FOOTNOTES:
[85] "Eighteenth Century," vol. ii., 257, 258.
[86] "Eighteenth Century," vol. ii., 259.
[87] "English in Ireland," vol. i., 435.
[88] "English in Ireland," vol. i., 436.
[89] "Eighteenth Century," vol. ii., 255.
[90] "Eighteenth Century," vol. ii., 213.
[91] Swift's Works (Scott's Ed.), vol. vii., 195.
[92] "An Essay upon the Trade of Ireland"—"Tracts and Treatises" (Ireland), 2, p. 335-6.
[93] "English in Ireland," vol. ii., 137.
[94] Newenham on "Population," p. 60. This remark is quoted by Mr. Lecky.
[95] "Irish Debates," vol. iii., 130.
[96] "Commercial Restraints," pp. 24-27.
[97] Swift's Works (Scott's Edition), vol. vi., p. 277.
[98] Swift's Works (Scott's Edition), vol. vi., 281, 282.
[99] "England in the Eighteenth Century," vol. ii., 216.
[100] Swift's Works (Scott's Edition), vol. vii., p. 115.
[101] Ibid., pp. 115, 116.
[102] Ibid., p. 118.
[103] Swift's Works (Scott's Edition), vol. vii., pp. 118, 119.
[104] Ibid., p. 135.
[105] "Commercial Restraints," p. 44.
[106] Swift's Works (Scott's Edition), vol. vii., p. 199.
[107] "Eighteenth Century," vol. ii., p. 218.
[108] The resemblance between this account of the famine of 1740 and the account of the condition of Ireland in the June preceding the last Irish Famine, as given by the Times, is striking. In an article of the 26th June, 1845, that paper says—"The facts of Irish destitution are ridiculously simple. They are almost too commonplace to be told. The people have not enough to eat. They are suffering a real, though an artificial, famine. Nature does her duty. The land is fruitful enough. Nor can it be fairly said that man is wanting. The Irishman is disposed to work. In fact, man and Nature together do produce abundantly. The island is full and overflowing with human food. But something ever interposes between the hungry mouth and the ample banquet. The famished victim of a mysterious sentence stretches out his hand to the viands which his own industry has placed before his eyes, but no sooner are they touched than they fly. A perpetual decree of sic vos non nobis condemns him to toil without enjoyment. Social atrophy drains off the vital juices of the nation." Mr. Lecky quotes from "The Groans of Ireland," a copy of which he found in the Halliday Collection of Pamphlets in the Irish Academy ("Eighteenth Century," vol. ii., p. 218). My attention was attracted by the reference, and, on inquiry, I ascertained that there were several copies of this pamphlet in the Library of the King's Inns.
[109] "Commercial Restraints," p. 3.
[110] Ibid., pp. 31, 32.
[111] "Commercial Restraints," pp. 78, 79.
[112] Ibid., p. 69.
[113] "Ancient Law," p. 24.
[114] "English in Ireland," vol. i., p. 497.
[115] Ibid., p. 500.
[116] Ibid., vol. ii., p. 247.
[117] "Eighteenth Century," vol. ii., p. 241.
[118] Ibid., p. 243.
[119] "MacNevin's Volunteers," p. 117. Mr. Froude well observes that these memorable words "had nothing to do with penal laws, and related entirely to the restrictions on trade." "English in Ireland," vol. ii., p. 264.
[120] "English in Ireland," vol. i., p. 502. In these pages I have designedly refrained from referring to the Penal Code. I have confined myself entirely to a recital of the leading features of the restrictions imposed by England on Irish trade. It is, in my opinion, impossible to estimate, in distinct scales, the evils done by these terrible agencies. They acted and re-acted on each other, and affected not merely the special objects of legislation, but more or less directly every interest in the community. The able writer of a pamphlet, "Irish Wool and Woollens," to which I have frequently referred, says:—"Possibly the laws that annihilated the wool trade wrought more destruction than the legislation that aimed at stamping out the Catholic faith, for the trade Acts snatched bread from the mouth, filched hope from the heart, and wrenched power from the hands of the industrial sections of the community." (p. 43.) From this opinion I am constrained to differ. Speaking as a Protestant, I have no hesitation in saying that the injuries inflicted on Ireland by the Penal Code exceeded the injuries inflicted on her by the trade regulations. "Well," says the Rev. Canon MacColl, "may Mr. Matthew Arnold speak of that Penal Code, of which the monstrosity is not half known to Englishmen, and may be studied by them with profit." ("Arguments For and Against Home Rule," p. 60.)