William Pitt and national revival

by J. Holland Rose

INDEX

• Abdul Hamid I, Sultan of Turkey, his death, [506].
• Abingdon, Lord, [474].
• Abolitionist Society, the, [456–8], [473].
• Adair, Sir Robert, his mission to St. Petersburg, [622–4].
• Adams, John, United States Ambassador in London, [444].
• Addington, Dr. Anthony, [50], [283], [284];
• called in to see the King, [411], [412].
• Addington, Henry, [283];
• his friendship with Pitt, [284];
• enters Parliament, [284], [285];
• made Speaker, [464], [469].
• Africa, proposed convict settlements in, [435], [437];
• the Slave Trade in, [456], [457], [470], [473], [474].
• Agriculture, development of, in Midlands and South of England, [31], [32].
• Ainslie, Sir Robert, British Ambassador at Constantinople, [326], [486], [487], [489], [494], [506] n., [524].
• Alaska, [563].
• Algoa Bay, [435].
• Alopeus, Russian envoy at Berlin, [597].
• Althorpe, Lord, [90].
• Alvanley, Lord. See [Arden, Richard Pepper].
• Alvensleben, Count von, special Prussian envoy at Paris, [345], [380], [388], [621] n.
• America, Spanish claims on the north-west coast, [565], [568], [573–5], [585–8];
• discontent in Spanish America, [568].
• American Colonies, Declaration of Independence, [2], [3].
• See [United States].
• American War of Independence, [2], [9], [21], [28], [78], [79], [100];
• proposals for conciliation, [57], [61], [83], [101–4], [112];
• conclusion of peace, [114].
• Amiens, Peace of, [305].
• Amsterdam, captured by the Prussians, [378], [379].
• Anapa, capture of, [625].
• Angra Pequeña, [435].
• Ankerström, Jakob Johan, murders Gustavus III, [532].
• Anne, Princess, [306].
• Anstey, Mr., sent to the United States to settle the claims of the Loyalists, [444].
• Antwerp, [298], [306].
• Apsley, Lord, [90].
• Arbitration, international, suggested by Pulteney, [340];
• not admitted by Pitt between Spain and England, [574], [575].
• Arcot, Nabob of, disposes of several seats in Parliament, [108], [109].
• Arden, Richard Pepper (Lord Alvanley), [58], [72], [91];
• Solicitor-General, [157], [158];
• Attorney-General, [234], [235], [267], [283], [437];
• made Lord Alvanley, [283].
• Arkwright, Sir Richard, his spinning-frame, [2], [29].
• Armaments, limitation of, [341].
• Armed Neutrality, the, group of politicians so-called, [429].
• Armed Neutrality League, [299].
• Armfelt, Baron, [532].
• Armstead, Mrs., [80], [409].
• Artois, Comte d’, [546], [550].
• Ashburton, Lord (John Dunning), [70];
• made Chancellor of the Duchy, [105].
• Auckland, Lord. See [Eden, William].
• Australia. See [New South Wales].
• Austria, alliance with France, [297], [300], [314], [375];
• alliance with Russia, [299], [375];
• British overtures repulsed, [300];
• joins Russia in the war with Turkey, [384], [385], [481], [482], [490], [491], [527];
• British policy towards, [489];
• entente with Prussia, [523];
• British proposals, [523–6];
• weakness of her position, [527];
• agrees to the Convention of Reichenbach, [528–30];
• favours Russian claims, [600], [606];
• peace with Turkey, [625].
• See [Joseph II] and [Leopold II].
• Austrian Netherlands. See [Belgic Provinces].
• Babington, Thomas, [473].
• Bahamas, the, [116].
• Baker, Sir George, chief physician to George III, [407], [410].
• Bankes, Henry, his friendship with Pitt, [58], [91], [137];
• opposes Pitt’s Reform Bill (1785), [202], [203];
• his independence, [293], [294].
• Banks, Sir Joseph, [436].
• Barbary States, [329].
• Barnave, Antoine, [560], [624].
• Barré, Colonel, proposes reform of public accounts, [87];
• debate on his pension, [111];
• accepts the Clerkship of the Pells, [159].
• Barrier Treaty (1715), [298].
• Bathurst, Earl, [79].
• Bavaria, the Electorate of, proposal for exchange, [298], [304], [311], [353], [482].
• Beauchamp, Lord, [434], [438].
• Beauchamp, Lady, works on behalf of Fox, [172].
• Beaufoy, Henry, [191];
• supports the repeal of the Corporation and Test Acts, [214], [215] n.
• Belgic Provinces (of Austria), proposal for exchange, [298], [304], [311], [353], [482];
• revolution in, [511], [513–15], [547];
• French intrigues in, [513], [516];
• Joseph II deposed, [515];
• ancient constitution guaranteed by the Congress of Reichenbach, [530].
• Bentinck, Count, [372].
• Beresford, John, Irish Chief Commissioner of the Revenue, [248], [251], [255], [266], [337].
• Berlin, Treaty of (1788), [389].
• Bernstorff, Count, Danish Minister, [496], [497], [500], [615], [618].
• Bible Society, founded, [473], [474].
• Bischoffswerder, Baron von, Prussian diplomatist, [600];
• his first mission to Vienna, [601], [609];
• at Milan, [620] n.;
• his second mission to Vienna, [628] n., [629].
• Bolton, Lord. See [Orde].
• Boswell, James, his description of Wilberforce’s speech at York, [170].
• Botany Bay, convict settlement at, [437–43].
• Bouillé, General de, [356].
• Brabant. See [Belgic Provinces].
• Bradford, Lord (Sir Henry Bridgeman), [90].
• Bridgeman, Sir Henry. See [Bradford, Lord].
• Brissot, Jean Pierre, supports abolition of the Slave Trade, [458].
• Bristol, opposes abolition of the Slave Trade, [463].
• British Columbia, [570], [588], [589].
• Brooks’s Club, [85], [90], [167], [168], [393], [408], [413], [421].
• Browne, Governor, his report on slavery in Bermuda, [459].
• Brunswick, Charles, Duke of, commands the Prussian troops against Holland, [374], [376];
• at the Conference of Reichenbach, [529].
• Brunswick, Lewis, Duke of, guardian of the Stadholder, William V, [306].
• Brussels, revolt of, [515].
• Buckingham, Marquis of. See [Temple, George Grenville, Earl].
• Bulgakoff, his mission to Constantinople, [486–8].
• Burges, Bland, permanent Secretary at the Foreign Office, [72];
• his anecdote of Pitt and Gibbon, [72], [73];
• quoted, [236], [531] n., [583] n.
• Burke, Edmund, his proposals for Economic Reform, [68], [69], [84];
• his failure in Parliament, [81];
• on Lord Shelburne, [82];
• praises Pitt’s maiden speech, [85];
• opposes Reform, [109], [201], [203];
• resigns, [111];
• draws a retort from Pitt, [115];
• made Paymaster of the Forces, [129];
• opposes Pitt’s proposals for retrenchment, [132];
• speech in support of the India Bill, [146];
• his diatribe against Pitt’s India Amending Act, [221], [222];
• reasons for his hostility to Hastings, [226];
• his motions against Hastings, [227–32], [239];
• opposes Pitt’s Irish Resolutions, [262];
• opposes the French Commercial Treaty, [342];
• epigram on Pitt, [404];
• in the Regency crisis, [414], [416], [421], [423];
• protests against transportation, [434], [435], [438];
• rupture with Fox, [451], [558];
• on the Slave Trade, [457], [462];
• on the revolt in Belgium, [547];
• his “Reflections on the French Revolution,” [467], [553–7];
• influence of the book in England, [557];
• his “Appeal from the New to the Old Whigs,” [558], [560], [627] n.;
• his “Thoughts on French Affairs,” [559], [560];
• contrasted with Pitt, [552–61];
• opposes the Russian War, [613];
• his opinion of Ewart, [613] n.;
• on the Polish Revolution, [627].
• Burke, Richard, at Coblentz, [557], [613].
• Burney, Fanny, quoted, [228], [402], [408], [409], [557].
• Burton Pynsent, Chatham’s home, [39], [41], [43], [47].
• Butler’s “Analogy,” Pitt on, [292].
• Buxton, Sir T. F., [455].
• Caffraria, suggested settlement on coast of, [435], [438].
• Calonne, Charles Alexandre de, French Minister of Finance, and the treaty with England, [334], [338], [343–5];
• his prodigality, [346–8], [358], [540];
• his visits to England, [545], [550].
• Cambridge Debt Bill, [290].
• Camden, Earl (Charles Pratt), Lord Chief Justice, declines office under Pitt, [155];
• President of the Council, [156], [384], [439], [560], [574] n., [616].
• Camden, Marquis. See [Pratt, John Jeffreys].
• Camelford, Lord. See [Pitt, Thomas].
• Campbell, Lord, his “Lives of the Lord Chancellors” quoted, [235].
• Canada, settlement of American Loyalists in, [440], [441], [443], [446], [447];
• request of settlers for representative institutions and English laws, [447], [448];
• preponderance of the French, [447], [448];
• Canada Bill (1791), [449–53];
• success of Pitt’s policy, [453];
• the future of, [588].
• Canning, George, [281], [283];
• on the Slave Trade, [477].
• Canterbury, Archbishop of. See [Moore, John].
• Cape of Good Hope, [317] n., [356], [370];
• question of convict settlement near, [435].
• Carlisle, Earl of, Lord Privy Seal, [79], [129];
• Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, [245], [333], [611].
• Carlisle, Countess of, works on behalf of Fox, [172].
• Carmarthen, Marquis of (afterwards Duke of Leeds), Foreign Secretary, [9], [10], [13], [156], [160] n.;
• correspondence with Harris, [275], [301], [302], [309], [314], [327], [335], [355], [360], [362], [493];
• his plays, [309], [311];
• negotiations with Russia, [315–17], [489];
• his suspicions of France in the matter of the Commercial Treaty, [306], [328–30], [332], [334], [335], [343], [344], [347];
• letter to the King on Dutch policy, [357];
• strained relations with Pitt, [357], [358];
• negotiations leading to the Triple Alliance, [365], [368], [370], [373], [374], [377], [381], [383], [384], [386], [387], [490];
• a witty retort by, [424];
• situation in the Baltic, [495–7];
• commends Elliot, [500], [501];
• becomes Duke of Leeds, [501], [502], [510];
• the revolution in Belgium, [513], [516], [520];
• the French Revolution, [546];
• interviews with the Duke of Orleans, [547], [548];
• the Nootka Sound dispute, [566], [569], [572], [576], [582];
• the Eastern Question, [582], [590], [599], [605], [606], [608];
• disagreement with Pitt, [616];
• resigns, [618].
• Carrington, Lord (Robert Smith), [91], [201], [285];
• overhauls Pitt’s affairs, [287], [288].
• Carteret, Lord (Henry Thynne), [159].
• Cartwright, Rev. Edmund, his power loom, [3], [30].
• Cartwright, Major John, [83], [204], [429];
• his “Society for Promoting Constitutional Information,” [109], [206].
• Catharine II, Czarina, [136], [140], [298];
• alliance with Joseph II, [299], [353], [483];
• repartee to Diderot, [299], [300];
• repels British overtures, [300–4], [348], [488];
• her schemes against Turkey, [304], [314], [315], [348], [353], [390], [481–3], [582];
• makes a commercial treaty with France, [348], [485], [488];
• war with Turkey, [375], [385], [487], [488], [502], [590], [591];
• state progress to the Crimea, [480], [481], [483];
• meeting with Joseph II, [480–3];
• her career and character, [483], [484];
• agreement with the King of Poland, [485], [486];
• her anger against England, [488], [489], [494];
• war with Sweden, [491], [493], [494], [502], [520], [521];
• makes overtures to Fox, [504];
• refuses British offer of mediation, [526];
• makes peace with Gustavus III, [531], [532], [582], [592], [593];
• her promises to him, [532], [533];
• approached by Leopold II, [592];
• Hertzberg’s treacherous proposals to, [597];
• rejects Pitt’s demands for the status quo, [592], [598];
• anxious for a peaceful settlement, [615], [618];
• Pitt’s new proposals, [620], [621];
• makes peace with Turkey, [626];
• alliance with Sweden, [628], [629].
• Cavendish, Lord G., [90].
• Cavendish, Lord John, Chancellor of the Exchequer, resigns, [111];
• moves a vote of censure against the Government, [120];
• again Chancellor of the Exchequer, [129];
• Pitt exposes the weak points of his Budget, [132];
• forms a revenue committee, [185].
• Cazalès, Jacques Antoine Marie de, [572].
• Chambers, Sir Robert, anecdote of, [213].
• Channing, Professor E., on the action of the United States to the Loyalists, [444] n.
• Charles III of Spain, [568].
• Charles IV of Spain, [568], [575], [577], [583], [584].
• Charlotte, Queen, her virtue and unpopularity, [8];
• her simple tastes, [24];
• receives the wife of Warren Hastings, [226], [228];
• her parsimony, [392], [393];
• relations with the Prince of Wales, [393], [397], [402];
• the King’s illness, [407], [408], [411], [414], [415], [420], [422], [426], [430].
• Chariot, Comte de, appeals to England to protect Belgium against France, [513].
• Chartres, Duc de. See [Orleans, Duke of].
• Chatham, Hester, Lady, [36], [37], [39], [40], [288].
• Chatham, John Pitt, 2nd Earl of, [40], [41], [57], [167], [269], [397], [398];
• First Lord of the Admiralty, [567], [616].
• Chatham, William Pitt, first Earl of, his death, [2];
• his character and influence, [34], [35];
• his defects, [35];
• fallacious comparisons between him and his son, [39], [40];
• his opinion of public schools, [42];
• his careful choice of language, [43];
• letters from his son, [44], [51];
• his last speeches and death, [61];
• hostility of the King to, [62];
• state of his affairs, [64];
• his Coalition with Newcastle compared with that of Fox and North, [119].
• Chauvelin, Marquis de, French ambassador to England, [281].
• Cherbourg, fortification of, [211], [327], [341].
• Cheyt Singh, Zamindar of Benares, [225], [232], [233], [238], [239].
• China, trade between America and, [563].
• Cholmondeley, Lord, Walpole on his death, [25].
• Chotzim, surrender of, [491].
• Church Missionary Society founded, [473].
• Civil List, proposals for reform of, [68], [84].
• “Clapham Sect,” the, [473].
• Clarence, Duke of (afterwards William IV), opposes abolition of the Slave Trade, [471], [472], [474].
• Clarkson, Thomas, [322], [455], [457], [468], [473], [478].
• Clavering, Sir John, his intrigues against Hastings, [224].
• Clavière, Etienne, supports abolition of the Slave Trade, [458].
• Clerk, Sir Philip, [69].
• Clerkship of the Pells, the, [159].
• Clinton, Sir Henry, [445].
• Coal, duty on, [186].
• Coalition Ministry (1783) formed, [118];
• names of Ministers, [128], [129];
• dismissed, [148].
• Cobenzl, Count, Austrian Vice-Chancellor, [524], [527], [614], [620] n.
• Coke of Norfolk, [163], [611].
• Colnett, Captain, his ships seized by the Spaniards at Nootka, [563–5].
• Commerce, Committee of Council for, appointed by Pitt, [257].
• Commons, House of. See [Parliament].
• Commutation Bill (1784), [185].
• Consols, lowness of (1783, 1784), [178], [180];
• rise in (1785), [318],
• (1786), [341].
• Constantine, Prince, grandson of Catharine II, [482].
• Constitutional Information, Society for Promoting, [109], [206].
• Contractors Bill (1782), [110], [113].
• Convict Settlements, Parliamentary Report on (1785), [434], [435];
• scheme for new, [435–40].
• Conway, General, [102], [112], [116], [159], [163].
• Cook, Captain, [436], [438], [440], [562], [564].
• Coote, Sir Eyre, death of, [147].
• Corn, Bill to regulate export of (1789), [544];
• export of from Ireland to England forbidden, [545].
• Cornwall, Charles Wolfran, Speaker, his death, [422].
• Cornwallis, Earl, declines office under Pitt, [156];
• Governor-General of India, [224], [370], [371], [402];
• mission to Berlin, [314];
• suggested as Home Secretary, [619].
• Corporation Act, its repeal proposed and rejected, [212], [214], [215].
• Cort of Gosport, his invention for the production of malleable iron, [31].
• Cotton industry, its enormous expansion, [30].
• County Reform Associations, [21], [27], [68], [71], [169].
• Court, the English, strictness of the etiquette at, [16], [392].
• Courtenay, John, M.P., [211].
• Crabbe, Thomas, on smuggling, quoted, [182], [183].
• Cracow, Bishop of, [627].
• Craufurd, George, English commissioner at Versailles, [328–30].
• Crewe, Mrs., on Pitt’s administration, [154];
• on behalf of Fox, [172].
• Crompton, Samuel, his “mule-jenny,” [3], [29].
• Crown, the debates on the influence of, [70], [130];
• theory of royal veto, [148];
• abuse of power of, [148], [149].
• Cumberland, Henry Frederick, Duke of, his influence on the Prince of Wales, [393].
• Cumberland, William Augustus, Duke of, his death, [24].
• Curtis, Alderman, [586].
• Czartoryski family, the, in Poland, [486].
• Dalrymple, Lord, British Ambassador at Berlin, [304] n., [313], [352], [353], [363] n.
• Daly, Denis, M.P., [251].
• Danzig, question of its cession to Prussia, [387], [507], [508], [511] n., [521] n., [522], [526], [529], [594], [596], [597], [599], [601], [606], [607], [613], [614].
• Delancey, Colonel Stephen, [445], [446] n.
• Delancey, Sir William, [446] n.
• Del Campo, Marquis, Spanish Ambassador in London, [562], [565], [566].
• Democracy, growth of, [2], [197], [203–6];
• see [Chap. XXIV].
• Dempster, George, [190], [191], [544].
• Denmark, desires alliance with Great Britain, [385];
• treaty with Russia, [496];
• eager for war with Sweden, [496];
• lays siege to Gothenburg, [496–9];
• agrees to an armistice, [499], [500];
• renders help to Russia, [501], [502], [600], [603].
• Derby, Countess of, works on behalf of Fox, [172].
• Desmoulins, Camille, [512], [571], [572].
• Devonshire, Georgiana, Duchess of, supports Fox, [172], [173], [421], [623];
• recognizes Mrs. Fitzherbert, [398];
• her Diary, [409], [421] n.
• Diamond Necklace Scandal, [140], [343], [382].
• Diderot, Denis, [299], [300].
• Dietz, Prussian envoy at Constantinople, [494], [506], [507] n., [509], [511], [521], [528].
• Disbrowe, Colonel, epigram on Queen Charlotte, [392].
• Dissenters. See [Nonconformists].
• Dnieper, River, [603], [604].
• Dniester, River, [597], [602], [604], [605], [615], [619], [620].
• Dolben, Sir William, his bill for regulating transport of slaves, [461].
• Dominica ceded to Great Britain, [116], [121].
• Dönhoff, Countess, [609].
• Dorchester, Lord, Governor-General of Canada, [448–50].
• Dorset, Duke of, British Ambassador in Paris, [329], [333], [334], [341], [344] n., [369], [545];
• recalled, [546].
• Douglas, Captain, his ship seized by the Spaniards at Nootka, [564].
• Dover House Club, [403].
• Drake, Francis, British envoy at Copenhagen, [615].
• Drinking in the eighteenth century, [23–5].
• Düben, Count, Swedish Minister, [499].
• Dublin Parliament, legislative independence conceded, [105].
• Dumouriez, General, [547].
• Duncannon, Lord, [90].
• Duncannon, Viscountess, [172].
• Duncombe, Charles Slingsby, elected member for York, [170], [201], [293], [586].
• Dundas, Henry, [88];
• his attitude on the conduct of the war, [101];
• fails to win over Lord North, [117];
• supports the choice of Pitt as Prime Minister, [125];
• in favour of Pitt’s Reform proposals, [131];
• opposes Fox’s India Bill, [146];
• Treasurer of the Navy, [157];
• his character, [157], [158];
• his attitude on reform, [200] n., [201–3], [212];
• letter to Cornwallis, [220];
• introduces the India Amending Act of 1786, [221];
• his high opinion of Cornwallis, [224];
• his attitude to Warren Hastings, [227], [229], [230], [232], [234–6];
• introduces Adam Smith to Pitt, [241] n.;
• his house at Wimbledon, [270] n.;
• his friendship with Pitt, [274];
• account of, [276–80];
• his influence in Scotland, [277], [278];
• his influence over Pitt, [278], [279];
• conviviality at Wimbledon, [279];
• anecdotes of Pitt and, [279], [289], [404];
• carries out the Canada Bill, [452];
• on the Slave Trade, [469], [471], [475], [476];
• defends the armament against Russia, [613], [618];
• Home Secretary, [619].
• Dundas, Sir Thomas, [173].
• Dunning, John. See [Ashburton, Lord].
• Dupont de Nemours, [346].
• Durham, Lord, his Report on Canada (1839), [450], [452].
• Dutch East India Company, [317], [327], [356], [382].
• Dutch Republic. See [United Provinces].
• East India Company, The, unsatisfactory state of, [143], [217];
• Fox’s India Bill, [143–6];
• resolutions of the general court, [161];
• Pitt’s India Bill, [160–3];
• proposals of Pitt’s second India Bill, [218–21];
• hails Pitt as its champion, [223];
• often on the verge of bankruptcy, [225];
• how affected by Pitt’s Irish Resolutions, [260];
• dispute with Pitt, [403], [404].
• Economic Reform, movement for, [68], [110], [113].
• Economistes, the, [322–4].
• Economy Bill (1782), [110], [113], [178], [286].
• Eden, Morton, Ambassador at Berlin, [629].
• Eden, William (Lord Auckland), [79], [185], [233], [234];
• opposes Pitt’s Irish Resolutions, [254], [255], [275];
• his career, [333];
• special envoy in Paris, [330], [331], [333–8], [341], [343], [347], [356], [367], [370], [371], [373], [376–81], [545];
• his “Discourse on Banishment,” [432], [434];
• letters from Wilberforce and Pitt to, on the Slave Trade, [459], [460];
• Ambassador at Madrid, [459];
• made Lord Auckland, [523];
• Ambassador at The Hague, [523], [534], [569], [572], [592], [602], [610];
• his opposition to Ewart, [602], [629].
• Edmundson, William, [454].
• Edward, Prince (afterwards Duke of Kent), [515];
• sent to Gibraltar, [549].
• Edwards, Gerard (afterwards Sir Gerard Noel), [91].
• Effingham, Lady, [407].
• Egypt, French policy in, [310], [326], [327], [355].
• Eldon, Lord (John Scott), anecdote told by, [24];
• opposes Fox’s India Bill, [146], [213].
• Elections in England, popular licence, [27].
• Elgin, Lord, his mission to Leopold II, [619], [620].
• Eliot, Edward, made Lord Eliot, [159].
• Eliot, Edward J., [58];
• marries Harriet Pitt, [58];
• goes with Pitt to France, [137];
• death of his wife, [289], [290].
• Elliot, Sir Gilbert (afterwards Earl of Minto), [146], [158], [274], [275], [428];
• proposed as Speaker, [464].
• Elliot, Hugh, letters to Pitt, [25] n., [396];
• British Ambassador at Copenhagen, [496];
• persuades Gustavus to accept English and Prussian mediation, [497–501];
• his mission to Paris, [560], [579–81].
• Ellis, Welbore, [102].
• England. See [Great Britain].
• English, character of the, [142].
• Errington, Mr., uncle of Mrs. Fitzherbert, [397] n., [398].
• Erskine, Thomas (afterwards Baron), attacks Pitt, [159];
• defeated at the polls, [171];
• attack on Pitt prompted by the Prince of Wales, [404].
• Eugène, Prince, [481], [482].
• Euston, Lord, [58], [90];
• elected member for Cambridge University, [171].
• Ewart, Joseph, letter to him, quoted, [9], [10];
• Secretary of Legation at Berlin, [311];
• originates the idea of the Triple Alliance, [313], [631];
• Ambassador at Berlin, [313] n., [363] and n., [364], [365], [374], [375], [381], [386] n., [387], [389], [489] n., [490] n., [495], [497–9], [500] n., [507] n., [508], [510], [511] n., [514], [516], [519], [521] n., [528–30], [534], [574], [590], [593], [595], [598], [599], [616–19];
• opposed by Auckland, [602], [603];
• Burke’s opinion of him, [613] n.;
• his description of his interview with Pitt, [617], [618];
• his work nullified, [628], [631];
• his recall and death, [629], [630].
• Falconbridge, overseer of the Sierra Leone settlement, [473].
• Family Compact, the (1761), [570], [571], [576].
• Fawcett, General, [374].
• Fawkener, William, special envoy to St. Petersburg, [619] n., [621–4], [625].
• Ferguson of Pitfour, [88], [278].
• Ferguson, Sir Edward, [191].
• Fielding, Henry, on the occupations of a fop, [17].
• Finckenstein, Count, Prussian Foreign Minister, [353], [364].
• Finland, campaign in, [491], [493], [531].
• Fitzgerald, Lord Robert Stephen, British Ambassador at Paris, [465], [513], [546–8].
• Fitzherbert, Alleyne, British Ambassador at St. Petersburg, [300], [302], [486], [488];
• his mission to Madrid, [570], [574], [577], [582–4].
• Fitzherbert, Mrs., her relations with the Prince of Wales, [394–9].
• Fitzpatrick, Richard, [426], [429].
• Fitzwilliam, Earl, [145], [428], [429] n., [611].
• Fitzwilliam, W., suggests a lottery for settling the Prince of Wales’s debts, [403] n.
• Flanders. See [Belgic Provinces].
• Fletcher, Sir Henry, [145].
• Flood, Henry, [245], [252], [264].
• Floridablanca, Count, Spanish Minister, [568], [573–5], [577], [584].
• Floridas, the, ceded to Spain, [116], [120].
• Flour, export of to France forbidden, [543–5].
• Fontainebleau, Treaty of, [316].
• Foster, John Baron Oriel, Irish Chancellor of the Exchequer, [248], [251], [337].
• Fox, Charles James, his house at Wandsworth, [19];
• his losses at gambling, [26];
• his University career contrasted with Pitt’s, [58];
• introduced to Pitt, [60];
• his character and vices, [80], [93];
• as an orator, [80], [81];
• praises Pitt’s maiden speech, [85];
• motion in favour of peace, [88];
• made Foreign Secretary, [104];
• supports proposals for Reform, [108], [109];
• resigns, [111];
• attacks Shelburne, [111], [112];
• refuses Pitt’s overtures, [117];
• his Coalition with North, [117], [118];
• effect of his conduct, [119];
• his defence, [120];
• supports motion for a vote of censure, [120];
• made Secretary of State in the Coalition ministry, [128];
• supports Pitt’s reform proposals (1783), [131];
• proposes to allow £100,000 a year to the Prince of Wales, [133];
• attributes the King’s opposition to an intrigue of Pitt’s, [133];
• introduces the India Bill, [142];
• dismissed from office, [148];
• attacks Pitt, [159];
• defeats him and calls on him to resign, [163];
• negotiations for a union of parties, [164];
• offers to serve with Pitt, [165];
• failure of negotiations, [166];
• his attacks not pressed home, [167];
• his election for Westminster invalidated, [173];
• elected for Orkney and Shetland, [173];
• Pitt’s ungenerous conduct to him, [173], [254], [271];
• reasons for his defeat, [174];
• opposes reduction of the tea duty, [185];
• opposes Pitt’s proposal of a Sinking Fund, [192];
• his amendment accepted by Pitt, [193];
• attitude to the Reform Bill of 1785, [202];
• supports repeal of the Corporation and Test Acts, [214];
• opposes Pitt’s second India Bill, [219], and his Amending Act, [222];
• supports Burke’s motions against Hastings, [228], [230], [232], [239];
• speeches on Pitt’s Irish Resolutions, [254], [255], [261], [262];
• his opinion of Adam Smith, [262];
• contrasted with Pitt, [273], [295];
• opposes the French Commercial Treaty, [341], [342];
• friendship with the Prince of Wales, [393], [396], [398], [399];
• denies the marriage of the Prince with Mrs. Fitzherbert, [401];
• champions the East India Company against Pitt, [404];
• action on the King’s illness, [409], [413];
• speeches on the Regency question, [415–18], [421], [423], [424];
• his disappointment on the King’s recovery, [426], [427];
• on Canadian policy, [448], [451], [452];
• rupture with Burke, [451], [558];
• on the Slave Trade, [463], [465], [467], [469], [474];
• interview with Vorontzoff, [504];
• opposes vote for the army (1790), [550], [551];
• on the Convention with Spain, [586], [587];
• opposes the Russian armament, [610], [612];
• his relations with Adair, [623], [624].
• Fox, George, [454].
• “Fox’s Martyrs,” [170], [171].
• France, Anglomania in, [17], [322];
• peace concluded with, [115], [116], [136];
• position of, after the peace, [139], [140], [321];
• national debt of, [179], [180];
• beginnings of Political Economy in, [183];
• her activity in India, [220], [221], [230], [310], [317], [326], [355], [356], [373] n.;
• war with the Mahrattas, [225];
• alliance with Austria, [297], [300], [314];
• compact with Sweden, [301–4];
• designs in Egypt, [310], [327], [482], [483];
• alliance with the United Provinces, [316], [317], [332];
• her commanding position, [317];
• mental sympathy with England in, [322];
• commercial treaty with England, [325–40];
• its reception, [341], [342];
• reasons for its acceptance, [343–5];
• its after effects, [346], [347];
• the assembly of Notables, [343], [345], [358];
• refuses Prussian proposal of joint intervention at The Hague, [354], [363], [367], [382];
• financial difficulties, [347], [358];
• her Dutch policy, [366–82];
• duplicity of her policy and conduct, [370], [373] and n., [374], [379];
• promises aid to Holland, [377],
• but fails to give it, [378], [379];
• destruction of her influence in the United Provinces, [379–82];
• her finances compared with those of England, [405];
• her expedition to New South Wales forestalled, [440];
• opinion on the Slave Trade in, [458], [460], [463] (see [French Revolution]);
• her preponderance in Canada, [447], [448];
• her policy in Turkey, [482];
• position of the peasants in France and other countries, [538], [539];
• effect of philosophical speculation in France and England, [539], [540];
• first efforts of reformers in, [540];
• suspicious of England, [542], [550];
• her constitution, [556].
• Francis, Sir Philip, opposes Pitt’s Second India Bill, [219];
• his hostility to Hastings, [222], [224], [226], [228], [233];
• his friendship with Burke, [226], [556].
• Franking, abuses of, [186], [187].
• Franklin, Benjamin, at Westminster, [59];
• his admiration for Lord Shelburne, [83];
• Pitt meets him in Paris, [139], [140].
• Fraser, British Ambassador at St. Petersburg, [385] n., [488] n., [489].
• Frederick the Great, intrigues against England, [296], [297];
• refuses to help the Princess of Orange, [309], [349], [351], [360];
• refuses an alliance with England, [312], [314];
• his death, [351].
• Frederick William II of Prussia, his accession and character, [351], [352];
• his overtures rejected by France, [354], [363], [367];
• demands satisfaction from Holland for the insult to the Princess of Orange, [363–5], [370–2], [382];
• his vacillation, [366], [374], [381];
• sends an ultimatum to Holland, [374], [375];
• invades Holland, [376];
• alliance with England, [384–9];
• his attitude to the war between Sweden and Russia, [494], [495];
• threatens to invade Denmark if she attacks Sweden, [497], [499];
• sanctions Hertzberg’s schemes, [506], [507], [514];
• demands Belgian independence, [514], [516];
• anger against England, [517];
• treaty with Poland, [521];
• correspondence with Leopold II, [523], [528];
• renounces Hertzberg’s schemes, [529];
• his Polish policy, [594], [595];
• sends Bischoffswerder to Vienna, [601];
• challenges England to take strong measures against Russia, [608], [609];
• changes his attitude, [614];
• agrees to Pitt’s proposals, [619], [621];
• decides on an understanding with Austria, [628], [629].
• Free Trade, ideas of, [322], [323], [343].
• French East India Company, revived, [220], [221], [310], [317], [326], [341].
• French Revolution, the National Assembly constituted, [511];
• declares slaves free in French colonies, [465–7];
• disastrous effects, [467];
• declaration of war against England, [472];
• intrigues in Belgium, [513], [516];
• meeting of the States-General, [537], [538];
• fall of the Bastille, [542];
• the Revolution compared with the English Revolution, of 1688, [554], [555];
• warlike attitude of the royalists in the Assembly, [570];
• debate on the royal prerogative, [571];
• proposed alliance with Spain against England, [576–8], [583].
• French Royalists, failure of their settlement in Canada, [446], [447].
• Friends, Society of. See [Quakers].
• Friesland, Province of, [350], [368].
• Frost, John, attorney, [109], [110].
• Fürstenbund, the, [312], [482].
• Gainsborough, Thomas, his portraits of Lady Chatham and William Pitt, [38].
• Galicia, question of its restoration to Poland, [387], [507], [508], [511], [521–3], [526], [594].
• Gambia River, penal settlement, [434], [435].
• Gambling, in the eighteenth century, [26].
• Game-laws, the, [15].
• “Gazetteer,” the, [253], [255].
• George III, resentment against his war policy, [7];
• national loyalty to, [8];
• his personality, [8];
• his political power, [8–10];
• his sobriety and simple tastes, [24], [25];
• his hostility to Chatham, [61], [62];
• his firmness during the Gordon Riots, [71];
• his electioneering, [74], [99], [172];
• disastrous effects of his policy, [76];
• his increasing power, [77];
• characteristics of, [97–100];
• skill in intrigue, [99];
• relations with his Ministers, [99];
• his attitude after Yorktown, [100];
• resignation of Lord North, [103];
• foments discords in the Rockingham Ministry, [104], [105];
• exerts influence against Reform, [110];
• rebukes Pitt, [115];
• urges Pitt to form a Ministry, [125–7];
• threatens to retire to Hanover, [127];
• is forced to accept the Coalition Ministry, [127], [128];
• his hatred of Fox and North, [129];
• refuses to grant honours, [129], [137];
• his anger on the subject of the Prince of Wales’s allowance, [133];
• makes overtures to Pitt through Thurlow, [134], [135];
• recalls Pitt from Paris, [141];
• intervenes to secure defeat of the India Bill in the Lords, [147], [148];
• appoints Pitt Prime Minister, [148];
• refuses to remove him, [168];
• dissolves Parliament, [169];
• his relations with Pitt after 1784, [175], [176];
• attitude to the Reform Bill of 1785, [197], [201], [204];
• favours Warren Hastings, [226], [228], [235], [236];
• insists on an Irish contribution towards naval expenses, [250];
• letter on the death of Pitt’s sister, [290];
• desire for peace, [301], [317], [357], [494];
• causes Hanover to join the Fürstenbund, [312];
• his opinion of Sir James Harris, [369];
• in favour of an Anglo-Prussian alliance, [388];
• his insanity, [392], [407];
• relations with the Prince of Wales, [393–402];
• his letters to the Prince drafted by Pitt, [399], [408];
• reconciliation with the Prince, [402];
• decline in health, [406], [407];
• stories of his madness, [407] and n.;
• progress of the disease, [410–13];
• removed to Kew House, [413];
• treated by Dr. Willis, [414], [415];
• his recovery, [426], [427], [504];
• his confidence in Pitt, [430];
• his partiality to Thurlow, [464], [465];
• absorbed in domestic troubles, [515], [549];
• on the Duke of Orleans’ visit to London, [547];
• his silence with regard to the French Revolution, [549];
• his determined attitude on the Nootka Sound dispute, [566], [567];
• on Elliot’s mission to Paris, [579], [580].
• Georgia, Principality of, [486].
• Germain, Lord George. See [Sackville, Viscount].
• Gibbon, Edward, worsted in a discussion with Pitt, [72], [73].
• Gibraltar, Siege of, [67], [79];
• relieved, [106], [114];
• question of ceding it, [114].
• Gilbert’s Act (1782), [15].
• Giurgevo, defeat of the Austrians at, [527].
• Glynn, Dr., [50], [51].
• Gold Coast, the, [435].
• Goltz, Count von, Prussian envoy at Warsaw, [522] n.
• Goostree’s, [89], [91–3].
• Gordon, Duchess of, [404].
• Gordon, Lord George, [71], [341].
• Gordon Riots, the, [9], [27], [71].
• Goree, ceded to France, [116].
• Görtz, Count, special Prussian envoy to The Hague, [354], [373].
• Gothenburg, besieged by the Danes, [496], [498–500].
• Gower, (second) Earl, President of the Council, [156].
• Gower (third) Earl, ambassador in Paris, [576] n., [577], [579], [580].
• Grafton, Duke of, Privy Seal, [114], [116], [616];
• declines office under Pitt, [155].
• Graham, Lord, [90].
• Graham, Thomas (Lord Lynedoch), [16].
• Granby, Lord, [56]. See [Rutland, Duke of].
• Grant, General, letter to Cornwallis on the Prince of Wales, [402].
• Grantham, Lord, Foreign Secretary, [111], [325].
• Granville Bay and Town, [473].
• Grasse, Count de, defeated by Rodney, [106].
• Grattan, Henry, [105], [246], [247], [251], [252], [264].
• Great Britain, state of, in and after 1780, [4] et seq.;
• power and character of the peers, [10], [13], [14];
• power of the squires, [14–16];
• etiquette at Court, [16];
• manners and customs in 1782, [17–20];
• wealth and prosperity, [18];
• her stolid conservatism, [21];
• vices of the age, [23–6];
• industrial expansion, [28–31];
• development of agriculture, [31], [32];
• financial position in 1784, [179], [180];
• penal code, [433], [434];
• state of in 1791, [611].
• Gregory, Robert, [146].
• Greig, Admiral, in command of the Russian fleet, [493].
• Grenada, ceded to Great Britain, [116], [121].
• Grenville, Hester. See [Chatham, Lady.]
• Grenville, Thomas, [171], [410] n.
• Grenville, William Wyndham (Lord Grenville), [90];
• his speech on the India Bill, [146];
• Paymaster of the Forces, [157];
• speaks in defence of Hastings, [232], [234], [235];
• his house at Wimbledon, [270] n.;
• his career and character, [280], [281];
• mission to The Hague, [280], [307] n., [356] n., [369], [374];
• mission to Paris, [280], [378], [379];
• his influence over Pitt in foreign affairs, [317], [326], [405];
• made Speaker, [412], [422];
• Home Secretary, [449], [464];
• created Baron Grenville, [449], [466];
• his share in the Canada Bill, [449–52];
• on the Slave Trade, [476], [477];
• Foreign Secretary, [535] n., [544], [559], [560], [575], [599], [616], [618–20], [624], [627].
• Grey, Charles (afterwards Earl Grey), [289], [586], [613], [624].
• Groschlag, French envoy to Berlin, [375].
• Grosvenor, Thomas, M.P., [466].
• Guelderland, Province of, [350], [359], [376].
• Gustavus III of Sweden, [385];
• declares war on Russia, [491], [493], [502];
• his character and career, [492];
• alliance with Turkey, [493], [495];
• retires to Stockholm, [494], [498];
• not supported by England or Prussia, [494], [495];
• proceeds to Gothenburg, [498], [499];
• accepts English and Prussian mediation, [499], [500];
• his ambitious schemes, [501];
• makes peace with Russia, [530–3], [592], [593];
• open to an offer from the Allies, [600], [603], [609], [621];
• alliance with Russia, [628], [629].
• Haggerston, Sir Carnaby, [397], [398].
• Hague, The, treaty signed at (1788), [383];
• Conference at, [534];
• Convention signed at (1790), [534].
• Hailes, Daniel, Secretary to the embassy in Paris, [326], [327], [330], [332], [334], [343–5], [355], [356], [545];
• British envoy at Warsaw, [522], [595], [596], [598], [626], [627], [630].
• Haldimand, Governor, [446].
• Hamilton, Lady Anne, her “Memoirs of the Court of George III,” quoted, [275].
• Hamilton, Gerald, [424].
• Hanover, included in the Fürstenbund, [312], [313].
• Hardy, Thomas, on smuggling, [182].
• Hargreaves, James, his spinning-jenny, [2], [29].
• Harris, Sir James (afterwards Earl of Malmesbury), account of, [308], [309];
• Ambassador at St. Petersburg, [79], [296], [299], [302], [304], [484];
• Ambassador at The Hague, [275], [308–10], [314], [315], [317], [326], [327], [335], [347], [349–51], [354], [355], [357–64], [369], [372–4], [376], [381], [388], [389];
• confidante of the Prince of Wales, [394], [395], [424].
• Harrowby, Earl of. See [Ryder, Dudley].
• Hastings, Warren, vote of censure on, [143], [217];
• order for his recall annulled, [143], [217];
• his plan of an alliance with the Great Mogul frustrated by his Council, [221];
• his treatment of Cheyt Singh, [224], [225], [232], [233];
• the affair of the Begums of Oude, [225], [239], [240];
• source of Burke’s information against him, [226];
• received with favour by the King, [226];
• interview with Pitt, [227];
• charges against him, [229–40];
• his impeachment, [233], [240].
• Hats, tax on, [186].
• Hawkesbury, Lord, [471].
• Hayes, Chatham’s house at, [37], [40], [41], [43], [48].
• Henry, Prince, of Prussia, [479], [609].
• Herbert, George Augustus (afterwards Earl of Pembroke), [155].
• Hertzberg, Count, Prussian Foreign Secretary, anxious for an alliance with England, [311], [312], [353], [363], [364], [366], [375];
• signs the treaty with England (1788), [389];
• his schemes in Eastern Europe, [384], [386], [387], [489] n., [491], [494], [495], [506–10], [520–3], [528];
• Belgian policy, [511], [513], [514], [574];
• Polish policy, [594], [596], [597], [614];
• treacherous proposals to Russia, [597], [599], [606], [607], [619];
• decline of his power, [600], [601], [621] n.;
• his fall, [628].
• Hesse, Prince of, Danish Commander-in-chief, [499].
• Hippisley, J. C., British agent, [545].
• Holland, Province of, [350], [351], [355], [360];
• the Free Corps detain and insult the Princess of Orange, [361], [362], [364], [366];
• the Estates refuse to apologize, [370–2];
• cancel their appeal for help to France, [376];
• bad faith of the French towards, [377–9].
• Holwood House, [265] n., [269].
• Hood, Admiral, Lord, [172], [173], [567].
• Horses, tax on, [186].
• Howard, John, [214], [322], [433].
• Howe, Admiral Lord, relieves Gibraltar, [114];
• First Lord of the Admiralty, [156];
• resigns, [567].
• Hyde de Neuville, [281].
• Hyder Ali, invades the Carnatic, [79], [143], [217], [225].
• India. See [Chap. X];
• Fox’s India Bill, [142–8];
• Pitt’s first India Bill, [160–3];
• his second India Bill, [218–20];
• his Amending Act of 1786, [221], [222];
• increased power of the Viceroy, [222], [223];
• joint action of the Dutch and French in, [317], [356];
• French plans for overthrow of British power in, [356];
• British garrison strengthened, [403];
• India Declaratory Act (1788), [404].
• Indian “nabobs,” influence of, [16], [223].
• Imhoff, Baron, [226].
• Income Tax, Pitt’s opinion of, in 1798, [188].
• Industrial Revolution, the, [2], [29];
• its results, [29–32].
• “Influence,” importance of, [12], [91];
• Pitt’s increasing use of, [208], [209].
• Ireland. See [Chap. XI];
• burden of taxation in (1781), [5];
• state of, in 1782, [105];
• state of, in 1783, [141];
• the Act of Union (1800), [203];
• history of Anglo-Irish relations, [242–6];
• Protestant tyranny in, [242];
• growth of toleration, [242], [243];
• composition of the Irish Parliament, [242], [243];
• the woollen and linen industries, [243], [244];
• Volunteer corps, [244], [245];
• restrictions on trade removed, [245];
• repeal of the Test Act, [245];
• legislative independence secured, [105], [106], [245];
• demand for “protection,” [246], [247];
• question of parliamentary reform, [246–9];
• suggestion of an Irish contribution to imperial funds, [248–54];
• Pitt’s Commercial Resolutions, [198], [200], [202], [209], [249–66];
• passed by the Dublin Parliament, [251];
• debated at Westminster, [253–5];
• campaign of protest against the Resolutions, [255–7];
• report of committee of inquiry, [258], [259];
• modified Resolutions introduced, [260];
• passed at Westminster, [264];
• opposed in Ireland and dropped, [264];
• letter of Wilberforce on the Resolutions, [282], [283];
• how affected by the French commercial treaty, [337–9];
• the Irish Parliament adopts Fox’s arguments on the Regency, [424], [426].
• Iron industry, expansion of the, [31].
• Ismail, fall of, [590], [591], [598].
• Jackson, Francis, chargé-d’affaires at Berlin, [595], [598], [600], [606], [608], [609], [614], [616], [617].
• Jassy, treaty of, [626].
• Jebb, John, M.D., [84].
• Jenkinson, Charles (afterwards Earl of Liverpool), [79], [146];
• head of the Council of Commerce, [262], [263], [289], [334];
• on the Slave Trade, [463], [469], [476].
• Jervis, Sir John, [581].
• Johnson, Dr., his qualified Jacobitism, [9];
• a typical clubman, [20];
• on tippling, [23];
• anecdote of, and Sir R. Chambers, [213].
• Johnstone, British chargé-d’affaires at Copenhagen, [501].
• Jones, Paul, received by the Empress Catharine, [489].
• Joseph II, Emperor, his aims, [297];
• his Belgian policy, [298], [304], [353];
• alliance with Catharine II, [299], [353];
• attitude towards the Dutch crisis, [366];
• joins Russia in the war with Turkey, [375], [384], [385], [483], [485], [488], [491];
• danger of his schemes, [385], [387], [390];
• meeting with Catharine II, [480], [481], [483];
• failure of his campaign against the Russians, [491], [505];
• destroys the constitution of Brabant, [511];
• resolves to subdue the Netherlands, [515];
• his death, [518].
• “Junius,” on the elections of 1784, [171].
• Kainardji, Treaty of, [375], [486], [487], [532], [631].
• Kaunitz, Prince, Austrian Chancellor, [300], [483], [491], [523], [524], [533], [534], [574] n., [592], [601], [614], [620], [625], [629].
• Kazeneck, Count, Austrian envoy in London, [315].
• Keene, Charles, British Ambassador at Stockholm, [493], [494], [498] n., [499] n.
• Keith, Sir Robert Murray, British Ambassador at Vienna, [300], [366], [389], [482], [491] n., [524], [527], [618], [620].
• Kenyon, Lloyd, Baron, Attorney-General, [157], [158];
• Master of the Rolls, [231].
• Keppel, Admiral (Viscount), First Lord of the Admiralty, [102], [111], [112], [114];
• resigns, [116];
• opposes Shelburne, [119];
• again at the Admiralty, [129];
• opposes Reform, [132].
• Kielmansegge, Count von, on English etiquette, [16].
• Kinburn, siege of, [490].
• Kingsbergen, Admiral, on the value of Oczakoff, [603], [604].
• “King’s Friends,” the, [8], [77], [130].
• Knobelsdorff, Baron von, [528] n.
• Lafayette, Marquis de, Pitt meets him in Paris, [139], [140];
• and the Duke of Orleans, [547] n., [548].
• Lageard, Abbé de, [138].
• Lambton, John, M.P., [611].
• Lansdowne, Marquis of. See [Shelburne, Lord].
• La Pérouse, French expedition to New South Wales under, [440].
• Laudon, Marshal, [525].
• League of the Armed Neutrality, the, [79].
• Lee, Colonel, [396].
• Leeds, Duke of. See [Carmarthen, Marquis of].
• Leghorn, [319].
• Lennox, Lord, [90].
• Leopold II, Emperor, his accession and character, [518], [519];
• makes overtures to Frederick William II, [523];
• his policy, [525], [527];
• threatens the Netherlands, [525], [527], [533], [534];
• agrees to the Reichenbach Convention (1790), [528–30], [591], [592];
• agrees to the Hague Convention, [534], [535], but refuses to ratify it, [535];
• his treacherous conduct, [592], [599], [600], [614], [619], [620];
• pro-Russian policy, [601], [620];
• makes peace with Turkey, [625].
• Lewisham, Viscount, [146].
• Lexington, skirmish at, [57].
• Liége, rising in, [512], [514].
• Lille, negotiations at, [476], [477].
• Lindsay, William, secretary to the embassy at St. Petersburg, [623].
• Liston, Robert, British envoy at Stockholm, [531], [532], [566], [600], [621].
• Liverpool, Earl of. See [Jenkinson, Charles].
• Locke, John, [322], [539].
• Loménie de Brienne, Archbishop, [373] n.
• London, customs, [17–19];
• pleasure resorts, [18], [19];
• boundaries in 1780, [19], [20];
• growth of suburbs, [20];
• decline of clubs, [20];
• the elections of 1782, [27].
• London, City of, device of the Corporation for fining Nonconformists, [213].
• Long, Charles (afterwards Lord Farnborough), [58].
• Lonsdale, Lord. See [Lowther, Sir James].
• Loo, Provisional Treaty of (1788), [389].
• Lothian, Marquis of, goes over to the Prince of Wales, [424].
• Lotteries, State, [180].
• Loughborough, Lord (Alexander Wedderburn), [129], [245], [369] n., [472];
• betrayed by Thurlow, [408], [420], [421], [428].
• Louis XVI, of France, [139], [140], [297], [310], [324];
• his influence for peace, [356], [373] n.;
• his study of geography, [436];
• at the beginning of the Revolution, [537], [540], [541], [545], [552], [571];
• captured at Varennes, [625], [628].
• Lowther, Sir James (afterwards Lord Lonsdale), [58];
• offers Pitt a seat at Appleby, [74].
• Loyalists, American, their position after the peace, [120], [121], [136], [436], [437], [440], [441];
• condition of those settled in Great Britain, [443], [444];
• compensation voted, [445];
• settlement in Canada, [446–8], [453];
• called “United Empire Loyalists,” [446], [447].
• Lucchesini, Marchese di, Prussian envoy at Warsaw, [522], [619], [620].
• Luddite riots, the, [30].
• Lusi, Count, Prussian ambassador in London, [314], [365].
• Luttrell, Colonel, opposes Reform, [131].
• Luzerne, Marquis de, French ambassador in London, [541–3].
• Lymburner, Mr., drafts petition against the Canada Bill, [450], [451].
• Lynedoch, Lord, [16].
• Macaulay, Lord, his education, [42], [43];
• his “Warren Hastings” criticized, [236], [238];
• his anecdote of Pitt and Dundas, [279].
• Macaulay, Zachary, [455];
• governor of Sierra Leone, [473].
• Macqueen of Braxfield, Lord Justice Clerk, his address to the jury quoted, [15], [16].
• Maestricht, Joseph II lays claim to, [298], [310], [316].
• Magistrates, powers of, [14], [15].
• Mahon, Lord. See [Stanhope, Earl].
• Mahratta wars, [225], [230].
• Malmesbury, Lord. See [Harris, Sir James].
• Manchester, deputation from, against war with Russia, [614], [621].
• Manifest Act, the (1786), [185].
• Mansfield, Lord Chief Justice, [22], [213], [456];
• Pitt attracts his notice, [73];
• defeated at Cambridge, [171];
• supports Hastings, [228].
• Marie Antoinette, [139], [140], [297], [324], [346];
• supports the alliance with Austria, [298], [310], [375], [382];
• her caprice, [540], [541], [546];
• her intrigues against England, [552], [620];
• captured at Varennes, [625], [628].
• Marsham, Charles (afterwards Lord Romney), [91], [550].
• Martin, Sir T. Byam, [210].
• Martinez, Captain, seizes British ships at Nootka, [564], [565], [573].
• Maseres, Baron, [192].
• Mason, Canon, [169], [171].
• Matra, James Maria, his scheme for colonizing Botany Bay, [436–9], [441].
• Meares, John, founds a settlement at Nootka, [563];
• his ships seized by the Spaniards, [564];
• his “Memorial,” [565], [566].
• Mechanical inventions, [2], [3], [28], [29].
• Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Duke of, [516] n.
• Meeke, Rev. Francis, Pitt’s letters to, [89].
• Melville, Lord. See [Dundas, Henry].
• Mercy d’Argenteau, Count, Austrian envoy at The Hague, [534].
• Merry, Antony, British chargé-d’affaires at Madrid, [565], [566], [573].
• Methuen Treaty (1703), [23], [337].
• Mexico, the Spanish Viceroy of, [563], [564], [573].
• Middleton, Sir Charles (afterwards Lord Barham), Secretary to the Admiralty, [210], [439], [473];
• resigns, [567].
• Middleton, Lady, [457].
• Miles, William Augustus, diplomatic agent in Holland, [379];
• in Paris, [576] n., [578], [579], [581], [583].
• Milner, Dr., Dean of Carlisle, [473].
• Minorca, loss of, [79], [105], [116], [120], [121];
• offered to Catharine II, [299].
• Minto, Earl of. See [Elliot, Sir Gilbert].
• Miquelon, ceded to France, [116].
• Mirabeau, Count, [466], [571];
• proposes alliance with Spain against England, [576–8];
• his relations with Hugh Elliot, [579–81], [583].
• Miranda, General Francesco A. G., his dealings with Pitt, [569].
• Mitford, John (afterwards Lord Redesdale), [72].
• Mogul, the Great, Hastings seeks an alliance with, [221], [230].
• Moira, Earl of (Lord Rawdon), [429].
• Moldavia, coveted by Austria, [385], [387], [481], [505], [507], [511], [525].
• Möllendorf, General, [529], [609].
• Monson, George, his intrigues against Hastings, [222], [224].
• Montagu, Frederick, [145].
• Montagu, Lord, Governor of the Prince of Wales, [104].
• Montesquieu, Baron de, on the English constitution, [10];
• on aristocracy, [13];
• his “Esprit des Lois,” [60], [322], [539].
• Montmorin, Comte de, French Foreign Minister, his Dutch policy, [359], [362], [363], [365], [369–73], [376–8], [380–2];
• rejects Prussian overtures, [367], [382];
• on the Slave Trade, [460];
• opposed to the partition of Turkey, [485], [491];
• his suspicions of England, [542], [575], [576], [577], [581].
• Montserrat, ceded to Great Britain, [116], [121].
• Moore, Colonel (afterwards Sir John), [479].
• Moore, the Most Rev. John, Archbishop of Canterbury, consulted by Pitt on the repeal of the Corporation and Test Acts, [215];
• on the Slave Trade, [471].
• Moore, Thomas, anecdote in his Diary, [50].
• More, Hannah, [473].
• Morgan, William, his “Memoir of R. Price” quoted, [190], [191].
• Moritz, C. P., on English society, [17–19];
• on the elections of 1782, [27].
• “Morning Chronicle,” the, [255].
• Mornington, Earl of (afterwards Marquis Wellesley), [105], [255].
• Mosquito Coast, [310].
• Mulgrave, Lord, opposes Reform, [131];
• votes against the impeachment of Warren Hastings, [234], [235].
• Muncaster, Lord, [473].
• Münster, Treaty of (1648), [298].
• Napier, Sir William, anecdote of, [272].
• Napoleon Bonaparte, [305] and n., [306], [382].
• National Debt, the, in 1780, [5];
• growth of during the American War, [28], [321];
• in 1783, [179];
• the unfunded debt, [181];
• reduced by the operation of the Sinking Fund, [195], [405].
• “Nautilus,” H.M.S., voyage of, [435], [438].
• Navigation Acts, the, [181], [254], [260], [261], [263].
• Navy, the, reorganized by Pitt, [210], [211], [377], [381], [405], [567].
• Necker, Jacques, desires the marriage of Pitt with his daughter, [140], [141];
• on the National Debt of England and France, [179];
• a friend of Reform, [324], [344];
• his return to power, [405], [460], [462], [537], [542];
• appeals to Pitt to sanction the export of flour, [543], [544].
• Negapatam, ceded to Great Britain, [116], [136], [306], [383].
• Nepean, Evan, Under-Secretary for Home Affairs, [436] n., [439].
• Netherlands, Belgic. See [Belgic Provinces].
• Netherlands, Dutch. See [United Provinces].
• Nevis, ceded to Great Britain, [116], [121].
• New South Wales, colonization of, [436–43];
• French expedition forestalled by the English, [440].
• Newton, Rev. John, [473].
• New Zealand, flax growing in, [436], [437], [439].
• Noel, Sir Gerald, [91].
• Nolcken, Baron, Swedish ambassador in London, [593].
• Nonconformists, position of, [213–15].
• Nootka Sound dispute, the, [562–88].
• Norris, Robert, his evidence on the Slave Trade, [456].
• North, Colonel, [146], [214].
• North, Frederick, Lord, his administration, [8], [9], [61], [70], [74];
• his character, [78], [79];
• praises Pitt’s maiden speech, [85];
• his despair on hearing of Yorktown, [100];
• defeated in the House, [102];
• resigns, [103];
• his alliance with Fox, [117];
• speech on the peace, [120];
• congratulates Pitt on his speech, [122];
• the Coalition Ministry, [128];
• opposes Pitt’s Reform proposals, [131];
• dismissed from office, [148];
• his dishonest finance, [180], [181];
• opposes Pitt’s Reform Bill (1785), [202];
• opposes repeal of the Corporation and Test Acts, [214];
• his Irish proposals (1778), [244];
• anecdote of, [273].
• Northington, Lord, Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, [129].
• Northumberland, Duke of, [429].
• Nova Scotia, settlement of American Loyalists in, [446].
• Nystadt, Peace of, [526].
• Oczakoff, fortress of, [490];
• captured by the Russians, [494], [502], [503], [505];
• question of restoring it, [585], [591], [597], [598], [611], [615], [622];
• its value to Russia, [603–6].
• Oginski, Count, Polish Minister at The Hague, his mission to London, [594], [596].
• O’Hara, General, Commander at Gibraltar, and Prince Edward, [549] n.
• Opium monopoly, the, [144].
• Orange, Prince of. See [William V].
• Orange, Wilhelmina, Princess of, [308–10], [349], [351], [354], [359];
• sets out from Nymeguento The Hague, [361];
• stopped by the Free Corps and obliged to return, [362–4];
• the King of Prussia demands reparation, [363–5], [370–2].
• Orde, Thomas (afterwards Lord Bolton), Chief Secretary for Ireland, [155], [157], [209], [247], [248], [250–3], [257], [265], [266].
• Orleans, Philippe Egalité, Duke of, [322];
• his mission to London, [514], [547], [548].
• Orwell Park, Gainsborough portraits at, [38];
• Pitt’s books preserved there, [54] n., [94].
• Ostend, proposal to hand it over to England, [513].
• Ostermann, Russian Vice-Chancellor, [598], [626].
• Oude, Hastings lets out East India Company’s troops to the Rajah of, [225];
• the affair of the Begums of, [225], [239], [240].
• Paley, William, [455].
• Papendiek, Mrs., [407].
• Parliament:
• House of Commons, proposals for Reform, [7], [70], [71], [83], [84], [109], [130], [131], [178], [197–207];
• dominated by the King, [9];
• power of the Nobles over, [10], [11];
• property qualification for members, [14];
• apathy of, [69], [78];
• corruption, [70], [71];
• elections of 1780, [74], [75];
• elections of 1784, [169–73];
• growth in power of the Cabinet, [176];
• disfranchisement of corrupt boroughs, [198];
• resignation of Ministry after defeat unnecessary, [204], [205], [212];
• elections of 1790, [466].
• House of Lords, [14].
• Passarowitz, Peace of (1718), [481], [525], [526].
• Patriotic Fund, the, [288].
• Patronage. See “[Influence].”
• Payne, Jack, Comptroller of the Household to the Prince of Wales, [403], [408].
• Pays Bas. See [Belgic Provinces].
• Peerages, creation of, [11], [91];
• the King refuses to grant any for the Coalition, [129], [137], [208];
• Pitt’s creations, [209].
• Peers, the, power of (1780), [10];
• their numbers and character, [13], [14].
• Pelham, Henry, reduction of tea-duty by (1745), [183].
• Penal Settlements. See [Convict Settlements].
• Perez, Captain, his voyage to Nootka Sound, [564].
• Petty, Lord Henry, Chancellor of the Exchequer, on the Sinking Fund, [194].
• Philanthropy, growth of, [22];
• in France and England, [322], [456].
• Phillip, Captain, Governor of Botany Bay, [440].
• Pigot, Admiral, [403].
• Pitt, Christopher, translator of Virgil, [36].
• Pitt, Harriet, [46];
• her marriage, [58];
• her death, [289].
• Pitt, John, 2nd Earl of Chatham. See [Chatham].
• Pitt, Thomas, Governor of Madras, [36].
• Pitt, Thomas, of Boccanoc (Lord Camelford), [70];
• opposes Pitt’s reform proposals, [108];
• suggested as Prime Minister, [126];
• supports Pitt’s new proposals of reform, [131];
• made Lord Camelford, [159].
• Pitt, William. See [Chatham, Earl of].
• Pitt, William, the younger, condition of affairs at the beginning of his career, [1–33];
• his reluctance in granting titles, [11];
• typical of his age, [32], [33];
• his birth and parentage, [34–8];
• his devotion to his parents, [39];
• correspondence with his mother, [39];
• outshines his elder brother, [40];
• designed for Parliament, [41];
• his precarious health, [41], [42], [49];
• his education, [42], [43];
• early letters, [44], [45], [47];
• his first poem, [46];
• produces a play, [47], [48];
• goes to Cambridge, [49], [50];
• serious illness, [50];
• his studies and life at Cambridge, [53–62];
• malicious story of his classical tags, [54], [94];
• interest in politics, [57];
• his friends, [57], [58];
• his shyness, [59], [90];
• attends debates in Parliament, [59], [60], [64];
• introduced to Fox, [60];
• his endowments as an orator, [60];
• death of his father, [61];
• called to the Bar, [67];
• attitude to Reform, [70], [71];
• story of his discussion with Gibbon, [72], [73];
• defeated at Cambridge, [74];
• enters Parliament as member for Appleby, [75];
• his maiden speech, [83–7];
• speech on the public accounts, [87];
• on the American War, [88], [89];
• social life, [89–95];
• at Goostree’s, [91–3];
• gives up gambling, [26], [92], [93];
• charm of his conversation, [93], [94];
• his gaiety, [94];
• his uprightness, [94];
• speech after the disaster at Yorktown, [101];
• bold declaration of his future position, [102];
• refuses a subordinate post, [105];
• supports the Rockingham Ministry, [105];
• speeches on Parliamentary Reform, [106–10];
• becomes Chancellor of the Exchequer, [111];
• defends Shelburne against Fox, [112];
• incurs a rebuke from the King, [114], [115];
• endeavours to negotiate an alliance with Fox, [117];
• great speech on the vote of censure, [120–3];
• defeat of the Government, [123];
• he declines to form a Ministry, [125–7];
• resigns office, [128];
• further proposals for Reform, [130], [131];
• refuses overtures from the King, [134], [135];
• speech on the treaties of peace, [136], [137];
• journey to Reims, [137–9];
• visits Paris, [139];
• scheme for his marriage to Mlle. Necker, [140], [141];
• opposition to the India Bill, [145], [146].
• Accepts office as Prime Minister, [148];
• difficulties of his position, [149], [154];
• rupture with Temple, [152], [153];
• relations with Shelburne, [155];
• his first Cabinet, [156];
• action with regard to the Clerkship of the Pells, [159];
• defeated in the House, [160];
• introduces his India Bill, [160];
• on its rejection he refuses to resign, [163];
• failure of negotiations for a union of parties, [164–6];
• his critical position, [165];
• growing popularity, [167];
• receives the freedom of the City, [167];
• assaulted outside Brooks’s Club, [167], [168];
• dissolution of Parliament, [169];
• elected for Cambridge University, [171];
• his ungenerous conduct towards Fox over the Westminster election, [173], [254], [271], [272];
• reasons for his victory, [175–7];
• his relations to the Crown, [175], [176];
• his financial measures, [179] et seq.;
• indebtedness to Adam Smith, [183], [184];
• and to Shelburne, [184];
• his budgets of 1784 and 1785, [186–8];
• his proposals for a Sinking Fund, [188–95];
• His relations with Price, [190–3];
• accepts an amendment by Fox, [193];
• his Reform Bill of 1785, [197–203];
• defeated, [202];
• reasons for shelving Reform, [203–6];
• supports Stanhope’s Reform Bill, [206];
• effect on him of his defeats, [207];
• increased use of “influence,” [208], [209];
• his care for the navy, [210], [377], [567];
• proposals for fortifying Portsmouth and Plymouth, [211];
• opposes repeal of the Corporation and Test Acts, [214], [215];
• introduces his second India Bill, [218–20];
• his Amending Act of 1786, [221], [222];
• greatness of his India Bills, [223];
• interview with Hastings, [227];
• assumes a neutral position towards him, [228–32];
• his speech on the Benares affair, [232], [233];
• defence of his action, [234–40];
• anecdote of Adam Smith and, [241];
• attitude to Irish Parliamentary Reform, [247–9];
• his Irish Commercial Resolutions, [248–66];
• speech on introducing the Resolutions, [253];
• agitation against them, [255–7];
• appoints a Committee of Council for Commerce, [257];
• his critical position, [260];
• introduces modified Propositions, [260], [261],
• which are passed at Westminster, but dropped by the Irish Government, [264];
• his courage and magnanimity, [265], [266];
• causes of failure, [266];
• life at Wimbledon, [267–70], [279];
• his shyness and lack of knowledge of men, [272], [274];
• a historic romp, [272];
• contrasted with Fox, [273], [295];
• the real Pitt, [274];
• his carelessness in correspondence, [275];
• influenced by Dundas, [278], [279];
• anecdotes of Dundas and, [279], [289];
• his friendship with Addington, [284], [285];
• visits to Brighthelmstone, [285];
• his friendship with Steele and Rose, [285], [286];
• buys Holwood Hill, [286], [287];
• his financial difficulties, [287], [288];
• death of his sister Harriet, [289], [290];
• his connection with Cambridge University, [290], [291];
• letter to Wilberforce on his temporary retirement, [291], [292];
• his view of religion, [292];
• strained relations with Wilberforce, [293];
• their friendship revived, [294];
• his relations with Bankes, [294];
• his lack of geniality, [294].
• Foreign policy (1784), [301–5];
• his first diplomatic note, [302–4];
• his Dutch policy, [305], [309–320], [354–60], [365–74], [377–81];
• negotiations for a commercial treaty with France, [327–39], [347];
• sends Eden to Paris, [330], [331], [333];
• speech on the commercial treaty, [342], [343];
• differences with Carmarthen, [357], [358], [360];
• understanding with Prussia, [373–5];
• triumph of his diplomacy, [380], [381];
• alliance with the United Provinces (1788), [383];
• alliance with Prussia, [384–90];
• drafts the King’s letters to the Prince of Wales, [399], [400];
• proposals for settling the Prince’s affairs, [401], [402];
• dispute with the East India Company, [403], [404];
• result of a debauch, [404];
• the Budget of 1788, [404], [405];
• the King’s illness, [409–26];
• negotiations with the Prince of Wales, [412];
• interview with the King, [412], [413];
• prepares to resume his practice at the Bar, [413], [425], [430];
• arguments on the Regency, [415–17];
• his conduct to the Prince defended, [417–20];
• his letter to the Prince, [420], [421];
• carries his Regency Resolutions, [422];
• accusations against him, [424–6];
• interview with the King, [427];
• confidence of the nation in him, [429], [430];
• his share in the founding of Botany Bay, [435], [438–40];
• his lack of Imperial imagination, [442], [443];
• settles claims of American loyalists, [444], [445];
• introduces the Canada Bill (1791), [449];
• success of his Canadian policy, [452], [453];
• urges Wilberforce to take up the cause of the slaves, [457], [458];
• campaign against the Slave Trade, [459–62], [465–72], [474–9];
• his relations with Thurlow, [464–6], [472];
• disagreement with Wilberforce, [475], [477];
• limits of his power, [478];
• policy towards Russia and Austria (1787), [488–90];
• the situation in the Baltic (1788), [493–5], [497], [501], [502];
• personally directs foreign policy, [497], [566], [589], [590], [618];
• opposition to Hertzberg’s schemes, [508–10], [516], [517];
• the Revolution in Belgium, [511–16], [533–5];
• efforts to secure the status quo in Eastern Europe, [519], [520], [522], [523], [525–7], [530];
• results of his policy, [535];
• his attitude to the French Revolution, [537], [541–3], [548–53], [559];
• forbids export of flour to France, [543–5];
• contrasted with Burke, [559–61];
• the Nootka Sound dispute, [565];
• demands satisfaction, [566];
• dealings with Miranda, [569];
• denies Spanish claims, [569], [570];
• subsidizes the Dutch, [572];
• refuses arbitration, [574], [575];
• on Elliot’s mission to Paris, [579], [580];
• presses on naval preparations, [581];
• ultimatum to Spain, [582];
• Convention signed, [585];
• results of his success usually underrated, [587], [588];
• defied by Catharine II, [590], [592], [593], [598];
• his Polish policy, [594–7], [599];
• his desire for peace, [599], [600], [603–7];
• ultimatum to Russia, [609], [610];
• debates on his policy in Parliament, [610–13], [616];
• disagreements in the Cabinet, [616], [618];
• correspondence with Ewart, [616], [617];
• resolves on compromise, [617], [618];
• resignation of Leeds, [618];
• his new proposals, [620], [621];
• loss of prestige, [621];
• failure of his Russian policy, [626], [631].
• Place, Francis, [206].
• Plymouth, Pitt’s proposals for strengthening the defences of, [203], [209], [211].
• Pocket boroughs, [74], [75];
• Pitt’s proposals for disfranchising and compensating, [198–203].
• Poland, First Partition of, [299], [631];
• Galicia to be ceded to, [387];
• alliance with Russia, [485], [486];
• treaty with Prussia, [505], [521], [522], [593], [594];
• Hertzberg’s schemes regarding, [507], [508];
• resentment against Prussia, [522], [594];
• appeals to England, [522], [594];
• offer of British alliance, [595], [596], [599];
• proposed compact with the Sultan, [595], [596];
• betrayed by Hertzberg, [597];
• Second Partition of, [597];
• value of her independence to England, [612];
• Revolution in (1791), [620], [626], [627];
• Prussian jealousy of, [628];
• impending misfortunes of, [630], [631].
• Poor relief, [15].
• Porchester, Lord, attacks Pitt, [611].
• Portes, Count de, his “Memoirs,” [372].
• Port Jackson, settlement at, [440].
• Portland, Duke of, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, [105];
• Prime Minister, [111], [127], [128];
• opposes Pitt’s Reform proposals, [132];
• his negotiations for union with Pitt, [164–6];
• mentioned, [173], [228], [257] n., [333], [428], [447].
• Portsmouth, Pitt’s proposals for strengthening the defences of, [203], [209], [211].
• Portugal, Methuen treaty with, [23];
• English relations with, [337], [342].
• Postal system, the abuse of franking, [186], [187].
• Potemkin, Prince, [480], [481], [486], [491], [505], [524], [525], [527], [530], [590], [591], [622];
• his death, [626].
• Potocki family, the, in Poland, [486].
• Poynings Act, demand for rejection of, [105].
• Pratt, Charles. See [Camden, Earl].
• Pratt, John Jeffreys, afterwards Marquis Camden, [58], [90], [141], [285].
• Press-gang, the, [567].
• Pretyman, Dr. (afterwards Bishop Tomline), his “Life of Pitt,” [51] et seq., [117], [152], [235], [284], [288], [411], [418], [584], [622].
• Price, Dr. R., on national finance, quoted, [179], [180], [189];
• question of Pitt’s indebtedness to him discussed, [190–3];
• his sermon in the Old Jewry, [555].
• Prussia, question of a British alliance, [312–14], [349], [352], [353], [364], [374], [375], [384];
• proposes joint intervention with France at The Hague, [354], [363], [367];
• invades Holland, [376], [488], [489];
• capture of Amsterdam, [379];
• policy in the Near East, [385–7];
• the Triple Alliance, [389];
• threatens Denmark, [497], [499];
• treaty with Poland, [505], [521], [522], [593], [594];
• Hertzberg’s policy, [506–10], [513];
• desires Belgian independence, [511], [514–16];
• anger against England, [516];
• treaty with Turkey, [521], [529];
• entente with Austria, [523];
• reception of British proposals for mediation, [525], [526];
• result of the Congress of Reichenbach, [529], [530];
• her Polish policy, [594–7], [600], [601];
• duplicity of her policy, [601], [606], [607];
• jealous of the revival of Poland, [628];
• collapse of the British alliance, [629].
• See [Frederick the Great] and [Frederick William II].
• Puisaye, de, his settlement in Canada, [446], [447].
• Pulteney, Daniel, on Pitt’s first Ministry, [158];
• on his treatment of Fox, [173];
• on the Sinking Fund, [191];
• on Pitt’s Reform proposals, [200], [201];
• his estimate of Pitt as a statesman, [207];
• on Pitt’s Irish Resolutions, [257] n., [259], [271].
• Pulteney, William, letter to Pitt on the Hastings affair, [237], [238];
• on the Westminster election scrutiny, [271];
• suggests arbitration in international affairs, [340];
• on the financial position (1788), [405];
• scheme for a convict settlement, [438];
• deprecates export of flour to France, [543];
• opposes the Army Estimates (1790), [550];
• on the Convention with Spain, [586].
• Putney Heath, Pitt’s house on, [265] n., [269], [270].
• Quakers, the, their efforts to abolish slavery, [455], [457], [458].
• Quebec Act, the (1774), [447], [448], [450].
• Queensberry, Duke of, joins the Prince of Wales’s party, [415], [424].
• Quesnay, François, [322].
• Radcliffe, William, his power loom, [3];
• his description of prosperity in Lancashire quoted, [30].
• Ramsay, Rev. James, [457], [458].
• Ranelagh, description of, [18], [19];
• decline of its popularity, [20].
• Rawdon, Lord. See [Moira, Earl of].
• Rayneval, Comte de, French diplomatist, [325], [328–30], [334–6], [338].
• Redern, Count, Prussian Minister in London, [608], [614].
• Redesdale, Lord. See [Mitford, John].
• Reichenbach Conference, [528–30];
• Convention, [583] n., [589], [591], [592], [597], [614], [620].
• Reis Effendi, Turkish Minister, [487].
• Reform. See [Parliament].
• Reform Associations, County, [21], [27], [68], [71], [169].
• Reform, Economic, movement for, [68], [110], [113].
• Regency Bill (1765), [410];
• (1789) introduced, [423];
• withdrawn, [426].
• Regency question, the, [410], [413];
• debates in Parliament, [415–20];
• Pitt’s Resolutions carried, [422];
• unreality of the debates, [423], [424];
• pamphlets on the subject, [424], [425].
• Reims, visit of Pitt to, [137–9].
• Renunciation Act, Irish (1783), [245], [246].
• Revolution of 1688, [539];
• compared with the French Revolution, [554], [555].
• Richmond, Duke of, advocates reform, [71], [72], [109];
• Master-General of the Ordnance, [111], [112], [114], [116], [157], [546] n.;
• opposes Shelburne, [119];
• his proposals for fortifying Portsmouth and Plymouth, [211], [212] n.;
• Memorandum on alliance with Austria, [319];
• on the Dutch crisis, [359];
• on the Slave Trade, [461], [477];
• on Russian policy, [611], [616].
• Rigby, Richard, Master of the Rolls in Ireland, anecdote of, [24].
• Robespierre, [322], [348].
• Robinson, Morris (afterwards Lord Rokeby), [90].
• Robinson, “Perdita,” [393].
• Rockingham, Marquis of, official chief of the Whigs, [80];
• refuses to unite with Shelburne, [101];
• his terms for accepting office, [103];
• becomes Prime Minister, [104];
• protests against Pitt’s inclusion in the Cabinet, [105];
• his death, [110].
• Rodney, Lord, his victory over De Grasse, [106].
• Rohilla War, the, [225], [232], [238].
• Rokeby, Lord. See [Robinson, Morris].
• Rolle, Lord, [401], [568].
• “Rolliad,” the, [263], [276], [280], [289], [401].
• Romilly, Sir Samuel, quoted, [101], [107], [433].
• Roode, Count de, his mission to London, [413], [514].
• Rose, George, his friendship with Pitt, [139], [286];
• Secretary to the Treasury, [157], [194], [259], [285], [286], [406], [407], [578] n., [579].
• Rossbach, Battle of, [382].
• Rousseau, Jean Jacques, his “Contrat Social,” [2], [7], [26], [61], [322], [323], [537], [539], [540];
• on British elections, [27];
• story of the peasant and, [538], [539].
• Royal Marriage Act (1772), [395].
• Russell, Lord John, [466].
• Russia, alliance with Austria, [299];
• proposals for a British alliance, [315];
• war with Turkey, [375], [487], [488], [490], [502], [505], [506], [590], [591];
• joined by Austria, [384], [385], [491];
• alliance with Poland, [485], [486];
• failure of the harvest (1787), [486];
• British policy towards her, [489], [605];
• war with Sweden, [491], [493], [494], [502];
• aided by Denmark, [501], [502];
• financial corruption in, [505];
• makes peace with Sweden, [532];
• state of, in 1790, [591];
• British ultimatum to, [609], [610];
• successes against the Turks, [625];
• peace with Turkey, [626];
• alliance with Sweden, [628], [629].
• See [Catharine II].
• Rutland, Duke of, his friendship with Pitt, [56–8], [74];
• Lord Privy Seal, [156];
• Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, [156], [207], [208], [246], [247], [249–52], [337];
• letters of Pitt to, [168], [201], [209], [257], [260], [265], [318].
• Ryder, Dudley (afterwards Earl of Harrowby), [267], [269], [270], [586].
• Sackville, Viscount (Lord G. Germain), [79], [100];
• letter of Pitt to, [155];
• declines office, [156].
• St. Albans Tavern, negotiations at the, [164], [165].
• St. Domingo, risings of slaves in, [467–9].
• St. John, Lord, [58], [90].
• St. Kitts, ceded to Great Britain, [116], [121].
• St. Lucia, ceded to France, [115], [121].
• St. Pierre, ceded to France, [116].
• St. Priest, Comte de, French agent in Egypt, [327], [355].
• St. Vincent, ceded to Great Britain, [116].
• Salisbury, Countess of, at Westminster Election, [172].
• Salm, Rhinegrave of, [356], [376].
• Sandwich, Earl of, [79], [101], [428].
• Sawbridge, Alderman, his motions in favour of Reform, [109], [178], [197];
• opposes abolition of the Slave Trade, [463].
• Saxe, Maréchal de, [307].
• Sayer, James, caricature by, [146].
• Scheldt, opening of the, [298], [311], [316].
• Schliessen, General, [512].
• Schönborn, Danish envoy in London, [496].
• Scott, Major, agent of Hastings in Parliament, [228], [235], [544].
• Scott, John. See [Eldon, Lord].
• Schulenberg, Count, [609], [621] n.
• Seditious writings, royal proclamation against (1792), [472].
• Ségur, Comte de, French War Minister, [373] n., [379];
• French Ambassador at St. Petersburg, [484], [485].
• Selim III, Sultan of Turkey, [502], [506];
• fails to secure a compact with Poland, [595], [596].
• Selwyn, George, on Pitt and Fox, [26];
• on Pitt’s early speeches, [87], [89];
• on “Goostree’s,” [91];
• prophecies the ruin of Lord North’s Ministry, [101].
• Senegal, ceded to France, [116].
• Senegambia, ceded to Great Britain, [121].
• Sevastopol, construction of a dockyard and navy at, [304], [481].
• Sharp, Granville, [455], [473], [478];
• founds the Abolitionist Society, [456], [458];
• conference with Pitt, [460].
• Sheffield, Lord, [257].
• Shelburne, Earl of (afterwards Marquis of Lansdowne), on Economic Reform, [69];
• his character, [82], [83];
• attack on the Government (1781), [83];
• on the King’s skill in intrigue, [99];
• proposes to Rockingham to unite their parties, [101];
• position of his party, [103];
• made intermediary between the King and Rockingham, [104];
• Secretary of State, [105];
• Prime Minister, [111];
• attacked by Fox, [111], [112];
• in favour of exchanging Gibraltar, [114];
• difficulties of his Ministry, [115];
• defeated in the Commons and resigns, [123];
• advises the King to make Pitt Prime Minister, [125];
• not included in Pitt’s Ministry, [155];
• made Marquis of Lansdowne, [155] n.;
• his influence on Pitt, [184];
• supports Hastings, [228];
• in favour of a commercial treaty with France, [325].
• Sheridan, Richard Brinsley, supports Pitt’s reform proposals, [108];
• resigns, [111];
• denounces the peace, [120];
• made Secretary to the Treasury, [129];
• opposes Pitt’s proposal for a Sinking Fund, [192];
• his speeches against Hastings, [225], [231], [240];
• speech on the Irish Resolutions, [262–4];
• espouses the cause of the Prince of Wales, [398], [401];
• his conduct on the King’s illness, [408], [409], [417], [418];
• assists in drawing up the Prince’s reply to Pitt’s letter, [421];
• on the aims of the Prince of Wales, [428], [429];
• opposes the Russian War, [613], [624].
• Sheridan, Mrs., [421].
• Shooting, licences for, [186].
• Sierra Leone, settlement of liberated slaves in, [473].
• Sinclair, Sir John, [191].
• Sinking Fund, Pitt’s proposals for a, [188–95].
• Sistova, Congress of, [591], [592], [600], [606], [620], [625].
• Slaughter, Colonel, [396].
• Slave Trade, the. See [Chap. XX];
• English participation in, [9], [21];
• the Abolitionist Society founded, [22], [458];
• statistics, [456], [463], [474];
• Privy Council inquiry, [459], [461], [462], [464], [465];
• attitude of France and Spain, [460], [462];
• disastrous results of liberating slaves in French colonies, [467], [468];
• motions in Parliament (1788), [460–2],
• (1789), [462–4],
• (1790), [465],
• (1791), [466], [467],
• (1792), [469–71],
• (1793), [472],
• (1794), [474],
• (1795–7), [475].
• Smith, Major-General, M.P., [91], [403], [586].
• Smith, Adam, his “Wealth of Nations,” [60], [182], [322], [323], [325];
• his influence on Pitt exaggerated, [183], [184];
• anecdote of Pitt and, [241];
• advocates the Irish Union, [242].
• Smith, Robert (“Bob”). See [Carrington, Lord].
• Smuggling, prevalence of, [181–3].
• South Africa, question of a convict settlement in, [435].
• Spain, peace concluded with, [115], [116], [136];
• the Nootka Sound dispute, see [Chap. XXV];
• claims absolute sovereignty on the north-west coast of America, [565], [573];
• her position in 1790, [568];
• discontent in Spanish America against, [568], [569];
• her claims denied by Great Britain, [569], [570], [572–5];
• agrees to give satisfaction, [575];
• British ultimatum, [582];
• refuses French offer of help, [583];
• outrage in the Gulf of Florida, [583];
• treaty with Great Britain, [584], [585], [587], [588];
• favours the Allies against Russia, [599], [600].
• Sparry, Mrs., nurses Pitt at Cambridge, [51].
• Spencer, Lord, [428].
• Spielmann, Baron, Austrian envoy in Berlin, [528], [529].
• Squires, privileges and powers of the, [14–16].
• Staël, Mme. de, on Wilberforce’s conversation, [92];
• project for her marriage with Pitt, [140], [141].
• Stafford, Marquis of, [360], [616].
• Stanhope, Earl (Lord Mahon), [109], [148], [154], [155];
• his influence on Pitt, [184], [185];
• his scheme for a Sinking Fund, [193], [194];
• his Reform Bill rejected by the Lords, [206].
• Stanhope, 5th Earl, his writings quoted, [85] n., [102], [110], [135] n., [152] n., [279] n., [389] n., [421] n., [587], [613].
• Stanhope, Lady Hester, anecdote of, [272].
• Stanislaus, King of Poland, [485], [486], [505], [627], [630].
• Steele, Thomas, his friendship with Pitt, [91], [285], [286];
• Secretary of the Treasury, [157], [267], [268], [612].
• Stein, Colonel, [388].
• Stephen, James, [473].
• Stephenson, George, his steam-engine, [3].
• Storer, Anthony Morris, M.P., [85], [585], [611] n., [614].
• Stormont, Lord, President of the Council, [129], [132], [427], [428], [611].
• Suffrage, universal, opposed by Pitt, [130], [131].
• Suvóroff, Count, Russian General, [490], [506], [591].
• Sveaborg, Swedish Navy at, [493], [494].
• Sweden, compact with France, [301–4];
• desires alliance with England, [385], [493];
• war with Russia, [491], [493], [502], [530];
• alliance with Turkey, [493];
• mutiny of officers, [493], [494];
• threatened by Denmark, [496], [497];
• peace with Russia, [532].
• See [Gustavus III].
• Sydney, Lord (Thomas Townshend), Home Secretary, [111], [114], [156], [250], [428];
• suggests a convict settlement at Botany Bay, [437–41];
• his share in the Canada Bill, [449], [452];
• resigns, [449], [464], [477], [478];
• opposes bill for regulating transport of slaves, [461].
• Sydney, foundation of the settlement at, [440], [443].
• Talleyrand, Périgord Charles Maurice de, his meeting with Pitt, [139].
• Tarleton, Colonel, [469].
• Taxes, Board for, instituted by Pitt, [188].
• Tea, huge duty on, [182];
• increased use of, due to smuggling, [182];
• duty on, reduced by Pitt, [184], [185].
• Telegul, Lake, [619].
• Temesvar, Banat of, [481], [491].
• Temple, George Grenville, Earl (afterwards Marquis of Buckingham), Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, [111];
• suggested as Prime Minister, [126];
• resigns, [129];
• sounded by the King, [134];
• commends Pitt for declining Thurlow’s overtures, [135];
• aids the King to secure rejection of the India Bill, [147], [148];
• made Privy Seal, [148];
• resigns office, [152];
• rupture with Pitt, [153];
• made Marquis of Buckingham, [154], [188], [253], [265], [341], [404], [411];
• Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, [424], [428], [429].
• Temple, Richard Grenville, Earl, letter from Pitt to, [47];
• letter to Pitt, [66].
• Test Act, the, proposed repeal of, [212], [214];
• the proposal rejected, [215];
• repealed in Ireland, [244], [245].
• Thatched House Tavern, [109].
• Thellusson, Peter, the banker, [138].
• Thorn, Polish district and fortress, question of its cession to Prussia, [387], [507], [511] n., [521] n., [522], [526], [529], [594], [596], [597], [599], [601], [606], [607], [613], [614].
• Thornton, Henry, [473].
• Thulemeyer, Prussian envoy at The Hague, [354], [364], [365];
• recalled, [375].
• Thurlow, Lord, Lord Chancellor, [79];
• negotiates with Rockingham, [103];
• retained as Chancellor, [104];
• opposes Reform, [110];
• his advice to the King on retirement to Hanover, [127];
• his overtures to Pitt on the question of Reform, [134];
• advice to the King on the India Bill, [147];
• Lord Chancellor in Pitt’s Ministry, [156], [359], [611], [616];
• his character, [156], [157];
• supports Hastings, [228], [235];
• anecdote of, [289];
• his treachery on the King’s illness, [408–10];
• retraces his steps, [420];
• interview with the King, [426];
• attitude on the Slavery question, [461], [462], [464], [471], [472], [474];
• the King’s partiality to him, [464], [465];
• relations with Pitt, [464–6], [472];
• dismissed, [472], [478].
• Thynne, Henry, made Lord Carteret, [159].
• Tierney, George, duel with Pitt, [269].
• Tippoo Sahib, [221], [230], [383], [610].
• Tobago, ceded to France, [115], [121].
• Tomline, Bishop. See [Pretyman, Dr].
• Tordesillas, treaty of (1494), [563].
• Tott, M., [482].
• Toussaint l’Ouverture, [479].
• Townshend, John, Lord, letter from Pitt to, [65];
• Master of the Ordnance, [79];
• defeated at Cambridge, [171].
• Townshend, Thomas. See [Sydney, Lord].
• Trade, Board of, abolished, [257].
• Transportation, offences punished by, [433], [434].
• Travancore, Rajah of, [610].
• Trincomalee, ceded to Holland, [116], [136];
• offered to France, [356], [370].
• Triple Alliance, the (1788), [384–9];
• defects of, [517];
• reality of, [582], [589];
• collapse of, [627], [629].
• Turgot, Anne Robert Jacques, [322], [324].
• Turkey, schemes of Catharine II with regard to, [304], [353], [481–3];
• war with Russia, [375], [384], [385], [487], [490], [502], [505], [590], [591], [620], [621], [625];
• Austria declares war on, [491];
• alliance with Sweden, [493];
• Prussian schemes at her expense, [505–10];
• treaty with Prussia, [521], [529];
• deserted by Sweden, [532];
• peace with Austria, [625];
• peace with Russia, [626].
• Turner, Dr., at Cambridge, [52].
• Tuscany, Grand Duke of, [319] n.
• See [Leopold II].
• United Empire Loyalists. See [Loyalists].
• United Provinces, the, peace concluded with, [115], [116], [136], [306];
• feuds between the Patriots and the Stadholder, [305], [306], [349–51], [355], [359–61], [372];
• constitution of, [307], [308];
• alliance with France, [316], [317], [332];
• joint action with the French in East Indies, [317] and n., [356];
• excesses of the Free Corps, [351], [355], [361], [362], [369], [371], [372], [374], [376], [380], [382];
• invaded by the Prussians, [376];
• surrender of Amsterdam, [379];
• destruction of French influence in, [379–82];
• treaty with England (1788), [383];
• joins the Triple Alliance, [389];
• subsidized by Pitt, [572];
• reluctant to coerce Russia, [602], [606], [610].
• United States, the, Shelburne Ministry offer to recognize their independence, [113];
• peace concluded, [114];
• prohibit the importation of convicts, [434];
• treatment of the Loyalists after the war, [444], [446].
• Utrecht, Province and City of, [350], [355], [361], [376].
• Utrecht, Treaty of (1713), [21], [326], [329], [455], [573].
• Vancouver Island, [562], [571], [588].
• Van der Noot, proposes a Belgian Republic, [512], [519] n.
• Van der Spiegel, Grand Pensionary of the United Provinces, [383].
• Varennes incident, its effect in Eastern Europe, [625], [626], [628].
• Venezuela, [569].
• Vérac, Marquis de, French envoy at The Hague, [354], [370];
• recalled, [371], [372], [373] n., [376], [379].
• Vergennes, Comte de, French Foreign Minister, his American policy, [113], [116];
• his hostility to England, [310];
• his success in the Treaty of Fontainebleau, [316], [317];
• his character and policy, [324];
• negotiates the commercial treaty with England, [325], [326], [328–30], [332], [333], [338], [341], [343–5], [347];
• deeper schemes, [344], [356], [482];
• his death, [345].
• Verney, Earl, defeated at the polls, [171].
• Versailles, Treaty of (1783), [116], [136], [139], [296], [325], [339], [340], [443].
• Vienna, Treaties of, [305].
• Voltaire, [322], [323], [539].
• Volunteer Movement, [106].
• Volunteers, Irish, [244–7].
• Vonck, Francis, [512].
• Vorontzoff, Count, Russian Ambassador in London, [304] n., [312], [315], [489], [504], [560], [623], [624].
• Wales, George, Prince of (afterwards George IV), anecdote of, [24];
• his drunken orgies, [25];
• his gambling, [26];
• question of his allowance settled, [132], [133];
• supports Fox in the election of 1784, [173], [393];
• his early career, [392], [393];
• friendship with Fox, [393], [395];
• quarrel with the King, [393–402];
• his debts and extravagance, [394], [395], [398], [400], [402], [403] n.;
• secret marriage with Mrs. Fitzherbert, [394–401];
• reconciliation with the King, [402];
• renewed excesses with the Duke of York, [402], [403];
• political activity against Pitt, [402–4];
• his behaviour on the King’s illness, [407–10], [412];
• negotiations with Pitt, [412], [418–20];
• answer to Pitt’s letter, [421], [504];
• consents to act as Regent, [422];
• accessions to his party, [424];
• interview with the King on his recovery, [426], [427];
• aims of his followers, [428], [429];
• his explanations to the King, [430].
• Walfisch Bay, [435].
• Wallachia, [385], [387], [481], [505], [507], [511], [525], [625].
• Walpole, Sir Edward, death of, [159].
• Walpole, Horace, on the condition of England, [6], [19], [21], [25], [27];
• praises Pitt’s early speeches, [87], [88], [101];
• on Lord Montagu, [104];
• on Pitt’s proposal for Reform, [130] and n.;
• on the English character, [142];
• on Pitt’s character, [147], [275];
• on the elections of 1784, [171];
• quoted, [133], [141], [169].
• Walpole, Sir Robert, his plan for a Sinking Fund, [188], [189].
• Warren, Dr., physician to the King, [410], [415], [420], [421], [426].
• Warsaw, Treaty of (1790), [521].
• Watson, Alderman, [586].
• Watson, Bishop, his “Reminiscences,” [215].
• Watt, James, his inventions, [2], [3], [28], [30], [31].
• Wedderburn, Alexander. See [Loughborough, Lord].
• Wedgwood, Josiah, head of the “Great Chamber of Manufacturers,” [257], [259], [333].
• Welzie’s Club, [403].
• Werela, Peace of (1790), [532].
• Wesley, John, [455];
• his “Thoughts upon Slavery,” [456].
• Wesleyan Revival, the, [322].
• Westcote, Lord, [88].
• West India merchants, oppose Pitt’s Irish Resolutions, [255], [260].
• West Indies, the, gains and losses in, at the Peace of Versailles, [115], [116], [121];
• slavery in, [454], [457], [459], [465–7], [477];
• risings of slaves in, [467–9];
• losses of troops in the war in, [479].
• Westminster Election of 1784, [172], [173];
• the scrutiny, [254], [257] n., [259], [271], [272].
• Westmorland, Earl of, [58];
• Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, [265].
• Whigs, the, two groups in 1780, [80–2].
• Whitbread, Samuel, [474], [613], [614].
• Whitworth, Charles, Earl, British Ambassador at St. Petersburg, [598], [599], [606], [609], [623], [624].
• Widdin, the Pacha of, [506].
• Wilberforce, William, [22];
• on Lady Chatham, [38];
• his friendship with Pitt, [58];
• praises his oratory, [87];
• his character, [91–3];
• goes with Pitt to France, [137];
• elected member for York, [170];
• speaks in favour of Reform, [201], [206];
• Pitt’s letters to, quoted, [188], [201], [286], [287], [291], [292];
• supports Pitt’s attitude in the Hastings affair, [230], [231], [237];
• Pitt with him at Wimbledon, [267–9], [279];
• letter to Pitt on the Irish Propositions, [282], [283];
• his religious convictions and temporary retirement, [291], [292];
• devotes himself to the cause of the slaves, [455], [457], [458];
• joins the Abolitionist Society, [458];
• his illness, [460];
• campaign against the Slave Trade, [462], [465–8], [471–8];
• disagreement with Pitt, [457], [477];
• his Diary quoted, [130], [138], [139], [154], [267], [269], [274], [559];
• mentioned, [208], [322], [544].
• Wilbraham, R., his speech in defence of Hastings, [232].
• Wilkes affair, the, [10], [26], [167].
• Wilkes, John, welcomes Pitt to the City, [167].
• William, Prince, his return from the West Indies, [549].
• William V, Prince of Orange, Stadholder of the United Provinces, [306], [308], [309], [350], [351], [355], [359–61], [371], [382], [383].
• Willis, Rev. Dr. Francis, his reports on the King’s illness, [414], [415], [420], [421], [426].
• Wilson, Rev. Edward, Pitt’s tutor, [41], [42], [49], [51], [53].
• Wimbledon, Lauriston House, [267–70].
• Windham, William, [86], [91];
• favours the settlement of French royalists in Canada, [447];
• opposes abolition of slavery, [477];
• on the Nootka Sound dispute, [586].
• Window tax, the (1784), [184], [185].
• Woodfall, Henry, [264].
• Wordsworth, William, his lines on Cambridge quoted, [56];
• his tour in France, [555].
• Woronzow, Count. See [Vorontzoff].
• Wraxall, Sir Nathaniel, quoted, [82], [100], [145], [156], [163], [171], [201], [211], [214], [232], [234], [236], [262], [271], [272], [273], [276], [333], [404], [462], [624].
• Wray, Sir Cecil, [109], [121] n.;
• defeated at Westminster, [172], [173].
• Wyvill, Rev. Christopher, [169], [199], [201], [205], [429];
• Pitt’s letter to him on Reform, [197], [198].
• Yonge, Sir George, Secretary at War, [157], [158].
• York, the election at (1784), [169], [170].
• York, Frederick, Duke of, [312], [396];
• his home-coming, [402];
• excesses with the Prince of Wales, [402], [403], [406], [407], [427];
• speech on the Regency question, [419], [420];
• interview with the King, [426], [427];
• negotiations for his marriage, [629], [630].
• Yorke, Charles, [290].
• Yorktown, surrender of Cornwallis at, [100], [101].
• Young, Arthur, his praise of English landowners, [32];
• on the use of tea, [182];
• his “Travels in France,” quoted, [346], [538], [541].
• Young, Admiral Sir George, his scheme for colonizing Botany Bay, [436–9], [441].
• Young, Sir William, epigram on Burke, [416].
• Zealand, Province of, [350], [368].

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