CONTENTS.

INTRODUCTION.
§ [1.] Idea and Task of Church History.
§ [2.] Distribution of Church History according to Contents.
[(1)] The Various Branches Included in a Complete Course of Church History.
[(2)] The Separate Branches of Church History.
§ [3.] Distribution of Church History according to Periods.
§ [4.] Sources and Auxiliaries of Church History.
[(1)] Literature of the Sources.
[(2)] Literature of the Auxiliary Sciences.
§ [5.] History of General Church History.
[(1)] Down to the Reformation.
[(2)] The 16th and 17th Centuries.
[(3)] The 18th Century.
[(4)] The 19th Century.
[(5)] The 19th Century—Continued.
[(6)] The 19th Century—Continued.
HISTORY OF THE PREPARATION FOR CHRISTIANITY.
The pre-Christian World preparing the way of the Christian Church.
§ [6.] The Standpoint of Universal History.
§ [7.] Heathenism.
[(1)] The Religious Character of Heathenism.
[(2)] The Moral Character of Heathenism.
[(3)] The Intellectual Culture in Heathenism.
[(4)] The Hellenic Philosophy.
[(5)] The Heathen State.
§ [8.] Judaism.
[(1)] Judaism under special Training of God through the Law and Prophecy.
[(2)] Judaism after the Cessation of Prophecy.
[(3)] The Synagogues.
[(4)] Pharisees, Sadducees, and Essenes.
§ [9.] Samaritanism.
§ [10.] Intercourse between Judaism and Heathenism.
[(1)] Influence of Heathenism upon Judaism.
[(2)] Influence of Judaism upon Heathenism.
§ [11.] The Fulness of Time.
THE HISTORY OF THE BEGINNINGS.
The Founding of the Church by Christ and His Apostles.
§ [12.] Character of the History of the Beginnings.
I. THE LIFE OF JESUS.
§ [13.] Jesus Christ, the Saviour of the World.
[(1)] Year of Birth and Year of Death of Jesus.
[(2)] Earliest Non-Biblical Witnesses to Christ.
II. THE APOSTOLIC AGE.
A.D. 30-70.
§ [14.] The Ministry of the Apostles before Paul.
[Beginning and Close of Apostolic Age.]
§ [15.] The Ministry of the Apostle Paul.
[Details of Paul’s Life.]
§ [16.] The Other Apostles after the Appearance of the Apostle Paul.
[(1)] The Roman Episcopate of Peter.
[(2)] The Apostle John.
[(3)] James, the brother of the Lord.
[(4)] The Later Legends of the Apostles.
§ [17.] Constitution, Worship, and Discipline.
[(1)] The Charismata of the Apostolic Age.
[(2)] The Constitution of the Mother Church at Jerusalem.
[(3)] The Constitution of the Pauline Churches.
[(4)] The Church in the Pauline Epistles.
[(5)] Congregational and Spiritual Offices.
[(6)] The Question about the Original Position of the Episcopate and Presbyterate.
[(7)] Christian Worship.
[(8)] Christian Life and Ecclesiastical Discipline.
§ [18.] Heresies in the Apostolic Age.
[(1)] Jewish Christianity and the Council of Apostles.
[(2)] The Apostolic Basis of Doctrine.
[(3)] False Teachers.
FIRST DIVISION.
History of the Development of the Church during the Græco-Roman and Græco-Byzantine Periods.
§ [19.] Content, Distribution and Boundaries of those Periods.
FIRST SECTION.
History of the Græco-Roman Church during the Second and Third Centuries (A.D. 70-323).
§ [20.] Content, Distribution and Boundaries of this Period.
[(1)] The Post-Apostolic Age.
[(2)] The Age of the Old Catholic Church.
[(3)] The Point of Transition from the One Age to the Other.
I. THE RELATIONSHIP OF EXTRA-CHRISTIAN PAGANISM AND JUDAISM TO THE CHURCH.
§ [21.] The Spread of Christianity.
§ [22.] Persecutions of the Christians in the Roman Empire.
[(1)] Claudius, Nero and Domitian.
[(2)] Trajan and Hadrian.
[(3)] Antoninus Pius and Marcus Aurelius.
[(4)] Septimius Severus and Maximinus Thrax.
[(5)] Decius, Gallus and Valerian.
[(6)] Diocletian and Galerius.
[(7)] Maximinus Daza, Maxentius and Licinius.
§ [23.] Controversial Writings of Paganism.
[(1)] Lucian’s Satire De Morte Peregrini.
[(2)] Worshippers of an Ass.
[(3)] Polemic properly so-called.
§ [24.] Attempted Reconstruction of Paganism.
[(1)] Apollonius of Tyana.
[(2)] Neo-platonism.
§ [25.] Jewish and Samaritan Reaction.
[(1)] Disciples of John.
[(2)] The Samaritan Heresiarchs.
[a.] Dositheus.
[b.] Simon Magus.
[c.] Menander.
II. DANGER TO THE CHURCH FROM PAGAN AND JEWISH ELEMENTS WITHIN ITS OWN PALE.
§ [26.] Gnosticism in General.
[(1)] Gnosticism.
[(2)] The Problems of Gnostic Speculation.
[(3)] Distribution.
[(4)] Sources of Information.
§ [27.] The Gentile Christian Gnosticism.
[(1)] Cerinthus.
[(2)] The Gnosticism of Basilides.
[(3)] Irenæus’ Sketch of Basilideanism.
[(4)] Valentinian Gnosticism.
[(5)] Two Divisions of the Valentinian School.
[(6)] The Ophites and related Sects.
[(7)] The Gnosis of the Ophites.
[(8)] Antinomian and Libertine Sects.
[a.] The Nicolaitans.
[b.] The Simonians.
[c.] The Carpocratians.
[d.] The Prodicians.
[(9)] Saturninus.
[(10)] Tatian and the Encratites.
[(11)] Marcion and the Marcionites.
[(12)] Marcion’s Disciples.
[(13)] Hermogenes.
§ [28.] Ebionism and Ebionitic Gnosticism.
[(1)] Nazareans and Ebionites.
[(2)] The Elkesaites.
[(3)] The Pseudo-Clementine Series of Writings.
[a.] Homiliæ XX Clementis.
[b.] Recognitiones Clementis.
[c.] Epitomæ.
[(4)] The Pseudo-Clementine Doctrinal System.
§ [29.] Manichæism.
[(1)] The Founder.
[(2)] The System.
[(3)] Constitution, Worship, and Missionarizing.
III. THE DOCTRINAL DEVELOPMENT AND APOLOGETICAL ACTIVITY OF THE CHURCH.
§ [30.] The Theological Literature of the Post-Apostolic Age, A.D. 70-170.
[(1)] The Beginnings of Patristic Literature.
[(2)] The Theology of the Post-Apostolic Age.
[(3)] The so-called Apostolic Fathers.
[a.] Clement of Rome.
[(4)]b. Barnabas.
[c.] Pastor Hermas.
[(5)]d. Ignatius, Bishop of Antioch.
[(6)]e. Polycarp, Bishop of Smyrna.
[f.] Papias, Bishop of Hierapolis.
[g.] Epistle to Diognetus.
[(7)] The Didache or Teaching of the Twelve Apostles.
[(8)] The Writings of the Earliest Christian Apologists.
[(9)] Extant Writings of Apologists of the Post-Apostolic Age.
[a.] Justin Martyr.
[(10)]b. Tatian.
[c.] Athenagoras.
[d.] Theophilus, Bishop of Antioch.
[e.] Hermias.
§ [31.] The Theological Literature of the Old Catholic Age, A.D. 170-323.
[(1)] The Theological Schools and Tendencies.
1. Church Fathers Writing in Greek.
[(2)] Church Teachers of the Asiatic Type.
[a.] Irenæus.
[(3)]b. Hippolytus.
[(4)] The Alexandrian Church Teachers.
[a.] Pantænus.
[b.] Titus Flavius Clement.
[(5)]c. Origen.
[(6)]d. Dionysius of Alexandria.
[e.] Gregory Thaumaturgus.
[f.] Pamphilus.
[(7)] Greek-speaking Church Teachers in other Quarters.
[a.] Hegesippus.
[b.] Caius of Rome.
[(8)]c. Sextus Julius Africanus.
[(9)]d. Methodius.
[e.] Lucian of Samosata.
2. Church Fathers Writing in Latin.
[(10)] The Church Teachers of North Africa.
[Tertullian.]
[(11)] Cyprian.
[(12)] Various Ecclesiastical Writers using the Latin Tongue.
[a.] Minucius Felix.
[b.] Commodus.
[c.] Novatian.
[d.] Arnobius.
[e.] Victorinus of Pettau.
[f.] Lucius Lactantius.
§ [32.] The Apocryphal and Pseudepigraphical Literature.
[(1)] Professedly Old Heathen Prophecies.
[(2)] Old Testament Pseudepigraphs.
[a.] Book of Enoch.
[b.] Assumptio Mosis.
[c.] Fourth Book of Ezra.
[d.] Book of Jubilees.
[(3)] Pseudepigraphs of Christian Origin.
[a.] History of Assenath.
[b.] The Testaments of the XII. Patriarchs.
[c.]Ascensio Isaiæ and Visio Isaiæ.
[d.]Spelunca thesaurorum.
[(4)] New Testament Apocrypha and Pseudepigraphs.
[I.] Apocryphal Gospels.
[(5)]II. Apocryphal Histories and Legends of the Apostles.
[(6)] —— Apocryphal Monographs.
[(7)]III. Apostolic Epistles.
[IV.] Apocryphal Apocalypses.
[V.] Apostolical Constitutions.
[(8)] The Acts of the Martyrs.
§ [33.] The Doctrinal Controversies of the Old Catholic Age.
[(1)] The Trinitarian Questions.
[(2)] The Alogians.
[(3)] The Theodotians and Artemonites.
[(4)] Praxeas and Tertullian.
[(5)] The Noëtians and Hippolytus.
[(6)] Beryllus and Origen.
[(7)] Sabellius; Dionysius of Alexandria; Dionysius of Rome.
[(8)] Paul of Samosata.
[(9)] Chiliasm.
IV. CONSTITUTION, WORSHIP, LIFE AND DISCIPLINE.
§ [34.] The Inner Organization of the Church.
[(1)] The Continuation of Charismatic Endowments into Post-Apostolic Times.
[(2)] The Development of the Episcopal Hierarchy.
[(3)] The Regular Ecclesiastical Offices of the Old Catholic Age.
[(4)] Clergy and Laity.
[(5)] The Synods.
[(6)] Personal and Epistolary Intercourse.
[(7)] The Unity and Catholicity of the Church.
[(8)] The Roman Primacy.
§ [35.] The Administration of Baptism.
[(1)] The Preparation for Receiving Baptism.
[(2)] The Baptismal Formula.
[(3)] The Administration of Baptism.
[(4)] The Doctrine of Baptism.
[(5)] The Controversy about Heretics’ Baptism.
§ [36.] Public Worship and its Various Parts.
[(1)] The Agape.
[(2)] The Missa Catechumenorum.
[(3)] The Missa Fidelium.
[(4)] The Disciplina Arcani.
[(5)] The Doctrine of the Lord’s Supper.
[(6)] The Sacrificial Theory.
[(7)] The Use of Scripture.
[(8)] Formation of a New Testament Canon.
[(9)] The Doctrine of Inspiration.
[(10)] Hymnology.
§ [37.] Feasts and Festival Seasons.
[(1)] The Festivals of the Christian Year.
[(2)] The Paschal Controversies.
[(3)] The Ecclesiastical Institution of Fasting.
§ [38.] The Church Buildings and the Catacombs.
[(1)] The Catacombs.
[(2)] The Antiquities of the Catacombs.
[(3)] Pictorial Art and the Catacombs.
[(4)] Pictorial and Artistic Representations.
[a.] Significant Symbols.
[b.] Allegorical Figures.
[c.] Parabolic Figures.
[d.] Historical Pictures of O. T. Types.
[e.] Figures from the Gospel History.
[f.] Liturgical Figures.
§ [39.] Life, Manners, and Discipline.
[(1)] Christian Morals and Manners.
[(2)] The Penitential Discipline.
[(3)] Asceticism.
[(4)] Paul of Thebes.
[(5)] Beginning of Veneration of Martyrs.
[(6)] Superstition.
§ [40.] The Montanist Reformation.
[(1)] Montanism in Asia Minor.
[(2)] Montanism at Rome.
[(3)] Montanism in Proconsular Africa.
[(4)] The Fundamental Principle of Montanism.
[(5)] The Attitude of Montanism toward the Church.
§ [41.] Schismatic Divisions in the Church.
[(1)] The Schism of Hippolytus at Rome about A.D. 220.
[(2)] The Schism of Felicissimus at Carthage in A.D. 250.
[(3)] The Schism of the Presbyter Novatian at Rome in A.D. 251.
[(4)] The Schism of Meletius in Egypt in A.D. 306.

SECOND SECTION.
The History of the Græco-Roman Church from the 4th-7th centuries. A.D. 323-692.
I. CHURCH AND STATE.
§ [42.] The Overthrow of Paganism in the Roman Empire.
[(1)] The Romish Legend of the Baptism of Constantine.
[(2)] Constantine the Great and his Sons.
[(3)] Julian the Apostate (A.D. 361-363).
[(4)] The Later Emperors.
[(5)] Heathen Polemics and Apologetics.
[(6)] The Religion of the Hypsistarians.
§ [43.] The Christian Empire and the Ecclesiastical Law.
[(1)] The Jus Circa Sacra.
[(2)] The Institution of Œcumenical Synods.
[(3)] Canonical Ordinances.
[(4)] Pseudepigraphic Church Ordinances.
[(5)] The Apostolic Church Ordinances.
II. MONASTICISM, CLERICALISM AND HIERARCHISM.
§ [44.] Monasticism.
[(1)] The Biography of St. Anthony.
[(2)] The Origin of Christian Monasticism.
[(3)] Oriental Monasticism.
[(4)] Western Monasticism.
[(5)] Institution of Nunneries.
[(6)] Monastic Asceticism.
[(7)] Anti-Ecclesiastical and Heretical Monasticism.
§ [45.] The Clergy.
[(1)] Training of the Clergy.
[(2)] The Injunction of Celibacy.
[(3)] Later Ecclesiastical Offices.
[(4)] Church Property.
§ [46A.] The Patriarchal Constitution and the Primacy.
[(1)] The Patriarchal Constitution.
[(2)] The Rivalry between Rome and Byzantium.
§ [46B.] History of the Roman Chair and its Claims to the Primacy.
[(3)] From Melchiades to Julius I., A.D. 310 to A.D. 352.
[(4)] From Liberius to Anastasius, A.D. 352 to A.D. 402.
[(5)] From Innocent I. to Zosimus, A.D. 402 to A.D. 418.
[(6)] From Boniface I. to Sixtus III., A.D. 419 to A.D. 440.
[(7)] From Leo the Great to Simplicius, A.D. 440 to A.D. 483.
[(8)] From Felix III. to Boniface II., A.D. 483 to A.D. 532.
[(9)] From John II. to Pelagius II., A.D. 532 to A.D. 590.
[(10)] From Gregory I. to Boniface V., A.D. 590 to A.D. 625.
[(11)] From Honorius I. to Gregory III., A.D. 625 to A.D. 741.
III. THEOLOGICAL SCIENCE AND LITERATURE.
§ [47.] The Theological Schools and their most celebrated Representatives.
[(1)] The Theological Schools and Tendencies.
[a.] In the 4th and 5th centuries.
[b.] Of the 6th and 7th Centuries.
1. THE MOST IMPORTANT TEACHERS OF THE EASTERN CHURCH.
[(2)] The Most Celebrated Representative of the Old Alexandrian School——Eusebius.
[(3)] Church Fathers of the New Alexandrian School.
[a.] Athanasius.
[(4)] The Three Great Cappadocians.
[b.] Basil the Great.
[c.] Gregory Nazianzen.
[d.] Gregory of Nyssa.
[(5)]e. Apollinaris.
[f.] Didymus the Blind.
[(6)]g. Macarius Magnes.
[h.] Cyril, Patriarch of Alexandria.
[i.] Isidore of Pelusium.
[(7)] Mystics and Philosophers.
[k.] Macarius the Great or the Elder.
[l.] Marcus Eremita.
[m.] Synesius of Cyrene.
[n.] Nemesius, Bishop of Emesa.
[o.] Æneas of Gaza.
[(8)] The Antiocheans.
[a.] Eusebius of Emesa.
[b.] Diodorus of Tarsus.
[c.] John of Antioch (Chrysostom).
[(9)]d. Theodore, Bishop of Mopsuestia.
[e.] Polychronius, Bishop of Apamea.
[f.] Theodoret, Bishop of Cyrus.
[(10)] Other Teachers of the Greek Church during the 4th and 5th Centuries.
[a.] Cyril, Bishop of Jerusalem.
[b.] Epiphanius, Bishop of Salamis.
[c.] Palladius.
[d.] Nilus.
[(11)] Greek Church Fathers of the 6th and 7th Centuries.
[a.] Johannes Philoponus.
[b.] Dionysius the Areopagite.
[(12)]c. Leontius Byzantinus.
[d.] Maximus Confessor.
[e.] Johannes Climacus.
[f.] Johannes Moschus.
[g.] Anastasius Sinaita.
[(13)] Syrian Church Fathers.
[a.] Jacob of Nisibis.
[b.] Aphraates.
[c.] Ephraim the Syrian.
[d.] Ibas, Bishop of Edessa.
[e.] Jacob, Bishop of Edessa.
2. THE MOST IMPORTANT TEACHERS OF THE WESTERN CHURCH.
[(14)]f. During the Period of the Arian Controversy.

[a.] Jul. Firmicus Maternus.
[b.] Lucifer of Calaris.
[c.] Marius Victorinus.
[d.] Hilary of Poitiers.
[e.] Zeno, Bishop of Verona.
[f.] Philaster, Bishop of Brescia.
[g.] Martin of Tours.

[(15)]g. Ambrose, Bishop of Milan.
[h.] Ambrosiaster.
[i.] Pacianus, Bishop of Barcelona.
[(16)] During the Period of Origenistic Controversy.
[a.] Jerome.
[(17)]b. Tyrannius Rufinus.
[c.] Sulpicius Severus.
[d.] Peter Chrysologus, Bishop of Ravenna.
[(18)] The Hero of the Soteriological Controversy—Augustine.
[(19)] Augustine’s Works.
[a.] Philosophical Treatises.
[b.] Dogmatic Treatises.
[c.] Controversial Treatises.
[d.] Apologetical Treatises.
[e.] Exegetical Works.
[(20)] Augustine’s Disciples and Friends.
[a.] Paulinus, Deacon of Milan.
[b.] Paul Orosius.
[c.] Marius Mercator.
[d.] Prosper Aquitanicus.
[e.] Cæsarius, Bishop of Arelate.
[f.] Fulgentius, Bishop of Ruspe.
[(21)] Pelagians and semi-Pelagians.
[I.] Pelagius.
[II.] Semi-Pelagians or Massilians.

[a.] Johannes Cassianus.
[b.] Vincent Lerinensis.
[c.] Eucherius, Bishop of Lyons.
[d.] Salvianus, Presbyter at Marseilles.
[e.] Faustus of Rhegium.
[f.] Arnobius the Younger.

[(22)] The Most Important Church Teachers among the Roman Popes.
[a.] Leo the Great.
[b.] Gelasius I.
[c.] Gregory the Great.
[(23)] The Conservators and Continuators of Patristic Culture.
[a.] Boëthius.
[b.] Magnus Aurelius Cassiodorus.
[c.] Dionysius Exiguus.
§ [48.] Branches of Theological Science and Christian Poetry.
[(1)] Exegetical Theology.
[(2)] Historical Theology.
[(3)] Systematic Theology.
[a.] Apologetics.
[b.] Polemics.
[c.] Positive Dogmatics.
[d.] Morals.
[(4)] Practical Theology.
[(5)] Christian Poetry.
[(6)] Christian Latin Poetry.
[(7)] Poetry of National Syrian Church.
[(8)] The Legendary History of Cyprian.
IV. DOCTRINAL CONTROVERSIES AND HERESIES.
§ [49.] The Development of Doctrine Generally.
[Heretical Developments.]
§ [50.] The Trinitarian Controversy, A.D. 318-381.
[(1)] Preliminary Victory of the Homoousia, A.D. 318-325.
[(2)] Victory of Eusebianism, A.D. 328-356.
[(3)] Victory of Homoiousianism, A.D. 357-361.
[(4)] Final Victory of the Nicene Creed, A.D. 361-381.
[(5)] The Pneumatomachians, A.D. 362-381.
[(6)] The Literature of the Controversy.
[(7)] Post-Nicene Development of the Dogma.
[(8)] Schisms in consequence of the Arian Controversy.
[I.] The Meletian Schism at Antioch.
[II.] The Schism of the Luciferians.
[III.] The Schism of Damasus and Ursacius at Rome.
§ [51.] The Origenist Controversies, A.D. 394-438.
[(1)] The Monks of the Scetic and Nitrian Deserts.
[(2)] The Controversy in Palestine and Italy, A.D. 394-399.
[(3)] The Controversy in Alexandria and Constantinople, A.D. 399-438.
§ [52.] The Christological Controversy.
[(1)] The Apollinarian Controversy, A.D. 362-381.
[(2)] Christology of the Opposing Theological Schools.
[(3)] The Dyoprosopic or Nestorian Controversy, A.D. 428-444.
[(4)] The Monophysite Controversy.
[I.] Eutychianism, A.D. 444-451.
[(5)]II. Imperial Attempts at Union, A.D. 451-519.
[(6)]III. Justinian’s Decrees, A.D. 527-553.
[(7)]IV. The Monophysite Churches.
[(8)] The Monothelite Controversy, A.D. 633-680.
[(9)] The Case of Honorius.
§ [53.] The Soteriological Controversies, A.D. 412-529.
[(1)] Preliminary History.
[(2)] The Doctrine of Augustine.
[(3)] Pelagius and his Doctrine.
[(4)] The Pelagian Controversy, A.D. 411-431.
[(5)] The Semi-Pelagian Controversy, A.D. 427-529.
§ [54.] Reappearance and Remodelling of Earlier Heretical Sects.
[(1)] Manichæism.
[(2)] Priscillianism, A.D. 383-563.
V. WORSHIP, LIFE, DISCIPLINE AND MORALS.
§ [55.] Worship in General.
[The Age of Cyril of Alexandria.]
§ [56.] Festivals and Seasons for Public Worship.
[(1)] The Weekly Cycle.
[(2)] Hours and Quarterly Fasts.
[(3)] The Reckoning of Easter.
[(4)] The Easter Festivals.
[(5)] The Christmas Festivals.
[(6)] The Church Year.
[(7)] The Church Fasts.
§ [57.] Worship of Saints, Relics and Images.
[(1)] The Worship of Martyrs and Saints.
[(2)] The Worship of Mary and Anna.
[(3)] Worship of Angels.
[(4)] Worship of Images.
[(5)] Worship of Relics.
[(6)] The Making of Pilgrimages.
§ [58.] The Dispensation of the Sacraments.
[(1)] Administration of Baptism.
[(2)] The Doctrine of the Supper.
[(3)] The Sacrifice of the Mass.
[(4)] The Administration of the Lord’s Supper.
§ [59.] Public Worship in Word and Symbol.
[(1)] The Holy Scriptures.
[(2)] The Creeds of the Church.
[I.] The Nicæno-Constantinopolitan Creed.
[II.] The Apostles’ Creed.
[III.] The Athanasian Creed.
[(3)] Bible Reading in Church and Preaching.
[(4)] Hymnology.
[(5)] Psalmody and Hymn Music.
[(6)] The Liturgy.
[(7)] Liturgical Vestments.
[(8)] Symbolical Acts in Worship.
[(9)] Processions.
§ [60.] Places of Public Worship, Buildings And Works of Art.
[(1)] The Basilica.
[(2)] Secular Basilicas.
[(3)] The Cupola Style.
[(4)] Accessory and Special Buildings.
[(5)] Church furniture.
[(6)] The Graphic and Plastic Arts.
§ [61.] Life, Discipline and Morals.
[(1)] Church Discipline.
[(2)] Christian Marriage.
[(3)] Sickness, Death and Burial.
[(4)] Purgatory and Masses for Souls.
§ [62.] Heretical Reformers.
[(1)] Audians and Apostolics.
[(2)] Protests against Superstition and External Observances.
[(3)] Protests against the Over-Estimation of Doctrine.
§ [63.] Schisms.
[(1)] The Donatist Schism, A.D. 311-415.
[(2)] The Concilium Quinisextum, A.D. 692.
VI. THE CHURCH OUTSIDE OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE.
§ [64.] Missionary Operations in the East.
[(1)] The Ethiopic-Abyssinian Church.
[(2)] The Persian Church.
[(3)] The Armenian Church.
[(4)] The Iberians.
§ [65.] The Counter-Mission of the Mohammedans.
[(1)] The Fundamental Principle of Islam.
[(2)] The Providential Place of Islam.
THIRD SECTION.
HISTORY OF THE GRÆCO-BYZANTINE CHURCH IN THE 8TH-15TH CENTURIES (A.D. 692-1453).
I. Developments of the Greek Church in Combination with the Western.
§ [66.] Iconoclasm of the Byzantine Church (A.D. 726-842).
[(1)] Leo III., the Isaurian, A.D. 717-741.
[(2)] Constantine V. A.D. 741-775.
[(3)] Leo IV., Chazarus, A.D. 775-780.
[(4)] Leo V., the Armenian, A.D. 813-820.
§ [67.] Division between Greek and Roman Churches and Attempts at Union, A.D. 857-1453.
[(1)] Foundation of the Schism, A.D. 867.
[(2)] Leo VI., the Philosopher, A.D. 886-911.
[(3)] Completion of the Schism, A.D. 1054.
[(4)] Attempts at Reunion.
[(5)] Andronicus III. Palæologus and Barlaam.
[(6)] Council of Florence.
[(7)] Decay of Byzantine Empire.
II. Developments in the Eastern Church without the Co-operation of the Western.
§ [68.] Theological Science and Literature.
[(1)] Revival of Classical Studies.
[(2)] Aristotle and Plato.
[(3)] Scholasticism and Mysticism.
[(4)] The Branches of Theological Science.
[(5)] Distinguished Theologians.
[(6)] Barlaam and Josaphat.
§ [69.] Doctrinal Controversies in the 12th-14th Centuries.
[(1)] Dogmatic Questions.
[(2)] The Hesychast Controversy, A.D. 1341-1351.
§ [70.] Constitution, Worship and Life.
[(1)] The Arsenian Schism, A.D. 1262-1312.
[(2)] Public Worship.
[(3)] Monasticism.
[(4)] Endeavours at Reformation.
§ [71.] Dualistic Heretics.
[(1)] The Paulicians.
[(2)] The Children of the Sun.
[(3)] The Euchites.
[(4)] The Bogomili.
§ [72.] The Nestorian and Monophysite Churches of the East.
[(1)] The Persian Nestorians.
[(2)] Monophysite Churches.
[(3)] The Maronites.
[(4)] The Legend of Prester John.
§ [73.] The Slavonic Churches adhering to the Orthodox Greek Confession.
[(1)] Slavs in the Greek Provinces.
[(2)] The Chazari.
[(3)] The Bulgarians.
[(4)] The Russian Church.
[(5)] Russian Sects.
[(6)] Romish Efforts at Union.
SECOND DIVISION.
THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE GERMAN AND ROMAN CHURCH DURING THE MIDDLE AGES.
§ [74.] Character and Divisions of this Period of the Development.
[(1)] The Character of Mediæval History.
[(2)] Periods in the Church History of the German-Roman Middle Ages.
FIRST SECTION.
HISTORY OF THE GERMAN-ROMAN CHURCH FROM THE 4TH TO THE 9TH CENTURY (DOWN TO A.D. 911).
I. Founding, Spread, and Limitation of the German Church.
§ [75.] Christianity and the Germans.
[(1)] The Predisposition of the Germans for Christianity.
[(2)] Unopposed Adoption of Christianity.
[(3)] Mode of Conversion in the Church of these Times.
§ [76.] The Victory of Catholicism over Arianism.
[(1)] The Goths in the lands of the Danube.
[(2)] The Visigoths in Gaul and Spain.
[(3)] The Vandals in Africa.
[(4)] The Suevi.
[(5)] The Burgundians.
[(6)] The Rugians.
[(7)] The Ostrogoths.
[(8)] The Longobards in Italy.
[(9)] The Franks in Gaul.
§ [77.] Victory of the Romish over the Old British Church.
[(1)] The Conversion of the Irish.
[(2)] The Mission to Scotland.
[(3)] The Peculiarities of the Celtic Church.
[(4)] The Romish Mission to the Anglo-Saxons.
[(5)] Celtic Missions among the Anglo-Saxons.
[(6)] The Celtic Element Driven out of the Anglo-Saxon Church.
[(7)] Spread and Overthrow of the British Church on the Continent.
[(8)] Overthrow of the Old British System in the Iro-Scottish Church.
§ [78.] The Conversion and Romanizing of Germany.
[(1)] South-Western Germany.
[(2)] South-Eastern Germany.
[(3)] North-Western Germany.
[(4)] The Missionary Work of Boniface.
[(5)] The Organization Effected by Boniface.
[(6)] Heresies Confronted by Boniface.
[(7)] The End of Boniface.
[(8)] An Estimate of Boniface.
[(9)] The Conversion of the Saxons.
§ [79.] The Slavs in German Countries.
[(1)] The Carantanians and Avars.
[(2)] The Moravian Church.
[(3)] The Beginnings of Christianity in Bohemia.
§ [80.] The Scandinavian Nations.
[(1)] Ansgar.
[(2)] Ansgar’s Successor—Rimbert.
§ [81.] Christianity and Islam.
[(1)] Islam in Spain.
[(2)] Islam in Sicily.
II. THE HIERARCHY, THE CLERGY AND THE MONKS.
§ [82.] The Papacy and the Carolingians.
[(1)] The Period of the Founding of the States of the Church.
[(2)] Stephen III., A.D. 768-772.
Hadrian I., A.D. 772-795.
[(3)] Charlemagne and Leo III., A.D. 795-816.
[(4)] Louis the Pious and the Popes of his Time.
[(5)] The Sons of Louis the Pious and the Popes of their Days.
[(6)] The Legend of the Female Pope Joanna.
[(7)] Nicholas I. and Hadrian II.
[(8)] John VIII. and his Successors.
[(9)] The Papacy and the Nationalities.
§ [83.] The Rank of Metropolitan.
[(1)] The Position of Metropolitans in General.
[(2)] Hincmar of Rheims.
[(3)] Metropolitans in other lands.
§ [84.] The Clergy in General.
[(1)] The Superior Clergy.
[(2)] The Inferior Clergy.
[(3)] Compulsory Celibacy.
[(4)] Canonical life.
§ [85.] Monasticism.
[(1)] Benedict of Nursia.
[(2)] Benedict of Aniane.
[(3)] Nunneries.
[(4)] The Greater Monasteries.
[(5)] Monastic Practices among the Clergy.
[(6)] The Stylites.
§ [86.] The Property of Churches and Monasteries.
[(1)] The Revenues of Churches and Monasteries.
[(2)] The Benefice System.
§ [87.] Ecclesiastical Legislation.
[(1)] Older Collections of Ecclesiastical Law.
[(2)] The Collection of Decretals of the Pseudo-Isidore.
[(3)] Details of the History of the Forgery.
[(4)] The Edict and Donation of Constantine.
III. THE CHURCH AND THE PEOPLE.
§ [88.] Public Worship and Art.
[(1)] Liturgy and Preaching.
[(2)] Church Music.
[(3)] The Sacrifice of the Mass.
[(4)] The Worship of Saints.
[(5)] Times and Places for Public Worship.
[(6)] Ecclesiastical Architecture and Painting.
§ [89.] National Customs, Social Life and Church Discipline.
[(1)] Superstition.
[(2)] Popular Education.
[(3)] Christian Popular Poetry.
[(4)] Social Condition.
[(5)] Practice of Pubic Law.
[(6)] Church Discipline and Penitential Exercises.
IV. THEOLOGY AND ITS BATTLES.
§ [90.] Scholarship and Theological Science.
[(1)] Rulers of the Carolingian Line.
[Charlemagne], A.D. 768-814.
[Louis the Pious], A.D. 814-840.
[Charles the Bald], A.D. 840-877.
[(2)] The most distinguished Theologians of the Pre-Carolingian Age.
[1.] Merovingian France.
[2.] South of the Pyrenees.
[3.] England.
[(3)] The most distinguished Theologians of the Age of Charlemagne.
[1.] Alcuin.
[2.] Paulus Diaconus.
[3.] Theodulf, Bishop of Orleans.
[4.] Paulinus, Patriarch of Aquileia and Bishop Leidrad of Lyons.
[5.] Hatto, Abbot of Reichenau.
[(4)] The most distinguished Theologians of the Age of Louis the Pious.
[1.] Agobard of Lyons.
[2.] Claudius, Bishop of Turin.
[3.] Jonas of Orleans.
[4.] Amalarius of Metz.
[5.] Christian Druthmar.
[6.] Rabanus Magnentius Maurus.
[7.] Walafrid Strabo.
[(5)] The Most Distinguished Theologians of the Age of Charles the Bald.
[1.] Hincmar of Rheims.
[2.] Paschasius Radbertus.
[3.] Ratramnus.
[4.] Florus Magister.
[5.] Haymo, Bishop of Halberstadt.
[6.] Servatus Lupus.
[7.] Remigius of Auxerre.
[8.] Regius of Prüm.
[(6)]9. Anastasius Bibliothecarius.
[10.] Eulogius of Cordova.
[(7)]11. Joannes Scotus Erigena.
[(8)] The Monastic and Cathedral Schools.
[(9)] Various Branches of Theological Science.
[1.] Exegesis.
[2.] Systematic Theology.
[3.] Practical Theology.
[4.] Historical Theology.
[(10)] Anglo-Saxon Culture under Alfred the Great, A.D. 871-901.
§ [91.] Doctrinal Controversies.
[(1)] The Adoptionist Controversy, A.D. 782-799.
[(2)] Controversy about the Procession of the Holy Spirit.
[(3)] The Eucharistic Controversy, A.D. 844.
[(4)] Controversy about the Conception of the Virgin.
[(5)] The Predestinarian Controversy A.D. 847-868.
[(6)] The Trinitarian Controversy, A.D. 857.
§ [92.] Endeavours After Reformation.
[(1)] The Carolingian Opposition to Image Worship, A.D. 790-825.
[(2)] Agobard of Lyons and Claudius of Turin.
SECOND SECTION.
HISTORY OF THE GERMANO-ROMANIC CHURCH, FROM THE 10TH TO THE 13TH CENTURY.
A.D. 911-1294.
I. The Spread of Christianity.
§ [93.] Missionary Enterprises.
[(1)] The Scandinavian Mission Field.
[(2)] Denmark.
[(3)] Sweden.
[(4)] The Norwegians.
[(5)] In the North-Western Group of Islands.
[(6)] The Slavo-Magyar Mission-field.
[(7)] The Poles.
[(8)] Hungary.
[(9)] The Wendish Races.
[(10)] Pomerania.
[(11)] Mission Work among the Finns and Lithuanians.
[(12)] Esthonia, Livonia, and Courland.
[(13)] The Prussians.
[(14)] Lithuania.
[(15)] The Mongolian Mission Field.
[(16)] The Mission Field of Islam.
§ [94.] The Crusades.
[(1)] The First Crusade, A.D. 1096.
[(2)] The Second Crusade, A.D. 1147.
[(3)] The Third Crusade, A.D. 1189.
[(4)] The Fourth Crusade, A.D. 1217.
[(5)] The Fifth Crusade, A.D. 1228.
[(6)] The Sixth, A.D. 1248, and Seventh, A.D. 1270, Crusades.
§ [95.] Islam and the Jews in Europe.
[(1)] Islam in Sicily.
[(2)] Islam in Spain.
[(3)] The Jews in Europe.
II.—The Hierarchy, the Clergy, and the Monks.
§ [96.] The Papacy and the Holy Roman Empire in the German Nationalities.
[(1)] The Romish Pornocracy and the Emperor Otto I., † A.D. 973.
[(2)] The Times of Otto II., III., A.D. 973-1002.
[(3)] Otto III.; Pope Sylvester II.
[(4)] From Henry II. to the Synod at Sutri, A.D. 1002-1046.
[(5)] Henry III. and his German Popes, A.D. 1046-1057.
[(6)] The Papacy under the Control of Hildebrand, A.D. 1057-1078.
[(7)] Gregory VII., A.D. 1073-1085.
[(8)] Gregory’s Contention with Henry IV.
[(9)] The Central Idea in Gregory’s Policy.
[(10)] Victor III. and Urban II., A.D. 1086-1099.
[(11)] Paschalis II., Gelasius II., and Calixtus II., A.D. 1099-1124.
[(12)] English Investiture Controversy.
[(13)] The Times of Lothair III. and Conrad III., A.D. 1125-1152.
[(14)] The Times of Frederick I. and Henry VI., A.D. 1152-1190.
[(15)] Alexander III., A.D. 1159-1181.
[(16)] The Times of King Henry II. and Cœlestine III., A.D. 1154-1198.
[(17)] Innocent III., A.D. 1198-1216.
[(18)] —— Fourth Lateran Council of A.D. 1215.
[(19)] The Times of Frederick II. and his Successors, A.D. 1215-1268.
[(20)] Innocent IV. and his Successors, A.D. 1243-1268.
[(21)] The Times of the House of Anjou down to Boniface VIII., A.D. 1288-1294.
[(22)] Nicholas III. to Cœlestine V., A.D. 1277-1294.
[(23)] Temporal Power of the Popes.
§ [97.] The Clergy.
[(1)] The Roman College of Cardinals.
[(2)] The Political Importance of the Superior Clergy.
[(3)] The Bishops and the Cathedral Chapter.
[(4)] Endeavours to Reform the Clergy.
[(5)] The Pataria of Milan.
§ [98.] Monastic Orders and Institutions.
[(1)] Offshoots of the Benedictines.
[1.] The Brethren of Clugny.
[2.] The Congregation of the Camaldolites.
[3.] The Order of Vallombrosa.
[4.] The Cistercians.
[5.] The Congregation of Scottish Monasteries.
[(2)] New Monkish Orders.
[1.] The Order of Grammont.
[2.] The Order of St. Anthony.
[3.] The Order of Fontevraux.
[4.] The Order of the Gilbertines.
[5.] The Carthusian Order.
[6.] The Premonstratensian Order.
[7.] The Trinitarian Order.
[8.] The Cœlestine Order.
[(3)] The Beginnings of the Franciscan Order down to A.D. 1219.
[(4)] The Franciscans from A.D. 1219 to A.D. 1223.
[(5)] The Franciscans from A.D. 1223.
[(6)] Party Divisions within the Franciscan Order.
[(7)] The Dominican or Preaching Order.
[(8)] The Dominican Constitutional Rules.
[(9)] The Female Orders.
[1.] Dominican Nuns.
[2.] Nuns of St. Clara.
[(10)] The other Mendicant Orders.
[(11)] Penitential Brotherhoods and Tertiaries of the Mendicant Orders.
[(12)] Working Guilds of a Monkish Order.
[(13)] The Spiritual Order of Knights.
[1.] The Templars.
[2.] The Knights of St. John.
[3.] The Order of Teutonic Knights.
[4.] The Knights of the Cross.
[(14)] Bridge-Brothers and Mercedarians.
III. Theological Science and its Controversies.
§ [99.] Scholasticism in General.
[(1)] Dialectic and Mysticism.
[(2)] The Philosophical Basis of Dialectic Scholasticism.
[(3)] The Nurseries of Scholasticism.
[(4)] The Epochs of Scholasticism.
[(5)] The Canon Law.
[(6)] Historical Literature.
§ [100.] The Sæculum Obscurum: the 10th Century.
[(1)] Classical Studies—Germany; England.
[(2)] —— Italy; France.
§ [101.] The Eleventh Century.
[(1)] The Most Celebrated Schoolmen of this Century.
[1.] Fulbert.
[2.] Berengar of Tours.
[3.] Lanfranc.
[4.] Hildebert of Tours.
[5.] Anselm of Canterbury.
[6.] Anselm of Laon.
[7.] William of Champeaux.
[8.] Guibert of Nogent.
[(2)] Berengar’s Eucharist Controversy, A.D. 1050-1079.
[(3)] Anselm’s Controversies.
§ [102.] The Twelfth Century.
[(1)] The Contest on French Soil.
[I.] The Dialectic Side of the Gulf—Peter Abælard.
[(2)] —— Abælard’s Teachings.
[(3)]II. The Mystic Side of the Gulf—St. Bernard of Clairvaux.
[(4)]III. Bridging the Gulf from the Side of Mysticism.
[(5)]IV. Bridging the Gulf from the Side of Dialectics.
[(6)] The Controversy on German Soil.
[(7)] Theologians of a Pre-eminently Biblical and Ecclesiastico-Practical Tendency.
[1.] Alger of Liège.
[2.] Rupert of Deutz.
[3.] Hervæus.
[(8)]4. John of Salisbury.
[5.] Walter of St. Victor.
[6.] Innocent III.
[(9)] Humanist Philosophers.
§ [103.] The Thirteenth Century.
[(1)] The Writings of Aristotle and his Arabic Interpreters.
[(2)] Theory of a twofold Truth.
[(3)] The Appearance of the Mendicant Orders.
[(4)] Distinguished Franciscan Schoolmen.
[(5)] Distinguished Dominican Schoolmen—Albert the Great.
[(6)] —— Thomas Aquinas.
[(7)] Reformers of the Scholastic Method—Raimund Lull.
[(8)] —— Roger Bacon.
[(9)] Theologians of a Biblical and Practical Tendency.
[1.] Cæsarius of Heisterbach.
[2.] William Peraldus.
[3.] Hugo of St. Caro.
[4.] Robert of Sorbon.
[5.] Raimund Martini.
[(10)] Precursors of the German Speculative Mystics.
IV. The Church and the People.
§ [104.] Public Worship and Art.
[(1)] The Liturgy and the Sermon.
[(2)] Definition and Number of the Sacraments.
[(3)] The Sacrament of the Altar.
[(4)] Penance.
[(5)] Extreme Unction.
[(6)] The Sacrament of Marriage.
[(7)] New Festivals.
[(8)] The Veneration of Saints.
[(9)] St. Ursula and her 11,000 Virgins.
[(10)] Hymnology.
[(11)] Church Music.
[(12)] Ecclesiastical Architecture.
[(13)] Free Mason Lodges.
[(14)] Statuary and Painting.
§ [105.] National Customs and the National Literature.
[(1)] Knighthood and the Peace of God.
[(2)] Popular Customs.
[(3)] Two Royal Saints.
[(4)] Evidences of Sainthood.
[1.] Stigmatization.
[2.] Bilocation.
[(5)] Religious Culture of the People.
[(6)] The National Literature.
§ [106.] Church Discipline, Indulgences, and Asceticism.
[(1)] Ban and Interdict.
[(2)] Indulgences.
[(3)] The Church Doctrine of the Hereafter.
[(4)] Flagellation.
§ [107.] Female Mystics.
[(1)] Two Rhenish Prophetesses of the 12th Century.
[(2)] Three Thuringian Prophetesses of the 13th Century.
V. Heretical Opposition to Ecclesiastical Authority.
§ [108.] The Protesters against the Church.
[(1)] The Cathari.
[(2)] —— Their Theological Systems.
[(3)] The Pasagians.
[(4)] Pantheistic Heretics.
[1.] Amalrich of Bena.
[2.] David of Dinant.
[3.] The Ortlibarians.
[(5)] Apocalyptic Heretics.
[(6)] Ghibelline Joachites.
[(7)] Revolutionary Reformers.
[1.] The Petrobrusians.
[2.] Arnold of Brescia.
[(8)]3. The Pastorelles.
[4.] The Apostolic Brothers.
[(9)] Reforming Enthusiasts.
[1.] Tanchelm.
[2.] Eon de Stella.
[(10)] The Waldensians.
[1.] Their Origin.
[(11)]2. Their Divisions.
[(12)]3. Attempts at Catholicizing.
[(13)]4. The French Societies.
[(14)] —— An Alternate Origin.
[(15)]5. The Lombard-German Branch.
[(16)]6. Relations between the Waldensians and Older and Contemporary Sects.
§ [109.] The Church against the Protesters.
[(1)] The Albigensian Crusade, A.D. 1209-1229.
[(2)] The Inquisition.
[(3)] Conrad of Marburg and the Stedingers.
THIRD SECTION.
HISTORY OF THE GERMANO-ROMANIC CHURCH IN THE 14th AND 15th CENTURIES (A.D. 1294-1517).
I. The Hierarchy, Clergy, and Monks.
§ [110.] The Papacy.
[(1)] Boniface VIII. and Benedict XI., A.D. 1294-1304.
[(2)] The Papacy during the Babylonian Exile, A.D. 1305-1377.
[(3)] John XXII., A.D. 1316-1334.
[(4)] Benedict XII., A.D. 1334-1342.
[(5)] Innocent VI. to Gregory XI., A.D. 1352-1378.
[(6)] The Papal Schism and the Council of Pisa, A.D. 1378-1410.
[(7)] The Council of Constance and Martin V., A.D. 1410-1431.
[(8)] Eugenius IV. and the Council of Basel, A.D. 1431-1449.
[(9)] Pragmatic Sanction, A.D. 1438.
[(10)] Nicholas V. to Pius II., A.D. 1447-1464.
[(11)] Paul II., Sixtus IV. and Innocent VII., A.D. 1464-1492.
[(12)] Alexander VI., A.D. 1492-1503.
[(13)] Julius II., A.D. 1503-1513.
[(14)] Leo X., A.D. 1513-1521.
[(15)] Papal Claims to Sovereignty.
[(16)] The Papal Curia.
§ [111.] The Clergy.
[(1)] The Moral Condition of the Clergy.
[(2)] Commendator Abbots.
§ [112.] Monastic Orders and Societies.
[(1)] The Benedictine Orders.
[(2)] The Franciscans.
[(3)] The Observants and Conventuals.
[(4)] The Dominicans.
[(5)] The Augustinians.
[(6)] John von Staupitz.
[(7)] Overthrow of the Templars.
[(8)] New Orders.
[1.] Hieronymites.
[2.] Jesuates.
[3.] Minimi.
[4.] Nuns of St. Bridget.
[5.] Annunciate Order.
[(9)] The Brothers of the Common Life.
II. Theological Science.
§ [113.] Scholasticism and its Reformers.
[(1)] John Duns Scotus.
[(2)] Thomists and Scotists.
[(3)] Nominalists and Realists.
[(4)] Casuistry.
[(5)] The Founder of Natural Theology—Raimund of Sabunde.
[(6)] Nicholas of Cusa.
[(7)] Biblical and Practical Theologians.--
[1.] Nicholas of Lyra.
[2.] Antonine of Florence.
[3.] John Trithemius.
§ [114.] The German Mystics.
[(1)] Meister Eckhart.
[(2)] Mystics of Upper Germany after Eckhart.
[(3)] The Friend of God in the Uplands.
[(4)] Nicholas of Basel.
[(5)] Henry Suso.
[(6)] Henry of Nördlingen.
[(7)] Mystics of the Netherlands.
[1.] John of Ruysbroek.
[2.] Hendrik Mande.
[3.] Gerlach Peters.
[4.] Thomas à Kempis.
III. The Church and the People.
§ [115A.] Public Worship and the Religious Education of the People.
[(1)] Fasts and Festivals.
[(2)] Preaching.
[(3)] The Biblia Pauperum.
[(4)] The Bible in the Vernacular.
[(5)] Catechisms and Prayer Books.
[(6)] The Dance of Death.
[(7)] Hymnology.
[(8)] Church Music.
[(9)] Legendary Relics.
§ [115B.] National Literature and Ecclesiastical Art.
[(10)] The Italian National Literature.
[(11)] The German National Literature.
[(12)] The Sacred Drama.
[(13)] Architecture and Painting.
§ [116.] Popular Movements.
[(1)] Two National Saints.
[(2)] The Maid of Orleans, A.D. 1428-1431.
[(3)] Lollards, Flagellants, and Dancers.
[(4)] The Friends of God.
[(5)] Pantheistic Libertine Societies.
§ [117.] Church Discipline.
[(1)] Indulgences.
[(2)] The Inquisition.
[(3)] The Bull “In Cœna Domini.”
[(4)] Prosecution of Witches.
IV. Attempts at Reformation.
§ [118.] Attempted Reforms in Church Polity.
[(1)] The Literary War between Imperialists and Curialists in the 14th Century.
[(2)] —— Continued.
[(3)] Reforming Councils of the 15th Century.
[(4)] Friends of Reform in France during the 15th Century.
[1.] Peter d’Ailly.
[2.] Jean Charlier (Gerson).
[3.] Nicholas of Clemanges.
[4.] Louis d’Aleman.
[(5)] Friends of Reform in Germany.
[1.] Henry of Langenstein.
[2.] Theodorich or Dietrich of Niem.
[3.] Gregory of Heimburg.
[4.] Jacob of Jüterboyk [Jüterbock].
[5.] Cardinal Nicholas of Cusa.
[6.] Felix Hemmerlin.
[7.] The Reformation of the Emperor Sigismund.
[(6)] An Italian Apostate from the Basel Liberal Party—Æneas Sylvius Piccolomini.
[(7)] Reforms in Church Policy in Spain.
§ [119.] Evangelical Efforts at Reform.
[(1)] Wiclif and the Wiclifites.
[(2)] Precursors of the Hussite Movement.
[1.] Conrad of Waldhausen.
[2.] John Milicz of Cremsier.
[3.] Matthias of Janow.
[(3)] John Huss of Hussinecz.
[(4)] —— Rector of the University of Prague.
[(5)] —— Council of Constance; Trial; Execution.
[(6)] —— His Teachings.
[(7)] Calixtines and Taborites.
[(8)] The Bohemian and Moravian Brethren.
[(9)] The Waldensians.
[1.] Lombard-German Waldensians.
[(9A)]2. French Waldensians.
[(10)] The Dutch Reformers.
[1.] John Pupper of Goch.
[2.] John Ruchrath of Wesel.
[3.] John Wessel.
[4.] Nicholas Russ.
[(11)] An Italian Reformer—Jerome Savonarola.
§ [120.] The Revival of Learning.
[(1)] Italian Humanists.
[(2)] German Humanism—University of Erfurt.
[(3)] —— Other Schools.
[(4)] John Reuchlin.
[(5)]Epistolæ obscurorum virorum.
[(6)] Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam.
[(7)] Humanism in England.
[(8)] Humanism in France and Spain.
[(9)] Humanism and the Reformation of the Sixteenth Century.
THIRD DIVISION.
History of the Development of the Church under Modern European Forms of Civilization.
§ [121.] Character and Distribution of Modern Church History.
FIRST SECTION.
CHURCH HISTORY OF THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY.
I. The Reformation.
§ [122.] The Beginnings of the Wittenberg Reformation.
[(1)] Luther’s Years of Preparation.
[(2)] Luther’s Theses of A.D. 1517.
[(3)] Prierias, Cajetan, and Miltitz, A.D. 1518, 1519.
[(4)] The Leipzig Disputation, A.D. 1519.
[(5)] Philip Melanchthon.
[(6)] George Spalatin.
§ [123.] Luther’s Period of Conflict, A.D. 1520, 1521.
[(1)] Luther’s Three Chief Reformation Writings, A.D. 1520.
[(2)] The Papal Bull of Excommunication, A.D. 1520.
[(3)] Erasmus, A.D. 1520.
[(4)] Luther’s Controversy with Emser, A.D. 1519-1521.
[(5)] The Emperor Charles V.
[(6)] The Diet at Worms, A.D. 1521.
[(7)] Luther at Wittenberg after the Diet.
[(8)] The Wartburg Exile, A.D. 1521, 1522.
[(9)] The Attitude of Frederick the Wise to the Reformation.
§ [124.] Deterioration and Purification of the Wittenberg Reformation, A.D. 1522-1525.
[(1)] The Wittenberg Fanaticism, A.D. 1521, 1522.
[(2)] Franz von Sickingen, A.D. 1522, 1523.
[(3)] Andrew Bodenstein of Carlstadt, A.D. 1524, 1525.
[(4)] Thomas Münzer, A.D. 1523, 1524.
[(5)] The Peasant War, A.D. 1524, 1525.
§ [125.] Friends and Foes of Luther’s Doctrine, A.D. 1522-1526.
[(1)] Spread of Evangelical Views.
[(2)] “The Sum of Holy Scripture” and its Author.
[(3)] Henry VIII. and Erasmus.
[(4)] Thomas Murner.
[(5)] “Onus ecclesiæ.”
§ [126.] Development of the Reformation in the Empire, A.D. 1522-1526.
[(1)] The Diet at Nuremberg, A.D. 1522, 1523.
[(2)] The Diet at Nuremberg, A.D. 1524.
[(3)] The Convention at Regensburg, A.D. 1524.
[(4)] The Evangelical Nobles, A.D. 1524.
[(5)] The Torgau League, A.D. 1526.
[(6)] The Diet of Spires, A.D. 1526.
§ [127.] Organization of the Evangelical Provincial Churches, A.D. 1526-1529.
[(1)] The Organization of the Church of the Saxon Electorate, A.D. 1527-1529.
[(2)] The Organization of the Hessian Churches, A.D. 1526-1528.
[(3)] Organization of other German Provincial Churches, A.D. 1528-1530.
[(4)] The Reformation in the Cities of Northern Germany, A.D. 1524-1531.
§ [128.] Martyrs for Evangelical Truth, A.D. 1521-1529.
§ [129.] Luther’s Private and Public Life, A.D. 1523-1529.
[(1)] Luther’s Literary Works.
[(2)] Döllinger’s View of Luther.
§ [130.] The Reformation in German Switzerland, A.D. 1519-1531.
[(1)] Ulrich Zwingli.
[(2)] The Reformation in Zürich, A.D. 1519-1525.
[(3)] Reformation in Basel, A.D. 1520-1525.
[(4)] The Reformation in the other Cantons, A.D. 1520-1525.
[(5)] Anabaptist Outbreak, A.D. 1525.
[(6)] Disputation at Baden, A.D. 1526.
[(7)] Disputation at Bern, A.D. 1528.
[(8)] Complete Victory of the Reformation at Basel, St. Gall, and Schaffhausen, A.D. 1529.
[(9)] The first Treaty of Cappel, A.D. 1529.
[(10)] The Second Treaty of Cappel, A.D. 1531.
§ [131.] The Sacramentarian Controversy, A.D. 1525-1529.
§ [132.] The Protest and Confession of the Evangelical Nobles, A.D. 1527-1530.
[(1)] The Pack Incident, A.D. 1527, 1528.
[(2)] The Emperor’s Attitude, A.D. 1527-1529.
[(3)] The Diet at Spires, A.D. 1529.
[(4)] The Marburg Conference, A.D. 1529.
[(5)] The Convention of Schwabach and the Landgrave Philip.
[(6)] The Diet of Augsburg, A.D. 1530.
[(7)] The Augsburg Confession, 25th June, A.D. 1530.
[(8)] The Conclusions of the Diet of Augsburg.
§ [133.] Incidents of the Years A.D. 1531-1536.
[(1)] The Founding of the Schmalcald League, A.D. 1530, 1531.
[(2)] The Peace of Nuremberg, A.D. 1532.
[(3)] The Evangelization of Württemberg, A.D. 1534, 1535.
[(4)] The Reformation in Anhalt and Pomerania, A.D. 1532-1534.
[(5)] The Reformation in Westphalia, A.D. 1532-1534.
[(6)] Disturbances at Münster, A.D. 1534, 1535.
[(7)] Extension of the Schmalcald league, A.D. 1536.
[(8)] The Wittenberg Concordat of A.D. 1536.
§ [134.] Incidents of the Years A.D. 1537-1539.
[(1)] The Schmalcald Articles, A.D. 1537.
[(2)] The League of Nuremberg, A.D. 1538.
[(3)] The Frankfort Interim, A.D. 1539.
[(4)] The Reformation in Albertine Saxony, A.D. 1539.
[(5)] The Reformation in Brandenburg and Neighbouring States, A.D. 1539.
§ [135.] Union Attempts of A.D. 1540-1546.
[(1)] The Double Marriage of the Landgrave, A.D. 1540.
[(2)] The Religious Conference at Worms, A.D. 1540.
[(3)] The Religious Conference at Regensburg, A.D. 1541.
[(4)] The Regensburg Declaration, A.D. 1541.
[(5)] The Naumburg Bishopric, A.D. 1541, 1542.
[(6)] The Reformation in Brunswick and the Palatinate, A.D. 1542-1546.
[(7)] The Reformation in the Electorate of Cologne, A.D. 1542-1544.
[(8)] The Emperor’s Difficulties, A.D. 1543, 1544.
[(9)] Diet at Spires, A.D. 1544.
[(10)] Differences between the Emperor and the Protestant Nobles, A.D. 1545, 1546.
[(11)] Luther’s Death, A.D. 1546.
§ [136.] The Schmalcald War, the Interim, and the Council, A.D. 1546-1551.
[(1)] Preparations for the Schmalcald War, A.D. 1546.
[(2)] The Campaign on the Danube, A.D. 1546.
[(3)] The Campaign on the Elbe, A.D. 1547.
[(4)] The Council of Trent, A.D. 1545-1547.
[(5)] The Augsburg Interim, A.D. 1548.
[(6)] The Execution of the Interim.
[(7)] The Leipzig or Little Interim, A.D. 1549.
[(8)] The Council again at Trent, A.D. 1551.
§ [137A.] Maurice and the Peace of Augsburg A.D. 1550-1555.
[(1)] The State of Matters in A.D. 1550.
[(2)] The Elector Maurice, A.D. 1551.
[(3)] The Compact of Passau, A.D. 1552.
[(4)] Death of Maurice, A.D. 1553.
[(5)] The Religious Peace of Augsburg, A.D. 1555.
§ [137B.] Germany after the Religious Peace.
[(6)] The Worms Consultation, A.D. 1557.
[(7)] Second Attempt at Reformation in the Electorate of Cologne, A.D. 1582.
[(8)] The German Emperors, A.D. 1556-1612.
§ [138.] The Reformation in French Switzerland.
[(1)] Calvin’s Predecessors, A.D. 1526-1535.
[(2)] Calvin before his Genevan Ministry.
[(3)] Calvin’s First Ministry in Geneva, A.D. 1536-1538.
[(4)] Calvin’s Second Ministry in Geneva, A.D. 1541-1564.
[(5)] Calvin’s Writings.
[(6)] Calvin’s Doctrine.
[(7)] The Victory of Calvinism over Zwinglianism.
[(8)] Calvin’s Successor in Geneva.
§ [139.] The Reformation in Other Lands.
[(1)] Sweden.
[(2)] Denmark and Norway.
[(3)] Courland, Livonia, and Esthonia.
[(4)] England—Henry VIII.
[(5)] —— Edward VI.
[(6)] —— Elizabeth.
[(7)] Ireland.
[(8)] Scotland.
[(9)] —— John Knox.
[(10)] —— Queen Mary Stuart.
[(11)] —— John Knox and Queen Mary Stuart.
[(12)] The Netherlands.
[(13)] France.
——[Francis I.]
——[Henry II.]
[(14)]——[Huguenots.]
——[Francis II.]
——[Charles IX.]
[(15)]—— Persecution of the Huguenots.
[(16)]—— The Bloody Marriage—Massacre of St. Bartholomew.
[(17)]——[Henry III.]
——[Henry IV.]
——[Edict of Nantes.]
[(18)] Poland.
[(19)] Bohemia and Moravia.
[(20)] Hungary and Transylvania.
[(21)] Spain.
[(22)] Italy.
[(23)] —— Aonio Paleario.
[(24)][1.] Bernardino Ochino.
[2.] Peter Martyr Vermilius.
[3.] Peter Paul Vergerius.
[4.] Cœlius Secundus Curio.
[5.] Galeazzo Carraccioli.
[6.] Fulvia Olympia Morata.
[(25)] The Protestantizing of the Waldensians.
[(26)] Attempt at Protestantizing the Eastern Church.
II. The Churches of the Reformation.
§ [140.] The Distinctive Character of the Lutheran Church.
§ [141.] Doctrinal Controversies in the Lutheran Church.
[(1)] The Antinomian Controversy, A.D. 1537-1541.
[(2)] The Osiander Controversy, A.D. 1549-1556.
[(3)] Æpinus Controversy; Kargian Controversy.
[(4)] The Philippists and their Opponents.
[(5)] The Adiaphorist Controversy, A.D. 1548-1555.
[(6)] The Majorist Controversy, A.D. 1551-1562.
[(7)] The Synergistic Controversy, A.D. 1555-1567.
[(8)] The Flacian Controversy about Original Sin, A.D. 1560-1575.
[(9)] The Lutheran Doctrine of the Lord’s Supper.
[(10)] Cryptocalvinism in its First Stage, A.D. 1552-1574.
[(11)] The Frankfort Compact, A.D. 1558, and the Naumburg Assembly of Princes, A.D. 1561.
[(12)] The Formula of Concord, A.D. 1577.
[(13)] Second Stage of Cryptocalvinism, A.D. 1586-1592.
[(14)] The Huber Controversy, A.D. 1588-1595.
[(15)] The Hofmann Controversy in Helmstadt, A.D. 1598.
§ [142.] Constitution, Worship, Life, and Science in the Lutheran Church.
[(1)] The Ecclesiastical Constitution.
[(2)] Public Worship and Art.
[(3)] Church Song—Luther and early Authors.
[(4)] —— Later Authors.
[(5)] Chorale Singing.
[(6)] Theological Science.
[(7)] German National Literature.
[(8)] Missions to the Heathen.
§ [143.] The Inner Development of the Reformed Church.
[(1)] The Ecclesiastical Constitution.
[(2)] Public Worship.
[(3)] The English Puritans.
[(4)] —— The Brownists.
[(5)] Theological Science.
[(6)] Philosophy.
[(7)] A Missionary Enterprise.
§ [144.] Calvinizing of German Lutheran National Churches.
[(1)] The Palatinate, A.D. 1560.
[(2)] Bremen, A.D. 1562.
[(3)] Anhalt, A.D. 1597.
III. The Deformation.
§ [145.] Character of the Deformation.
§ [146.] Mysticism and Pantheism.
[(1)] Schwenkfeld and his Followers.
[(2)] Agrippa, Paracelsus, and Weigel.
[(3)] Franck, Thamer, and Bruno.
[(4)] The Pantheistic Libertine Sects of the Spirituals.
[(5)] The Familists.
§ [147.] Anabaptism.
[(1)] The Anabaptist Movement in General.
[(2)] Keller’s View of Anabaptist History.
[(3)] The Swiss Anabaptists.
[(4)] The South German Anabaptists.
[(5)] The Moravian Anabaptists.
[(6)] The Venetian Anabaptists.
[(7)] The older Apostles of Anabaptism in the North-West of Germany.
[1.] Melchior Hoffmann.
[2.] Melchior Ring.
[(8)] Jan Matthys of Haarlem.
[(9)] The Münster Catastrophe, A.D. 1534, 1535.
[(10)] Menno Simons and the Mennonites.
§ [148.] Antitrinitarians and Unitarians.
[(1)] Anabaptist Antitrinitarians in Germany.
[(2)] Michael Servetus.
[(3)] Italian and other Antitrinitarians before Socinus.
[(4)] The Two Socini and the Socinians.
IV. The Counter-Reformation.
§ [149.] The Internal Strengthening and Revival of the Catholic Church.
[(1)] The Popes before the Council.
[(2)] The Popes of the Time of the Council.
[(3)] The Popes after the Council.
[(4)] Papal Infallibility.
[(5)] The Prophecy of St. Malachi.
[(6)] Reformation of Old Monkish Orders.
[(7)] New Orders for Home Missions.
[(8)] The Society of Jesus—Founding of the Order.
[(9)] —— Constitution.
[(10)] —— The Doctrinal and Moral System.
[(11)] Jesuit Influence upon Worship and Superstition.
[(12)] Educational Methods and Institutions of the Jesuits.
[(13)] Theological Controversies.
[(14)] Theological Literature.
[(15)] Art and Poetry.
[(16)] The Spanish Mystics.
[(17)] Practical Christian life.
§ [150.] Foreign Missions.
[(1)] Missions to the Heathen—East Indies and China.
[(2)] —— Japan.
[(3)] —— America.
[(4)] Schismatical Churches of the East.
§ [151.] Attempted Regeneration of Roman Catholicism.
[(1)] Attempts at Regeneration in Germany.
[(2)] Throughout Europe.
[(3)] Russia and the United Greeks.
SECOND SECTION.
CHURCH HISTORY OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY.
I. Relations between the Different Churches.
§ [152.] East and West.
[(1)] Roman Catholic Hopes.
[(2)] Calvinistic Hopes.
[(3)] Orthodox Constancy.
§ [153.] Catholicism and Protestantism.
[(1)] Conversions of Protestant Princes.
[(2)] The Restoration in Germany and the Neighbouring States.
[(3)] Livonia and Hungary.
[(4)] The Huguenots in France.
[(5)] The Waldensians in Piedmont.
[(6)] The Catholics in England and Ireland.
[(7)] Union Efforts.
[(8)] The Lehnin Prophecy.
§ [154.] Lutheranism and Calvinism.
[(1)] Calvinizing of Hesse-Cassel, A.D. 1605-1646.
[(2)] Calvinizing of Lippe, A.D. 1602.
[(3)] The Elector of Brandenburg becomes Calvinist, A.D. 1613.
[(4)] Union Attempts.
§ [155.] Anglicanism and Puritanism.
[(1)] The First Two Stuarts.
[(2)] The Commonwealth and the Protector.
[(3)] The Restoration and the Act of Toleration.
II. The Roman Catholic Church.
§ [156.] The Papacy, Monkery, and Foreign Missions.
[(1)] The Papacy.
[(2)] The Jesuits and the Republic of Venice.
[(3)] The Gallican Liberties.
[(4)] Galileo and the Inquisition.
[(5)] The Controversy on the Immaculate Conception.
[(6)] The Devotion of the Sacred Heart of Jesus.
[(7)] New Congregations and Orders.
[1.] Benedictine Congregation of St. Banne.
[2.] Benedictine Congregation of St. Maur.
[3.] The Fathers of the Oratory of Jesus.
[4.] The Piarists.
[5.] The Order of the Visitation of Mary.
[(8)]6. The Priests of the Missions and Sisters of Charity.
[7.] The Trappists.
[8.] The English Nuns.
[(9)] The Propaganda.
[(10)] Foreign Missions.
[(11)] In the East Indies.
[(12)] In China.
[(13)] Trade and Industry of the Jesuits.
[(14)] An Apostate to Judaism.
§ [157.] Quietism and Jansenism.
[(1)] Francis de Sales and Madame Chantal.
[(2)] Michael Molinos.
[(3)] Madame Guyon and Fénelon.
[(4)] Mysticism Tinged with Theosophy and Pantheism.
[(5)] Jansenism in its first Stage.
§ [158.] Science and Art in the Catholic Church.
[(1)] Theological Science.
[(2)] Church History.
[(3)] Art and Poetry.
III. The Lutheran Church.
§ [159.] Orthodoxy and its Battles.
[(1)] Christological Controversies.
[1.] The Cryptist and Kenotist Controversy.
[2.] The Lütkemann Controversy.
[(2)] The Syncretist Controversy.
[(3)] The Pietist Controversy in its First Stage.
[(4)] Theological Literature.
[(5)] Dogmatics.
§ [160.] The Religious Life.
[(1)] Mysticism and Asceticism.
[(2)] Mysticism and Theosophy.
[(3)] Sacred Song.
[(4)] —— Its 17th Century Transition.
[(5)] Sacred Music.
[(6)] The Christian Life of the People.
[(7)] Missions.
IV. The Reformed Church.
§ [161.] Theology and its Battles.
[(1)] Preliminaries of the Arminian Controversy.
[(2)] The Arminian Controversy.
[(3)] Consequences of the Arminian Controversy.
[(4)] The Cocceian and Cartesian Controversies.
[(5)] —— Continued.
[(6)] Theological Literature.
[(7)] Dogmatic Theology.
[(8)] The Apocrypha Controversy.
§ [162.] The Religious Life.
[(1)] England and Scotland.
[(2)] —— Political and Social Revolutionists.
[(3)] —— Devotional Literature.
[(4)] The Netherlands.
[(5)] —— Voetians and Cocceians.
[(6)] France, Germany, and Switzerland.
[(7)] Foreign Missions.
V. Anti- and Extra-Ecclesiastical Parties.
§ [163.] Sects and Fanatics.
[(1)] The Socinians.
[(2)] The Baptists of the Continent.
[1.] The Dutch Baptists.
[2.] The Moravian Baptists.
[(3)] The English Baptists.
[(4)] The Quakers.
[(5)] —— Continued.
[(6)] The Quaker Constitution.
[(7)] Labadie and the Labadists.
[(8)] —— Continued.
[(9)] Fanatical Sects.
[(10)] Russian Sects.
§ [164.] Philosophers and Freethinkers.
[(1)] Philosophy.
[(2)] —— Continued.
[(3)] Freethinkers—England.
[(4)] —— Germany and France.
THIRD SECTION.
CHURCH HISTORY OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY.
I. The Catholic Church in East and West.
§ [165.] The Roman Catholic Church.
[(1)] The Popes.
[(2)] Old and New Orders.
[(3)] Foreign Missions.
[(4)] The Counter-Reformation.
[(5)] In France.
[(6)] Conversions.
[(7)] The Second Stage of Jansenism.
[(8)] The Old Catholic Church in the Netherlands.
[(9)] Suppression of the Order of Jesuits, A.D. 1773.
[(10)] Anti-hierarchical Movements in Germany and Italy.
[(11)] Theological Literature.
[(12)] In Italy.
[(13)] The German-Catholic Contribution to the Illumination.
[(14)] The French Contribution to the Illumination.
[(15)] The French Revolution.
[(16)] The Pseudo-Catholics—The Abrahamites or Bohemian Deists.
[(17)] —— The Frankists.
§ [166.] The Oriental Churches.
[(1)] The Russian State Church.
[(2)] Russian Sects.
[(3)] The Abyssinian Church.
II. The Protestant Churches.
§ [167.] The Lutheran Church before “the Illumination.”
[(1)] The Pietist Controversies after the Founding of the Halle University.
[(2)] —— Controversial Doctrines.
[(3)] Theology.
[(4)] Unionist Efforts.
[(5)] Theories of Ecclesiastical Law.
[(6)] Church Song.
[(7)] Sacred Music.
[(8)] The Christian Life and Devotional Literature.
[(9)] Missions to the Heathen.
§ [168.] The Church of the Moravian Brethren.
[(1)] The Founder of the Moravian Brotherhood.
[(2)] The Founding of the Brotherhood.
[(3)] The Development of the Brotherhood down to Zinzendorf’s Death, A.D. 1727-1760.
[(4)] Zinzendorf’s Plan and Work.
[(5)] Numerous Extravagances.
[(6)] Zinzendorf’s Greatness.
[(7)] The Brotherhood under Spangenberg’s Administration.
[(8)] The Doctrinal Peculiarities of the Brotherhood.
[(9)] The Peculiarities of Worship among the Brethren.
[(10)] Christian Life of the Brotherhood.
[(11)] Missions to the Heathen.
§ [169.] The Reformed Church before the “Illumination.”
[(1)] The German Reformed Church.
[(2)] The Reformed Church in Switzerland.
[(3)] The Dutch Reformed Church.
[(4)] Methodism.
[(5)] —— Continued.
[(6)] Theological Literature.
§ [170.] New Sects and Fanatics.
[(1)] Fanatics and Separatists in Germany.
[(2)] The Inspired Societies in Wetterau.
[(3)] J. C. Dippel.
[(4)] Separatists of Immoral Tendency.
[(5)] Swedenborgianism.
[(6)] New Baptist Sects.
[(7)] New Quaker Sects.
[(8)] Predestinarian-Mystical Sects.
§ [171.] Religion, Theology, and Literature of the “Illumination.”
[(1)] Deism, Arianism, and Unitarianism in the English Church.
[1.] The Deists.
[2.] The So-called Arians.
[3.] The Later Unitarians.
[(2)] Freemasons.
[(3)] The German “Illumination.”
1. Its Precursors.
[(4)]2. The Age of Frederick the Great.
[(5)]3. The Wöllner Reaction.
[(6)] The Transition Theology.
[(7)] The Rationalistic Theology.
[(8)] Supernaturalism.
[(9)] Mysticism and Theosophy.
[(10)] The German Philosophy.
[(11)] The German National Literature.
[(12)] Pestalozzi.
§ [172.] Church Life in the Period of the “Illumination.”
[(1)] The Hymnbook and Church Music.
[(2)] Religious Characters.
[(3)] Religious Sects.
[(4)] The Rationalistic “Illumination” outside of Germany.
[(5)] Missionary Societies and Missionary Enterprise.
FOURTH SECTION.
CHURCH HISTORY OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY.
I. General and Introductory.
§ [173.] Survey of Religious Movements of Nineteenth Century.
§ [174.] Nineteenth Century Culture in Relation to Christianity and the Church.
[(1)] The German Philosophy.
[(2)] —— Continued.
[(3)] The Sciences; Medicine.
[(4)] Jurists; Historians; Geography; Philology.
[(5)] National Literature—Germany.
[(6)] —— Continued.
[(7)] —— Other Countries.
[(8)] Popular Education.
[(9)] Art.
[(10)] Music and the Drama.
§ [175.] Intercourse and Negotiations between the Churches.
[(1)] Romanizing Tendencies among Protestants.
[(2)] The Attitude of Catholicism toward Protestantism.
[(3)] Romish Controversy.
[(4)] Roman Catholic Union Schemes.
[(5)] Greek Orthodox Union Schemes.
[(6)] Old Catholic Union Schemes.
[(7)] Conversions.
[(8)] —— The Mortara Affair.
[(9)] —— Other Conversions.
[(10)] The Luther Centenary, A.D. 1883.
II. Protestantism in General.
§ [176.] Rationalism and Pietism.
[(1)] Rationalism.
[(2)] Pietism.
[(3)] The Königsberg Religious Movement, A.D. 1835-1842.
[(4)] The Bender Controversy.
§ [177.] Evangelical Union and Lutheran Separation.
[(1)] The Evangelical Union.
[(2)] The Lutheran Separation.
[(3)] The Separation within the Separation.
§ [178.] Evangelical Confederation.
[(1)] The Gustavus Adolphus Society.
[(2)] The Eisenach Conference.
[(3)] The Evangelical Alliance.
[(4)] The Evangelical Church Alliance.
[(5)] The Evangelical League.
§ [179.] Lutheranism, Melanchthonianism, and Calvinism.
[(1)] Lutheranism within the Union.
[(2)] Lutheranism outside of the Union.
[(3)] Melanchthonianism and Calvinism.
§ [180.] The “Protestantenverein.”
[(1)] The Protestant Assembly.
[(2)] The “Protestantenverein” Propaganda.
[(3)] Sufferings Endured.
[(4)] —— In Berlin.
[(5)] —— In Schleswig Holstein.
§ [181.] Disputes about Forms of Worship.
[(1)] The Hymnbook.
[(2)] The Book of Chorales.
[(3)] The Liturgy.
[(4)] The Holy Scriptures.
§ [182.] Protestant Theology in Germany.
[(1)] Schleiermacher, A.D. 1768-1834.
[(2)] The Older Rationalistic Theology.
[(3)] Historico-Critical Rationalism.
[(4)] Supernaturalism.
[(5)] Rational Supernaturalism.
[(6)] Speculative Theology.
[(7)] The Tübingen School.
[(8)] Strauss.
[(9)] The Mediating Theology.
[(10)] Lutheran Theologians.
[(11)] Old Testament Exegetes.
[(12)] University Teachers.
[(13)] The Lutheran Confessional Theology.
[(14)] —— Continued.
[(15)] —— Continued.
[(16)] Reformed Confessionalism.
[(17)] The Free Protestant Theology.
[(18)] In the Old Testament Department.
[(19)] Dogmatists.
[(20)] Ritschl and his School.
[(21)] —— Opponents.
[(22)] Writers on Constitutional Law and History.
§ [183.] Home Missions.
[(1)] Institutions.
[(2)] The Order of St. John.
[(3)] The Itinerant Preacher Gustav Werner in Württemberg.
[(4)] Bible Societies.
§ [184.] Foreign Missions.
[(1)] Missionary Societies.
[(2)] Europe and America.
[(3)] Africa.
[(4)] —— Livingstone and Stanley.
[(5)] Asia.
[(6)] China.
[(7)] Polynesia and Australia.
[(8)] Missions to the Jews.
[(9)] Missions among the Eastern Churches.
III. Catholicism in General.
§ [185.] The Papacy and the States of the Church.
[(1)] The First Four Popes of the Century.
[(2)] Pius IX., A.D. 1846-1878.
[(3)] The Overthrow of the Papal States.
[(4)] The Prisoner of the Vatican, A.D. 1870-1878.
[(5)] Leo XIII.
§ [186.] Various Orders and Associations.
[(1)] The Society of Jesus and Related Orders.
[(2)] Other Orders and Congregations.
[(3)] The Pius Verein.
[(4)] The Various German Unions.
[(5)] Omnipotence of Capital.
[(6)] The Catholic Missions.
[(7)] —— Mission Societies.
§ [187.] Liberal Catholic Movements.
[(1)] Mystical-Irenical Tendencies.
[(2)] Evangelical-Revival Tendencies.
[(3)] Liberal-Scientific Tendencies.
[(4)] Radical-Liberalistic Tendencies.
[(5)] Attempts at Reform in Church Government.
[(6)] Attempts to Found National Catholic Churches.
[(7)] National Italian Church.
[(8)] The Frenchman, Charles Loyson.
§ [188.] Catholic Ultramontanism.
[(1)] The Ultramontane Propaganda.
[(2)] Miracles.
[(3)] Stigmatizations.
[(4)] —— Louise Lateau.
[(5)] Pseudo-Stigmatizations.
[(6)] Manifestations of the Mother of God in France.
[(7)] Manifestations of the Mother of God in Germany.
[(8)] Canonizations.
[(9)] Discoveries of Relics.
[(10)] The blood of St. Januarius.
[(11)] The Leaping Procession at Echternach.
[(12)] The Devotion of the Sacred Heart.
[(13)] Ultramontane Amulets.
[(14)] Ultramontane Pulpit Eloquence.
§ [189.] The Vatican Council.
[(1)] Preliminary History of the Council.
[(2)] The Organization of the Council.
[(3)] The Proceedings of the Council.
[(4)] Acceptance of the Decrees of the Council.
§ [190.] The Old Catholics.
[(1)] Formation and Development of the Old Catholic Church in the German Empire.
[(2)] —— Continued.
[(3)] The Old Catholics in other Lands.
§ [191.] Catholic Theology, especially in Germany.
[(1)] Hermes and his School.
[(2)] Baader and his School.
[(3)] Günther and his School.
[(4)] John Adam Möhler.
[(5)] John Jos. Ignat. von Döllinger.
[(6)] The Chief Representatives of Systematic Theology.
[(7)] The Chief Representatives of Historical Theology.
[(8)] The Chief Representatives of Exegetical Theology.
[(9)] The Chief Representatives of the New Scholasticism.
[(10)] The Munich Congress of Catholic Scholars, 1863.
[(11)] Theological Journals.
[(12)] The Popes and Theological Science.
IV. Relation of Church to the Empire and to the States.
§ [192.] The German Confederation.
[(1)] The Imperial Commission’s Decree, 1803.
[(2)] The Prince-Primate of the Confederation of the Rhine.
[(3)] The Vienna Congress and the Concordat.
[(4)] The Frankfort Parliament and the Würzburg Bishops’ Congress of 1848.
§ [193.] Prussia.
[(1)] The Catholic Church to the Close of the Cologne Conflict.
[(2)] The Golden Age of Prussian Ultramontanism, 1841-1871.
[(3)] The Evangelical Church in Old Prussia down to 1848.
[(4)] The Evangelical Church in Old Prussia, 1848-1872.
[(5)] The Evangelical Church in Old Prussia, 1872-1880.
[(6)] —— Continued.
[(7)] The Evangelical Church in the Annexed Provinces.
[(8)] —— In Hanover.
[(9)] —— In Hesse.
§ [194.] The North German smaller States.
[(1)] The Kingdom of Saxony.
[(2)] The Saxon Duchies.
[(3)] The Kingdom of Hanover.
[(4)] Hesse.
[(5)] Brunswick, Oldenburg, Anhalt, and Lippe-Detmold.
[(6)] Mecklenburg.
§ [195.] Bavaria.
[(1)] The Bavarian Ecclesiastical Polity under Maximilian I., 1799-1825.
[(2)] The Bavarian Ecclesiastical Polity under Louis I., 1825-1848.
[(3)] The Bavarian Ecclesiastical Polity under Maximilian II., 1848-1864, and Louis II.
[(4)] Attempts at Reorganization of the Lutheran Church.
[(5)] The Church of the Union in the Palatine of the Rhine.
§ [196.] The South German Smaller States and Rhenish Alsace and Lorraine.
[(1)] The Upper Rhenish Church Province.
[(2)] The Catholic Troubles in Baden down to 1873.
[(3)] The Protestant Troubles in Baden.
[(4)] Hesse-Darmstadt and Nassau.
[(5)] In Protestant Württemberg.
[(6)] The Catholic Church in Württemberg.
[(7)] The Imperial Territory of Alsace and Lorraine since 1871.
§ [197.] The so-called Kulturkampf in the German Empire.
[(1)] The Aggression of Ultramontanism.
[(2)] Conflicts Occasioned by Protection of the Old Catholics, 1871-1872.
[(3)] Struggles over Educational Questions, 1872-1873.
[(4)] The Kanzelparagraph and the Jesuit law, 1871-1872.
[(5)] The Prussian Ecclesiastical Laws, 1873-1875.
[(6)] Opposition in the States to the Prussian May Laws.
[(7)] Share in the Conflict taken by the Pope.
[(8)] The Conflict about the Encyclical Quod nunquam of 1875.
[(9)] Papal Overtures for Peace.
[(10)] Proof of the Prussian Government’s willingness to be Reconciled, 1880-1881.
[(11)] Conciliatory Negotiations, 1882-1884.
[(12)] Resumption on both sides of Conciliatory Measures, 1885-1886.
[(13)] Definitive Conclusion of Peace, 1887.
[(14)] Independent Procedure of the other German Governments.
[1.] Bavaria.
[2.] Württemberg.
[3.] Baden.
[(15)]4. Hesse-Darmstadt.
[5.] Saxony.
§ [198.] Austria-Hungary.
[(1)] The Zillerthal Emigration.
[(2)] The Concordat.
[(3)] The Protestant Church in Cisleithan Austria.
[(4)] The Clerical Landtag Opposition in the Tyrol.
[(5)] The Austrian Universities.
[(6)] The Austrian Ecclesiastical Laws, 1874-1876.
[(7)] The Protestant Church in the Transleithan Provinces.
§ [199.] Switzerland.
[(1)] The Catholic Church in Switzerland till 1870.
[(2)] The Geneva Conflict, 1870-1883.
[(3)] Conflict in the Diocese of Basel-Soleure, 1870-1880.
[(4)] The Protestant Church in German Switzerland.
[(5)] The Protestant Church in French Switzerland.
§ [200.] Holland and Belgium.
[(1)] The United Netherlands.
[(2)] The Kingdom of Holland.
[(3)] —— Continued.
[(4)] —— Continued.
[(5)] The Kingdom of Belgium.
[(6)] —— Continued.
[(7)] —— Continued.
[(8)] The Protestant Church.
§ [201.] The Scandinavian Countries.
[(1)] Denmark.
[(2)] Sweden.
[(3)] Norway.
§ [202.] Great Britain and Ireland.
[(1)] The Episcopal State Church.
[(2)] The Tractarians and Ritualists.
[(3)] —— Continued.
[(4)] Liberalism in the Episcopal Church.
[(5)] Protestant Dissenters in England.
[(6)] Scotch Marriages in England.
[(7)] The Scottish State Church.
[(8)] Scottish Heresy Cases.
[(9)] The Catholic Church in Ireland.
[(10)] The Fenian Movement.
[(11)] The Catholic Church in England and Scotland.
[(12)] German Lutheran Congregations in Australia.
§ [203.] France.
[(1)] The French Church under Napoleon I.
[(2)] The Restoration and the Citizen Kingdom.
[(3)] The Catholic Church under Napoleon III.
[(4)] The Protestant Churches under Napoleon III.
[(5)] The Catholic Church in the Third French Republic.
[(6)] The French “Kulturkampf,” 1880.
[(7)] —— Continued.
[(8)] The Protestant Churches under the Third Republic.
§ [204.] Italy.
[(1)] The Kingdom of Sardinia.
[(2)] The Kingdom of Italy.
[(3)] The Evangelization of Italy.
[(4)] —— Continued.
§ [205.] Spain and Portugal.
[(1)] Spain under Ferdinand VII. and Maria Christina.
[(2)] Spain under Isabella II., 1843-1865.
[(3)] Spain under Alphonso XII., 1875-1885.
[(4)] The Evangelization of Spain.
[(5)] The Church in Portugal.
§ [206.] Russia.
[(1)] The Orthodox National Church.
[(2)] The Catholic Church.
[(3)] The Evangelical Church.
§ [207.] Greece and Turkey.
[(1)] The Orthodox Church of Greece.
[(2)] Massacre of Syrian Christians, 1860.
[(3)] The Bulgarian Ecclesiastical Struggle.
[(4)] The Armenian Church.
[(5)] The Berlin Treaty, 1878.
§ [208.] The United States of America.
[(1)] English Protestant Denominations.
[(2)] The German Lutheran Denominations.
[(3)] —— Continued.
[(4)] German-Reformed and other German-Protestant Denominations.
[(5)] The Catholic Church.
§ [209.] The Roman Catholic States of South America.
[(1)] Mexico.
[(2)] In the Republics of Central and Southern America.
[(3)] Brazil.
V. Opponents of Church and of Christianity.
§ [210.] Sectarians and Enthusiasts in the Roman Catholic and Orthodox Russian Domains.
[(1)] Sects and Fanatics in the Roman Catholic Domain.
[1.] The Order of New Templars.
[2.] St. Simonians.
[3.] Aug. Comte.
[(2)]4. Thomas Pöschl.
[5.] Antonians.
[6.] Adamites.
[7.] David Lazzaretti.
[(3)] Russian Sects and Fanatics.
[(4)] —— Continued.
§ [211.] Sectaries and Enthusiasts in the Protestant Domain.
[(1)] The Methodist Propaganda.
[(2)] The Salvation Army.
[(3)] Baptists and Quakers.
[(4)] Swedenborgians and Unitarians.
[(5)] Extravagantly Fanatical Manifestations.
[(6)] Christian Communistic Sects.
[1.] Harmonites.
[2.] Bible Communists.
[(7)] Millenarian Exodus Communities.
[1.] Georgian Separatists.
[2.] Bavarian Chiliasts.
[(8)]3. Amen Community.
[4.] German Temple Communities.
[(9)] The Community of “the New Israel.”
[(10)] The Catholic Apostolic Church of the Irvingites.
[(11)] The Darbyites and Adventists.
[(12)] The Mormons or Latter Day Saints.
[(13)] —— Continued.
[(14)] —— Continued.
[(15)] The Taepings in China.
[(16)] —— Continued.
[(17)] The Spiritualists.
[(18)] Theosophism or Occultism.
§ [212.] Antichristian Socialism and Communism.
[(1)] The Beginnings of Modern Communism.
[(2)] St. Simonism.
[(3)] Owenists and Icarians.
[(4)] The International Working-Men’s Association.
[(5)] German Social Democracy.
[(6)] Russian Nihilism.
[ CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES.]
[ INDEX.]