revolts, 1722, 1791; surrender of Spanish possession to France, 1795; revolt of negroes under Toussaint l'Ouverture, 1801; his surrender to French, 1802; negroes again in power under a king or president, 1803-25; France recognises independence of island, 1825; Dominican republic f., 1843; continued disturbances in for some time after. (See [San Domingo].)

Hakluyt's Isle, Baffin's Bay. 77N. 74W. Name given to by Bylot, 1616.

[Halifax], Nova Scotia. 44N. 63W. F. on old village of Chebucto, or Chedabucto, by English, and made capital of Acadia, 1749.

Hampton, Virginia. 36N. 76W. British blockaders driven from, 1775, first encounter in Virginia of the W. of Ind.; entered and pillaged by the English, 1813; fired by order of the Confederate general, 1861 (Civil W.).

Hampton Roads, Virginia. 36N. 76W. Naval encounter between the Confederate vessel 'Merrimac' and the 'Monitor,' the latter remaining victor, 1862; meeting of President Lincoln and the Confederates, Feb. 3, 1865 (Civil W.).

Hanging Rock, Catawba R., S. Carolina. 34N. 45W. Encounter during W. of Ind., 1780.

[Hanover], near Gettysburg, Penn. 39N. 77W. Confederates repulsed, 1863 (Civil W.).

Hanover (or Hanover Court House), Virginia. 37N. 77W. Confederates defeated, 1862 (Civil W.).

Hardin Co., Kentucky. 37N. 85W. Bp. Abraham Lincoln, sixteenth President U.S. (1809, ass. 1865).

Harlem Plains, N.Y. 40N. 74W. Desperate encounter during W. of Ind. in which Washington took part, 1776.

Harmony, near Pittsburg, Penn. F. by the German religious sect formed by the brothers Rapp, 1803; afterwards sold to Robert Owen, 1824.

Harper's Ferry, Virginia. 39N. 77W. U.S. arsenal captured by the heroic John Brown, abolitionist, who the next day was made prisoner, 1859; arsenal, etc., blown up by the U.S. garrison early in the Civil W., and Confederates entered for a while into possession; captured by 'Stonewall' Jackson, 1862 (Civil W.).

[Harrisonburg], Virginia. 58N. 78W. Victory of Confederates under 'Stonewall' Jackson, 1862.

[Hartford], Conn. 41N. 72W. Settled by English emigrants from Massachusetts, 1635; convention for reform of the national constitution, 1814. Bp. Noah Webster, lexicographer (1758-1843); John Fiske, mis. writer (1842-1901).

Harvard University, Cambridge (q.v.). F. 1636; first president, Henry Dunster, 1640-54.

Hatchee, river, Mississippi. 35N. 88W. Defeat of Confederates near Corinth, 1862 (Civil W.).

Hatcher's Run, near Petersburg, Virginia. 37N. 77W. Severe struggle, in which the Federals were repulsed, 1864 (Civil W.).

[Havana], Cuba. 23N. 82W. Formerly Puerto de Carenas, so called by Ocampo, who here careened his vessels, 1508; f. by Velasquez, 1515; taken by buccaneers, 16th century; by English, 1762; restored to Spain, 1763; blockaded by U.S. fleet, 1898. The remains of Columbus were removed to the cathedral from San Domingo, 1795; taken to Seville, 1898.

[Haverhill], Mass. 42N. 71W. Massacre of inhabitants by Indians, led by Hertel de Rouville, 1708. Bp. John Greenleaf Whittier poet (1807-92).

[Havre de Grace], mouth of Susquehanna R., Maryland. 39N. 76W. Attack on by British squadron, 1813.

Hawaii (or Owyhee). 19N. 154W. Discovered by Cook, 1778, who was killed at, the following year; queen deposed and republic organised, 1894; annexed to U.S., 1898; organised as a territory, 1900.

[Helena], Phillips Co., Arkansas. 34N. 90W. Defeat of Confederates, 1863 (Civil W.).

Hispaniola, see [Haiti].

Hobkirk's Hill, near Camden, S. Carolina. 36N. 76W. Americans forced to retreat, 1781 (W. of Ind.).

Hoboken, N. Jersey. 40N. 71W. Massacre of Indians by the Dutch, 1643.

[Holly Springs], Mississippi. 35N. 89W. Captured by Confederates, 1862 (Civil W.).

Honda, Bay of, Cuba. 22N. 83W. Landing place of De Soto, Spanish navigator, on his expedition for the reduction of Florida, 1538.

Honduras, Cent. A. 15N. 86W. Discovered by Columbus, 1502; further discovery by Avila, 1522; colony planted by Spaniards, 1524; Truxillo f., 1525; one of the states of the republic of S.A. after revolt from Spain, and finally an independent republic, 1839.

[Honduras], British. 17N. 88W. Or Belize, name said to be derived from Scotch buccaneer Wallis; settled by English, 1667; visited by Dampier, 1674; conflicts between English and Spanish, 1754, 1779; latter repulsed, 1783.

[Horn] (Hoorn), Cape, S.A. 55S. 67W. Drake off, 1578; so named by Schouten in honour of his bp., 1616.

Huacachula, see [Quauhquechollan].

Huamanga, Peru. F. by Pizarro, 1539; name changed to Ayacucho (q.v.) since battle fought near.

Huarina, Lake Titicaca. 15S. 69W. Fierce battle, and victory of Gonzalo Pizarro over Inca's forces lead by Centeno, 1547.

[Hudson's Bay]. 60N. 85W. Discovered by the Dane Anskold; reached possibly by Cabot, 1498; named after the discoverer Hudson, who was here cast adrift and left to perish, 1610; H.B. Company incorporated, 1670.

[Hudson River], U.S. 41N. 73W. Verazzani on, 1524; named after the explorer Hudson, 1609; trial of first steamship in America by Robert Fulton, 1807.

Huntingdon, Long Island, N.Y., 40N. 73W. Bp. Walt Whitman, poet (1819-92).

[Huron], Lake, N.A. 44N. 82W. Discovered by Champlain, 1615.

[Icy Cape], N.A., 70N. 162W. Discovered by Cook, 1778.

[Idaho], state. 44N. 114W. Territory created from portion of Oregon territory, 1863; the territories of Montana and Wyoming were cut off from, 1864, 1868; admitted to Union, 1890.

[Illinois], U.S. 40N. 89W. First explored by Joliet and Marquette, 1673; French settlement at Kaskaskia, 1720; passed under English jurisdiction, 1763; separated, 1775; admitted to Union, 1818.

[Illinois River], U.S. 40N. 80W. Joliet and Marquette on, 1673; explored by La Salle, 1682.

[Indiana], U.S. 40N. 86W. Early colonised by French; missionary station at Vincennes, 1730; under English jurisdiction, 1763 till W. of Ind.; organised as a territory, 1800; war with Indians, who were finally crushed by victory of Tippecanoe, 1811; admitted to Union, 1816.

[Iowa], U.S. 42N. 93W. First European colony settled by Du Buque, 1788; Burlington settled by English, 1833; originally part of Louisiana, and after having in turns belonged to other territories it was organised as a separate one, 1838; admitted to Union, 1846.

Irwinville, Georgia. 31N. 83W. Jefferson Davis, president of Confederate States, taken prisoner, 1865.

Isabella, Haiti. 19N. 71W. F. by Columbus, first European settlement in the New World, 1493.

Island Number Ten, near New Madrid, Mississippi R. 35N. 89W. Bombarded and surrendered by Confederates, 1862 (Civil War.).

[Ithaca], N.Y. 42N. 76W. Cornell University organised, 1865.

Ituzaingo, S.A. Brazilians defeated by Argentinians, 1827. (See Crichfield, op. cit.)

Itzolan, near Cholula, Mexico. Stormed and taken by Cortés, 1520.

Iztapalapan, Mexico. 23N. 99W. Sack of by Cortés, 1521.

[Jackson], Mississippi. 32N. 90W. Entered by Grant after defeat of Confederates near, 1863.

[Jamaica], W. Indies. 18N. 77W. Discovered by Columbus, 1494; Spaniards settle on, 1509; taken by the English sent by Cromwell, 1655; English confirmed in possession by Treaty of Madrid, 1655; negroes in power over part of island, 1730-37; Maroon revolts, 1795, 1831; emancipation of slaves, 1834; disturbances under Gen. Eyre, 1865. Jamaica was a headquarters of buccaneers in 17th century.

[James River] (Powhatan), Virginia. 37N. 78W. Explored by John Smith, 1607.

Jamestown, Virginia. 37N. 76W. Colony settled by expedition under Newport, John Smith, and others, 1607; the first permanent English settlement in N.A.; Pocahontas, the saviour of John Smith, married at to John Rolfe, 1613; entered and burnt by Bacon, who died here shortly after, 1676; cap. of Virginia till 1698.

Jan Mayen, island, Arctic Ocean. 71N. 8W. Discovered by Dutch explorer of this name, 1611.

[Jersey City], see [Paulus Hook].

Jimaguayú, Cuba. Battle (Cuban insurrection), 1873.

Jordan River, Florida. Huguenot colony settled on by Ribault, who gave the harbour the name of Port Royal, 1562. (See [Port Royal].)

Juan Fernandez, island, Chili. 33S. 79W. Here Alexander Selkirk, the prototype of Robinson Crusoe, was marooned, 1704, and lived for over four years.

Juncal, Brazil. Brazilian fleet defeated by Argentines under Admiral Brown, 1827.

Juncal, Playon del, near Barcelona, 10N. 64W. Defeat of Royalists under Morales by Piar, 1816 (S. A. W. Ind.).

Kamchatka, 55N. 158E. Coast explored by Bering, 1728.

[Kansas], U.S. 38N. 98W. Explored by Spaniards, 1541; became property of U.S. as part of the Louisiana purchase from France, 1803; organised as a territory, 1854; admitted to the Union, 1861.

Kaskaskia, Illinois. 38N. 89W. Captured by Americans under Clarke, 1778 (W. of Ind.).

Kelly's Ford, see [Rappahannock].

Kenesaw Mountain, Georgia, 33N. 84W. Confederates, after repulsing the enemy under Sherman, were finally forced to retreat, 1864 (Civil W.).

Kennett Square, Chester Co., Penn. 40N. 76W. Bp. Bayard Taylor, A. (translator of 'Faust') (1825-78).

[Kentucky], U.S. 36N. 82W. Christopher Gist in the Blue Grass region exploring for Ohio Company, 1750-2; explored by Col. Smith, 1766; by John Finley, 1767; by Daniel Boone, 1769; and James Knox, 1770; earliest settlements in: Harrodsburg, 1774; and Boonesboro, 1775; sc. sanguinary conflicts between native tribes, and between whites and natives; admitted to Union, 1792; sc. warfare during Civil W.; parties in divided.

King's Ferry, Hudson River. 41N. 73W. Surrendered to Clinton, 1779 (W. of Ind.).

King's Mountain, between N. and S. Carolina. 35N. 81W. British defeated, 1780 (W. of Ind.).

[Kingston], Canada. 44N. 76W. Fort built by Frontenac, 1673.

Kingston, N.Y. 41N. 74W. Burnt by Clinton, 1777 (W. of Ind.).

Kingston, Jamaica. 18N. 76W. F., 1693, after destruction of Port Royal by earthquake; earthquake at, 1907.

Kirtland, Ohio. 41N. 81W. Formerly occupied by the Mormons.

[Knoxville], Tennessee. 35N. 83W. Federals besieged, and relieved by Sherman, Nov.-Dec., 1863 (Civil W.).

[Labrador], Canada. 55N. 62W. Norsemen in, 10th-11th centuries; the Cabots off coast during voyages, 1497, 1498-9; the Cortereals off, 1500 and 1501; south coast explored by Cartier, 1534; voyage of Frobisher to, 1576.

Laguna, Santa Caterina, Brazil. 28S. 51W. Garibaldi helps in capture of, 1839; native town of Anita Riberas, G.'s wife.

La Navidad, Haiti. Fort built by Columbus, 1493, first Spanish settlement in the New World.

[Lancaster], Ohio. 39N. 82W. Bp. W. T. Sherman, general (1820-91).

Lancaster, Mass. 42N. 71W. Hideous assault on by Indians, 1676 (account of by Mary Rowlandson, a survivor).

[Lancaster Sound]. 74N. 80W. So named by Baffin, 1616.

Lapland. 68N. 25E. Sir Hugh Willoughby and his crew starved to death, 1554.

La Puerto, Venezuela. Bolivar's army almost completely destroyed by the Royalist forces under Boves, 1814 (S. A. W. Ind.).

Las Guasimas, Cuba. Repulse of Americans, campaign of Santiago (Spanish-American W.), 1898.

Las Piedras, Uruguay. Spaniards severely defeated by Gen. Artigas and the Uruguayan [Guachos], 1811.

Las Salinas, near Cuzco. 13S. 72W. Almagro's forces defeated by Hernano Pizarro, 1538. (See Prescott, 'Peru,' op. cit.)

Leesburg Heights, see [Ball's Buff].

[Leon], Nicaragua. 12N. 86W. F. by Cordova, 1523.

Lexington, Mass. 42N. 71W. Battle of, first encounter between British and Americans (W. of Ind.), 1775. Bp. Theodore Parker, scholar and transcendentalist (1810-60).

[Lima], cap. of Peru. 12S. 77W. F. by Pizarro as Ciudad de los Reyes, 1535; Pizarro assassinated by followers of Almagro, 1541; Vaca de Castro in command of, 1542; Blasco Nuñez, viceroy, deposed, 1544; Gonzalo Pizarro proclaimed Governor of Peru, 1544; enters town after battle of Añaquito, 1546; is forced to abandon it, 1547 (see Prescott, op. cit.); evacuated by Spaniards, 1821 (S. A. W. Ind.); taken by Chilians, who destroyed Public Library, 1881; sc. three days' hideous massacre during civil conflict, March 1895. (See '[Peru].')

Litchfield, Conn. 41N. 73W. Bp. Ethan Allan, a leader of the 'Green Mountain Boys' (1737-89); J. Pierpont, poet (1785-1866); H. Ward Beecher (1813-87); Mrs. Beecher Stowe (1812-96).

Little Rock, Arkansas. 34N. 92W. Surrendered by Confederates, 1863 (Civil W.).

[Long Island], N.Y. 40N. 73W. Defeat of Americans by British under Howe, 1776 (W. of Ind.).

Longwoods, Thames R., Upper Canada. English defeated by Americans, 1814.

Look-out Mountain, near Chattanooga, Tennessee. 35N. 85W. Confederate position stormed, 1863. (See [Chattanooga].)

[Louisburg], Cape Breton, Nova Scotia. 45N. 60W. Fortress built by French, 1713; taken by Sir W. Pepperell, 1745; restored to France by Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1748; surrendered after seven weeks' siege to British under Amherst and Wolfe, 1758; ceded to England by Treaty of Paris, 1763.

[Louisiana], U.S. 31N. 92W. Taken possession of in name of Louis XIV. by La Salle, 1682; later French colonists were Iberville (who built Fort Biloxi, 1699) and Crozat; concession to English financier Law for Mississippi Company, 1717; became a Crown colony, 1733; ceded to Spain, 1762; passed back to French by secret treaty, 1800; bought by U.S., 1803; admitted to Union, 1812; seceded, 1861; readmitted, 1868.

Lucayos, see [Bahamas].

Lundy's Lane, near Drummondville, Ontario. 45N. 72W. British driven from the field and their battery seized; they returned next morning and took possession of lost battery; both sides claim victory, 1814 (also known as battle of Bridgewater, and Niagara Falls).

Macaco, Lake, Florida. Seminole Indians defeated by Col. Taylor, 1837.

[Magellan], Straits of, S.A., 52S. 69W. Named after Magalhaes, the Portuguese discoverer, 1520, who called it the Strait of the Eleven Thousand Virgins; Drake sailed through, 1578.

Maguaga, near Detroit. 42N. 83W. British and Indian allies defeated by Americans, 1814.

[Macon], Georgia. 32N. 83W. Bp. Sidney Lanier, poet (1842-81).

McDowell, near Staunton, Virginia. 38N. 79W. Victory of Confederates under 'Stonewall' Jackson, 1862 (Civil W.).

[Maine], U.S. 45N. 69W. Cabot possibly off, 1498; northern limit of Verazzano's exploration of American coast, 1524; coast explored by Gosnold, 1602; by Martin Prynne, 1603; French colonists in, 1604-5; George Weymouth in, 1605; unsuccessful expedition to by Plymouth Company, 1607; coast explored by Capt. Smith, 1613; Bristol f., 1625; charter of territory in granted by Charles I. to Sir F. Gorges, and province named Maine in honour of queen; purchased by Massachusetts, 1677; suffered greatly from incursions of Indians, and during war of 1812; admitted to Union, 1820. Bp. Charles Farrar Brown (Artemus Ward) (1778-1820).

Maipu (Maipo) or Maypo, river, Chili. 33S. 71W. Victory on by San Martin over Spaniards securing Chilian independence, 1818 (S. A. W. Ind.).

[Maldonado], Uruguay. 34S. 54W. Captured by British, 1806. (See Darwin, 'Voyage of the Beagle.')

Manassas (or Manassas Junction), see [Bull Run].

[Manhattan] Island, N.Y. 40N. 72W. Verazzani on, 1524; explored by Hudson, 1609; early Dutch trading station on; purchased by Dutch from Indians, 1626. (See [New Amsterdam].)

[Manitoba], Canada. 57N. 98W. Early French and English traders in; purchased from Hudson's Bay Company and colony f. by Earl of Selkirk, 1812; repurchased by Hudson's Bay Company, 1836; became property of Imperial government, 1869; organised as a territory, 1870, when the N.-W. Provinces became part of Canada.

[Maracaibo], town, Venezuela, 10N. 71W. Sacked by Morgan and his buccaneers, 1669; naval engagement, defeat of Spaniards and evacuation of town by Morales, 1823 (S. A. W. Ind.).

Maracaibo, Lake of, Venezuela, 10N. 71W. Discovered by Ojeda, 1499.

[Margarita], island, Caribbean Sea. 11N. 64W. Sighted by Columbus, 1498; Ojeda and Vespucci on, 1499.

[Marietta], Ohio. 39N. 81W. F. and named after Marie Antoinette by Putnam and emigrants from New England, 1788; oldest town in Ohio.

[Mariposa], Yosemite Valley. 37N. 119W. Famous for its mammoth trees (Sequoia gigantea); the age of one now no longer standing was reckoned at 3400 years.

[Martinique], Lesser Antilles, W. Indies. 14N. 61W. These islands were discovered by Columbus, 1493, and he was at Martinique, 1502; French refugees in, 1625; settled by French, 1635; Admiral Ruyter at Fort-de-France (Fort Royal) about 1675; ravaged by English, 1693; surrendered to Rodney, 1762; restored to France by Treaty of Paris, 1763; thrice retaken and restored finally in 1816; revolt of slaves, 1831; slaves enfranchised, 1833; destructive eruptions of Mont Pelée, May and August 1902. Bp. Joséphine Tascher de la Pagerie, first wife of Napoleon I. (1763-1814).

Martin's Ferry, Ohio. 40N. 80W. Bp. W. Dean Howells, A. (1837).

[Maryland], U.S. 39N. 76W. One of the original 13 states of the Union; first colonised by Virginians, 1631; grant to Lord Baltimore, 1632 and English colony settled, 1634; alternate property of Baltimores and Crown till 1774; constituted a state, 1776.

[Massachusetts], U.S. 42N. 73W. One of the 13 original states of the Union. The land along the coast of Massachusetts Bay is identified as the Vinland of the old Norse saga of 'Eric the Red,' 10th-11th centuries; Cabot off coast, 1498; Verazzani, 1524; first recorded English expedition to under Gosnold, 1602; [bay] explored by Champlain, 1604; by John Smith, 1614; first colony planted by Puritans from the 'Mayflower', 1620; the colony of Massachusetts Bay was settled with Endicott as governor, 1628; Winthrop elected governor, 1630; first code of laws drawn up by John Cotton; New Plymouth incorporated with, 1692; religious revival in under Cotton Mather and Jonathan Edwards, 1727.

[Matamoras], Mexico. 25N. 97W. Mexicans defeated by Americans, 1846 (Mex. W.).

[Matto Grosso], prov., Brazil. 13S. 56W. Southern part captured by Lopez (Brazil-Paraguayan W.), 1865.

Mechanicsville, Chickahominy, Virginia. 37N. 77W. Sanguinary engagement between McClellan and Lee, and defeat of Confederates, 1862 (Civil W.) (battle also known as that of Ellison's Mill).

Mecklenburg Co., N. Carolina. 35N. 80W. Declaration of independence, 1775.

Medfield, Mass. 42N. 71W. Bp. Hannah Adams ('View of Religious Opinions,' etc.), first woman in America to make literature a profession (1755-1832).

[Melville Island], Polar Sea. 75N. 110W. Here Parry wintered, 1819-20.

[Melville Sound]. 73N. 110W. Reached by Parry, 1819.

[Mendoza], Argentine Republic. 32S. 68W. Destroyed by terrible earthquake, 1861.

[Merida de Yucatan], Mexico. 20N. 89W. F. by Spaniards, 1542.

[Mexico], state, N.A. 24N. 102W. Legend of Buddhist mission to in 5th century; coasted by Cordova, 1517; coast explored by Grijalva, 1518; landing of Cortés for conquest, 1519; further exploration of coast by De Avila, 1522; Antonio de Mendoza first viceroy of Mexico, 1535; revolt under Hidalgo, 1810; under Morelos, 1811-15; Royalist commander Iturbide joins forces with revolutionary chief Guerrero, and 'Plan of Iguala' promulgated, 1821; Iturbide declared emperor, 1822; forced to abdicate, 1823, and shot, 1824; constitution under a president established, 1824; civil dissensions and Santa Ana made dictator, 1835; continuation of civil war, and war with U.S., 1847; Upper California and New Mexico ceded to U.S., 1848; continued civil dissensions, and standard of revolt raised by Juarez, 1858; forces of England, Spain, and France occupy Vera Cruz, 1861; French take possession of Mexico city and crown accepted by Archduke Maximilian, 1863; Maximilian captured and shot by Juarez, 1867; further revolutions, and Diaz made president, 1877. (See also [Yucatan].) The country is rich in fine ruins dating from an earlier and later (Aztec) period.

[Mexico], city. 25N. 99W. F. by the Aztecs (Tenoch-titlan), 1325; entry of Cortés and his army, and magnificent reception by Montezuma, 1519; Montezuma made prisoner, 1519; murder of the Aztec nobles by Alvarado during absence of Cortés, 1520; rise of natives, death of Montezuma, retreat of Spaniards amid fearful slaughter, 1520; siege of and destruction of city by Cortés, 1521; city rebuilt by Cortés; burial-place and monument of conqueror since 1629; entry of American troops, 1847; Maximilian crowned emperor, 1864. (See [Mexico, state].)

Mexico, Gulf of, N.A. 25N. 90W. Explored by Pineda, 1519.

[Michigan], U.S. 44N. 85W. French in, 1610; mission established by Marquette, 1668; Detroit f., 1701; passed into English possession, 1763; suffered during the Pontiac conspiracy; evacuated by English, 1796; admitted to the Union, 1837. (See [Detroit].)

Michigan, Lake, U.S. 43N. 87W. Explored by Jean Nicolet, who reached Green Bay, 1639; Joliet and Marquette on, 1673.

Michillimackinac, Michigan. Slaughter of garrison by Indians, 1763. (See Parkman, 'Pontiac.')

Milan, Ohio. 41N. 82W. Bp. Thomas A. Edison, electrician (1847).

Millsprings, Kentucky. 37N. 84W. Confederates repulsed, 1862 (Civil W.).

Minisink, N.Y. 41N. 74W. Attack on and massacre by Mohawk Indians under Joseph Brant, and defeat of volunteer force in pursuit of, 1779 (monument at Goshen).

[Minnesota], U.S. 46N. 94W. French explorers in, 1659; St. Paul f. by Americans, 1846; organised as a territory, 1849; admitted to Union, 1858; war with Sioux Indians under Little Crow, 1862-3.

Miraflores, Peru. 12N. 77W. Peruvians defeated by Chilians, 1881.

Missionary Ridge, see [Chattanooga].

[Mississippi], U.S. 32N. 89W. De Soto in, 1540; La Salle, 1682; the latter took formal possession of the country in name of Louis XIV.; French settlements at Biloxi and Natchez, 1712, 1716; created a territory, 1798; admitted to Union, 1817; seceded, 1861; readmitted to Union, 1870.

[Mississippi River]. 33N. 91W. Estuary of discovered by Pineda, who named it Espiritu Santo, 1519; crossed by Cabeza de Vaca during his years of wandering, which ended 1536; by De Soto, 1541, who died on its banks; partly explored by Joliet and Marquette, 1673; by Hennepin, 1680; La Salle, who named the river Colbert, descended it to the Gulf of Mexico, 1682; further explored by Le Sueur, 1700.

Missouri, U.S. 38N. 92W. Formerly part of Upper Louisiana; Fort Orleans f., 1719; St. Genevieve f., 1755; St. Louis, 1764; sold to U.S., 1803; 'Missouri Compromise' concerning slave holders, 1820; admitted to Union, 1821; divided in allegiance during Civil W.; World's Fair at St. Louis, 1904.

[Missouri River], U.S. 40N. 95W. Explored by Du Tisné, 1719; by Lewis and Clarke, 1804-6.

[Mitla], Mexico. 16N. 96W. Ruins of ancient tombs and other remains.

[Mobile], cap. of county, Alabama, U.S. 30N. 88W. F. by French, 1702; ceded to English by Treaty of Paris, 1763; taken by Spain, 1780; evacuated by Spaniards and entered by Wilkinson and U.S. troops, 1813; besieged, and evacuated by Confederates, 1865 (Civil W.).

Mobile Bay, U.S. 30N. 87W. Explored by Iberville, 1700; Confederate fleet defeated, 1864 (Civil W.).

Monhegan (Manheigin) Island, Maine. 43N. 69W. Discovered by Capt. Weymouth, 1605.

Monk's Corner, Charleston. American cavalry surprised, 1780. (See [Charleston].)

Monmouth (Court House), N. Jersey. 40N. 74W. Victory of Americans under Washington, 1778 (W. of Ind.).

Monocacy, river, Maryland. 39N. 77W. Confederates held in check for some hours by small force of Federals, which was finally defeated, 1864 (Civil W.).

[Monongahela], river, branch of Ohio. 40N. 79W. Terrible defeat of Braddock by French and their Indian allies, 1755, in which encounter Washington took part as a boy. (See Parkman, 'Pontiac.')

Monroe's Creek, Virginia. Bp. James Monroe, President of U.S. (1758-1831).

[Montana], U.S. 47N. 110W. Organised as separate territory, 1864; admitted to Union, 1889.

Monte Caseros, Uruguay. Overthrow of Rosas, 1851. (See [Uruguay]).

[Monterey], Upper California. 36N. 121W. First town f. by Spaniards, 1770; destroyed by French buccaneers; capital of California till 1847, when the country was annexed by U.S.

Monterey, Mexico. 25N. 100W. Taken by U.S. forces after three days' assault, 1846.

[Monte Video], Uruguay. 34S. 56W. Hill so named by Magelhaes when off coast, 1520; town f., 1726; taken by English but shortly after evacuated, 1807; revolt under Artigas against Spanish viceroy, 1811; siege of by Artigas, 1811-14; Spanish fleet destroyed and surrender of fortress to anti-Royalists, 1814; Portuguese take possession of, 1817; expelled, 1822; sanguinary war with Buenos Ayres (1843-52), when Garibaldi and his Italian legion gave help to the Montevideans, and during which the town was blockaded for several years; besieged by Flores with his Brazilian and allied forces, 1864; Flores enters and proclaims himself president, 1865; revolutionaries prepare to attack and forced to retire, 1870; in hands of revolutionaries, 1875; mutiny of garrison, 1899. (See [Uruguay].)

[Montmorenci], river, Quebec. 46N. 71W. Heights of assaulted by English under Wolfe, 1759.

[Montreal] (on site of Indian village of Hochelaga). 45N. 73W. Discovered by Cartier, 1535; Pontgravé and Champlain at, 1603; f. by French settlers in 1642; massacre by Indians, 1689; taken in turns by English and Americans, and again by England, 1760, 1775, 1776.

[Montserrat], island, W. Indies. 16N. 62W. Discovered by Columbus, 1493; colonised by English, 1632; twice taken by French, and twice restored to England, by Treaty of Breda, 1667, and by Treaty of Versailles, 1783.

Moore's Creek Bridge, Virginia. 37N. 77W. Loyalist Scotch defeated, 1776 (W. of Ind.).

Moron, Argentine Republic. 34S. 58W. Rosas defeated, 1851.

Morristown, N. Jersey. 40N. 74W. Washington's headquarters, 1777-8 and 1779-80 (W. of Ind.).

Motupe, Peru. 5S. 80W. Pizarro at, 1532.

[Mountain Meadow], Utah. 40N. 35W. Massacre of immigrants by Mormons and Indians, 1857.

[Mount Auburn], near Boston, Mass. 42N. 71W. Graves of J. L. R. Agassiz, the great naturalist (1807-73), of Longfellow, Lowell, Prescott, Motley, Holmes, and many other eminent men.

Mount Hamilton, near San Francisco. Lick Observatory at.

Mount Vernon, Fairfax Co., Virginia. 38N. 77W. Home and grave of Washington.

Mumfordsville, Kentucky. 38N. 85W. Taken by Confederates, 1862 (Civil W.).

[Murfreesboro], Tennessee. 35N. 86W. Fierce battle, Dec. 31-Jan. 2, 1862-3, in which success was at first to Confederates, who were finally forced to retreat (also known as battle of Stone River) (Civil W.).

[Napo], river, Peru. 2S. 74W. Gonzalo Pizarro and his famished companions follow its course to where it joins the Amazon, during his expedition, 1540-2.

[Nashville], Tennessee., 36N. 86W. Surrendered to Federals, 1862; Confederates defeated, 1864. (See [Battle of Franklin].)

[Nassau] (formerly New Providence), Bahamas. 25N. 77W. Destroyed by French and Spaniards, 1703; resettled, 1718; used as a harbour for blockade runners, 1861-5 (Civil W.).

[Natchez], Mississippi. 31N. 91W. F. by Bienville, 1716; garrison murdered by Indians, 1729; taken by Capt. Willing of Philadelphia, 1778 (W. of Ind.). The town is named after the Indian tribe immortalised by Chateaubriand.

Nauvoo, Illinois. 40N. 91W. F. by the Mormons, 1840, who some years later were expelled.

[Nebraska], U.S. 42N. 100W. Reached by the expedition sent by the viceroy Mendoza from Mexico under Coronado, 1540; organised as a territory, 1854; admitted to Union, 1867.

[Nevada], U.S. 39N. 117W. Ceded to U.S. by Mexico, 1848; created a territory, 1861; admitted to Union, 1864.

[Nevis], island, Lesser Antilles. 17N. 62W. Discovered by Columbus, who christened it Nieves; colonised by English, 1628; taken by French and restored to English by Treaty of Versailles, 1783. Bp. Alex. Hamilton, statesman (1757-1804).

[New Amsterdam] (see [Manhattan]). Name given to the Dutch settlement on Manhattan Island by Governor Stuyvesant, 1647; surrendered to English, 1664. (See [New York].)

[Newark], N. Jersey. 40N. 74W. F. by Puritans, 1666. Bp. Aaron Burr, Vice-President of the U.S. (1756-1836).

Newark, Ohio. 40N. 82W. Fine remains of prehistoric mound builders.

[Newbern] (New Berne), Neuse R., N. Carolina. 35N. 77W. Confederates defeated, 1862 (Civil W.).

[New Brunswick], Canada. 47N. 67W. Discovered by Cartier, 1534; colonised by French in 17th century; ceded to England by Treaty of Utrecht, 1713; became part of Canada, 1867.

[Newburyport], Mass. 42N. 70W. Bp. W. Lloyd Garrison, poet, orator, and abolitionist (1805-79), and grave of George Whitefield.

New England, U.S. 44N. 71W. Norse settlement in, end 10th century (see the Vinland of old saga 'Eric the Red'); Sir H. Gilbert off coast, 1583; Gosnold, 1602; later exploring expeditions under Pring, 1603. George Weymouth, 1605; grant of to Plymouth Company, 1606; expedition of John Smith, 1614, to whom the name is due; landing of Pilgrim Fathers, 1620 (see [New Plymouth]); George Fox in, 1665; Indian war, 1674-6; war with New France, 1690; spiritual revival under Whitefield, 1740. (See [Maine], [Massachusetts].)

[Newfoundland], N.A. 48N. 56W. Discovered by Norsemen end 10th century (see the Helluland of old saga of 'Eric the Red'); coasted by Cabots, 1497, 1498-9; the Cortereals off, 1500, 1501; coast explored by Cartier, 1534; Sir H. Gilbert took possession of in name of Elizabeth, 1583; he and his vessel, the 'Squirrel,' were lost off the same year; colony settled by Lord Baltimore, 1623; Lord Falkland, 1633; Sir D. Kirk, 1754; finally ceded to England by Treaty of Utrecht, 1713.

New Granada, S.A. 4S. 69W. Discovered by Ojeda, 1499; colony settled in by Spaniards, 1510; threw off Spanish yoke, 1811; became part of the state of Colombia, 1819; became an independent republic, 1833; united with other states which became the United States of Colombia, 1861; known as the Republic of C. since 1886.

[New Hampshire], U.S. 42N. 70W. One of the 13 original states of the Union; coast probably discovered by Martin Pring, 1604; explored by John Smith, 1614; known as Laconia to early settlers; settlement at Little Harbour, 1623; first permanent English colony planted, 1629; joined the Massachusetts colony, 1641-79, when it became again independent; organised as a state, 1776.

New Haven, Conn. 41N. 72W. Colonised by English under Eaton, Davenport, and others, 1638; annexed to Connecticut, 1662; Yale College f. at Saybrook, 1701, removed to New Haven, 1717; plundered by English, 1779 (W. of Ind.).

[New Jersey], U.S. 40N. 74W. One of the 13 original states; so named in honour of its first governor, who had been governor of Isle of Jersey; Hudson off coast, 17th century; first colonised by Dutch, who settled at Bergen in early 17th century; later English colonists were driven away by Dutch; New Netherland, of which N.J. was considered a part, became English property, 1664; bought by Penn, 1674.

[New London], Conn. 41N. 72W. Attacked and burnt by Benedict Arnold and the British, 1781 (W. of Ind.); blockaded by Sir T. Hardy, 1813-15.

[New Madrid], Missouri. 36N. 89W. Besieged, and evacuated by Confederates, 1862 (Civil W.).

[New Mexico], U.S. 35N. 105W. Cabeza de Vaca in, with the scattered remains of Narvaez's expedition, about 1537; Coronado in, 1540, followed by other Spanish explorers; country taken from Spaniards by Indians, 1680; recovered by former, 1698; Santa Fé captured by U.S. forces, 1846; ceded to U.S., 1848; organised as a territory, 1850.

[New Netherland] (now New York). So named by Dutch explorers, 1614; Stuyvesant appointed governor, 1645; New Amsterdam surrendered to English, 1664, and name changed to New York; Amsterdam (Fort James) retaken by Dutch, 1673, and Dutch name of colony restored. (See [New York].)

[New Orleans], Louisiana. 30N. 90W. F. by French, 1718; English defeated by Americans, 1815; surrender of town to Federal fleet, 1862. (See [Louisiana].)

[New Plymouth], Mass. 41N. 70W. Landing of Pilgrim Fathers from the 'Mayflower,' Dec. 1620; first English colony planted in America; incorporated with Massachusetts, 1692.

[Newport], Rhode Island. 41N. 71W. Verrazano in harbour, 1524; f. 1638; taken by English, 1776 (W. of Ind.). Bp. William Ellery Channing (1780-1842).

New[ Providence], Bahamas. 25N. 77W. Discovered by Columbus, 1492, who named it Fernandino; colonised by English, 1629; present name given by Sayle, who was wrecked off coast, 1667; buccaneers became masters of in 17th century; taken by Americans, 1776; restored to England, 1783.

New Spain, original name given to Mexico.

[New York], state. 42N. 77W. One of the 13 original states. Verazzani in bay, 1524; Champlain discovers lake which bears his name, 1609; Hudson on river named after him, 1609; region explored by Dutch navigator Block, 1614; early Dutch settlements in (see [New Netherland], [Manhattan]); first governor Cornelius May, 1624; colony received present name, 1664, when taken possession of by English; Dutch in power again, 1673-4; province formally surrendered to English by treaty, and Andros made governor, 1674; independence proclaimed, 1776; Erie Canal opened, 1825.

[New York], city. 40N. 73W. Settled by Dutch as New Amsterdam, 1614; named by them New Orange in 1673; negro plots in, 1712 and 1741; Stamp Act riot, 1765; fighting at Golden Hill, 1770; taken by the English, 1776, and only evacuated by them at close of W. of Ind., 1783; Washington inaugurated as first President of U.S., 1789 (see [Manhattan], [New Amsterdam]). Columbia University f. 1754. Bp. Philip Freneau, poet (from whom Campbell stole a line) (1752-1832); John Howard Payne, A. of 'Home, Sweet Home' (1792-1852); Washington Irving (1783-1859); Rodman Drake, poet (1795-1820); C. Fenno Hoffmann, poet (1806-84); W. James, psychologist (1842-1910); Henry James, novelist (1843).

[Niagara], river. 43N. 79W. Falls discovered by French missionary, Hennepin, 1678. (See [Fort Niagara].)

[Nicaragua], Cent. A. 12N. 85W. Columbus off coast, 1502; Espinosa in, 1519; J. de Avila, 1522; towns of Granada and Leon f. by Cordova, 1523; part of the Confederation of Cent. America, 1824-38, when it was declared an independent republic; in 1856 the filibuster Walker had himself elected president, but had to surrender the following year; political disturbances since; war with Honduras, 1907.

Nine Partners, Duchess Co., N.Y. 41N. 73W. Bp. J. K. Paulding, A. (1779-1860).

[Nipissing], Lake, Canada. 46N. 70W. Champlain at, 1615; Jean Nicolet at during expedition, 1634-9.

Nombre de Dios, Panama. 9N. 78W. Pizarro embarks at, 1528; Blasco Nuñez arrives at, 1544; Drake off, 1572; seized by Drake, 1595.

[Nootka Sound], Vancouver's Island. 49N. 126W. Discovered by Cook, 1778.

[Norfolk], Virginia. 36N. 76W. Burnt by the English, 1776 (W. of Ind.).

[Northampton], Mass. 42N. 72W. Jonathan Edwards preacher at, 1727-50; bp. Timothy Dwight, writer of patriotic verse (1752-1817).

Northampton, N. Jersey. 39N. 74W. Bp. John Woolman, Quaker preacher (1720-72). (See 'A Quakers' Meeting' in 'Essays of Elia.')

[North Point], Baltimore. 39N. 76W. Landing of British forces, 1814. (See [Fort McHenry].)

[Norwich], Conn. 41N. 72W. Bp. Benedict Arnold (1741-1801); Mrs. Sigourney, poet and prose writer (1791-1865).

[Nova Scotia]. 45N. 64W. Discovered by Norsemen, end 10th century (see the Markland of old saga of 'Eric the Red'); the Cabots off, 1497, 1498-9; Verazzani off, 1524; coast explored by Champlain, 1604; name of Acadia changed to present one by Scotch, to whom grant was given by James I., 1622; colony restored to France by Treaty of Breda, 1667; English conquest of, 1708; finally ceded to England by Treaty of Utrecht, 1713; expatriation of French. (See [Grand Pré].)

Nova Zembla. 71N. 55E. Discovered by Sir Hugh Willoughby, 1553; voyage to by Stephen Burroughs, 1556; by the Dutch under Barentz, 1594-6.

[Ocosingo], Chiapas, Mexico. 16N. 91W. Famous ruins at, relics of ancient tribes.

Ocotepeque, Salvador, Cent. A. Troops of Carrera defeated by those of San Salvador, 1863.

[Ogdensburg], N.Y. 44N. 75W. English repulsed by Brown, 1812; entered and plundered by English, 1813.

[Ohio], U.S. 38N. 80W. Explored by La Salle about 1680; valley taken possession of for French by de Bienville, 1749; explored by Christopher Gist for Ohio Company, 1750-2; English settlements in destroyed by French, 1752; cause of war between the two countries, 1755; ceded to England, 1763, and Marietta settled, 1788; lost to her by W. of Ind.; admitted to Union, 1802.

[Ohio], river. Discovered by La Salle, 1669; explored by Christopher Gist, 1750-1.

[Oklahoma] ('beautiful land'). 35N. 96W. Entered the Union (with Indian territory) as a state, 1906.

Onoto, Venezuela. 9N. 65W. Paez defeated by Royalists, 1818 (S. A. W. Ind.).

[Oregon], U.S. 42N. 116W. Ferreto in, 1543; Drake off, 1579; Cook landed at Nootka Sound, to which he gave its name, 1778; mouth of Columbia R. discovered by Spaniards, 1775; named by Gray, 1792; coast explored by Vancouver, 1793; explorations in under Lewis and Clarke, 1804-6; boundary dispute between Great Britain and America settled, 1846; organised as a territory, 1848; admitted to Union, 1859. (See [Astoria].)

[Orinoco], river, S.A. 8N. 60W. Columbus at mouth of, 1498; Raleigh rowed partly up in search of the gold mines of Manoa, 1595; Kemys sent up by Raleigh, 1617, during the latter's last expedition; Kemys attacked San Tomas and Raleigh's son was killed.

Oriskany, near Utica, N.Y. 43N. 75W. Victory of Patriots over Mohawks and Tories, 1777 (W. of Ind.).

[Orleans], Island of, Canada. 46N. 70-71W. Discovered by Cartier, who called it the Island of Bacchus on account of the number of its vines, 1535.

Osawatomie, Kansas. 38N. 96W. Fight between John Brown, the abolitionist, and his opponents, 1856.

[Oswego], N.Y. 43N. 76W. English establish post at, 1725; forts captured by Montcalm, 1756; surrendered and in English possession till 1795; taken by English, 1814.

[Ottawa], Canada. 45N. 75W. Made capital of Dominion, 1858; originally named Bytown after Col. By, its founder; first parliament opened, 1866.

[Ottawa], river, Ontario and Quebec. Explored by Champlain, 1612 and 1615; by Jean Nicolet, 1634.

Otumba, Mexico. 19N. 99W. Victory of Cortés over Mexican Indians, 1520.

Pachacamac, Peru. 12S. 77W. Famous under the Incas for its great temple and shrine whence oracles were delivered; image destroyed by Hernando Pizarro, who arrived at, 1533. (See Prescott, 'Peru,' op. cit.)

Pacific, The. First seen by a European when Nuñez de Balboa sighted it from the Isthmus of Darien, 1513; name given by Magalhaes, who sailed into its waters, 1520; first English boat launched on by John Oxenham (d. 1575); Drake sailed across after entering by Magellan, 1577; among the many explorers of the 18th century were Cook, 1778, and Vancouver, 1791. (See Irving, 'Companions of Columbus.')

Paita (Payta), Peru. 5S. 80W. Reached by Pizarro, 1527; sacked and burnt by the filibuster Anson, 1741; burnt by Lord Cochrane, 1820.

Palenque, Chiapas, Mexico. 17N. 91W. Famous prehistoric ruins at.

Palmyra, N.Y. 43N. 77W. Mormon sect at f. by Joseph Smith, 1827.

Palo Alto, Texas. 26N. 97W. Defeat of Mexicans by Americans, 1846.

Paltos, Desert of, north of Caxas. Crossed by Blasco Nunez pursued by Gonzalo Pizarro, 1545. (See Prescott, 'Peru,' op. cit.)

[Pamlico Sound], U.S. 35N. 76W. Discovered by Amadas and Barlow sent by Raleigh, 1584.

Panama, town. 8N. 79W. First town f. by Avila, 1518; destroyed by buccaneer Morgan, 1670, and rebuilt by H. de Cordova.

[Panama], Isthmus of. 7-9N. 77-82W. Coast first sighted by the Spaniard Bastidas, 1501; coasted by Columbus, who called it Veragua, during his fourth and last voyage, 1502; town on f. by Ojeda, 1510, afterwards destroyed; Nombre de Dios and other towns settled shortly after; Pizarro here on his way to Peru. The idea of cutting a way through the isthmus was propagated as early as the 16th century. First Pacific steamboat passed through canal, 1909. (See under [Darien]).

Panuco, river, mouth of at Tampico, Mexico. 21N. 97W. Pineda attacked by natives near mouth of, 1519; colony settled on by Garay, Governor of Jamaica, 1520; De Soto at mouth of, 1539.

[Paraguay], republic, S.A. 22S. 54W. Discovered by De Solis, 1515; by Cabot, 1526; explored and taken possession of by Mendoza, 1536; Asuncion (q.v.) f. 1536 or 1537; formerly a dependency of Peru; threw off Spanish authority, 1810; defeat of Belgrano, near Asuncion, made Paraguay definitely independent of Buenos Ayres, 1811; Dr. Francia dictator, 1816-40; Antonio Lopez in power, 1841-62; reign of terror under his son till 1870, when latter was captured and killed; constant change of presidents since.

[Paraguay], river, Brazil. 14S. 57W. Cabot on, 1525; explored by Ayolas, who fought successfully with the natives on, 1535-7.

[Parana], river, estuary of, at Rio de la Plata. First ascended by Cabot, 1525; Ayolas on, 1535.

[Paria], Gulf of, S.A. 9N. 60W. Columbus in, 1498; Ojeda in, 1499.

[Patagonia], S.A. 39S. 60W. Discovered by Magalhaes, 1519; R. de Isola the first to traverse the country, 1535; Drake off, 1578; Cook, 1774; many later explorers, among them Darwin (see 'Voyage of the Beagle') and Capt. Mayne, 1866-8.

Patapsco, river, Maryland. 39N. 76W. Explored by John Smith, 1608.

[Paulus Hook] (now Jersey City). 40N. 74W. Captured by Americans, 1779 (W. of Ind.).

Paxton, Penn. 40N. 76W. 'Boys' of massacre Indians at Conestoga and Lancaster, 1763. (See Parkman, 'Pontiac,' op. cit.)

[Paysandu], Uruguay. 32S. 57W. Taken by assault by Brazilians, and subjected to a hideous pillage, and its defender Gomez murdered, 1865.

[Pennsylvania], U.S. 40N. 79W. One of the 13 original states of the Union; early colonies in of Swedes and Finns, 17th century; territory surrendered to English, 1664; granted by letters patent to Penn, 1681.

Penobscot, river, Maine. 44N. 68W. Navigated by George Weymouth, 1605.

Pepperell, Mass. 42N. 71W. Early home of Prescott, the historian.

[Pernambuco], Brazil. 7-9S. 35-44W. Colonised by Portuguese, 16th century; invaded by Dutch, 1630; insurrections in, 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries.

[Peru], S.A. 3-22S. 69-80W. Expedition to, under Andagoya, 1522; Pizarro first reaches, 1526; conquering expedition to landed at Tumbez, 1531. He found the empire divided between the two Incas, Huascar and Atahuallpa; the latter was strangled by Pizarro, 1532; Lima f. by conqueror, 1535; country settled by Gasca, 1548-50; Mendoza viceroy, 1551; Indian insurrection under Pumacagna, 1814; Spanish viceroy's forces heavily defeated at Maypo by San Martin, 1816; entry of San Martin, the Liberator, into Lima, and proclamation of independence, 1821; liberation of country assured by defeat of Spaniards at Ayacucho, 1824; finally evacuated by Spaniards, 1826; civil disturbances continual, and war with Spain, 1864 and 1866; treaty with Bolivia, 1873; and war with Chili, 1879-83; continued revolutions and hideous slaughter in the streets of Lima for three days, March 1895.

[Philadelphia], Penn. 39N. 75W. Early Swedish settlers in, who sold the land to W. Penn, 1682, when city was f.; first continental congress at, 1774; Declaration of Independence proclaimed at, 1776; taken by Lord Howe, 1777; evacuated by English, 1778; proclamation of close of W. of Ind., 1783; capital removed from to Washington, 1800. Bp. C. Brockden Brown (1771-1810); F. Hopkinson, satirist, A. of 'The Battle of the Kegs' (1737-91); Louisa M. Alcott (1832-88); Allibone, A. of the 'Dict. of Literature' (1816-89); Joseph Hopkins, A. of 'Hail Columbia' (1770-1842); Leland (Hans Breitmann) (1824-1903); H. H. Furness, editor of the Variorum Shakespeare (1833); F. R. Stockton (1834-1902); res. Benjamin Franklin, 1723-90, the year of his death.

[Pichincha], near Quito, Ecuador, 0. 78W. Victory of Sucré, Bolivar's lieutenant, 1822 (S. A. W. Ind.).

Pines, Isle of, W. Indies. 24N. 81W. Discovered by Columbus, and named by him Evangelista, 1494.

[Pittsburg], Penn. 40N. 80W. On site of Fort Duquesne (q.v.). Defeat of Braddock by the French and Indians, 1755; taken by English, 1758, who gave it its present name.

[Pittsburg Landing], Tennessee. 35N. 88W. Federals defeated, but Confederates finally forced to retire, April 6 and 7, 1862 (also known as battle of Shiloh).

[Piura], river, Peru. 5S. 80W. Crossed by Pizarro on his way inland, 1532.

[Plata], La, Rio de, S.A. 34S. 36W. Mouth discovered by Pinzon and Solís, 1508; Solís again at, 1515, and killed by natives; Cabot on, 1526, who named it as above, and f. S. Espiritu; Garcia arrived at mouth of the same year (see [Brazil]); Drake off, 1578.

[Plata], La. Silver mines in worked by Gonzalo Pizarro in 15th century; by Carbajal, 16th century; made a viceroyalty, 1778. (See [Argentine Republic].)

[Plattsburg], N.Y. 44N. 73W. British fleet defeated in Cumberland Bay, and English land force repulsed, by Americans, 1814.

Pleasant Grove, near Sabine Cross Roads, Louisiana. 31N. 93W. Confederates repulsed, 1864 (Civil W.).

[Plymouth], Mass. 41N. 70W. First town f. in New England by the Pilgrim Fathers, 1620; bp. W. Bradford, second governor and historian of Plymouth, 1588-1657.

Plymouth, N. Carolina. 36N. 76W. Taken by Confederates, 1864.

Plymouth Harbour (Port St. Louis). 41N. 70W. Champlain in during second expedition to Canada, 1604-7; the 'Mayflower' enters, 1620.

Point Pleasant, Clermont Co., Ohio. 39N. 84W. Bp. Ulysses Simpson Grant, general, and 18th President of U.S. (1822-85).

[Popayan], Colombia. 2N. 76W. F. by Benalcazar, 1537; reached by Blasco Nuñez after his long and painful march pursued by Gonzalo Pizarro, 1545. (See Prescott, 'Peru,' op. cit.)

Pope's Creek, near Bridge Creek, Virginia Bp. George Washington, first President of U.S. (1732-99).

[Popocatepetl] ('smoking mountain'), volcano, Mexico. 18N. 98W. Ascent of by Diego Ordaz and Spaniards in the train of Cortés, 1519.

Port-au-Prince (now Port Republican), Haiti. 18N. 72W. F. by French, 1745; destroyed by earthquake, 1770; revolt of negroes, 1791.

[Portland], Maine. 43N. 70W. Bp. Longfellow (1807-82).

[Porto] (Puerto) Bello, Panama. 9N. 79W. Discovered by Columbus, 1502, who so named it; town f. 1584; sacked by Drake, 1595; the following year he died and was buried off; sacked by filibuster Morgan, 1668; and by English, 1680 and 1702; and by Admiral Vernon (Old Grog), 1739.

Porto Rico, island, W. Indies. 17N. 65W. Discovered by Columbus, 1493; explored by Ponce de Leon, 1508; unsuccessful attack on by Drake and Hawkins, and death of the latter off, 1595; unsuccessful attack on by Abercrombie, 1797; revolt in, 1820; ceded to U.S. 1898.

Port Pheasant, Gulf of Darien. 9N. 77W. So named by Drake.

Port Royal, see [Annapolis].

[Port Royal], Jamaica. 17N. 76W. Successive destruction of the town by earthquake and hurricane caused the commercial capital to be moved to Kingston.

Port Royal Island, S. Carolina. 32N. 80W. Huguenot colony settled on by Ribault, and soon after deserted, 1562; settlement on by Lord Cardross, who a few years afterwards was dislodged by Spaniards, 1686.

Port Royal Sound, S. Carolina. 32N. 80W. Confederate posts taken, 1861 (Civil W.).

[Portsmouth], N. Hampshire. 41N. 70W. Bp. T. B. Aldrich, poet and prose writer (1836-1906).

[Potomac], river, Virginia and Maryland. 38N. 76W. Explored by John Smith, 1608.

[Potosi], Bolivia, S.A. 19S. 65W. Silver mines discovered by an Indian, 1545; exploited by Spaniards in 16th century.

Prairie Grove, Arkansas. 35N. 93W. Confederates forced to retreat, 1862 (Civil W.).

Prince Edward's Island, Gulf of St. Lawrence (formerly Isle de St. Jean). 45N. 62W. Discovered by Cartier, 1534; confirmed to England by Treaty of Paris, 1763; under government of Nova Scotia till made a separate colony, 1768; admitted into the Dominion, 1873.

Princeton, N. Jersey. 40N. 74W. English defeated by Washington, 1777 (W. of Ind.); University f. 1746, at Elisabethtown, and removed to Princeton, 1757.

Princetown Harbour, Cape Cod Bay. 42N. 70W. Here the 'Mayflower' anchored, and the Pilgrim Fathers first set foot on land, 1620.

[Providence], Rhode Island. 41N. 71W. F. by Roger Williams, 1636.

Puerto Cabello, Venezuela, 1S. 44W. Surprised and taken by revolutionaries under Paez, 1823 (S. A. W. Ind.).

Puerto de Piñas. 6N. 76W. Reached by Balboa and Andagoya; doubled by Pizarro, 1524.

Puerto Gordo, W. Indies. 22N. 82W. Columbus at, 1502.

[Puna], Island of, Gulf of Guayaquil, Ecuador. 2S. 80W. Encampment of Pizarro and battle of with natives, during his last expedition to Peru, 1531.

Punta de Pasado. 0. 80W. Southern limit of exploration by Ruiz, Pizarro's pilot, the first European to cross the equinoctial line sailing south on the Pacific.

Punta Quemada. 5N. 77W. So named by Pizarro.

[Quauhquechollan]. 45N. 95W. Mexicans routed by Cortés and native allies, 1520 (See Prescott, op. cit.).

Quaker's Hill, Rhode Island. 41N. 71W. Fierce engagement between Americans and English, 1778 (W. of Ind.).

[Quebec] (Stadacona), Canada. 46N. 71W. Discovered by Cartier, 1535; Champlain at, 1603, and 1608-9, when he f. the town; in English possession, 1629-32; unsuccessful attack on by English under Phipps, 1690; fall of, and death of Wolfe and Montcalm, 1759; ceded to English by Peace of Paris, 1763; American attack under Benedict Arnold and Montgomery repulsed, 1775. (See Parkman, 'Montcalm and Wolfe.')

[Queen Charlotte]'s Islands, British Columbia. 52N. 131W. Discovered by Perez, 1774; Cook off, 1778; so named by Capt. Dixon, 1787, who took possession of them for England; explored further by Vancouver, 1793.

[Queenstown], Ontario. 43N. 79W. Captured by Americans, but recovered by British, who lost their general, Brock, 1812.

[Queretaro], Mexico. 20N. 100W. King Maximilian shot by order of Juarez, 1867.

Quincy, Mass. 42N. 71W. Here Morton settled a plantation and set up his maypole, which Endicott cut down; M. was seized by Capt. Standish and sent to England, 1628. (See [Braintree].)

Quipaypan, Plains of, near Cuzco. 13S. 70W. Defeat of Huascar by Atahuallpa, rival Incas of Peru and Quito, 1532.

[Quito], Ecuador, 0. 78W. Ancient capital of the Incas; taken by the Spaniards under Pizarro, 1534; disastrous expedition into the interior from, by Gonzalo Pizarro, 1540-2; death of Blasco Nuñez, defeated by G. Pizarro, 1546; made capital of Ecuador, 1831.

Quito, presidency. Detached from Peru and added to New Granada, 1718; part of the republic of Colombia, 1819; Flores declares presidency of Quito independent, and names country Ecuador (q.v.), 1830.

Rancheria, Colombia. 11N. 72W. Burnt by Drake, 1595.

[Rappahannock], river, Virginia. 38N. 77W. Federals defeated at Kelly's Ford, 1863. (See also [Chancellorsville], [Fredericksburg], and [Wilderness].)

Raymond, Maine. 43N. 70W. Hawthorne's home as a boy; the diary of his life while there was published in 1897.

Redding, Conn. 41N. 73W. Bp. Joel Barlow, poet (1754-1812).

[Rhode Island]. 41N. 71W. One of the 13 original states. This and the coast between Boston and New York is supposed to be the Vinland of the saga of 'Eric the Red,' who undertook an expedition to these parts at the close of the 10th century. Verazzani in Narragansett Bay, 1524; explored by Dutch navigator Block, 1614; first settlement (Providence) under Roger Williams, 1636; colony settled by W. Coddington, 1638; other settlements, 1643; charter granted to by Charles II., 1663; burning and massacre on during war with Indian king, Philip, 1676; fighting on during W. of Ind. (See Cooper, 'Puritans of America.')

[Richelieu] (Chambly, St. John), river, Quebec. 45N. 73W. Navigated by Champlain, 1609.

[Richmond], Virginia. 37N. 77W. Battles on the banks of the Chickahominy known as the Seven Days of Richmond, June 1862; town besieged, and evacuated by Confederates, 1865 (Civil W.).

Ridgefield, Conn. 41N.73W. Bp. S. G. Goodrich (Peter Parley) (1793-1860).

Riobamba (or Bolivar), Ecuador. 1S. 77W. Indians defeated on plains of by Benalcazar, one of Pizarro's cavaliers, 1534.

[Rio de Janeiro], Brazil. 22S. 43W. Solis in bay of, 1515; Magalhaes, 1519; De Sousa, 1531; Huguenot settlement on under Villegagnon, 1555, which was soon after suppressed by the Portuguese, who f. R. de J., 1567; viceregal residence from 1763; became capital of the independent empire of Brazil, 1822, and of the Republic of the U.S. of Brazil, 1889.

Rio Hacha, Colombia. 11N. 72W. Hawkin trading at in negroes, 1565, 1568; burnt by Drake, 1595.

Rio Negro, Argentine Republic. 40S. 61W. (See Darwin, 'Voyage of Beagle.')

[Roanoke], island, N. Carolina. 35N. 75W. Discovered by expedition under Barlow and Amadas, sent by Raleigh, 1584; colony left on by Grenville under Ralph Lane, 1585; rescued by Drake, 1586; small colony left by Grenville, 1586, which perished; larger band of colonists under John White sent by Raleigh, 1587; captured by Federals, 1862 (Civil W.). Bp. Virginia Dare, first English child born in the New World, 1587.

[Roanoke], river, N.A. 35 and 36N. 76 and 78W. Explored by Christopher Gist, 1750-1.

Rocky Mountains, N.A. Alexander Mackenzie the first European to cross, 1793.

Roslyn, Long Island. 40N. 73W. 'Cedar-Mere,' the home and burial-place of Bryant the poet (1794-1878).

Roxbury, Mass. 42N. 71W. John Eliot, apostle to the Indians, and translator of the Bible into the Indian language, minister at, 1632-46, when he began his missionary labours; here he died, 1690.

Sabine Cross Roads, Louisiana. 31N. 93W. Confederate victory, 1864 (Civil W.).

Sable Island, Nova Scotia. 43N. 60W. Colony planted by Roberval, who sailed up the St. Lawrence, 1542-3.

Saccarappa, Westbrook, Maine. 43N. 70W. Bp. B. P. Akers, sculptor (1825-61). (See Hawthorne's 'Transformation.')

[Saguenay], Quebec. 48N. 69W. Cartier off coast of, 1535.

S. Antonio, Cape, Cuba. 21N. 84W. John Hawkins off, 1564.

[St. Augustine], Florida. 29N. 80W. F. by Spaniards on site of the Huguenot Fort Caroline (q.v.), 1565; the oldest town in the U.S.; Ribault and his followers massacred near by Menendez, 1565; often attacked and pillaged by English, Indians, etc.; destroyed by Drake, 1586; unsuccessful attack on by Oglethorpe, 1740. (See [St. John's River].)

[St. Christopher] (St. Kitts), island, English Antilles. 17N. 62W. Discovered by Columbus, 1493; after long dispute with the French, became a British possession, 1713; Brimstone Hill relieved by English squadron under Howe, 1783 (W. of Ind.).

St. Croix, St. Lawrence. 46N. 71W. So named by Cartier, 1535.

St. Croix, W. Indies. Taken by Cochrane, 1807; restored to Denmark, 1814.

S. Diego, Bay of, California. 32N. 116W. Discovered by Viscayno, during expedition, 1602-5.

S. Espiritu, see [La Plata].

St. Eustatius, W. Indies. Colonised by Dutch, 17th century; taken by Rodney, 1781; and same year by the French; regained by English, and restored to the Dutch, 1814.

S. Felix, Venezuela. 9N. 74W. Defeat of Royalists, and massacre of Spanish prisoners by Piar, 1817.

St. John, Quebec. 45N. 73W. Surrendered to American army after siege of over fifty days, 1775.

[St. John's], Newfoundland. 47N. 52W. Claimed in the name of Elizabeth, 1583; French in possession for a few months, 1762.

St. John's Isles, Gulf of St. Lawrence. So named by Cartier, 1535.

[St. John's River], Florida. 29N. 81W. Entered by Ribault and his Huguenot followers, May 1562, and so given the name of the May River; arrival of Laudonnière's expedition, 1564; Huguenot colonists relieved by Sir J. Hawkins, 1565; massacred by Menendez, 1565.

St. Joseph, Fort, Lake Michigan. Mission station, attacked and inhabitants massacred by Indians, 1763.

S. Juan de Ulua (see [Vera Cruz]). Cortés and his fleet arrive at, 1519.

[St. Lawrence], river, N.A. Rises 44N. 76W. Discovered and explored by Cartier, 1535; Roberval on, 1542-3; Pontgravé and Champlain sail up, 1603; country along the upper river to Montreal explored by Champlain, 1611.

[St. Lawrence], Gulf of. Explored by Jacques Cartier, 1534 and 1535, and so named by him.

[St. Lucia], W. Indies. 14N. 60W. Reduced by Abercrombie, 1796.

S. Maria de la Vittoria. F. on the site of the battle of Ceutla (q.v.).

St. Nicholas, Port. 49N. 67E. So named by Cartier, 1535.

[St. Pierre], Martinique. Destroyed by eruption of Mont Pelée, 1902.

[St. Thomas], Danish Antilles. 18N. 65W. Discovered by Columbus, 1493.

[St. Vincent], Lesser Antilles, W. Indies. 13N. 61W. Discovered by Columbus, 1498; ceded to England, 1763; captured by French, 1779; restored to England, 1783; insurrection of natives, 1795; partly destroyed by eruption of the Soufrière, 1902.

[Salem], Mass. 42N. 70W. Former name Naumkeag; early colony at, 1626; name given by Governor Endicott, 1628; famous trial and executions for witchcraft, 1692; proclamation of independence, Massachusetts Assembly, 1774. Bp. Israel Putnam (1718-90); Nat. Hawthorne (1804-64); W. H. Prescott, historian (1796-1859); J. H. Choate, diplomatist (1832). Roger Williams res. 1635-6. (See Intro. to Hawthorne's 'Scarlet Letter.')

Salem, N. Jersey. 39N. 75W. F. by Quakers, 1675.

Salem, N. Carolina. 36N. 80W. Settled by Moravians, 1766; college for women at.

Saltillo, Mexico. 25N. 100W. Battle in which Santa Anna's power was overthrown, 1855.

[Salt Lake City], Utah. 40N. 112W. Capital of the Mormon state, f. 1847; abandoned by Mormons, 1858.

Salvador, state, Cent. A. 13N. 86W. Conquered by Alvarado, Spanish officer, 1524; threw off Spanish yoke and became part of the Confederation of Central America, 1824; declared a republic, 1824; war with Guatemala, 1863-4; frequent civil disturbances in.

San Antonio, Texas. 29N. 98W. Frightful massacre of American garrison at Fort Alamo by Santa Ana, the Mexican leader, 1836.

San Antonio. 26S. 56W. Victory of Montevideans by help of Garibaldi over the troops of Rosas, 1846.

San Cristobal (formerly Xaltocan), on lake of that name. 19N. 90W. Taken by Cortés, 1521. (Prescott, 'Mexico,' op. cit.)

[San Domingo] (Dominican Republic). 16N. 68W. Eastern extremity of Haiti. Ceded to French by [Treaty of Bâle], 1795; restored to Spain, 1814; established as a republic, 1843; dependent on Spain, 1861-5, when it again became independent. (See [Haiti].)

San Domingo, Haiti. 18N. 69W. Town f. by Bartholomew Columbus, 1496, under the name of Nueva Isabella; first town built by Europeans in the West; taken by Drake, 1585; seized by Toussaint l'Ouverture in name of French, 1801; evacuated by French, 1809; Christopher Columbus buried here till 1536, when his remains were removed to Havana.

Sandusky, Ohio. 41N. 83W. Fort erected by French, 1751; captured by Indians, 1763. (Parkman, 'Pontiac.')

[San Francisco], California. 37N. 122W. Settled by Spaniards under the name of Yerba Buena, 1776; took present name, 1847; discovery of gold following year; incorporated as a city, 1856.

San Francisco del Quito (Riobamba, q.v.). So named by Benalcazar after his victory over the Indians.

San Jacinto, Texas. 29N. 95W. Mexicans defeated by Texans, and Santa Ana captured, 1836.

[San Juan], Porto Rico, Antilles. 18N. 65W. F. 1514; sacked by Drake, 1594; by Earl of Cumberland, 1597.

San Mateo (Fort Caroline, q.v.). Name given by Menendez.

San Miguel de Piura (or Piura), Peru. 5S. 80W. First colony settled by Pizarro in Peru, 1532.

San Salvador, Salvador, Cent. A. 13N. 88W. F. by the brother of the conqueror Alvarado, 1528.

[San Salvador], island, Bahamas, W. Indies. Native name Guanahani; name given by Columbus, 1492, to the first land he sighted. (See [Watling Island].)

San Sebastian, Panama. 7-9N. 77-82W. F. by Ojeda, the first colony on Darien, 1510.

[Santa Cruz], island, Lesser Antilles. 17N. 64W. Danish possession since 1814, when it was restored by England, after being taken in 1807.

Santa Maria, Pensacola Bay. 30N. 88W. Tristan de Luna's fleet destroyed off, 1559; first Spanish colony in Florida settled near by him.

Santa Maria del Tule, Mexico. 16N. 96W. Built round the largest known tree, which is held sacred.

[Santa Marta], Colombia, S.A. 11N. 74W. F. by Bastidas, 1525; old town destroyed by Drake, 1596; subject to continual attacks by buccaneers in 16th and 17th centuries; not far off is the spot where Bolivar died, 1830.

Santa Rosa, San Salvador, Cent. A. 13N. 86W. Troops of San Salvador defeated by Carrera, 1863.

[Santiago], Chili. 33N. 70W. F. by P. Valdivia, one of the conquerors of Chili, 1541; terrible fire in church of La Compania, 1863.

Sarandi, Uruguay. 33S. 55W. Fierce battle between forces of Brazil and Buenos Ayres, in which former defeated, 1825.

[Saratoga], N.Y. 43N. 73W. Destroyed by French and Indians, 1745; the English under Burgoyne surrendered to Americans near, 1777.

[Sault Ste. Marie], Michigan. 46N. 84W. Reached by Jean Nicolet during expedition, 1634-9; Père Marquette at, 1668; mission station of the Jesuits, 1669.

[Savannah], Georgia. 31N. 81W. F. by Oglethorpe, 1733; J. Wesley pastor at, 1736; English in military occupation, 1778; in a skirmish here, the last blood was shed in the W. of Ind., 1782; taken by Sherman, 1864 (Civil W.).

[Schenectady], N.Y. 42N. 73W. Dutch settlers massacred by French and Indians, 1690.

Seven Islands, Gulf of St. Lawrence. 45N. 40W. So named by Cartier, 1535.

Seven Pines, near Richmond (q.v.). Defeat of Federals, 1862.

[Sevier, Lake], Utah. 38N. 113W. Gunnison, the explorer, massacred on, by Indians, 1853.

Shackamaxon, Philadelphia. Famous treaty of Penn with the Indians, 1683. (See picture by Benjamin West.)

Shadwell, Virginia. 38N. 78W. Bp. Thomas Jefferson, third President of U.S. (1743-1826).

Shiloh, see [Pittsburg Landing].

Sombrero, Venezuela, 10N. 66W. Spaniards defeated by Bolivar, 1818.

[Sonora], Mexico. 27N. 109W. Discovered by Coronado, 1540; expedition into of Count G. de Raousset Boulbon, and defeat by Mexicans, 1853; his capture and death, 1854.

[Spanishtown], Jamaica. 17N. 77W. F. by Diego Columbus, 1525, and originally named Santiago de la Vega.

Spottsylvania, Virginia. Confederate victories, 1864. (See [Wilderness].)

[Springfield], Mass. 42N. 72W. (See [Wilson's Creek].)

Springfield, Illinois. 39N. 89W. Res. Abraham Lincoln, who is buried in Oak Ridge Cemetery.

[Staten Island], N.Y. 40N. 73W. Bought by the Dutch, 1630; occupied by English under Gen. Howe, 1776.

Stockbridge, Mass. 42N. 73W. Ass. Jonathan Edwards, who here wrote his 'Freedom of the Will,' and Hawthorne.

Stony Creek, Ontario. 43N. 79W. English victory, 1813.

[Stony Point], Hudson R. 43N. 74W. Seized by British, brilliantly recaptured by Gen. Wayne, and subsequently reoccupied by British, 1779.

Stratford, Westmoreland Co., Virginia. Bp. Robert Edward Lee, Confederate general (1807-70).

Sucre, see [Chuquisaca].

Sumter Fort, see [Charleston].

Sunbury, Georgia. 31N. 81W. Taken by the English, 1779 (W. of Ind.).

Surinam, Dutch Guiana, S.A., see [Guiana].

[Susquehanna], river, Penn. Explored by John Smith, 1608.

[Suwanee], river, Georgia and Florida. De Soto at, 1538.

[Tabasco], state, Gulf of Mexico. 16N. 91W. Expedition of Cortés into, 1524.

[Tacna], Chili. 13S. 70W. Chilian victory over Peruvians and Bolivians, 1880.

[Tadousac], Quebec. 48N. 69W. Small French colony planted by Roberval, 1541; early fur-trading post.

Tambo, Peru. 16S. 71W. Spaniards driven from the assault of by the Inca Manco, 1535.

[Tampa Bay], Florida. 27N. 82W. Landing-place of De Soto. 1539.

[Tampico], Mexico. 22N. 98W. Sc. many actions during civil wars; Spaniards defeated by Santa Ana, 1820; taken by U.S. forces, 1846; by French, 1862, 1863.

Tappan, N.Y. 41N. 73W. Execution of Major André, 1780.

Tarqui, Quito, S.A. Peruvians defeated by Colombians, 1829.

Tarrytown, N.Y. 41N. 73W. Major André captured, 1780; Sleepy Hollow near; later home and grave of Washington Irving (1783-1859).

[Tehuantepec], Mexico. 16N. 92W. Famous prehistoric ruins.

[Tennessee], U.S. 35N. 81W. Originally part of N. Carolina; De Soto in, 1538; Fort London settled by English, 1757; admitted to Union, 1796; seceded, 1861; readmitted, 1866.

Teotihuacan, plateau, Mexico. 40N. 97W. Pyramids on dedicated to sun and moon.

Tepeaca, Mexico. 17N. 97W. Cortés enters as conqueror, 1520.

[Texas], U.S. (formerly part of Mexico). 25N. 93W. Colony settled in by La Salle, 1685; possession of disputed by French and Spaniards, 17th-19th centuries; San Antonio f. by Spaniards, 1692; declares its independence, 1836; Mexicans defeated by colonists at San Jacinto, 1836; admitted to the Union, 1845; seceded, 1861; readmitted, 1870.

Tezcuco, near Mexico. 19N. 99W. Remains of Cortés removed to from Spain, 1562, and where they remained till removed to Mexico, 1629.

[Thames], river, Ontario. 42N. 82W. Victory over British by Harrison and death of Indian chief Tecumseh, 1813.

Thompson's Island Boston Bay. 42N. 71W. Landing of Miles Standish and party on, 1621.

[Ticonderoga], N.Y. 43N. 73W. Unsuccessful assault by Abercrombie, and death of Lord Howe, 1758; taken by Amherst, 1759; by Americans (Green Mountain Boys), 1775, who evacuated it, 1777; Americans failed in effort to recover, 1777; English in occupation again, 1780.

[Tierra del Fuego], S.A. 52-56S. 65W. So called by Magalhaes, the discoverer, 1520; explored by Drake and Cook. (See Darwin, 'Voyage of the Beagle.')

Tippecanoe, river, Indiana. 40N. 86W. Defeat on of Indians under Tecumseh and the 'prophet' (Ellskwatana) by Harrison, 1811.

[Titicaca], Lake, between Peru and Bolivia. 15S. 69W. Ruins of older date than the advent of the Incas on its shores.

Tlaxcala, Mexico. 19N. 97W. Cortés has fierce battles with natives of, 1519; received by the lord of after battle of Otumba, 1520.

[Tobago], island (Windward Islands), W. Indies. 11N. 60W. Discovered by Columbus, 1498; in possession in turns of Dutch—the first colonists—Spaniards, English, and French; ceded to England by Congress of Vienna, 1814.

Tohopeka, Tallapoosa R. 32N. 85W. Creek Indians defeated and their power broken by Gen. Jackson, 1814.

[Toronto], Canada. 43N. 79W. Its name changed from York, 1834; fort taken by Americans, 1813; the 'Sons of Liberty' defeated, 1837; seat of government, 1844-56.

[Torrington], Conn. 41N. 73W. Bp. John Brown, abolitionist (1800, hanged, 1859).

[Tortola], island, W. Indies. 18N. 64W. Discovered by Columbus, 1494; taken from buccaneers by the English, 1666.

[Tortugas], The, islands, Florida. 24N. 84W. So named from the number of turtles found on; J. Hawkins off, 1564.

[Trenton], N. Jersey. 40N. 74W. English and Hessians defeated by Washington, 1776 (W. of Ind.).

[Trinidad], island, W. Indies. 10N. 60W. Discovered and named by Columbus, 1498; Ojeda and Vespucci on, 1499; colonised by Spaniards, 1588; taken by English under Abercrombie, 1796; ceded to them by Treaty of Amiens, 1802.

[Trinity Bay], Newfoundland. 47N. 53W. First transatlantic cable from Valentia Bay, Ireland, to Trinity Bay, 1866.

[Trinity River], Texas. 32N. 96W. La Salle assassinated near, 1687.

[Truxillo], Peru. 8S. 79W. F. by Pizarro, and so named in honour of his birthplace, 1535.

[Truxillo], Venezuela. 8N. 70W. F. 1570; taken by buccaneers, 1678; Walker the buccaneer executed, 1860.

[Tucuman], Argentina. 25S. 65W. F. 1685; Spaniards defeated by Belgrano, 1812 (S. A. W. Ind.).

[Tula], Mexico. 22N. 99W. F. in 7th century by the Toltecs.

[Tumbez], Peru. 4S. 79W. Reached by Pizarro, 1527, who was also here in his last expedition to Peru, 1531-2.

Turner's Falls, Connecticut R., Mass. 42N. 72W. Named after Capt. Turner, who defeated King Philip's Indians here, he himself being killed, 1676.

Umachiri, near Lake Titicaca. 15S. 69W. Insurrectionary Indians under Pumacagna defeated, 1815.

United States. Name given to the 13 original states in the Declaration of Independence, July 4, 1776; they now number 46. (See under separate States.)

[Uruguay], S.A. 30-35S. 53-58W. Revolt against Spanish rule, under Artigas, 1811; declares itself a part of Brazil, 1821; declares its independence, 1825; independence ratified, 1828; revolution and civil war in for many years; nine years' war in with Rosas, 1843-52; Flores dictator, 1853-4; returns from exile and seizes government, 1863; alliance with Brazil and Argentina against Paraguay, 1865; Flores assassinated, 1868; further revolutions in; Latorre dictator, 1876-80.

[Utah], U.S. 37N. 109W. Settled by Mormons under Brigham Young, 1847; ceded by Mexico to U.S. by Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848; Mormons form independent government under name of Deseret (land of the honey bee); created a territory, 1850; admitted to Union, 1896. (See [Mountain Meadow] and [Salt Lake City].)

[Valdivia], cap. of province, Chili. 40S. 75W. F. by P. de Valdivia, 1551; taken by Cochrane, 1820.

Valley Forge, Penn. 39N. 75W. Washington's winter quarters, 1777-8.

[Valparaiso], Chili. 33S. 71W. Bombarded by Spaniards, 1866.

[Vancouver Island], British Columbia. 48-50N. 122W. Named after the English explorer, who was on his voyage of discovery, 1791-5; secured to Great Britain by treaty with U.S., 1846.

[Venezuela], S.A. 1N. 60W. Sighted and named Gracia by Columbus, 1498; partly explored by Ojeda, 1499; revolt against Spanish rule, headed by Bolivar, 1813-23, when Spaniards lost their last post in, at Puerto Cabello; continual civil war in since; revolution in 1901 under Matos; blockaded by England, Germany, and Italy, 1903; Castro in power from 1907; Venezuela question between England and U.S. settled, 1899.

[Venezuela], Gulf of. 10N. 70W. Discovered and named Gulf of Venice by Ojeda, 1499.

[Vera Cruz], state, Mexico. 17N. 95W. Coasted by Grijalva, 1518; Cortés landed in, 1519.

[Vera Cruz], Mexico. 19N. 96W. Original town f. near by Cortés, as Villa Rica de la Vera Cruz; defeat of Drake and Hawkins off by Spaniards, 1568; fort of San Juan de Ulua taken from Spaniards by Mexicans, 1825; by French, 1838; by Americans, 1847; standard of revolt raised by Juarez at, and 'War of Reform' begun, 1858; occupied by Allies (England, France, Spain), 1862 (revolutions in Mexico); retaken by Juarez, 1867.

[Vermont], U.S. 42-45N. First settlement in at Fort Dummer, 1724; ceded by French to English, 1763; declaration of independence, 1777; admitted to Union, 1791.

[Vicksburg], Mississippi. 32N. 90W. Captured after nearly two months' siege by Federals, 1863 (Civil W.).

Villa de la Plate, see [Chuquisaca].

Vinland. Name given by Scandinavian seamen to the land they discovered, end 9th to 10th century—Labrador and Newfoundland (q.v.), or some think the shores of New England.

[Virginia], U.S. 36-39N. 76W. One of the 13 original states; expedition sent to by Raleigh, under Barlow and Amadas, 1584 (see [Roanoke]); colony settled by John Smith and others at Jamestown, 1607; Lord Delaware appointed first governor, 1609; massacre of settlers by Indians, 1622 and 1640; 'Bacon's rebellion,' 1676; attempt by John Brown to free the slaves, 1859; seceded, 1861; western portion, which had remained loyal, admitted to Union, 1863; readmitted to Union, 1870.

[Virgin Islands], Atlantic. 17N. 64W. So named by the discoverer Columbus, 1494; St. Thomas and St. John twice taken by English, but finally restored to Danes, 1815.

Warwick, Penn. 40N. 76W. First cannon made in America at W. furnace, cast by P. F. Antes and Mr. Potts, 1776.

Warwick, Rhode Island. 41N. 71W. Bp. Gen. Nathaniel Greene (1742-86).

Washington, U.S. 45N. 116W. Admitted to Union, 1889.

Washington, U.S. 38N. 76W. First stone of capitol laid by Washington, 1793; seat of government transferred to from Philadelphia, 1800; captured and burnt by English under Ross, 1814; President Lincoln assassinated, 1865; treaty with Great Britain, 1871.

Waterford, Maine. 44N. 70W. Bp. Charles Farrar Browne (Artemus Ward) (1834-67).

[Watling Island], Bahamas. 24N. 74W. Generally thought to be the first land sighted by Columbus, Oct. 12, 1492. (See [San Salvador].)

Wauhatchie, Lookout Valley, Tennessee. 35N. 85W. Defeat of Confederates, 1863 (Civil W.).

West Hills, Long Island. 40N. 73W. Bp. Walt Whitman, poet (1819-92).

West Indies. So named by the discoverer Columbus, who first sighted them, 1492.

West Point, N.Y. 41N. 73W. Arnold and André plot to betray to the British, 1780.

White Oak Swamp. John Smith saved from the Indians by Pocahontas, daughter of the chief Powhattan, 1607; one of the battles fought on the Chickahominy (q.v.).

White Plains, N.Y. 41N. 73W. Americans defeated by Gen. Howe, 1776.

[Wilderness], Virginia. Cap. of the state till 1779; battles, 1813 and 1864.

Williamsburg, Virginia. 37N. 76W. First settled, 1632; defeat of Confederates after fierce fighting, 1862 (Civil W.).

Wilmington, Conn. Bp. Jared Sparks, historian (1789-1866).

Wilmington (see [Fort Christina]), Delaware. 39N. 75W. First Swedish colony in America, 1638; captured by Federals in their second attack on, 1865.

[Wilson's Creek], near Springfield. Fierce battle ending with defeat of Confederates, 1861 (Civil W.).

[Winchester]. 39N. 78W. Forced retreat of Federals, 1862; defeat of Confederates, 1864 (Civil W.).

[Windsor], Nova Scotia. 44N. 63W. Bp. J. Chandler Haliburton, historian, and A. of 'Sam Slick,' etc. (1796-1865).

[Windward Islands], W. Indies. Name given to a group of federated islands, hitherto separate, by Act of Parliament, 1871.

[Winnipeg] (formerly known as Fort Garry), cap. Manitoba. 49N. 97W. Old trading station of Hudson's Bay Company.

[Wisconsin], U.S. 41N. 87W. First white known to reach its borders from Green Bay was Jean Nicolet, 1634; French in, 1660; ceded to England, 1760; organised as a territory, 1836; admitted to the Union, 1848.

Wisconsin, river. 45N. 89W. Joliet and Marquette on, 1673.

Withlacoochie River, Florida 29N. 82W. District round sc. fighting and massacre during war with the Seminole Indians, 1835-42.

Wolcott, Conn. Bp. Amos B. Alcott, educator and A. (1799-1888).

Worcester, Mass. 42N. 71W. Bp. Bancroft, historian of the U.S. (1800-91).

[Wyoming], town and territory, U.S. 41N. 104W. Massacre by Indians, 1760; town destroyed by Americans, assisted by Indians, under Col. Butler, 1778 (see Campbell's poem); state admitted to Union, 1890.

Xalapa (Jalapa), Mexico. 19N. 97W. Church said to have been f. by Cortés; the plant known as jalap takes its name from this place.

Xaquixaguana, Valley of. 14S. 71W. Halting place of Pizarro on his march to Cuzco, 1533; rout of G. Pizarro's forces by Gasca, and execution of former and of Carbajal, 1548. (See Prescott, 'Peru.')

Xauxa. 12S. 75W. Pizarro at on his march to Cuzco, 1533; Indians defeated at by Almagro, 1534; Pizarro entertained at by Indian prince, 1534; headquarters of Gasca, 1547. (See Prescott, 'Peru.')

Yale College, New Haven. 41N. 72W. F. 1700; present name given when school permanently established at New Haven.

Yatay, Uruguay R. Defeat of Lopez and the Paraguayan forces by the Uruguayans under Flores, 1865.

[Yellowstone] National Park, Wyoming. 40N. 110W. Region of hot springs; given to the people, 1872.

Yerba Buena, former name of San Francisco.

Yorktown, Virginia. 37N. 75W. Siege and surrender of Cornwallis to Washington, 1781 (close of W. of Ind.).

[Yosemite] Valley ('a full-grown grizzly bear'). 37N. 118W. Discovered, 1851; granted as a state park, 1864.

[Yucatan], Mexico. 17N. 86W. Solís and Pinzon off southern coast, 1506; discovered by Hernandez de Cordova, 1517; coast explored by Juan de Grijalva, 1518; conquered by Spaniards under Diaz, 1522; became independent, 1841; rose against Maximilian, 1867.

Yucay, Peru. 14S. 70W. Favourite res. of the Incas; fierce encounter between Juan Pizarro and Peruvians, 1535.

[Yukon Fort], U.S. 66N. 145W. F. by Hudson's Bay Company for collection of furs, 1847.

Yungay, Bolivia. Santa Cruz, with army of Bolivians and Peruvians, defeated, 1839.

Zaran. 5S. 77W. Pizarro at during his last expedition to Peru. (See Prescott, op. cit.).