INDEX
Abailard, i, 307, 308 n., 311 sq.
Abassides, the, i, 252, 255
Abauzit, ii, [243]
Abbadie, ii, [141], [250], [252]
Abbas Effendi, i, 274
Abbot, Archbishop, ii, [11], [22]
Abdera, i, 157
Aben-Ezra, i, 335
Abernethy, ii, [461]
Aboul-ala el Marri, i, 261
Abraham and Isaac, i, 102
Abraxas, i, 228
Abstractions, deification of, i, 198
Abubacer, i, 270
Abyssinia, magic and religion in, i, 46
Academic thought in England, i, 164, 165, 321
Académie, the French, ii, [227] sq.
Academy, the New, i, 187;
of Florence, i, 371
Achamoth, i, 228
Aconzio, i, 392, 468, 469, 470
Acton, Lord, i, 461
Adamites, the, i, 418
Adams, John, ii, [382]
—— George, ii, [394]
Adamson, Professor, ii, [43] n.;
cited, ii, [65] n., [105], [338] n.
Addison, ii, [151]
Adler, Felix, ii, [414]
Adonai, i, 105
Adonis, i, 75, 101
Afdal-i-káshí, i, 265
Æneas Sylvius, i, 367, 370 n., 415, 418 n.
Ænesidemus, i, 181 n., 190
Aerius, i, 239
Æschylus, i, 130 sq., 148
Africa, Islam in, i, 276
—— unbelief in, i, 34, 35, 38, 39
African tribes, religion of, i, 23, 31
Agathon, i, 162 n.
Agni, cult of, i, 48
Agnosticism, Chinese, i, 83 sq.
—— of Chaucer, i, 346–47
—— Greek, i, 143, 146, 152, 161
—— Mohammedan, i, 255, 263
Agobard, i, 282
Agur, i, 116
Ahriman (Angra Mainyu), i, 68, 111
Ahura Mazda, i, 65 sq.
Aikenhead, ii, [181]
Akbar, i, 275
Akerberg, ii, [418]
Akhunaton, i, 72 sq.
Akkadian religion, i, 61 sq.
Ala-ud-Dawla, i, 267
Alba, Duke d’, ii, [372]
Alberti, cited, ii, [157] n., [190], [368]
Albertus Magnus, i, 319, 362, 377 n.
—— of Saxony, i, 360
Albigenses, i, 282, 299 sq.
Alciati, i, 453
Alexander IV, i, 322
—— VI, i, 373
—— of Aphrodisias, i, 376
Alexandria, religion at, i, 189, 226
—— library of, i, 253 n.
—— culture at. i, 188
Alfarabi, i, 267
Alfieri, ii, [369]
Alfonso X, the Wise, i, 321, 325, 338–39
—— II, i, 336
—— of Naples, i, 366
—— de Spina, i, 370 n., 376
Algarotti, ii, [369]
Algazel, i, 259, 263, 266, 267, 270
Algebra, ii, [13]
Algeria, freethought in, i, 276
Alhazen, i, 268
Alison, cited, ii, [250]
Ali Syed, i, 272 n.
Alkaios, i, 200
Alkibiades, i, 159, 160
Al Kindi, i, 267
Al Kindy, i, 258
Allbutt, Professor T. C., cited, i, 40; ii, [103] n.
Allegory, freethinking, i, 145, 161, 191
Allen, Ethan, ii, [382] n.
Allingham, cited, ii, [447]
Allsopp, cited, ii, [444], [446]
Almodobar, Duke of, ii, [373]
Almoravides and Almohades, i, 269
Alphabetic writing, ago of, i, 105, 194
Alsted, ii, [294] sq.
Amadeo de’ Landi, i, 368
Amalrich (Amaury) of Bena, i, 317, 333
Amazons, myth of, i, 173, 185
Amberley, ii, [403]
Ambrose, i, 233, 393
American colonies, revolt of, ii, [281]
Amen-Ra, i, 69, 72
Ames, ii, [74]
Ammianus Marcellinus, i, 234
Ammonios Saccas, i, 226
Amos, i, 104 sq.
Amun, i, 62
Anabaptists, the, i, 436, 454; ii, [1], [2]
Anaita, i, 67
Anatomy, i, 259 n.
Anax, i, 125 n.
Anaxagoras, i, 136, 152 sq.
Anaximandros, i, 136, 138; ii, [47]
Anaximenes, i, 136, 138, 152
Ancestor-worship, i, 83
Andamanese, religion and ethics of, i, 93;
food supply of, i, 94
André, ii, [122]
Angels, belief in, i, 110, 111
Angerio, i, 411
Anglo-Saxons, i, 113
Ani, papyrus of, i, 109
Annet, ii, [169]–[70], [200], [392]
Anomeans, the, i, 242
Anselm, St., i, 307, 308 n., 309 sq.
—— of Laon, i, 315 n.
Ansted, ii, [463]
Anstruther, ii, [104], [116], [182]
Anthoine, Nicholas, i, 453
Anthropomorphism, i, 182, 195; ii, [29]
Antichthon, i, 150
Anti-clericalism in India, i, 55;
Paulician, i, 280, 293, 295;
of Troubadours, i, 300 sq.;
Italian, i, 323, 327, 366;
medieval, i, 331 sq.;
English, i, 346, 348;
French, i, 351, 353;
German, i, 361;
in the Renaissance, i, 366 sq.
Antinomianism and religion, i, 2, 18, 333, 446
Antisthenes, i, 183
Antonines, the, i, 217
Anytas, i, 171
Aphroditê, i, 124
Apistos, early use of word, i, 1, 127 n., 235
Apocalypse, i, 225 n.
Apollo, i, 124, 145
Apollonius of Tyana, i, 238 n.
Apologetics, Christian, i, 235, 310, 350, 370, 407, 482 sq.; ii, [79] sq., [97] sq., [124] sq., [137], [145], [156], [162] sq., [179], [210], [214]
Apostolici, i, 336, 406
Apotheosis, imperial, i, 185, 208, 209
Apthorp, ii, [205]
Apuleius, i, 212;
cited, i, 77
Aquinas, Thomas, i, 318 sq., 359, 360, 376
Arabs, influence of, on Europe, i, 268, 301 sq., 315 sq., 362, 366;
influence of on negro life, i, 276;
civilization of, i, 249, 251, 268 sq.;
science of, i, 256, 258, 268 sq.;
decadence of, i, 258 sq., 269 sq.;
persecution of, ii, [56];
Himyarite, i, 112, 116
Aranda, Count, ii, [372], [373], [377]
Arcadia, religion in, i, 45
Archelaos, i, 136, 160, 163
Archilochos, i, 124 n., 145
Argotti, ii, [54]
Aristarchos, i, 188
Aristippos, i, 183
Aristo, i, 184
Aristodemos, i, 170
Aristophanes, i, 152, 167, 171
Aristotle, i, 131, 149, 152, 168, 177 sq., 257, 307, 471;
in Campaspe, ii, [3]
Aristotelianism, i, 307, 317, 318, 469–70; ii, [63]
Arius and Arianism, i, 77, 229 sq.; ii, [151], [153]–[54]
Ark, the Hebrew, i, 101
Arkesilaos, i, 187
Arminianism, i, 462 sq.; ii, [22], [133], [137], [378]
Arminius, i, 455, 462
Armstrong, E., cited, i, 408
Arnaldo of Villanueva, i, 339
Arnauld, ii, [125], [129], [142]
Arnobius, i, 215, 225
Arnold of Brescia, i, 295
—— the legate, i, 303
—— Gottfried, ii, [294], [307]
—— Matthew, i, 457; ii, [255], [403], [408], [441] n., [450], [452]
Arnoldson, K. P., ii, [418]
Artaxerxes Mnemon, i, 67
Artemis, i, 124
Artemon, i, 230
Arts, effect of, on religion, i, 95–96;
affected by religion, i, 365
Aryabhata, i, 57
Aryans, i, 48 sq.
Asceticism, i, 54, 216, 227, 243 sq.
Ascham, i, 467; ii, [2]
Aselli, ii, [66]
Ashari, Al, i, 259
Ashtoreths, i, 79, 81
Asmodeus, i, 111
Asoka, i, 59, 60
Aspasia, i, 155
Assassins, the, i, 266
Associations, religious, in Greece, i, 189
“Assurance,” doctrine of, i, 455
Assyria, religion of, i, 47, 63 sq.
Astrology, i, 401;
Chaldean, i, 63;
Greek, i, 188;
Roman, i, 212;
medieval, i, 327;
Italian, i, 373;
Rabelais on, i, 382, 384;
Renaissance, i, 401;
and Protestantism, i, 449;
assailed by Gassendi, ii, [67]–[68]
Astronomy, Arab, i, 270, 275;
Hindu, i, 56–57;
Greek, i, 137, 188;
Babylonian, i, 62–63, 95, 137;
Modern, ii, [41] sq.
Astruc, ii, [236] n., [239], [256], [431]
Asvamedha, rite of, i, 53
Aszo y del Rio, ii, [372]
Aten, cult of, i, 73, 74 sq.
Athanasius, i, 77
Athanasianism, i, 235
Atheism and atheist, use of words, i, 1, 4, 225
Atheism, Arab, i, 249 sq., 256;
Brahmanic, i, 51 sq.;
Buddhistic, i, 56, 58;
among Sikhs, ii, [497];
in Phœnicia, i, 79;
in Greece, i, 17, 142, 156, 159, 160, 173, 183, 184, 189;
at Rome, i, 211;
under Islam, i, 249, 256;
in modern Germany, i, 437; ii, [296];
in medieval Italy, i, 325;
in Renaissance Italy, i, 374;
in France, i, 389, 473; ii, [219], [221], [231], [267], [273], [275], [278];
in the Netherlands, ii, [135];
in Poland, ii, [308];
in England, ii, [2], [3], [6] sq., [72], [79], [97], [150], [151], [165];
in Scotland, ii, [181], [182];
in the French Revolution, ii, [274] sq., [287];
rise of modern, i, 466;
in Turkey, i, 272;
in Japan, ii, [426]
Athenaeus, cited, i, 176
Athenagoras, i, 225 n., 230
Athênê, i, 124
Athens, culture of, i, 133, 148, 152 sq.
Atheos, early use of word, i, 127
Atomic theory, i, 80, 157, 312
Atto, i, 291 n.
Aucassin et Nicolette, i, 300–301
Audra, ii, [291]
Auerbach, ii, [456]
Aufklärung, the, ii, [331], [333], [409], [472], [474]
Augsburg, Peace of, ii, [49]
Augustine, St., i, 1, 215, 225, 231, 232, 233, 235, 287, 290; ii, [119]
Augustus, i, 204, 207 sq., 213
Aulard, cited, i, 287 n.
Aulus Gellius, cited, i, 200 n.
Auspices, Roman, i, 199
Austore d’Orlac, i, 366 n.
Australian aborigines, religion of, i, 32, 35, 95
Australian, freethought, ii, [412]
Austria, freethought in, ii, [305] sq.
Austrittsbewegung, ii, [436] n.
Autocracy and freethought, i, 212 sq.
Auxerre, Bishop of, ii, [264], [269]
Avebury, Lord, i, 30–31, 93; ii, [471]
Avempace, i, 270, 316
Avenar, ii, [6]
Averroës and Averroism, i, 270 sq., 302, 316, 318 sq., 324, 330, 338, 346, 360, 361, 369, 376, 379, 404; ii, [34]
Avicebron, i, 316
Avicenna, i, 265, 267
Avignon, the papacy at, i, 354 sq., 398, 443
Azara, ii, [374]
Aztec religion, i, 88 sq.
Baals, i, 78–79, 124
Bâb sect, i, 273 sq.
Babylon, religion of, i, 47, 111;
freethought in, i, 62–65;
science in, i, 62–63, 95, 122
Bacchic mysteries, i, 200
Bachaumont, cited, ii, [221] n., [235] n., [239] n., [240] n., [242] n., [244]
Bacon, Francis, ii, [25] sq., [64];
on rationales, i, 5;
on education, i, 378;
on Demokritos, i, 158, 177 n.;
method of, i, 178 n.;
on second causes, i, 472;
on atheists, ii, [4], [282];
on religious wars, ii, [13];
and persecution, ii, [23];
and Aristotle, ii, [63];
and Herbert, ii, [70];
and Spinoza, ii, [134];
cited, ii, [271]
—— John, ii, [54]
—— Roger, i, 319, 343 sq., 354
Baden Powell, Rev., cited, ii, [13], [178], [463] sq.
Baerlein, H., i, 262
Bagehot, W., criticized, ii, [198]
Bahrdt, ii, [319], [320] sq., [424]
Bails, ii, [375]
Bain, Professor, ii, [404];
quoted, i, 174 n., 178, 109, 449
Bainham, i, 458
Bains, i, 456
Baird, H. M., cited, ii, [498]
Baker, Sir S., i, 35
Balfour, A. J., ii, [401], [404]
Balguy, ii, [173], [174], [193]
Ball, John, i, 350
Ballance, ii, [500]
Baltus, ii, [226]
Balzac, ii, [442]
Bandino, i, 469 n.
Banier, Abbé, i, 185
Bantu, the, i, 22
Banvan, i, 429
Barante, ii, [284] sq.
Bardesanes, i, 227
Barmekides, the, i, 257
Barneveldt, i, 463
Barrington, ii, [173]
Barrow, ii, [104]
Barth, cited, i, 50
Barthez, ii, [243]
Barthogge, ii, [87]
Bartholmèss, ii, [43] n.
Bartoli, cited, i, 328 n., 353
Basedow, ii, [315] sq., [323] n.
Basel, University of, i, 447
Basil, Emperor, i, 279
Basileus, i, 125 n.
Basilides, i, 228
Bastian, A., ii, [470]
Bataks, the, i, 23
Bathenians, the, i, 255
Baudeau, ii, [244]
Baudelaire, ii, [442]
Baudrier, President, i, 387 n.
Bauer, A., quoted, i, 156 n.
—— Bruno, ii, [427] sq., [474]
—— Edgar, ii, [432]
Baume-Desdossat, ii, [239]
Baumgarten, ii, [318] n.
Baur, F. C, ii, [325], [354];
cited, i, 410, 436; ii, [311], [317], [336] n., [344], [425], [428], [434], [477] sq., [479]
—— Rev. W., cited, ii, [336] n., [409] n.
Baxter, i, 350 n.; ii, [71], [82], [84]
Bayle, i, 2, 466; ii, [139] sq., [150], [154], [282], [352]
Beard, C., cited, i, 464
Beaumont, J., ii, [138]
Beating of idols, i, 23 sq.
Bebel, August, ii, [411], [412]
—— Heinrich, i, 435
Béda, i, 429
Bede, i, 313
Beethoven, ii, [351]
Beghards and Beguins, i, 333, 335, 339, 406
Béha, i, 274
Bekker, ii, [138]
Belgium, freethought in, ii, [406] sq.
“Believers in Reason,” ii, [350]
Bélisaire, ii, [259] sq.
Bellarmin, Cardinal, i, 462; ii, [22], [57], [119] n.
Bellay, Guillaume de, i, 383
—— Jean du, i, 382
—— Joachim du, i, 390
Bellman, ii, [360]
Bel Merodach, i, 62, 64
Benedict XIV, Pope, ii, [368], [369], [370]
Benn, A., ii, [389] n., [444] n.;
cited, i, 137 n., 138 n., 146 n., 158, 170 n., 178 n., 179–80, 187;
criticized, ii, [211]
Bennet, Benjamin, ii, [88] n.
—— A., ii, [451]
Bentley, ii, [97], [155];
cited, i, 8 n.
Béranger, ii, [442]
Berault, ii, [98]
Berengar, i, 289 sq., 440
Bergier, ii, [245], [250], [253], [256], [275], [287]
Berington, Rev. J., cited, i, 300
Berkeley, i, 8 n.; ii, [91], [105], [124], [150], [151]–[52], [162] sq., [168];
and Hume, ii, [180], [251], [252]
Berlin, churchgoing in, ii, [438] n.
Bernard, St., i, 295, 312, 313
—— J.-F., ii, [238]
—— Sylvester, i, 312
Berquin, i, 429
Berruyer, ii, [215]
Berthelot, ii, [122]
Berti, cited, ii, [61] n.;
quoted, ii, [62]
Besant, Mrs., ii, [402], [408], [452]
—— Sir W., ii, [452]
Bettinelli, ii, [368]
Bevan, E. R., cited, i, 186
Beverland, ii, [36]
Beyle, ii, [442]
Bezold, i, 404, 435 n., 441
Bhagavat Gîta, the, i, 59
Biandrata, i, 420–21, 425, 453, 468; ii, [37]
Bibliolatry, i, 403, 439, 454, 457; ii, [25], [26], [32], [35], [61], [209]
Bickell, i, 115
Bielfeld, cited, ii, [303] n.
Biélinsky, ii, [456]
Biology, ii, [207], [459] sq., [464] sq.
Bion, i, 184
Biran, ii, [479]
Birch, W. J., ii, [18] n.
Björnson, ii, [457]
Black Death, i, 34, 328–29
Blackmore, ii, [173]
Blackstone, Sir W., ii, [195]–[96]
Blanchard, ii, [257]
Blasphemy, i, 167; ii, [5], [8], [73] n., [76], [99], [147], [149], [159], [170]
Blatchford, ii, [408]
Bleeckly, H., i, 171 n., 172
Blind, ideas of the, i, 39
Blount, Charles, ii, [96] sq., [99], [115], [149]–[50], [243], [449]
—— Sir T. P., ii, [96] n.
Blunt, cited, i, 458
Bluntschli, ii, [35]
Boas, Professor, cited, ii, [12]
Boccaccio, i, 327 sq.; ii, [328]
Bocher, Joan, ii, [1]
Bodin, i, 1, 390; ii, [4], [468]
Boeheim, i, 406 n.
Boëthius, i, 246–47, 348; ii, [34]
Bogomilians, the, i, 281
Bohemia, Reformation in, i, 415 sq.
Bohemian Brethren, the, i, 419
Bohn, H., ii, [398]
Bohun, ii, [99] n.
Boileau, ii, [183]
Boindin, ii, [222], [248] n., [257], [258]
Boissier, cited, i, 195, 198 n., 205 n.
Bolde, ii, [110]
Boleslav, i, 422
Bolingbroke, ii, [143], [154], [164], [178], [196] sq., [223], [232]–[33], [253]
Bolsec, i, 442, 446
Bonamy, ii, [257]
Bonaventure Desperiers, i, 379 sq., 391
Boncerf, ii, [290]
Boniface, St., i, 282
Bonner, Mrs., ii, [338]
Book of the Dead, the, i, 70
Booth, B., ii, [452] n.
Booms, ii, [352]
Borowski, cited, ii, [341], [345]
Borthwick, F., ii, [182] n.
Bos Homes, i, 297
Bossuet, ii, [65] n., [126], [131], [142], [146], [213], [250], [251]
—— cited, ii, [123]
Bouchier, Jean, i, 459
Bougre, origin of word, i, 281
Bouillier, cited, i, 377 n.; ii, [121] n.
Boulainvilliers, ii, [213], [237]–[38], [241]
Boulanger, ii, [240], [246]–[48]
Bourdelot, ii, [357]
Bourdin, ii, [65]
Bourget, ii, [442].
Bourgeville, i, 473
Bourne, cited, ii, [108] n., [114] n.
Bouterwek, cited, ii, [40], [41] n.
Boyse, ii, [188]
Bradke, Von, cited, i, 49
Bradford, Bishop, ii, [98]
Bradlaugh, ii, [399] sq.
Bradley, J., ii, [98]
—— F. H., i, 140
Brahé, Tycho, ii, [355]
Brahmanism, i, 51 sq.;
schisms in, i, 54; ii, [497];
Dravidian influence on, i, 56 n.
Brahmo-Somaj movement, ii, [497]
Brandes, G., ii, [457]
—— E., ii, [457]
Braun, ii, [418]
Breasted, J. H., cited, i, 74
Breitburg, ii, [136] n.
Breitinger, ii, [234] n.
Brethren of the Free Spirit, i, 2, 317, 333, 335, 362, 446
—— Sincere (of Purity), i, 256
—— Bohemian, i, 419
—— of the Common Lot, i, 438
Bretschneider, ii, [423], [425]
Brett, Prof., ii, [66] n.
Brewster, cited, ii, [110], [112], [113], [151], [178], [464]
Briçonnet, i, 428
Bridges, Dr., i, 344 n.
Brihaspati, i, 53, 54
Brissot de Warville, ii, [244]
“Broad Church,” ii, [375]
Brooke, ii, [20]
Brougham, ii, [448] n., [449] n.
Brown, ii, [194]
—— W., ii, [458] n.
Browne, Sir T., i, 3, 11; ii, [100] sq.
—— Bishop, ii, [150]
—— E. G., cited, i, 261
—— quoted, ii, [231]
Brunetière, ii, [443]
Brunetto Latini, i, 348, 398 n.
Bruno, Giordano, i, 21, 411 n., 451, 469; ii, [43] sq., [134], [458]
Bryce, cited, i, 18, 294
Bucer, i, 447
Buchanan, ii, [283]
Büchner, ii, [418], [436] n., [478] sq.
Buckingham, ii, [97]
Buckle, i, 13, 480; ii, [402], [469];
cited, i, 272, 306, 341, 356, 391 n., 481 n.; ii, [66], [105], [173], [224]–[25], [227], [228], [256], [269] n.
Buckley, i, 130 n.
Buddeus, i, 11
Buddha, traditions of, i, 55 sq.
Buddhism, i, 52 n., 55 sq., 149; ii, [491] sq., [497]
Budé, i, 388
Budge, Dr. Wallis, i, 70, 75
Budny, ii, [37]
Buffier, ii, [130], [215], [249] n.
Buffon, ii, [207], [262], [264]
Bulgarians, i, 281; ii, [498]
Bull, Dr., ii, [114]
Bullen, cited, ii, [100] n.
Burckhardt, cited, i, 131, 328 n., 367 n., 369, 409
Burgers, ii, [416]
Burghley, cited, i, 468
Buridan, i, 360
Burigny, ii, [225], [226], [238], [241], [245], [248], [258]
Burke, V. R., cited, i, 340–41
Burlamaqui, ii, [379]
Burleigh, Walter, i, 346 n.
Burnet, Bishop, cited, i, 6, 432 n., 460 n.; ii, [78], [111], [153], [166]; ii, [365]
—— Dr. J., cited, i, 122, 142, 149, 151, 192
—— Dr. T., ii, [109], [115], [176], [182]
Burns, i, 352; ii, [208]–[209]
Bury, A., ii, [111]
—— J. B., i, 10, 126 n., 247 n.
—— Richard de, i, 334
Busher, Leonard, ii, [24]
Busone da Gubbio, i, 328 n.
Bussy, ii, [142]
Butler, ii, [143], [168], [179], [251], [252]
Byron, ii, [444]
Byzantium, civilization of, i, 246;
freethought in, i, 277 sq.
Caballero, ii, [387]
Cabanis, ii, [387], [459] sq., [462]
Cadell, Mrs. A. M., i, 264 n.
Cælestius, i, 229, 232
Cæsar, i, 206 sq., 212
Cagnuelo, ii, [375]
Caird, E., i, 441
Calas, ii, [220]
Calderon, ii, [39]
Calendar, reform of, i, 262, 457
Callidius, ii, [33]
Callimachus, i, 184
Calovius, i, 457
Calvert, A. F., cited, i, 95
Calvin, i, 2, 379, 383, 392, 408 n., 414, 431, 439, 442 sq., 455
Calvinism, i, 442 sq., 462; ii, [22], [378] sq.
Cambridge university in 18th century, ii, [167]
Cambyses, i, 66, 76
Camden, cited, ii, [5] n.
Campanella, ii, [309]
Campanus, i, 435
Cannibalism, i, 43
Cantatapiedra, Martinez de, ii, [39]
Cantù, i, 13; cited, i, 411 n.
Caraffa, Cardinal, i, 408, 412
Cardan, i, xv, 349 n.
Carducci, ii, [454]
Carlyle, ii, [232], [270] n., [313] sq., [447], [448], [449], [450], [466] n., [469], [489]
Carmelites, the, i, 330
Carneades, i, 187, 200
Carnesecchi, i, 412
Caroline, Queen, ii, [165] n.
Carpi, Marquis of, ii, [365]
Carpocrates, i, 228
Carra, ii, [243]
Carranza, ii, [44]
Carriere, cited, i, 390 n.; ii, [49] n.
Carrol, ii, [109]
Cartaud, ii, [291]
Cartesianism, ii, [103] sq., [121], [128], [133]
Casaubon, Isaac, i, 464
—— Meric, ii, [86]
Casimir the Great, i, 423
Cassels, W. R., ii, [439] n.
Cassini, ii, [178]
Castalio, i, 392, 442, 446
Castelli, ii, [58]
Castelnau, ii, [45]
Casuistry, ii, [74]
Cathari, i, 292, 296
Catherine the Great, ii, [260], [364]
Catholic Church and civilization, i, 192–93
Cato, i, 199, 200–201
Cavalcanti, the two, i, 325 and n.
Cavoli, i, 411
Caxton, i, 353
Cecco d’Ascoli, i, 327
Cellario, i, 412
Celso, i, 392
Celsus, i, 236 sq.
Censorship, Roman, i, 212
Centeno, ii, [375]
Cerinthus, i, 225 n.
Cerise, ii, [461] n.
Cerutti, ii, [280]
Cesalpini, ii, [63] n.
Chaeremon, i, 211
Chaitanya, ii, [497]
Chaldea, science in, i, 180
Chalmers, ii, [485];
cited, i, 85
Chaloner, ii, [78]
Chamberlain, B. H., cited, ii, [491] sq.
Chambers, R., ii, [464] sq.
Chamfort, ii, [259], [279], [288]
Champion, i, 476 n., 479; ii, [233]
Chandragupta, i, 59
Channing, ii, [344]
—— Dr. John, ii, [408] n.
Charlemagne, i, 24, 293
—— III of Spain, ii, [377]
—— IV of Spain, ii, [377]
—— IV, Emperor, i, 415
—— V, i, 341, 401, 408, 412, 414; ii, [32]
Charron, i, 480 sq.; cited, ii, [492]
Chastellain, i, 429
Chateaubriand, ii, [421], [438], [441]
Châtelet, Marquise du, ii, [230]
Chatham. See Pitt
Chatterton, ii, [199]
Chaucer, i, 346 sq.
Chaumette, ii, [278]
Chazars, the, i, 292 n.
Cheffontaines, i, 474
Chelsum, ii, [205]
Chénier, A., ii, [254]
Chesterfield, cited, ii, [165] n.
Cheyne, Dr., ii, [431] n., [434]
—— cited, i, 105 n., 106, 107, 112, 115; ii, [167] n., [175]–[76]
Chillingworth, ii, [106]
China, thought in, i, 82 sq.
—— evolution of, i, 136
Chivalry and religion, i, 356 sq.
Choiseul, ii, [236]
Cholmeley, ii, [12]
Chosroes, i, 240 n.
Christian II of Denmark, ii, [138]
—— III, ii, [354]
Christianity, theory of, i, 18;
rise of, i, 210, 216;
hostility of to freethought, i, 224;
in Egypt, i, 77;
strifes of, i, 215–16;
and conduct, i, 18, 19, 223;
and cruelty, i, 172;
and war, ii, [500]
Christie, R., i, 383 n., 386; ii, [51], [53] n.
Christina, Queen, ii, [121], [357] sq.
Chronology, Biblical, criticism of, ii, [9]
Chrysostom, i, 239 n., 241, 242
Chubb, ii, [161]
Chuen-Aten, i, 72 sq.
Church, popular hostility to, ii, [75]
Church, Dean, cited, ii, [28]
Churchill, Lord Randolph, ii, [401]
Chwang-Tsze, i, 86
Cicero, i, 168, 175, 199, 202 sq.
Clairaut, ii, [177]
Clarke, i, 8 n.; ii, [98], [104], [105], [150], [166], [168], [196]
—— John, ii, [394]
—— W. R., i, 232
Clarkson, ii, [76]
Claudius of Turin, i, 282, 298 n.
—— of Savoy, i, 468
Clavel, ii, [129] n.
Clayton, Bishop, ii, [189]
Cleanthes, i, 184;
in Campaspe, ii, [3]
Clemens Alexandrinus, i, 175, 225, 226
—— Romanus, i, 227
Clement IV, i, 343
—— VII, i, 382, 408
Clergy, extortion by, i, 292, 311
—— vice among, i, 292, 331
—— hostility to, i, 282, 292, 295; ii, [79], [171]
Clerke, ii, [114]
Clifford, M., ii, [90]
—— Professor, ii, [403], [450], [467]
Clitomachos, i, 187
Clough, ii, [452]
Cobbett, i, 404
Coger, ii, [282]
Coifi, i, 39
Cole, P., ii, [5]
Colenso, i, 38, 108; ii, [418], [431], [433]
Coleridge, i, 231; ii, [9], [349] n., [443]–[44], [446], [447], [450], [487] sq.
Colet, i, 404 n.
“Collegiants,” the, ii, [136] n.
Colletet, ii, [122]
Collins, Anthony, i, 7, 21; ii, [113], [138], [150] n., [154] sq., [166], [174], [225]
—— W. E., cited, i, 306
—— Prof. J. C., ii, [232]–[33]
Columbus, i, 345
Combe, G. and A., ii, [398]
Comenius, i, 5; ii, [30]
Comines, i, 356
Communism, primitive, and ethics, i, 93
—— in the Reformation, i, 418, 425
Comparison of creeds, effect of, i, 44, 135, 198
Comte, Auguste, ii, [405], [467], [468], [479], [483] sq.
—— Charles, ii, [468];
cited, ii, [281] n.
Conches. See William
Concordat, Napoléon’s, ii, [293]
Condillac, ii, [235], [261], [265], [459]
Condorcet, ii, [227], [243], [274], [285], [468]
Confucianism, ii, [111], [494]
Confucius, i, 82 sq.; ii, [111]
Connor, ii, [115]
Conrad, Joseph, ii, [451]
—— the Inquisitor, i, 305 n.
—— of Waldhausen, i, 415
Conservatism, savage, i, 22;
chiefs and, i, 41;
and interaction of communities, i, 44;
and economics, i, 64;
of Confucius and Lao Tsze, i, 84;
of Romans, i, 203
Constance, Council of, i, 366, 417
Constans, i, 240 n.
Constant, B., i, 31; ii, [442], [470] n.
Constantine, i, 233
—— Copronymus, i, 281
Constantius, i, 234, 240 n.
Conway, M. D., ii, [402], [413] sq., [453] n., [454]
—— cited, i, 220 n.; ii, [384] n.
Conybeare, ii, [173]
—— F. C., i, 280 n.; ii, [425] n.
Cooke, Miss A. M., i, 395
Cooper, J. G., ii, [201]
—— T., ii, [201]
Coornhert, ii, [33] sq.
Copernicus, i, 441, 456, 457, 477 n.; ii, [32], [41] sq., [47]
Coping, John, ii, [5]
Coquereau, ii, [291]
Coquerel, ii, [404]
Coras, i, 393
Corelli, Miss, ii, [451]
Corneille, i, 2; ii, [122]
Cornelius Agrippa, i, 402
Cornford, F. M., i, 13, 139
Cornill, i, 112
Cornutus, i, 191
Corodi, ii, [432]
Corporate culture, i, 122–23, 139
Cosimo dei Medici, i, 372
Cosmas Indicopleustes, i, 241
Cosmology, ancient, i, 80, 118, 125
Cotta, i, 203
Cotterill, J. M., i, 238 n.
Counter-Reformation, the, ii, [56]
Cousin, i, 313, 321 n.; ii, [52] n., [124] n., [479]
Cowell, Professor, cited, i, 264
Cowper, ii, [207]
Craik, cited, ii, [149] n.
Cramer, ii, [418]
Cranmer, i, 459
Crates, in Campaspe, ii, [3]
Creation, doctrine of, i, 118
Creator-Gods, i, 62, 90, 182
Credulity, evolution of, i, 91 sq.
Créqui, Madame de, ii, [223] n.
Croce, on Vico, ii, [366] sq.
Cromwell, i, 206 n.; ii, [73], [78]
Crotus, i, 434, 435
Crousaz, cited, ii, [165]
Cruelty, Christian and pagan, i, 172, 246;
Moslem, i, 264
Crusades, effects of, i, 47 n., 295
Crusius, ii, [346]
Cudworth, i, 4; ii, [87], [95], [101] n., [104], [149]–[50]
Cuffelaer, ii, [258]
Culverwel, ii, [80]
Cumberland, i, 30; ii, [80], [103], [104]
Cuper, Franz, ii, [136]
Curnier, cited, ii, [210] n.
Curtius, E., cited, i, 127
Cuvier, ii, [449] n., [463], [464]
Cybelê, cult of, i, 64
Cynics, the, i, 183
Cyrano de Bergerac, ii, [123]
Cyrenaics, the, i, 183
Cyril, i, 235, 239
Cyrus, i, 64, 65, 66
Czechowicz, ii, [37]
D’Aguesseau, ii, [258]
Daillé, ii, [120]
Daillon, ii, [138]
D’Alba, ii, [372]
D’Alembert, ii, [177], [235], [236] n., [258], [271] sq., [286], [372]
Dalton, cited, i, 41 n.
Damiron, ii, [480]
Damon, i, 154
Dandolo, ii, [367]
Dante, i, 324, 325 sq., 330 n.
Danton, ii, [279]
Daoud, i, 101
Darboy, Archbishop, ii, [406]
Dareios, i, 65, 66
D’Argens, ii, [225], [238], [242], [262]
D’Argenson, ii, [223], [235] sq., [258], [281], [282] n., [286], [288] n.
Darigrand, ii, [291]
“Dark Ages,” the, i, 277 n.
Darmesteter, cited, i, 68
D’Arusmont, Madame, ii, [499]
Darwin, C., ii, [207], [450], [464], [465], [466], [467]
Darwinism, early, ii, [365], [366]
Daudet, ii, [442]
Daumer, ii, [433]
David, King, i, 101
—— of Dinant, i, 317, 333
Davides, i, 421; ii, [37]
Davids, Rhys, cited, i, 55, 58
Davidson, J., ii, [453]
Davies, J. C., ii, [201]
—— Archbishop, ii, [98]
—— Sir John, ii, [21]
Davis, ii, [205]
Deaf-mutes, beliefs of, i, 42
De Brosses, ii, [246], [250], [470]
Decameron, The, i, 350 sq.
Decharme, i, 13, 127, 132
De Crousaz, ii, [237] n.
Deffand, Madame du, ii, [223] n.
Degeneration in religion, i, 87, 91 sq., 243
D’Eichthal, ii, [440]
Deification, i, 185, 208, 209
“Deism” and “deist,” use of words, i, 4, 466; ii, [91]
—— early Italian and French, i, 328
—— English, ii, [25], [28], [31], [69] sq., [147] sq.
—— French, ii, [223] sq.
—— German, ii, [302] sq., [329] sq.
—— American, ii, [317] sq.
—— Scottish, ii, [182]
“Déiste,” introduction of word, i, 1
Dekker, ii, [17]
De la Chambre, ii, [226]
De la Chapelle, ii, [226]
Delamare, cited, ii, [141]
Delambre, ii, [254]
De la Serre, ii, [225], [226], [238]
Deleyre, ii, [239]
Delisle de Sales, ii, [242], [290]
Delmedigo, E. and J. S., i, 379
De Lolme, ii, [290]
De Longue, L. P., ii, [238]
Delphi, oracle of, i, 135, 186
De Maillet, ii, [239], [262] sq.
Dêmêtêr, i, 153
Demetrius Phalereus, i, 183
—— Poliorkêtes, i, 186
Democracy and freethought, i, 151, 155, 160, 167; ii, [209], [277] sq., [282] sq.
Demokritos, i, 136, 157 sq., 181
Demonax, i, 190
Denk, i, 436
Denman, Lord, ii, [395]
Denmark, culture history of, ii, [354] sq., [457]
Denyse, ii, [215]
D’Epinay, Madame, ii, [223] n.
De Prades, ii, [224], [239], [269] sq.
De Roches, ii, [234] n.
Dersdon, ii, [88]
Descartes, i, 470; ii, [36], [64] sq., [72], [73], [121], [133], [134], [150]
Descente de Saint Paul aux Enfers, i, 326
Desdouits, Professor, ii, [49] sq.
Desforges, ii, [291]
Des Fournéilles, ii, [104]
Desgabets, ii, [128]
Deshoulières, Madame, ii, [142]
Deslandes, i, 7, 236, 237, 238; ii, [214], [225]
Desmoulins, ii, [254]
Destutt de Tracy, ii, [254]
De Thou, i, 482 n.
Deukalion, i, 173
Deurhoff, ii, [138]
Deus ex Machina, i, 163
Devienne, i, 477
De Villars, ii, [125]
D’Holbach, ii, [77], [221], [242]–[43], [245], [249], [253], [271] sq., [285], [393]
Diagoras, i, 130 n., 159
Dick, ii, [463] n.
Dickens, ii, [451]
Dickinson, T. L., cited, i, 100
Diderot, ii, [218], [226], [229], [247], [248], [249], [254], [259], [261], [264], [266] n., [267] sq., [285] sq., [364], [371];
cited, i, 209 n.; ii, [199], [221], [223] n., [278]
Dikaiarchos, i, 184
Dill, Sir S., i, 246 n.
Dillon, Dr., cited, i, 112, 113, 115
Diodoros, cited, i, 71, 72
Diogenes of Apollonia, i, 138 n., 154
—— Laërtius, i, 138 n., 144, 145, 183
—— the Babylonian, i, 184 n.
Diogenes the Peripatetic, i, 188
Dionysios, the younger, i, 175, 176
—— the Areopagite, i, 229 n.
Dionysos, i, 125, 134, 145, 164
Diopeithes, i, 154
Dippel, J. Conrad, ii, [304]
Dissent, English, and Liberalism, ii, [326]
Dissenters’ Chapels Act, ii, [334]
Divination, Hebrew, i, 99
Dixon, Prof., cited, ii, [492] sq.
Doddridge, ii, [173]
Dodwell, H., senr., ii, [153]
—— H., junr., ii, [170]
—— W., cited, ii, [191]
Dolcino, i, 337
Dolet, i, 21, 380, 383, 385 sq.
D’Olivet, ii, [145]
Döllinger, i, 331 n.
Dominic, St., i, 333, 340
Dominicans, i, 333, 334, 335; ii, [43]
Domitian, i, 214
Domitius, i, 206 n.
Donatists, the, i, 232
Dooman, ii, [493]
Dostoyevsky, ii, [457]
Douglas, S. A., ii, [419]
Douglass, Frederick, ii, [419]
Dove, Dr. John, ii, [21], [79]
—— J., ii, [201]
Drama, freethought in, i, 133, 148, 161, 302;
Elizabethan, ii, [16];
Spanish, ii, [39]
Draper, i, 13; ii, [469]
Drews, A., i, 13, 168
Driver, Canon, ii, [433], [434] n.;
cited, i, 105, 106, 112
Droz, cited, ii, [275]
Drummond, H., ii, [403]
Drunkenness, Protestant, i, 455
Dryden, ii, [90] n., [93] sq., [190]
Dualism, i, 68, 154, 174, 227, 255, 280
Du Barry, Madame de, ii, [236]
Dubois, Dr., ii, [461] n.
Duchâtel, Bishop, i, 383, 384, 387
Du Châtelet, Marquise, ii, [230]
Ducket, ii, [167]
Duclos, ii, [215], [258], [291]
Duels, veto on, i, 283 n.
Dujardin, i, 108
Dulaurens, ii, [237] n.
Dumarsais, ii, [238], [243], [248], [272]
Dunbar, W., quoted, ii, [183]
Duni, ii, [367]
Dunlop, R., cited, ii, [172]
—— Mrs., ii, [275] n.
Duns Scotus, i, 336, 359
Du Pin, ii, [144]
Durkheim, ii, [469]
Duvernet, ii, [222] n., [244], [290]
Earthquakes, i, 278
Eberhard, ii, [260] n., [315], [317]
Ebionites, i, 225
Ecclesiastes, i, 114 sq., 207
Eckhart, i, 362
Economic causation, i, 36, 41, 60, 71 sq., 77, 87, 233 sq., 287 sq., 292 sq., 305–306, 339, 341, 357, 377, 404 sq., 414, 423 sq., 427 sq., 431 sq.; ii, [160], [171], [216]
Ecphantos, i, 150
Edelmann, ii, [307] sq.
Edersheim, cited, i, 118
Edgeworth, Miss, ii, [451]
Education and Protestantism, i, 436
—— in England in eighteenth century, ii, [200]
Edwards, T., cited, ii, [77]–[78]
—— Jonathan, ii, [438]
—— John, ii, [98], [109], [110]
Egypt, ancient, religion of, i, 69 sq.;
freethought in, i, 70;
influence of on Greece, i, 121, 129;
influence of on Gnosticism, i, 227;
modern, i, 22, 274–75
Eichhorn, ii, [423], [424], [431]
Elcesaites, i, 227
Eleatic School, i, 136, 141 sq., 146 sq.
Elements, the four, i, 140
Eleusinian mysteries, i, 159
Elias, i, 334
Eliezer, Rabbi, i, 334
Elijah and Elisha, i, 102
—— Rabbi, ii, [489]
Eliot, George, ii, [438], [439], [444], [451], [500]
Elizabeth, Queen, ii, [4], [11]
—— St., i, 305 n.
Ellis, C., ii, [98]
—— Sir A. B., cited, i, 23, 25
—— W., cited, i, 23, 34
Elohim, i, 98; ii, [256]
Emerson, ii, [100], [450], [453], [488]
Emes, ii, [98]
Emin, Khalif, i, 257
Emlyn, ii, [188]
Empedokles, i, 158
Encyclopédie, ii, [234] sq., [258], [270]
Engels, ii, [412]
England, medieval, freethought in, i, 297–98, 342 sq.;
torture in, i, 322 n.;
Tudor, freethought in, i, 458 sq.; ii, [1] sq.;
Reformation in, i, 431 sq.; ii, [1] sq.;
15th century, freethought in, i, 393 sq.;
17th century, freethought in, ii, [69] sq.;
18th century, freethought in, ii, [147] sq.;
19th century, freethought in, ii, [386] sq., [431], [433]
English influence on France, ii, [223], [250];
on Germany, ii, [309], [311] sq.
Ennius, i, 151, 199 sq.
Enoch, Book of the Secrets of, i, 221
Enrique IV, i, 340
Ephesos, i, 124
Ephoros, i, 180
Epic, rise of, i, 126
Epicharmos, i, 152, 199
Epictetus, i, 189, 215, 392, 476
Epicureanism, i, 118, 181 sq., 200, 201 sq., 322, 325, 366; ii, [67], [143]
Epicurus, i, 157, 181 sq., 186, 212
Erasmus, i, 370, 403, 406, 429, 440, 450, 461
Erastianism, ii, [71] n.
Eratosthenes, i, 188
Erdmann, cited, i, 314, 345
Erhard, ii, [346]
Erigena. See John Scotus
Esoteric religion, i, 71, 87, 191
Esprit fort, use of term, i, 6
Essays and Reviews, ii, [325]
Essenes, i, 148
Essex, Earl of, ii, [2]
Estève, P., ii, [239]
Estienne, i, 391, 473 n.
Ethical Societies, ii, [414]
Ethics, progress in, i, 132, 184; ii, [34], [116], [343];
of Chinese, i, 85;
of Greeks, i, 127, 133;
of Hebrews, i, 104, 221;
of primitive peoples, i, 28, 93;
of Phœnicians, i, 81;
of Romans, i, 215;
of Mexicans, i, 91;
of early Christians, i, 220, 223, 244;
of Mohammed, i, 253
Etruscan religion, i, 197, 199, 200
Eucharist, doctrine of the, i, 286, 289 sq., 417–18, 420, 440
Euchite heresy, i, 280 n., 293
Euclides, i, 149 n., 184
Eudemus, i, 138
Eudo, i, 295
Eugenius IV, i, 357
Eunomians, i, 247
Euripides, i, 127 n., 148, 161 sq., 171, 199
Eusebius, i, 241, 434
Evans, Marian, ii, [438], [439]
Evanson, ii, [201]–[203], cited, [205]
Evelyn, cited, ii, [168]
Evêmerism among Semites, i, 79–80, 102;
among Greeks, i, 169, 185;
among Christians, i, 225;
among Romans, i, 199
Evêmeros, i, 79, 184
Everlasting Gospel, the, i, 335 sq.
Evolution theory, i, 138, 158; ii, [207]
Ewald, ii, [431]
Ewerbeck, ii, [433]
Exeter, i, 468
Eye, S., ii, [98]
Ezél, i, 274
Fabricius, i, 11
Faguet, cited, ii, [442] n.
Fairbanks, i, 137 n., 144 n.
Falkland, ii, [106]
“Family of Love,” ii, [4]
Farel, i, 428
Farinata degli Uberti, i, 325
Farrar, A. S., i, 14–15
—— cited, i, 308 n., 321 n.; ii, [175]
Fathers, the Christian, i, 215, 216
Fatimids, the, i, 256 n.
Fauriel, ii, [460]
Faxardo, ii, [375]
Faye, La, ii, [44]
Feargal, i, 282, 368
Fear in religion, i, 44
Federation, i, 137
Fénelon, i, 363; ii, [126], [130], [142], [146], [213], [250], [252]
Ferdinand, King, i, 340
Ferdinando II, Duke, ii, [365]
—— III, ii, [371]
Ferguson, ii, [186]
Ferini and Antiferini, ii, [367]
Ferrand, Mdlle., ii, [265]
Ferrer, Francisco, ii, [502]
Ferri, ii, [469]
Fetishism, i, 25, 36
Feuerbach, ii, [474], [475] sq.
Fichte, ii, [345], [347] sq., [425], [471] sq., [473], [475]
Fiji, unbelief in, i, 36 n., 43;
religion in, i, 37, 43
Filangieri, ii, [369]
Finetti, ii, [367]
Finlay, quoted, i, 278 n.
Finow, i, 38
Fiorentino, cited, i, 376
Firdausi, i, 262
Firmicus Maternus, i, 233
Firmin, ii, [114]
Fischer, Kuno, quoted, ii, [66]
Fisher, Bishop, ii, [1]
—— Dr. L., quoted, i, 49
Fitzgerald, i, 264
Flade, ii, [33]
Flagellants, i, 336
Flanders, civilization of, i, 2;
early freethought in, i, 295, 297
Flaubert, i, 140; ii, [442]
Fletcher, ii, [19]
Floury, ii, [215]
Flint, Professor, cited, ii, [35], [366] n., [399] n.
Florence, culture of, i, 325 sq., 407; ii, [365], [387]
Florimond de Boemond, i, 479 sq.
Flügel, i, 256 n.
Fogg’s Weekly Journal, quoted, ii, [157]
Fontane, cited, i, 50
Fontanier, ii, [122]
Fontenelle, ii, [54], [130] n., [142]–[43], [227] n., [235], [246], [250], [470]
Food supply and religion, i, 94–5
Foote, G. W., ii, [400], [408]
Forbes, Lord President, ii, [104], [185], [252]
Forbonnais, ii, [245]
Forchhammer, i, 171 n.
Forgiveness, ethic of, i, 221
Forgery, priestly, i, 72, 101, 230 n., 243
Fotherby, Bishop, ii, [24]
Foucher, ii, [258]
Founders, religious, i, 68
Fourier, ii, [404] n.
Fourth Gospel, ii, [425]
Fowler, Dr., ii, [28], [30] n., [105], [111]
—— Dr. Warde, i, 195–96, 200 n., 202, 204, 209
Fox, C. J., ii, [206]
—— W. J., ii, [413]
Foxe, i, 3, 395, 459
Fracastorio, i, 371 n.; ii, [463] n.
France, early freethought in, i, 291 sq., 296 sq., 299 sq., 317 sq., 351 sq.;
Reformation in, i, 427 sq.;
influence of, on Germany, ii, [309], [311];
influence of, on Italy, i, 351 n.; ii, [371];
freethought in, i, 379 sq., 473 sq.; ii, [117] sq., [141] sq., [213] sq., [388];
culture-history of, i, 317 sq., 351 sq., 379 sq., 427 sq., 473 sq.; ii, [420], [440] sq.
Francis, King, i, 383, 389, 427
—— of Assisi, i, 333
Franciscans, i, 333 sq., 339, 409
Franck, Sebastian, i, 442
Francklin, T., ii, [180], [203]
François de Rues, i, 351
Franklin, B., ii, [381] sq., [384] n.
Fraticelli, the, i, 317, 337
Fraud in religion, i, 26 sq., 108, 109, 175, 230 n., 243, 250
Frazer, Sir J. G., i, 401 n., 471
Frederick II, Emperor, i, 323, 324
—— of Aragon, i, 339
—— the Great, ii, [248] n., [261] n., [269], [287], [305], [311], [312] sq.
—— IV, ii, [426]
—— V, of Denmark, ii, [361]
Free Church of Scotland, ii, [410] sq.
Freeman, cited, i, 261
Freemasonry, i, 358; ii, [306], [330]
“Free religious” societies, ii, [410], [413]
Freeseekers, sect of, 6
Free Spirit. See Brethren
“Freethinker,” origin of word, i, 1, 4, 6 sq.;
meaning of word, i, 4 sq., 7 sq.
Freethinker, early journal, i, 7
Freethought, meaning of, i, 1 sq., 8 sq.;
and conduct, i, 17 sq.;
continuity of, i, 36 sq., 400 sq.;
histories of, i, 10 sq.;
psychology of, i, 8 sq., 15, 39;
resistance to, i, 22 sq.;
in religion, i, 36 n.;
primitive, i, 26, 33 sq.;
early Arab, i, 112, 116;
Babylonian, i, 62–65;
Chinese, i, 82 sq.;
Christian, i, 218 sq.;
Egyptian, i, 69 sq.;
Greek, i, 128 sq.;
Hebrew, i, 104, 111 sq.;
Hindu, i, 49 sq.;
in 4th and 5th centuries, i, 235;
in medieval schools, i, 282, 307 sq.;
in medieval England, i, 342 sq.;
in the Renaissance, i, 365 sq.;
in England in the 15th century, i, 393 sq.;
in Tudor England, i, 458 sq.; ii, i, sq.;
in Austria, ii, [351];
in France in the 16th and 17th centuries, i, 473 sq.; ii, [117] sq., [141] sq.;
in France in the 18th century, ii, [213] sq.;
in France in the 19th century, ii, [404] sq.;
in England in the 16th century, ii, [1] sq.;
in England in the 17th century, ii, [69] sq.;
in England in the 18th century, ii, [147] sq.;
in England in the 19th century, ii, [392] sq.;
in Germany, i, 361 sq., 434 sq.; ii, [294] sq., [388], [409] sq., [420] sq., [448], [454] sq.;
in Holland, i, 398 sq.; ii, [132] sq., [352] sq.;
in Italy, i, 322 sq.; ii, [365] sq., [387], [454];
in Spain and Portugal, i, 338 sq., 470 sq.; ii, [372] sq.;
in Switzerland, ii, [378] sq.;
in Scandinavia, ii, [354] sq., [412] sq.;
in the Slavonic States, ii, [362] sq., [412] sq.;
in South Africa, ii, [416] sq.;
in South America, ii, [407];
in the United States, ii, [381] sq.;
in Catholic countries to-day, ii, [406] sq.;
in the Catholic Church, ii, [5];
in Oriental countries to-day, ii, [490] sq.;
Phœnician, i, 79, 80;
Peruvian, i, 90;
psychology of, i, 8 sq., 16 sq.;
Roman, i, 199 sq.;
under Islam, i, 248 sq., 272;
in Persia, i, 273
Free-will, doctrine of, i, 8, 232, 254, 270; ii, [150] n.
Frei-geist, use of word, i, 6; ii, [301]
Freke, ii, [114] n.
French Revolution, effect on English freethought of, ii, [209], [386] sq.
Fréret, ii, [241] n., [243], [245], [248], [289]
Fréron, ii, [258]
Fresnoy, L. du, ii, [206]
Freudenthal, i, 142
“Friends of God,” i, 362
“Friends of Light,” ii, [339]
Frith, Mrs. I., ii, [43] n.
Froissart, i, 356
Fromman, ii, [298]
Fronto, i, 236
Froude, i, 3 n.; ii, [448]
Fry, ii, [106]
Fuegians, i, 98
Fuller, cited, ii, [22] n., [23] n., [24]
Furnival, F. J., cited, ii, [19]
Gabriele de Salo, i, 369
Gaetano of Siena, i, 369
Gaidi, ii, [221]
Gainsford, ii, [11]
Galen, i, 471
Galeotto Marcio, i, 369
Galileo, i, 377–78, 401, 456; ii, [42], [57] sq., [65]
Galitzin, Prince von, ii, [286]
Galton, cited, i, 31
Galvani, ii, [371]
Gambetta, ii, [500]
Ganganelli, ii, [369] sq., [371]
Garasse, i, 480 n., 482 sq.; ii, [55], [56]
Garat, ii, [280]
Garbe, Prof., cited, i, 51
Garcilasso, cited, i, 90
Gardiner, cited, i, 396, 405; ii, [22], [23], [79]
Garibaldi, ii, [500]
Garlon, ii, [291]
Gassendi, ii, [64], [65], [66] sq., [104], [138], [150]
Gastrell, ii, [98]
Gauchat, ii, [165], [226], [250] n.
Gaul, Christian, freethought in, i, 236;
vice in, i, 245
Gaultier, ii, [217]
Gaunilo, i, 310
Gaussen, ii, [458]
Gautama. See Buddha
Gautier, ii, [250] n.
Gazier, ii, [275] n., [292] n.
Gazzali, i, 259, 263, 266, 267, 270
Gebhardi, ii, [312]
Gebhart, discussed, i, 409
Gebler, criticized, ii, [59]
Geddes, Dr., ii, [431]
Gegenbauer, Theophilus, ii, [295]
Geijer, ii, [417]
Gemistos Plethon, i, 371
Génard, ii, [291]
Genesis, criticism of, i, 450; ii, [115], [463].
See Pentateuch
Genest, ii, [214]
Geneva, thought in, i, 2, 446; ii, [379]
Gennadios, i, 372
Genovesi, ii, [369]
Gentilis, Valentinus, i, 451, 453
Gentillet, i, 468
Geoffrin, Madame, ii, [223] n., [272] n.
Geoffroy d’Estissac, i, 381
Geographical causation, i, 134, 197
Geology, i, 371; ii, [206]
George III, ii, [200]
Georgios Trapezuntios, i, 372
Gerbert, i, 301 n.
Gerhard, Bishop, i, 291, 336 n.
Germany, Reformation in, i, 403 sq.;
freethought in, i, 361 sq., 434 sq.; ii, [294] sq., [388], [409] sq., [420] sq., [454] sq.
Gerson, i, 363, 417
Gervinus, ii, [15]
Geryon, i, 185
Geulincx, ii, [138]
Gewissener, ii, [296]
Ghailan of Damascus, i, 254
Ghibellines, i, 325
Gibbon, i, 139, 178, 204–205, 209, 246 n., 262; ii, [229], [398], [399], [447], [468]
Gibson, Bishop, ii, [159]
Giddings, ii, [469]
Gilbert, i, 456
Gilman, Arthur, quoted, i, 260
Giorgio di Novara, i, 369
Giraldus Cambrensis, i, 310–311
Girard, i, 127, 131, 167
Gladiatorial games, i, 245
Gladstone, i, 202 n.; ii, [205]–[206], [255], [489]
Glanvill, i, 3; ii, [102]–[106], [138]
Glave, E. J., cited, i, 36
Glisson, ii, [103]
Gnosticism, i, 191, 225 sq.
Go, the chief, i, 39
Gobel, ii, [278]
“Goddess of Reason,” ii, [274], [278]
God-idea, evolution of, i, 197
God-names, Semitic, i, 102
Godwin, ii, [445]
Goethe, ii, [48], [317], [333] sq., [447], [464];
cited, ii, [309], [310], [323] n., [389]
Goeze, ii, [317]
Gogol, ii, [398]
Goguet, ii, [379]
Golden Rule, i, 85, 137
Goldsmith, ii, [195]
Goliards, i, 299, 326
Gomates, i, 67
Gomperz, i, 123
Goncourt, de, ii, [442]
Goniondzki, i, 425
Good, Dr. T., ii, [87]
Goodman, ii, [98]
Gordon, T., ii, [201]
Gorgias, i, 168
Gorky, ii, [457]
Gorlæus, ii, [35]
Gospels, freethought in, i, 218 sq.;
order of, ii, [425], [427]–[28]
Gostwick, cited, ii, [165]
Gottschalk, i, 283, 284 sq.
Gouge, R., ii, [89] n.
Gouvest, ii, [239]
Graf, i, 108
Gramond, ii, [53]
Granovsky, ii, [456]
Grant, Sir A., i, 178 n.
—— General, ii, [408]
—— R., cited, ii, [178]
Grapius, ii, [259]
Grassi, ii, [59]
Grätz, i, 115
Gray, cited, ii, [195]
Greece, freethought in, i, 120 sq.
—— modern, freethought in, ii, [498]
Greef, de, ii, [469]
Greek civilization, i, 120 sq., 192;
religion, i, 100, 123 sq., 191;
influence in India, i, 56;
influence on Jews, i, 116;
influence on Rome, i, 194, 200 sq.;
influence on Saracens, i, 255
Green, J. R., cited, i, 404 n., 439, 460; ii, [17], [200];
criticized, ii, [42]–[43]
Grégoire, Abbé, ii, [276], [292] n.
—— Bishop, ii, [292]
Gregorovius, cited, i, 374 n.
Gregory VII, i, 289, 294
—— IX, i, 305, 323, 376
—— XIII, i, 457
Greissing, ii, [298]
Greville, ii, [45]
Gribaldo, i, 451, 453
Griffis, cited, ii, [492]
Grimm, Jakob, cited, i, 39
—— M., cited, ii, [231] n., [240], [256] n., [266], [267], [273], [275] n., [368], [371], [374] n.
Gringoire, i, 381, 427
Gronvelle, ii, [280]
Grosart, Dr., ii, [27]
Grosley, ii, [291]
Grosse, ii, [298]
Grosstête, Robert, i, 320, 345
Grote, ii, [469], [485];
quoted, i, 129–30, 133, 145, 169, 171 n., 177, 182
Grotius, i, 463; ii, [35], [70], [366]
Gruet, Jacques, i, 442 sq.
Guardati, i, 368
Gubernatis, ii, [454]
Gueroult de Pival, ii, [241]
Gueudeville, ii, [237]
Guibert, ii, [291]
—— de Nogent, i, 323
Guicciardini, i, 375
Guillaume de Lorris, ii, [351]
Guiot, i, 300
Guirlando, i, 468
Guizot, ii, [442];
cited, i, 431
Gumplowicz, ii, [469]
Gustavus Vasa, ii, [354]
—— III, ii, [360]
Gutschmid, cited, i, 68
Guyau, ii, [469]
Guyon, Madame, ii, [146]
—— Abbé, ii, [228]
Hadi, Khalif, i, 257
Haeckel, ii, [466]
Hafiz, i, 266
Hagenbach, i, 13; ii, [311]
Hahn, i, 13
Haigh, cited, i, 131, 133, 161 n., 163, 166
Hale, Sir M., ii, [101], [176]
—— Joseph, ii, [162]
—— Robert, ii, [451]
Hallam, ii, [468] sq.;
cited, i, 357, 369–70, 392 n., 464; ii, [52] n., [63] n., [80]
Halley, ii, [151], [173], [178]
Halyburton, ii, [181]–[82];
cited, ii, [166] n., [168]
Hamann, ii, [346]
Hamilton, ii, [485] sq.
Hammurabi, i, 61
Hamond, ii, [5]
Hampden, Dr., quoted, i, 229 n., 307 n., 308, 309, 312 n.
—— Richard, ii, [93]
Hancock, ii, [98]
Hanyfism, i, 249 sq.
Hanyfites, the, i, 249 n., 255
Hardy, ii, [451]
Harnack, cited, i, 231 n.;
criticized, i, 233 n.; ii, [436]
Haroun Alraschid, i, 257
Harrington, ii, [78]
Harriott, i, 456; ii, [9], [12]–[13]
Harris, ii, [98]
Harrison, F., i, 313 n.
Hartley, ii, [485]
Hartmann, ii, [474]
Hartung, i, 166
—— Gabriel, ii, [7]
Haruspices, i, 199
Hasan-al-Basri, i, 254
Haslam, ii, [395]
Hassall, cited, ii, [197]
Hassan, i, 266
Hatch, quoted, i, 174 n., 226 n.
Hattem, P. van, ii, [138]
Hauréau, i, 345 n.
Hausrath, cited, ii, [426]
Havet, i, 107–8; ii, [440]
Hawaii, freethought in, i, 38
Hawkins, B., quoted, ii, [448]–[49]
Hawthorne, ii, [453]
Hâyitians, the, i, 256 n.
Haym, ii, [473]
Haynes, E. S. P., i, 14, 288
Healy, John, cited, i, 3
Hébert, ii, [278]
Hebrews, religion and ethics of, i, 97 sq.;
mythology of, i, 102 sq.;
freethought among, i, 111 sq.
Hegel, i, 12, 231; ii, [350], [470] n., [471] sq., [475], [476], [477], [490]
Heiberg, ii, [362]
Heine, ii, [442], [454] sq., [474], [489];
quoted, ii, [328], [338], [345], [474]
Heiric, i, 318 n.
Hekataios, i, 144, 147
Helchitsky, i, 418–19
Helena, i, 128
Hell, theories of, i, 266, 285, 459; ii, [4], [8], [77], [203]
Helvétius, ii, [207], [240], [243], [265] sq., [368], [459]
Hemming, ii, [6]
Henley, ii, [453]
Hennell, C. C., ii, [402], [438]
Hennequin, ii, [443]
Henotheism, i, 50
Henry, the monk, i, 295
—— of Clairvaux, i, 297
—— IV, of France, i, 481; ii, [314]
—— V, of England, i, 394
—— VIII, —— i, 396, 427, 432, 458
—— P. E., cited, i, 444, 445 n., 446, 449 n.
Hensel, i, 457
Herakleides, i, 145, 191
Herakleitos, i, 130, 136, 144 sq.
—— (author of De Incredibilibus), i, 185
Herbert of Cherbury, Lord, ii, [25], [69] sq., [98]
Herder, ii, [311], [333], [345], [350], [468]
Hêrê, i, 124
Hermeias, i, 177
Hermippos, i, 155
—— i, 154 n.
Hermogenes, i, 214
Hermotimos, i, 136
Herodotos, i, 35 n., 45, 67, 121, 125 n., 147, 156
Hesiod, i, 80, 125 sq., 144
Hetherington, ii, [395]
Hetzer, i, 435
Hewley, Lady, ii, [160]
Hexameter, origin of, i, 126
Heyse, ii, [456]
Heywood, Thomas, ii, [16]
Hibbert, Julian, ii, [272] n.
Hickes, Dr., ii, [113]
Hicksites, the, ii, [385]
Hiero, i, 152
Hierocles, i, 226, 238
Hierology, ii, [71], [102], [181]
Hieronymos, i, 154 n.
Higginson, Colonel T. W., ii, [453]
Higher Criticism, the, ii, [256], [330]
High Priests, i, 111
Hiketas. See Iketas
Hildebrand, i, 294
Hillel, i, 117, 218
Hilton, ii, [6]
Hincmar, i, 284
Hinduism, i, 48 sq.
Hinsdale, Mrs., ii, [384] n.
Hipparchia, i, 183 n.
Hipparchos, i, 188
Hippias, i, 168
Hippo, i, 156
Hippokrates, i, 169, 180, 471
Hitopadesa, the, i, 54
Hittites, i, 136
Hobbes, ii, [28], [63], [64], [71] sq., [90], [103], [134], [150] n., [253], [255], [282], [380]
Höffding, Prof., criticized, ii, [175]
Holbach. See d’Holbach
Holberg, ii, [355] sq.
Holcroft, ii, [445]
Holdsworth, Dr., ii, [158]
Holkot, Robert, i, 334
Holland. See Netherlands
—— G. J., ii, [253]
Holmes, O. W., ii, [453]
“Holy,” early meaning of, i, 103
Holyoake, G. J., ii, [394] sq., [408]
Home, H. See Kames
—— John, ii, [186]
Homer, i, 99–100, 123, 145, 197
Homeric poems, i, 100, 120, 124, 126 sq., 135, 152, 161
Honduras, Freethought in, ii, [407]
Hone, ii, [394]
Honorius of Autun, i, 313
Hooker, i, 394; ii, [25];
cited, i, 3; ii, [13], [14]
Hooper, cited, i, 3, 459
Horace, i, 209, 215; ii, [35]
Horrebow, ii, [355]
Hosea, i, 104 sq.
Hosius, i, 426
Hotman, ii, [283]
Houteville, ii, [215]
Howells, ii, [453]
Howitt, Dr., 31–2
Huarte, i, 471 sq.; ii, [56]
Huber, Marie, ii, [233], [238], [249]
Huet, ii, [126] sq., [131], [217], [250], [252]
Hugo, Victor, ii, [442]
Hull, John, ii, [21]
Humanists, Greek, i, 147;
German, i, 403;
Italian, i, 327 sq.
Hume, i, 204; ii, [10]–[11], [67], [102], [174], [178], [180]–[1], [205] n., [468], [484];
cited, ii, [195]
Humiliati, i, 334
Humphrey of Gloucester, i, 396
Hungary, thought in, i, 421;
reformation in, i, 419 sq.
Hunter, J., cited, ii, [161]
Hurst, Bishop, i, 5, 14;
cited, ii, [294], [322], [333] n., [335]
Huss, i, 308, 360, 366, 415 sq., 423
Hutcheson, F., ii, [183] sq., [189]
Hutchinson, Mrs., cited, ii, [75], [79]
—— Roger, i, 458–59
Huttman, ii, [393] n.
Huxley, ii, [174], [450], [464] sq., [466], [467];
cited, ii, [263]
Hyde, ii, [257]
Hygiainon, i, 162 n.
Hyksos, the, i, 73
Hypatia, i, 233
Ibn Ezra, i, 316
Ibn Gebriol, i, 316
Ibn Khaldun, i, 268, 271–72
Ibsen, ii, [457]
Ichikawa, ii, [495] n.
Iconoclasm, savage, i, 24;
Byzantine, i, 277–89;
in the West, i, 282
Ideas, doctrine of, i, 147, 307 sq.
Idolatry, i, 63, 65, 67;
early opposition to, i, 63;
Christian opposition to, i, 225;
Christian, i, 225, 242, 277 sq.
Ignell, ii, [418]
Iketas, i, 150
Ilgen, ii, [431]
Ilive, J., ii, [200]
Imbert, ii, [289]
Immaculate Conception, i, 336
Immortality, belief in, i, 99, 100, 116–17, 330 n.;
savage ideas of, i, 33;
theories of, ii, [153];
denial of, in India, i, 53, 58;
Hebrew, i, 109, 113, 117, 207;
Greek, i, 187;
Roman, i, 206, 207, 210;
Christian, i, 224;
Arab, i, 253, 262;
Italian, i, 322, 325, 369, 370, 376;
Spanish, i, 339, 340;
French, i, 361; ii, [119], [230];
Polish, i, 424;
English, i, 458–59, 460; ii, [8], [76], [196];
of animals, ii, [309], [316]
Imperialism and freethought, ii, [171], [195]
Impostors, the Three, i, 27, 323 sq., 339, 445
Incas, rationalistic, i, 90
Index Expurgatorius, i, 376, 412, 414, 479; ii, [58], [61], [63], [121], [218]
India, freethought in, i, 49, 53, 55, 275;
magic in, i, 45;
religious evolution in, i, 48 sq., 92; ii, [496] sq.
Indra, cult of, i, 49
Indulgences, i, 406, 417
Industrialism, ii, [195];
and freethought, ii, [171], [195]
Infanticide, Arab, i, 253
“Infidel,” use of word, i, 1, 3, 8
“Infidelity,” use of word, i, 1, 3, 4, 8; ii, [96]
Inglis, Sir R., ii, [61]
Innocent II, i, 296
—— III, i, 299, 302
—— IV, i, 322
—— VIII, i, 372
Inquisition, the, i, 297, 299, 302, 305, 306, 322, 335 n., 337 sq., 356, 368, 376, 387, 399, 409, 414, 423, 469, 475; ii, [39], [40], [46], [48], [59], [146], [372] sq.
Institutions, power of, in religion, i, 36, 41, 59, 61;
lack of rationalist, i, 36, 41
Intolerance, Greek, i, 152, 154, 159, 170 sq., 174, 184;
Roman, i, 206, 213;
Christian, i, 172, 232 sq., 240.
(See Persecution.)
Intuitionism, ii, [341]
Ionia, culture of, i, 123 sq., 135 sq., 180
Ireland, ancient, culture in, i, 283–84;
toleration in, ii, [172];
Protestantism in, i, 433;
freethought in, ii, [188] sq.
Irenæus, i, 232
Iriarte, ii, [375]
Isabella, i, 340–41
Isaiah, i, 63, 105, 107
Isenbiehl, ii, [329]
Isis, cult of, i, 77
Islam, i, 248 sq.
Ismailites, the, i, 261, 266
Israel, relative freethought in, i, 104 sq.
Ista, ii, [376]
Italy, freethought in, i, 3, 322 sq., 365 sq.; ii, [365] sq., [387], [454];
influence of, on Europe, i, 466 sq.;
reformation in, i, 407 sq.
Iyéyasu, ii, [495]
Jaafer, i, 257
Jabarites, the, i, 255
Jacob, i, 102
Jacobeos, the, ii, [377]
Jacques de Bourgogne, i, 447
Jahedians, the, i, 266 n.
Jahn, ii, [351]
Jainism, i, 57; ii, [497]
Jamblichos, i, 235
James, Epistle of, i, 224
James I. of England, ii, [4] n., [19], [21] sq.
James, Prof. W., i, 16 n.
—— Henry, ii, [453]
Jami, i, 266
Jamin, ii, [252]
Jannès, P. de la, ii, [291]
Jansenists, ii, [121], [125], [129], [213], [216], [227], [269], [277]
Japan, freethought in, ii, [490] sq.;
reform in, i, 22
Jean d’Olive, i, 344
—— le Clopinel, i, 351
—— de Caturce, i, 386
—— de Boysonne, i, 386
Jeanne d’Arc, i, 395
Jeannin, i, 481
Jefferies, R., ii, [452]
Jeffrey, ii, [386]
Jehovah. See Yahweh
Jenghiz Khan, i, 260
Jeremiah, i, 104
Jerome, St., i, 240
Jerome of Prague, i, 417, 423
Jerusalem, J. F. W., ii, [308]
—— the Younger, 309 n.
Jesuits, i, 421, 422, 469; ii, [2], [32], [58] n., [60], [65], [121], [125], [143], [145], [227], [236], [245], [251], [277]
Jesus, i, 21;
the Pauline, i, 219;
biography and teachings of, i, 220–21;
horoscope of, i, 327 n.
Jevons, F. B., criticized, i, 45
Jewel, Bp., cited, i, 3
Jews in Middle Ages, i, 302, 315 sq., 379;
persecutions of, i, 342;
modern, ii, [489] sq.
Joachim, Abbot, i, 335
Joel, i, 106
John the Scot, i, 283 sq., 308, 309; ii, [488]
—— of Baconthorpe, i, 346 n.
—— of Gaunt, i, 349
—— of Jandun, i, 359
—— of Parma, i, 336
—— of Salisbury, i, 310, 314, 315, 376
—— Pannonicus, i, 419
—— Pirnensis, i, 423
—— Sobieski, ii, [363]
—— of Wesel, i, 406
—— Wessel, i, 406
—— Zapoyla, i, 420
—— Zimisces, Emperor, i, 281
—— Pope, XII, i, 294
—— Pope, XXI, i, 377 n.
—— Pope, XXIII, i, 417
Johnston, Sir H. H., cited, i, 276
Johnstone, John, ii, [183]
Joinville, i, 317, 356
Jonas al Aswari, i, 254
Jonson, Ben, ii, [16], [20];
cited, i, 3, 6; ii, [21]
Joseph, myth of, i, 102
Joseph II, ii, [315], [351], [360]
Joshua, i, 102
Journalism, freethinking, ii, [400], [407], [408], [411], [419]
Jousse, ii, [291]
Jovinian, i, 239
Juan de Paratallada, i, 339
“Juan di Posos,” ii, [214], [352]
Judas, i, 172 n.
Julian, i, 189, 217, 238
“Julianites,” i, 459
Julius III, i, 411
Junod, H. A., i, 25, 31, 34
Justinian, i, 240 n., 255
Justin Martyr, i, 236, 244
Juvenal, i, 118, 210, 223
Ka’aba, the, i, 248
Kadarites, i, 254, 270
Kadesh, i, 103
Kaffirs, freethought among, 39
Kafirs of Hindu Kush, i, 40
Kahnis, cited, ii, [300] n., [306], [308], [311], [421] n.
Kaïres, ii, [498]
Kaiser, ii, [424]
Kalam, the, i, 259
Kalisch, ii, [433]
Kant, ii, [311], [331], [333], [337] sq., [458], [468], [471] sq., [475];
cited, ii, [330] n.
Kantemir, ii, [364]
Kantsa, i, 52
Kapila, i, 52
Karaïtes, i, 315
Karians, i, 124
Karma, doctrine of, i, 56
Karmathians, the, i, 260
Karneades, i, 187, 200
Kasimirski, i, 249 n.
Kautsky, i, 416 n.
Keane, cited, i, 95
Keats, ii, [445]
Keener, Bishop, ii, [419]
Kenrick, ii, [415]
Kepler, i, 263, 456; ii, [43]
Kerberos, i, 185
Ketzer, origin of word, i, 292
Kharejites, the, i, 254
Kharvakas, the, i, 51, 53
Kidd, B., ii, [404]
Kidder, ii, [98]
Kjellgren, ii, [360]
Kielmeyer, ii, [464] n.
Kierkegaard, ii, [457]
Kindi, Al, i, 267
Kindy, Al, i, 258
King and Hall, cited, i, 74–75
King, Archbishop, ii, [150], [154]
Kings, deification of, i, 185, 208, 209
Kingsley, Miss, on fetishism, i, 25
—— Charles, ii, [489]
Kipling, ii, [453]
Kirke, Edward, cited, ii, [2]
Kirkup, cited, ii, [395] n.
Kleist, ii, [454]
Klitomachos, i, 187
Knaggs, ii, [98]
Knight, ii, [185]
Knutzen, Matthias, ii, [296] sq., [297] n.
—— Martin, ii, [307]
Koerbagh, ii, [36]
Koheleth, i, 109, 114 sq.
Koran, the, i, 248 n., 249 sq.
Korn, ii, [432]
Kortholt, i, 324; ii, [297]
Krake, Rolf, i, 40
Kratinos, i, 157
Kraus, ii, [347]
Krause, E., cited, ii, [207]
Kriezanitch, ii, [364]
Krishna myth, i, 56
Kritias, i, 160, 171
Krochmal, ii, [490]
Kronos, i, 125
Kropf, cited, i, 39 n.
Krug, ii, [424]
Ktesilochos, i, 167 n.
Kuenen, i, 106, 250, 254 n., 431, 433
Kumarila, i, 53
Kurtz, cited, ii, [296], [330] n.
Kurz, cited, ii, [329] n.
Kuyper, ii, [136]
La Barre, ii, [230]
Labitte, cited, i, 483 n.
La Bletterie, ii, [257], [289]
Labouderie, i, 478
Labour churches, ii, [414]
La Bruyère, ii, [142], [143] sq.;
cited, i, 47 n.
Lachares, i, 186
Lacordaire, ii, [482]
Lactantius, i, 215, 225, 235, 241
Lafitau, cited, i, 30
La Fontaine, ii, [142]
Lafuente, ii, [39]
Laing, cited, ii, [410]
Lalande, i, 11; ii, [254]
Lamarck, ii, [207], [263], [464]
Lamartine, ii, [442]
Lamb, C., ii, [445] sq.
Lambert, François, i, 437
Lamennais, ii, [480] sq.
La Mettrie, ii, [194], [239], [260] sq., [313]
Lami, ii, [122], [141] n., [214]
La Mothe le Vayer, i, 483; ii, [117], [118] sq.
Landau, cited, i, 350 n.
Lane, cited, i, 22, 275
—— M. A., i, 277 n.
Laney, Bishop, ii, [90]
Lang, A., criticized, i, 44 n., 90, 93, 94, 98, 99;
cited, i, 37
Lange, i, 10, 178, 180; ii, [64], [148] n., [175], [261] sq., [268], [297] n., [311], [460] n.
Langland, i, 348
Languedoc, civilization in, i, 299 sq.
Lanjuinais, ii, [290]
Lanson, cited, i, 354; ii, [124], [144], [217] n., [230] n.
Lao-Tsze, i, 82, 84 sq.
La Peyrère, ii, [196] sq.
Laplace, i, 184; ii, [177], [254], [274], [458]
La Placette, ii, [120]
La Primaudaye, ii, [6]
La Rochette, ii, [229]
Larroque, ii, [440]
Lassen, ii, [298]
Lasson, Dr., cited, i, 363
Latimer, ii, [1]
Latini, Brunetto, i, 326
Latitudinarians, i, 469; ii, [115]
Lau, ii, [305]
Laukhard, ii, [311]
Lavater, ii, [334]
Lavergne, Léonce de, cited, ii, [276]
Law, William, ii, [110], [168], [173] n., [179]
Lawrence, W., ii, [445] n., [461] sq.
Lea, H. C., cited, i, 298, 305 n., 306, 357
Le Breton, ii, [270] n.
Lechler, i, 13; ii, [28]
Lecky, i, 13–14; ii, [402];
quoted, i, 318 n., 392 n.; ii, [18], [19], [172], [209] n., [254]
Le Clerc, i, 464; ii, [75], [97], [116] n., [137], [150]
Leconte de Lisle, ii, [443], [453]
Lecount, ii, [395]
Le Dantec, cited, ii, [125] n.
Lee, Dr., ii, [466] n.
—— Sir Sidney, ii, [71] n.
Leechman, ii, [185]
Leenhof, ii, [352]
Lefèvre, i, 380, 428, 429
Legge, Dr., cited, i, 82, 83, 85
Leibnitz, i, 390 n.; ii, [29], [150], [174], [175], [264], [298] sq., [309], [337]
Leicester, Lollardry in, i, 349
Leland, ii, [168], [170], [197]
Lemaître, ii, [443]
Le Monnier, ii, [178]
Lenglet du Fresnoy, ii, [262], [290]
Lenient, C., cited, i, 299, 332 n., 353
Lennstrand, ii, [418]
Lenormant, cited, i, 68 n.
Leo the Armenian, i, 280
—— the Isaurian, i, 255, 277–78
—— X, Pope, i, 377
Leonardo da Vinci, i, 370; ii, [463]
Leopold II of Tuscany, ii, [371]
Leslie, C., ii, [97], [154] n., [269]
—— Prof., ii, [458] sq.
Lessing, i, 328, 471; ii, [229], [309] n., [315], [323] sq., [338], [344], [351], [425]
Le Tellier, ii, [142]
Letourneau, ii, [469]
Le Trosne, ii, [291]
Leufstedt, ii, [418]
Leukippos, i, 136, 157
Leukothea, i, 143
Levallois, cited, ii, [443] n.
Levellers, the, ii, [77]
Lévesque. See Burigny and Pouilly
Levi ben Gershom, i, 317
—— David, ii, [49] n.
Levites, origin of, i, 45, 111
Lévy, A., cited, ii, [476]
Lévy-Bruhl, ii, [483] n.
Lewes, G. H., ii, [336], [408], [450]
—— John, ii, [5]
L’Hôpital, i, 391
Libanius, i, 245;
quoted, i, 234
Libertin, use of word, i, 2
Libertini, or “libertines,” use of word, i, 2, 445, 458, 459, 482;
tenets of, i, 445 sq.
Libraries, public, i, 208 n.
Lichtenstein, cited, i, 35
Lidgould, ii, [98]
Liebknecht, ii, [411]
Lieh-Tsze, i, 86
Lightfoot, Bishop, cited, i, 148, 223
Lilienfeld, ii, [469]
Lilja, ii, [418]
Lillie, cited, i, 55 n.
Lilly, i, 472; ii, [2] sq., [11], [16]
Lincoln, President, ii, [419]
Lipsius, i, 393
Littré, cited, i, 355, 356
Livy, i, 196, 198, 200, 209
Llorente, i, 342 n.
Lobeck, i, 165
Localization of Gods, i, 46 sq.
Locke, ii, [98], [106], [107] sq., [129], [130], [138], [147], [150] n., [174], [300];
cited, ii, [154]–[55], [182]
Lodge, ii, [16]
Loescher, ii, [298]
Logos, the, i, 84, 130, 174; ii, [137]
Lokâyata, i, 53
Lollards, i, 348, 394 sq., 406
Long, G., ii, [469];
cited, i, 206 n.
Longrais, ii, [244]
Lope de Vega, ii, [39]
Lord’s Prayer, the, i, 222–23
Lorenzo dei Medici, i, 373
Louis, Saint, i, 317, 427; ii, [314]
—— Philippe, ii, [404] n.
—— XI, i, 427, 428
—— XII, i, 427, 428
—— XIV, ii, [123], [146], [216]
—— XV, ii, [287]
Lounsbury, Prof., cited, i, 346–47
Lowndes, Miss, cited, i, 476
Lubbock. See Avebury
Lucian, i, 183, 188 n., 189, 190, 211, 212, 238
Lucilius, i, 203 n.
Lucretius, i, 182–83, 201 sq., 205;
influence of, i, 323
Ludovicus Vives, i, 470; ii, [64]
Lully, ii, [47]
Luthardt, Prof., ii, [466]
Luther, i, 366, 405–406, 417, 424, 427, 429, 435, 436, 439 sq., 449, 450, 454, 455; ii, [64]
Lutheranism, morals of, ii, [294]
Lützelberger, ii, [433]
Lyall, Edna, ii, [452]
Lydgate, cited, i, 397
Lydia, civilization in, i, 136
Lyell, ii, [449]
Lyons, ii, [156] n.
Lysimachos, i, 183 n.
Lyttelton, ii, [173]
Ma’avi, i, 261
Mabad al Jhoni, i, 254
Mably, ii, [254], [284], [290]
Macaulay, ii, [395], [449], [469];
cited, i, 47 n.; ii, [152], [172], [204] n.;
criticized, ii, [96] n., [181] n., [449]
McClellan, i, 233
McCosh, cited, ii, [184] n.
McCrie, i, 408 n., 412 n., 413
Macdonald, D. B., i, 248 n., 256 n., 257
—— Rev. J., cited, i, 36 n.
Machiavelli, i, 332, 373 sq.; ii, [6]–[7]
McIntyre, Prof., ii, [43] n.
Mackay, R. W., i, 12; ii, [402], [439];
quoted, i, 137 n., 147 n., 227 n.
Mackenzie, George, ii, [85], [181]
Maclaurin, ii, [178]
Macolano, ii, [61] n.
Macrobius, i, 240
Mâdhavâchâra, i, 54
Madison, ii, [385]
Magi, i, 66, 67, 148
Magian religion, i, 66 sq.
Magic, Savage, i, 35;
Christian, i, 242, 287;
and religion, i, 45, 46, 401;
in Middle Ages, i, 326
Magna Graecia, culture of, i, 151
Magyars, the, i, 280 n.
Mahâbhârata, the, i, 59
Mahaffy, quoted, i, 126, 129, 132, 164, 172
Mahdi, Khalif, i, 257
Mahmoud, Sultan, i, 261, 262
Maillet, ii, [206]
Maimonides, i, 302, 315–16, 490
Maine de Biran, ii, [479]
Maistre, J. de, ii, [479]
Maitland, i, 349 n.
Major, John, ii, [283]
Makrisi, i, 268
Malachi, i, 115
Malebranche, ii, [128] sq.
Malesherbes, ii, [235]–[36], [259], [289]
Malherbe, ii, [122]
Malik, i, 262
Mallet du Pan, ii, [279] sq., [284] sq.
Malte Brun, ii, [362]
Malthus, i, 179; ii, [465], [485]
Mamoun, i, 257–58
Mandard, ii, [7]
Mandeville, ii, [157], [194], [200], [265], [380], [468]
Manfred, i, 325
Manichæism, i, 228, 229, 280, 293
Mansel, ii, [485] sq.
Mansour, Khalif, i, 256
Marcion and Marcionites, i, 227
Marcus Aurelius, i, 211, 215, 217
Mardouk-nadinakhe, i, 47
Maréchal, Sylvain, i, 11; ii, [244], [289]
Margat, ii, [290]
Margherita de Trank, i, 337
Marguerite of Navarre, i, 2, 380, 386, 389, 428, 429
—— ——, the Second, i, 480
Maria Theresa, ii, [260], [351]
Mariner, cited, i, 38
Marini, ii, [61]
Mariolatry, i, 336
Marius, i, 206
Marlowe, ii, [4], [7] sq., [16]
Marmontel, ii, [259] sq.;
cited, [222] n., [280] n.
Marot, i, 380, 388
Marri, El, i, 261
Marriage, ancient, i, 243–44
Mars, i, 197
Marsiglio of Padua, i, 359; ii, [283]
Marsilio Ficino, i, 308, 370 n., 371, 372
Marten, ii, [78]
Martha, Prof., i, 187
Martin Marprelate, ii, [7]
Martin, Mrs. Emma, ii, [394]
—— Henri, ii, [286] n.
—— St., i, 233 n.
Martineau, J., ii, [415];
cited, ii, [135] n.
Martyrs, i, 243 n.
Marx, ii, [411], [412], [474], [489]
Mary of Hungary, i, 420
—— Queen of England, ii, [1] n.
Mary and Jesus, myth of, i, 102
Mascagni, ii, [387]
Masillon, ii, [142]
Maspero, cited, i, 74
Mass, the, i, 287
Massey, cited, ii, [200]
Massinger, ii, [17]
Masson, Prof., ii, [105]
Mastricht, ii, [133]
Masuccio, i, 287 n., 368
Materialism, in India, i, 53, 54;
in Persia, i, 273;
in Egypt, i, 69;
in Greece, i, 125, 153, 157;
in Italy, i, 368, 371;
in England, ii, [72], [104], [148], [150], [166];
in France, ii, [261] sq.
Mathematics, rise of, i, 149;
English in 18th century, ii, [177]–[78]
Mathew, John, cited, i, 33
Matter, doctrines concerning, i, 146 n., 150, 316
Matthew Paris, i, 305 n., 315 n.
Matthias of Janow, i, 415
—— Corvinus, i, 419
Maultrot, ii, [221]
Maupassant, ii, [442]
Maupeou, ii, [140]
Maurice, i, 314; ii, [486], [488];
cited, i, 247 n.
Maury, L.-F. A., cited, ii, [241] n.
Maximillian II, ii, [32]
Maximus Tyrius, i, 215
Maxwell, ii, [104]
Mayer, ii, [178]
Mazarin, ii, [117] n., [122], [123]
Mazdeism, i, 65 sq.
Medes, the, i, 66
Medicine, Renaissance, i, 378, 382
Meister, ii, [242], [244], [246], [248], [266] n., [269] n., [286] n.
Melanchthon, i, 401, 408 n., 436, 437, 441, 447, 449, 450, 454; ii, [32]
Melissos, i, 146
Menander, i, 186
Mencius, i, 86
Mendelssohn, Moses, ii, [315], [323], [328] n., [489]
Mendicant Friars, i, 333
Menippus, i, 189
Menzel, cited, i, 362 n., 438, 455
Menzies, Dr., cited, i, 82, 84, 98
Mercier de la Rivière, ii, [244]
Meredith, George, ii, [451]
—— E. P., ii, [439]
Mérimée, ii, [442]
Merivale, criticized, i, 207
Merodach, i, 64
Merry, Dr. W. W., i, 167 n.
Mersenne, i, 4, 73 n., 324, 484
Meslier, ii, [219] sq., [225], [273], [285]
Mesopotamia, cults of, i, 47;
religious evolution in, i, 61 sq.
Messianism, i, 117
Metempsychosis, i, 158
Metrodoros, i, 161
—— (the second), i, 182
Meung, Jean de, i, 351
Mexico, religions of, i, 88 sq.
Mey, ii, [290]
Meyer, E., cited, i, 64–5, 66–7, 68, 125 n., 126, 131, 155 n.;
criticized, i, 81
—— Louis, ii, [133]
Mezentius, i, 40
Mézières, i, 329
Mezzanotte, i, 370 n.
Michael, Emperor, i, 278–79
—— Scotus, i, 324
Michaelis, ii, [320]
Michelet, ii, [277], [442], [469];
cited, i, 304, 327 n., 338, 355 n., 405, 451 sq., 460 n.; ii, [256]
“Middle Ages,” the, i, 277 n.
Middleton, i, 288, 472; ii, [157], [158], [190] sq.
Mikado-worship, ii, [494] sq.
Miletos, i, 124, 136, 137, 147
Militarism and thought, i, 203; ii, [146]
Militz, i, 415
Mill, James, ii, [484];
cited, i, 360
—— J. S., ii, [266], [395], [403], [408] n., [447], [450], [485], [486], [489]
Millar, J., ii, [186]
Miller, Hugh, ii, [463], [465]
Milman, ii, [438], [470];
cited, i, 233, 245, 299 n., 318, 362
Milner, Rev. J., ii, [109], [110]
Minnesingers, i, 361
Minoan civilization, i, 120, 121
Mino Celso, i, 392
Minucius Felix, i, 245
Mirabaud, ii, [206], [242], [243], [246], [263]
Mirabeau, the elder, ii, [244]
—— the younger, ii, [254], [273] n.
Miracles, i, 204, 241 n.; ii, [95], [180], [191], [338], [444], [472]
Miriam, i, 102
Mirza Ali, i, 273–74
Mithra, i, 67, 68, 228
Mithraism, i, 67, 68, 229, 240
Mitra, cult of, i, 48
Moabite Stone, i, 105 n.
Moffat, cited, i, 34, 35
Mohammed, i, 27, 248 sq.
Mohammedanism, freethought under, 248 sq.
Moktader, i, 260
Molech, i, 103
Moleschott, ii, [479] n.
Molesworth, ii, [189]
Molière, i, 2, 475; ii, [122]–[23]
Molina, i, 456; ii, [125]
Molinos, ii, [146]
Mollio, i, 411
Molyneux, i, 6; ii, [104], [188]
Mommsen, i, 194 n., 195, 197, 198
Monaldeschi, ii, [358] n.
Monarchism and religion, i, 47, 125
Monasteries, dissolution of, in England, i, 458
Monboddo, Lord, ii, [207]
Mongault, ii, [258]
Monk, ii, [167]
Monolatry, i, 57, 98, 249
Monotheism, in Mesopotamia, i, 61 sq.;
Arab, i, 254 sq.;
Persian, i, 67;
Egyptian, i, 69;
in China, i, 82–83;
Mexican, i, 89, 90;
Peruvian, i, 90;
alleged primitive, i, 94;
Hebrew, i, 97, 100, 118;
Greek, i, 178, 181, 184;
Roman, i, 209;
later Pagan, i, 240;
of Mohammed, i, 248 sq.
Monroe, ii, [385]
Montagu, Lady Mary Wortley, ii, [164]
Montaigne, i, 2, 393, 465, 474, 475 sq.; ii, [18], [67], [95], [100], [139] n., [268], [480], [481];
cited, i, 2
Montalembert, ii, [482];
cited, i, 303 n., 305 n.
Montesquieu, ii, [217] sq., [245], [257], [351], [366], [368], [468]
Monti, Pompeo de, i, 412
Moore, G., ii, [451]
Moors. See Arabs
Morabethin, ii, [269] n.
More, Sir T., i, 177, 396, 460–61; ii, [1]
—— Henry, ii, [65], [81], [88], [102], [104]
—— Hannah, ii, [451]
Morehead, ii, [450] n.
Morellet, ii, [254]
Morelly, ii, [239]
Morgan, Professor de, cited, ii, [13]
Morgan, T., ii, [169]
—— Sir T. C., ii, [462]
Morin, i, 324
Morley, Lord, i, 452; ii, [256], [401], [408];
cited, ii, [149] n., [228], [261], [267], [272], [285] n., [286] n., [287] n., [311]
Mornay, de, i, 2, 473; ii, [18]
Moroccan Letters, ii, [331]
Morris, Rev. J., ii, [109]
—— Gouverneur, ii, [382] n.
Morus, ii, [320]
Moschus, i, 80
Moses, i, 102
Mosheim, cited, i, 211, 226, 229 n., 451; ii, [74], [303]
Motadhed, i, 259
Motamid, i, 259
Motasim, i, 258
Motawakkel, i, 258
Motazilites, the, i, 254 sq., 272, 316, 328 n.
Motecallemîn, the, i, 267, 270, 328 n.
Moxon, ii, [395]
Mozdar, i, 257
Muggleton, ii, [78]
Muir, Dr., cited, i, 50
Müller, J., ii, [298]
—— K. O., i, 121 n., 123, 131, 133
—— Max, cited, i, 51, 58, 145;
criticized, i, 48 n., 54, 95, 162 n., 165; ii, [465]
Munter, ii, [361]
Muratori, ii, [368]
Murchison, ii, [467]
Murimuth, i, 335
Murray, Prof. G., cited, i, 122, 135 n., 164–65, 166, 171 n.
Musaeus, ii, [297]
Musgrave, i, 165
Musset, de, ii, [442]
Mutianus, i, 434 sq.
Mycenean civilization, i, 120
Mysteries, Eleusinian, i, 183 n.;
Pythagorean, i, 129;
Bacchic, i, 200, 210
Mystery-plays, Christian, i, 302
Mysticism, i, 229 n.;
Greek, i, 146, 189;
Christian, i, 218, 335, 362;
Arab, i, 265, 267, 270
Mythology, ii, [246], [319], [424] sq., [470] sq.
Nabonidos, i, 64
Nadaillac, cited, i, 88 n.
Naigeon, ii, [224], [242], [267], [272] sq.
Nanak, ii, [497]
Nantes, revocation of Edict of, ii, [141]–[42]
Napier, ii, [182]
Naples, freethought in, i, 366–67; ii, [365];
reaction in, ii, [387]
Napoleon, ii, [292] sq., [387] sq., [458]
—— III, ii, [406]
Narrien, i, 150
Natalius, i, 230
Natura naturans, i, 318, 472; ii, [3], [207]
“Naturalist,” use of word, i, 1–2
Naudé, Gabriel, i, 391 n.; ii, [117] sq.
Naylor, James, ii, [83]
Neander, cited, i, 287, 288, 446; ii, [431]
Nebo, i, 47
“Negative criticism,” i, 16–17; ii, [197]
Neo-Platonism, i, 76, 189, 191, 226
Nero, i, 213
Nestorians, the, i, 241
Netherlands, i, 398 sq., 414, 461 sq.; ii, [33] sq., [132] sq., [352] sq., [407]
Netzahualpilli, i, 90
Netzahuatlcoyotl, i, 41, 89
Nevill, ii, [78]
“New Christians,” the, i, 342
Newman, J. H., ii, [127] n., [170], [437], [470], [487]
—— F. W., ii, [402], [408], [439]
—— C. R., ii, [439] n.
New Testament, criticism of, ii, [148], [211], [219], [230], [245], [308], [318], [321], [327] sq., [423] sq.
Newton, ii, [61], [106], [110]–[11], [112] sq., [150], [174], [178], [202]–[203], [457] sq.
New Zealand, freethought in, ii, [500];
superstition in, i, 46
Nichirenites, ii, [492]
Nicholas I, Pope, i, 285
—— IV, Pope, i, 344
—— V, Pope, i, 367
—— the painter, i, 297 n.
—— of Amiens, i, 311
Nichols, Dr., ii, [98]
—— James, ii, [22] n.
Nicholson, or Lambert, ii, [1]
—— E. B., i, 220 n.
—— R. A., cited, i, 250, 251 n., 252
—— W., ii, [201]
Nicolai, ii, [315] sq.
Nicolaus of Autricuria, i, 361, 368
—— of Cusa, i, 367, 368, 398; ii, [42], [47] n.
Nicoletto, Vernias, i, 369
Niebuhr, ii, [368]
Nietzsche, ii, [474]
Nifo, i, 369
Niketas. See Iketas
Nikias, i, 174
Nikon, ii, [363]
Nilus, St., i, 392
Ninon de l’Enclos, ii, [223] n.
Niphus. See Nifo
Nirvana, doctrine of, i, 56
Nizolio, i, 469
Nominalism, i, 283, 307 sq., 358, 360
Nonconformity in England, ii, [160] sq.
Norris, John, ii, [104]
Norway, freethought in, ii, [412], [457]
Nourisson, ii, [255]
Nous, doctrine of, i, 154
Noyes, ii, [453]
Numa, i, 374
Numbers, doctrine of, i, 149, 228
Nyström, ii, [418]
Obscenity and religion, i, 357 sq.
Occam. See William
Ochino, i, 409, 453, 468; ii, [488]
Ogilvie, cited, ii, [207]
Oglethorpe, ii, [267] n.
Okeanos, i, 125
O’Keefe, ii, [201]
Olavidès, ii, [373]
Oldcastle, i, 349
Oldfield, ii, [98]
Old Testament, criticism of, i, 316; ii, [97], [131], [132], [134], [156], [167], [211], [256], [307], [318], [321], [359], [431] sq.
Olivetan, i, 379
Omar, the Khalif, i, 251
Omar Khayyâm, i, 262 sq.
Omens, belief in, i, 174, 198, 199, 206
Oracles, i, 136, 157 sq., 174, 186
Orano, cited, i, 411 n.
Origen, i, 226, 236 sq.; ii, [488]
Orléans, Duchesse d’, cited, ii, [145]
Ormazd. See Ahura Mazda
Ormsby, cited, ii, [40]
Orpheus, i, 125 n.
Orphicism, i, 148 n., 149
Ortlieb, i, 333
Orvieto, heresy at, i, 295, 299
Orzechowski, i, 425
Osborn, Major, cited, i, 255 n.
—— Francis, cited, ii, [11]
Ostrorog, i, 423
Overton, ii, [79]
Ovid, i, 209; ii, [463]
Owen, Rev. John, i, 11;
cited, i, 191 n., 301 n., 328 n., 352, 368, 374 n., 377 n., 477 n., 479, 480 n., 483; ii, [43] n., [52] n., [125] n.
—— Robert, ii, [395] sq., [399], [405]
—— Sir Richard, ii, [465]
Oxford in 16th century, ii, [64];
in 18th century, ii, [157]
Ozanam, cited, i, 230 n.
Pachacamac, i, 90
Padua, school of, i, 330, 379
Paganism, suppression of, i, 234; late, and Christianity, i, 217
Pagitt, ii, [79]
Paine, ii, [210] sq., [382] sq., [392], [393], [398], [418], [458]
Painting, Italian, i, 365, 370
Palaiphatos, i, 185
Paleario, i, 412
Palestrina, i, 469
Paley, ii, [210], [252];
cited, ii, [207], [252]
Palissot, ii, [258]
Palmaer, ii, [418]
Palmer, Herbert, ii, [27]
—— Prof., i, 248 n., 249 n., 250
—— Elihu, ii, [385]
Panini, i, 53
Pankosmism, i, 144
Pannonicus, i, 419
Pantheism, medieval, i, 2, 285;
Indian, i, 48 sq.;
Babylonian, i, 62;
Egyptian, i, 69, 76;
Chinese, i, 84;
Greek, i, 130, 132, 137, 142, 144, 150, 162, 184;
Moorish, i, 270;
Jewish, i, 316;
German, i, 333, 398; ii, [303], [308] n., [328];
Roman, i, 209, 210 n., 212;
Gnostic, i, 226;
Sufi, i, 265, 266;
Persian, i, 272 sq.;
French, i, 317; ii, [129];
of Aquinas, i, 318;
Italian, i, 373; ii, [49], [52], [63] n., [366];
in the Netherlands, i, 398–99; ii, [135], [138];
at Geneva, i, 446, 449;
English, ii, [148]–[49], [165];
Scotch, ii, [184]
Paolo Giovio, i, 374 n.
Papacy, growth of, i, 294 sq.;
power of, i, 298, 302 sq.;
hostility to, i, 295, 312 n., 322, 325, 331 sq., 419 sq., 422.
Pare, Gian, ii, [1]
Parini, ii, [371]
Paris, university of, i, 329, 354, 355, 361
Parker, Archdeacon, ii, [91]
—— Prof., cited, ii, [494], [496] n.
Parkes, Prof., cited, ii, [426]
Parlement of Paris, ii, [287]
Parmenides, i, 136, 146
Parr, ii, [488]
Parsees, the, i, 111, 272
Parsons, ii, [9]
Parthians, the, i, 68
Parvish, ii, [167]
Pascal, i, 478; ii, [85], [121], [124] sq., [251]
Paschasius Radbert, i, 286
Pasiphae, i, 185
Passerano, ii, [353]
Pastoret, ii, [244]
Pastoris, i, 424
Patericke, i, 384–85
Paterini, i, 296, 322, 406
Patin, Gui, i, 389; ii, [57] n., [66], [117] sq., [132] n.
—— Professor, i, 131
Patot, Tyssot de, ii, [214], [227]
Pattison, Mark, i, 442, 452, 468 n.; ii, [126] n., [127], [179]
Paul, i, 219, 224, 244
—— of Samosata, i, 230
—— II, of Russia, ii, [365]
—— II, Pope, i, 370
—— III, Pope, i, 382, 411; ii, [41]
—— IV, Pope, i, 412
—— V, Pope, ii, [57]
—— Herbert, ii, [166] n.
Pauli, i, 397
—— Gregorius, i, 425
Paulicians, the, i, 2, 279 sq., 291 sq., 309, 406
Pauthier, cited, i, 83
Pavlovsky, cited, ii, [456] n.
Pazmany, i, 422
Pearson, Bishop, ii, [9]
Peasant wars, i, 406 n., 417, 419, 436
Pecock, i, 394 sq.; ii, [14]
Pedro II, i, 338
—— de Osma, i, 340
Peel, Speaker, ii, [402]
Peele, ii, [16]
Peirce, ii, [161]
Pelagianism, i, 231 sq., 277, 314
Pelagius, i, 229
Pelham, Prof., i, 200 n.
Pelletier, ii, [122] n.
Pellicier, i, 389
Pelling, E., ii, [98]
Penn, ii, [114]
Pentateuch, criticism of, i, 316; ii, [131], [132], [137], [167], [197], [256], [423] sq., [431] sq.
Pereira, i, 470
Pericles, i, 153 sq.
Perier, Madame, ii, [134]
Perkins, W., ii, [74]
Perrault, cited, ii, [120]
Perrens, i, 13; cited, i, 2 n., 368 n., 381; ii, [120] n., [123] n.
Perrin, i, 443
Persecution, primitive, i, 36 n.;
Christian, i, 172, 232 sq., 240, 280, 291, 295, 296 sq., 302 sq., 337, 349, 385, 386, 387, 388, 410 sq., 419, 428 sq.; ii, [1] sq., [22] sq., [83], [122], [141]–[42], [181], [188]–[90], [200], [214], [216], [222], [231], [233], [235], [274], [289] sq., [502] (see Inquisition);
Mohammedan, i, 257, 259, 261, 271;
Greek, i, 142, 152, 154, 159, 170 sq., 193;
Roman, i, 206, 207, 210, 216
Persia, religions of, i, 65 sq.;
influence of, on Hebrews, i, 110, 149;
freethought in, i, 66, 265;
culture-history of, i, 148, 265, 272 sq.
Peru, ancient freethought in, i, 41, 90;
religion of, i, 88;
modern freethought in, ii, [407]
Perugino, i, 370
Pessimism, i, 130
Pestalozzi, ii, [346] n.
Peter the Hermit, i, 295
—— the Great, ii, [364]
—— of Alliaco, i, 345
—— de Brueys, i, 295
—— Martyr, i, 409
—— von Mastricht, ii, [133]
—— of St. Cloud, i, 353
—— of Vaux, i, 298
Petit, Claude, ii, [122]
Petrarch, i, 328 n., 329 sq.
Petrie, W. M. F., cited, i, 72, 75, 76 n., 109
Petrobrussians, the, i, 295
Petronius, i, 211
Peucer, i, 457
Peyrat, ii, [440]
Peyrère, ii, [132] sq.
Pfaff, ii, [298]
Pfander, i, 166
Pfeiff, ii, [418]
Pfeiffer, i, 457
Pheidias, i, 156
Pherekydes, i, 148
Philanthropic Institute, ii, [316], [321]
Philip II, i, 341, 414, 472
Philips, A., i, 7
Philiskos, i, 200
Phillips, Stephen, quoted, ii, [53]
Philo, i, 117, 118 n.;
cited, 183 n., 223
Philolaos, i, 149, 150
Phœnicia, religious evolution in, i, 78 sq., 100;
freethought in, i, 79–80
Photinus, i, 231, 242
Photius, i, 278
Phrenology, ii, [398]
Physiology, ii, [459] sq.
Pico della Mirandola, i, 371, 372–73, 440
Pierre Aureol, i, 359
—— d’Ailly, i, 327 n., 360–61
Piers Ploughman, Vision of, i, 348
Pietro of Abano, i, 326, 376
Pighius, i, 439
Pilkington, Bishop, cited, ii, [13]
Pindar, i, 128–29
Pinkerton, cited, i, 284
Pirnensis, i, 423
Pitt, the elder, ii, [169]
—— the younger, ii, [205]–[206]
Pius II, i, 367, 415
—— IV, i, 412
—— V, i, 412, 469
Place, Francis, ii, [395]
Platner, ii, [346]
Plato, i, 146, 147, 167, 168 sq., 174 sq., 179, 226, 307;
in Campaspe, ii, [3]
Platonism, i, 226 sq., 371 sq.
Playfair, cited, ii, [177]–[78]
Pliny, i, 188, 210, 212
Plotinus, i, 76, 226
Plutarch, i, 153, 155, 172 n., 191–92, 227 n.
Poe, ii, [453]
Poetry, Greek, i, 126;
Roman, i, 197, 215
Poets, freethinking of, 499
Poland, culture-history of, i, 422 sq.; ii, [37] sq., [362] sq.
Pole, Cardinal, i, 374 n.
Pollard, A. F., cited, i, 437
Pollock, Sir F., ii, [213] n.
Polybius, i, 191, 374 n.
Polynesians, the, i, 23, 34
Polytheism, i, 44 sq., 65, 70, 225;
Christian, i, 242
Pomare, i, 38
Pombal, ii, [377]
Pompadour, Madame de, ii, [235]
Pompeius, i, 206 n.
Pompignan, Lefranc de, ii, [258]
Pomponazzi, i, 376 sq., 378
Pomponius Lætus, i, 378
Poole, R. L., cited, i, 309, 359, 360 n.
Pope, ii, [149] n., [164]–[65], [190], [198], [232]–[33], [259]
Popham, ii, [10]
Porphyry, i, 226, 238–39
Porteous, Bishop, cited, ii, [210]
Portugal, heresy in, i, 339;
freethought in, ii, [377] sq., [407]
Porzios, i, 409 n.
Posidonius, i, 240
Positivism, ii, [483] sq.
Postell, i, 389, 473
Potapenko, ii, [457]
Pott, Dr., ii, [312]
Pougens, ii, [226]
Pouilly, Lévesque de, ii, [257]
Poushkine, ii, [398]
Powell, E. E., cited, ii, [135] n.;
criticized, ii, [136]–[37]
—— Prof. Baden, ii, [463] sq.
Pragmatic Sanction, the, i, 427
Prat, Chancellier du, i, 428
Praxeas, i, 230
Prayer, popular view of, i, 36;
the Lord’s, i, 122;
theories of, ii, [180]
Preaching, early, i, 217 n.
Predestination, i, 231–32, 254, 277, 285, 288, 446–47, 455–56, 462
Presbyterians, the, ii, [160]
Press Licensing Act, ii, [84], [99]
Prideaux, ii, [98]
Priestcraft, ancient, i, 26, 62, 65, 67, 70, 101, 196
Priesthoods, evolution of, i, 60, 62, 68, 70, 72, 76, 89, 134
Priestley, i, 193; ii, [179], [202], [209]–[10], [385], [413], [484]
Pringle-Pattison, Prof. A. S., ii, [473], [475] n.
Printing, rise of, i, 386, 439
Proclus, i, 241
Prodigies, ancient belief in, i, 198, 204, 209
Prodikos, i, 168
Progress, i, 144; ii, [68]
Prophecy, i, 106, 107
Prophets, Hebrew, i, 104 sq., 215
Prostitution, religious, i, 62
Protagoras, i, 136, 157, 159
Protestantism in Italy, i, 408 sq.;
in England, i, 354;
fortunes of, i, 389, 413, 420 sq., 424 sq., 432, 437, 440 sq., 454 sq., 462 sq.; ii, [32], [141]–[42];
and occultism, i, 401
(see Reformation)
Proudhon, ii, [277]
Provence, civilization of, i, 299 sq.
Providence, popular view of, i, 36
Psalms, the, i, 106
Psammetichus, i, 129
Psychology, ii, [459] sq.
Ptolemy, i, 188, 225 n.
Pulci, i, 368
Punjaub, ancient, freethought in, i, 55, 57
Pünjer, cited, ii, [266], [322]
Purgatory, doctrine of, i, 287
Puritanism, ii, [20], [73], [75]
Pusey, cited, ii, [175], [301], [304], [318] n., [319], [322]
Puy, Bishop of, ii, [226]
Pyrrho, i, 181
Pyrrhonism, i, 190
Pythagoras, i, 136, 141 n., 144, 148 sq.; ii, [463]
Pythagoreanism, i, 148 sq.
Quakers, i, 270; ii, [83], [114]
Quatraines du Déiste, i, 484
Quesnay, ii, [244]
Quetzalcoatl, i, 88
Quietism, ii, [146]
Quinet, i, 132; ii, [371], [442], [479]
Rabanus, i, 283, 287 n., 288
Rabelais, i, 381 sq., 388, 391, 456; ii, [118]
Rabia, i, 265
Race-character, theories of, i, 65, 81, 121–23, 179, 194 sq., 248, 341, 362 n., 363, 409, 413, 431
Racine, ii, [142]
Rae, E., cited, i, 33
Raleigh, ii, [7] sq.
Ramessu III, i, 72
Ramsay, Chevalier de, ii, [213], [252]
—— of Ochtertyre, cited, ii, [183] n., [187]
—— W. M., cited, i, 125 n.
Ramus, i, 383; ii, [64]
Ranchon, Abbé, ii, [225]
Randall, ii, [23] n.
Ranke, ii, [469];
cited, i, 405, 439 n., 457 n.
Raoul de Houdan, i, 300
Rapin, i, 482 n.
Rappolt, ii, [297]
Rashdall, Dr., cited, i, 313, 379
Rastus, i, 24
Rational Catechism, The, ii, [106]–[107]
Rationalism and Rationalist, use of terms, i, 5, 8; ii, [79], [116], [330]
Ratramnus, i, 286
Raumer, K. von, ii, [409] n.
Rawley, ii, [12]
Rawlinson, Canon, cited, i, 68
Ray, John, ii, [98]
Raymond Berenger, i, 301
—— of Sebonde, i, 399, 476
—— Archbishop, of Toledo, i, 338
Raynal, ii, [243], [254], [286] n., [287], [288]
Reade, Winwood, ii, [402] sq.
Realism, philosophic, i, 147, 307 sq., 358, 359, 360
Reason, deification of, i, 215; ii, [274] sq., [278];
religious defence of, i, 283
Reboulet, ii, [291]
Recared, i, 338
Rechenberg, ii, [298]
Reeve, John, ii, [78]
Reformation, the, politically considered, i, 403 sq.;
in Britain, i, 431 sq., 458 sq.;
in France, i, 427 sq.;
in Germany, i, 403 sq., 434 sq.;
in Hungary, i, 419 sq.;
in Italy, i, 407 sq.;
in the Netherlands, i, 414;
in Poland, i, 422 sq.;
in Spain, i, 413;
in Scandinavian States, ii, [354] sq.
Reformers, anti-pagan, i, 234
Régis, ii, [128]
Regnard, ii, [143]
Reid, W. H., ii, [210]
Reimmann, i, 11, 483 n.
Reinach, i, 120 n.
Reinhard, ii, [410]
Reinhold, i, 457
Reiser, ii, [298]
Religion and conquest, i, 44–46, 205, 251;
psychology of, i, 26 sq.;
of lower races, influence of, i, 45, 93;
and sexual licence, i, 18 n., 103, 244, 292, 455;
and self-interest, i, 113–14;
dehumanizing power of, i, 172–73
Remigius, i, 286
Rémusat, i, 321 n.
Renaissance in Italy, freethought in, i, 365 sq.;
in France, i, 379 sq.;
in England, i, 393 sq.
Renan, ii, [418], [429], [439], [440], [476];
on Semitic monotheism, i, 102;
on Roman freethought, i, 212;
on Job, i, 112;
on Koheleth, i, 115;
on Mahometan conquest, i, 251 n.;
on Motazilism, i, 254 n.;
on Gazzali, i, 267 n.;
on medieval Jews, i, 316;
on Italian freethought, i, 326;
on The Three Rings, i, 328 n.;
on Petrarch, i, 329;
on the Franciscans, i, 336
Renaud, cited, ii, [405]
Renée, Princess, i, 411
Renouvier, i, 121 n.
Reuchlin, i, 403, 406
Reuss, ii, [423]
Reuter, H., cited, i, 13, 283 n.
Revelation of the Monk of Evesham, i, 397
Réville, Dr. A., i, 89 n., 98
Revolution, French, ii, [255], [274] sq., [386] sq.;
American, ii, [317]
Rewandites, the, i, 256
Reynard the Fox, i, 301, 353, 361
Rheticus, i, 457
Richardson, cited, ii, [190]
Richelieu, i, 426, 431; ii, [118], [119], [123]
Richter, J. P., ii, [346], [454]
Richter, J. A. L., ii, [432]
Riddle, i, 14, 15
Riem, ii, [315]
Rihoriho, i, 38
Rings, The Three, i, 328
Ripley, G., ii, [480] n.
Ritchie, cited, ii, [187]
Ritual and ritualism, i, 29
Rivadeau, i, 393
Rivarol, ii, [275], [280] sq., [287];
cited, ii, [215] n.
Roalfe, Matilda, ii, [394]
Robertson, W., ii, [186], [468]
—— Prof. Croom, cited, ii, [65] n.
Robinet, ii, [240], [263], [265]
Robins, S., cited, i, 285, 318
Rocquain, ii, [227] n.
Rodwell, i, 249 n.
Rohde, cited, i, 99–100
Rolf Krake, i, 40
Romano, ii, [367]
Roman religion, i, 194 sq., 207 sq.;
culture, i, 197;
freethought, i, 199 sq.;
law, i, 215
Rome, papal, i, 294, 331
Ronsard, i, 390
Roos, i, 468
Roscelin, i, 289, 307 sq.
Rosenkranz, cited, ii, [149] n., [267]–[68]
Rose, Roman de la, i, 351
Rossi, M. A. de, i, 379
Rousseau, J. B., ii, [222]
—— J. J., ii, [227], [229] n., [245], [254] sq., [278], [285], [287], [288], [311], [338], [396], [481]
Roustan, ii, [256]
Royal Society, i, 4; ii, [79], [155]
Rüdiger, ii, [312]
Rudrauf, ii, [298]
Rum Bahadur, i, 24
Rupp, ii, [410]
Ruskin, ii, [450]
Russia, culture history of, ii, [363] sq., [412] sq., [456] sq.
Rust, ii, [97]
Rutebœuf, i, 300
Ruth, Book of, i, 117
Rutherford, ii, [182]
Rydberg, ii, [418]
Ryssen, ii, [36] n.
Ryswyck, i, 399, 404
Sabatier, i, 344 n.
Sabbath, origin of, i, 110–11
Sabellius, i, 231
Sach, ii, [422]
Sack, ii, [308] n.
Sacraments, Mexican, i, 88, 89
Sacred books, i, 42, 54, 92, 135, 193, 216, 250; ii, [176].
See Old Testament and New Testament
Sacrifices, causation of, i, 51, 94 sq.;
early disbelief in, i, 41, 43, 52, 86, 109;
human, i, 41, 42 n., 51, 63, 81, 82, 86, 88, 91, 99
Sadducees, i, 116
Sadi, i, 266
Saga, i, 468
Sahagun, i, 91
St. Bartholomew, massacre of, i, 391, 475
Sainte-Beuve, ii, [406], [443], [479];
cited, i, 479; ii, [123] n.
St. Cyres, Viscount, cited, ii, [117]–[18]
St. Evremond, ii, [84], [143], [225]
St. Glain, ii, [141] n.
St. Hilaire, B., cited, i, 58
—— Geoffroy, ii, [464]
St. Simon, ii, [405]
Saintsbury, cited, i, 352; ii, [281] n.
Saisset, i, 12;
cited, ii, [442], [483]
Saladin, i, 328
Salas, ii, [376]
Salaville, ii, [278]
Salazar, ii, [376]
Sale, i, 249 n.
Sales, Deslisle de, ii, [242]
Sallier, ii, [257]
Sallustius Philosophus, i, 119
Salvemini de Castillon, ii, [243]
Salverte, ii, [468]
Salvian, i, 236, 244, 245
Samaniego, ii, [374]
Samaritans, i, 110 n.
Samoans, religion of, i, 37
Samoyedes, the, i, 33
Samson, i, 80, 102
Sanchez, i, 470, 474 sq.
Sanchoniathon, i, 79
Sand, George, ii, [442]
Sanderson, Bishop, ii, [74]
Sandys, J. E., i, 164, 165
Sankara, i, 53
Sankhya philosophy, i, 51
Saracen culture, i, 253 sq.;
in Spain, i, 268 sq.
(see Arabs)
Satan, i, 111, 113
Satire, medieval, i, 332, 353
Satow, Sir E., cited, ii, [495] n.
Saturnalia, the, i, 45
Saturninus, i, 227
Satyre Menippée, i, 481
Saul, i, 102
Saunderson, ii, [151]
Savages, freethought among, i, 26, 33 sq.;
religion of, i, 27, 29 sq.;
ethics of, i, 28;
mental life of, i, 22 sq.
Savile, ii, [111]
Saviour-Gods, i, 88
Savonarola, i, 370, 375, 407 sq.
Sayce, cited, i, 62, 64, 81
Sayous, i, 13
Sbinko, i, 416
Scævola, i, 203 n.
Scaliger, cited, i, 468, 469 n.
Scandinavia, freethought in ancient, i, 39–40;
in modern, ii, [355] sq., [412] sq., [457]
Scaurus, i, 209
Sceptic. See Skeptic
Schade, ii, [315]
Schäffle, ii, [469]
Schechter, cited, i, 379
Schelling, ii, [349], [350], [454], [471]
Scherer, E., i, 108; ii, [254], [443]
Schiller, ii, [336]
Schism, the Great Papal, i, 331
Scioppius, ii, [49] sq.
Scipio Aemilianus, i, 201
Schlegel, A., ii, [349];
quoted, i, 162
Schleiermacher, ii, [349], [350], [387], [409], [420] sq., [425]
Schmidt, W. A., i, 12;
cited, i, 192, 208 n., 213 n.
—— J. L., ii, [306]
—— Julian, cited, ii, [324] n.
Scholastics, the, i, 283 sq., 307 sq.
Schoner, ii, [38]
Schoone, i, 165
Schopenhauer, ii, [474], [475]
Schopp, ii, [49] sq.
Schrader, i, 125
Schuckburgh, cited, i, 199
Schulz, ii, [330] sq.
Schürer, i, 149
Schwartz, ii, [298]
Schwegler, i, 194 n., 197; ii, [426]
Schweinfurth, i, 31
Schweizer, cited, i, 40 n.
Science in ancient India, i, 57;
in Babylon, i, 62–63, 95, 122;
in Greece, i, 137, 138, 143, 149, 160, 169, 179–80;
Christian contempt for, i, 241;
Saracen, i, 254, 258 n., 268;
Provencal, i, 302;
Spanish, i, 339;
Renaissance, i, 371, 375, 377, 402;
and the Reformation, i, 456 sq.;
Bacon and, ii, [30];
rise of modern, ii, [41] sq., [56], [105], [260] sq., [309], [457] sq.
—— philosophy in, ii, [484]
Scot, Reginald, i, 3; ii, [4], [138]
—— W., ii, [98]
Scotland, Reformation in, i, 405, 433;
freethought in, ii, [85], [178], [181] sq., [208]–[209]
Scott, Temple, ii, [156] n.
—— W. R., cited, ii, [189], [198]
Scudéry, Mademoiselle de, ii, [142]
Scylla, i, 185
Secularism, ii, [395], [399] sq.
Sedgwick, ii, [465]
Sedillot, cited, i, 251 n.
Segarelli, i, 336 sq.
Segidi, the chief, i, 39
Seguier de Saint-Brisson, ii, [242]
Selden, ii, [20], [71] n., [74]–[75]
Self-interest and religion, i, 113–14
Sellar, cited, i, 202, 209 n.
Sembat, i, 280 n.
Semelê, i, 125
Semites, religions of i, 44, 45, 97 sq.;
theories concerning, i, 64, 81, 102, 248
Semitic influence on Greeks, i, 120 sq.
Semler, ii, [318] sq., [321], [330], [424]
Seneca, i, 209, 215, 245, 476
Sergius, i, 280
Sermon on the Mount, the, i, 221
Serra, ii, [368] n.
Serre, De la, ii, [225]
Servetus, i, 231, 408, 442, 447 sq., 467
Seton-Merriman, ii, [451]
Seume, ii, [388] n.
Sevigné, Madame de, i, 2 n.; ii, [128], [142], [250] n.
Sextus Empiricus, i, 26 n., 159 n., 189–90, 391, 476; ii, [9], [39]
Shaftesbury, ii, [99], [143], [149], [152], [154], [164], [184], [189], [194], [225], [268], [309];
cited, i, 6, 7
Shakespeare, i, 20, 475; ii, [15] sq.
Sharpe, i, 112; ii, [415]
Shelley, i, 201; ii, [48], [395], [400], [443] sq., [445]
Sherlock, W., i, 4; ii, [91]–[92], [113]
Shîites, the, i, 254 sq.
Shintôism, ii, [491] sq.
Shirazi, J. V. M., cited, i, 263, 273 n.
Sibylline books, i, 206 n.
Sichel, W., cited and discussed, ii, [164] n., [197] n., [198]
Sicily, culture of, i, 301, 318
Sidgwick, H., cited, ii, [74] n.
Sidney, A., ii, [78]
—— Sir P., ii, [45]
Sifatites, the, i, 255
Sigismund III, i, 426
Sikhs, ii, [497]
Simeon Duran, Rabbi, i, 328
—— son of Gamaliel, i, 116
Simon de Montfort, i, 304, 305, 325
—— of Tournay, i, 311, 315
—— Richard, ii, [93], [131] sq.
Simonides, i, 152
Simpson, cited, ii, [210]
Sinclar, G., ii, [168]
Sismondi, quoted, i, 303, 304, 305 n., 312 n.
Sixtus VI, i, 376
Skarzinski, criticized, ii, [188] n.
Skeat, Prof., cited, i, 347
Skeats, cited, ii, [160] n.
Skelton, cited, ii, [192]
Skeptic, meaning of word, i, 5, 11
Skepticism, academic, i, 187 sq.;
Pyrrhonic, i, 11–12, 181, 474 sq.; ii, [119];
dialectic, among Christians, i, 465, 474, 480; ii, [120], [125], [126] sq., [163], [480];
popular, among Christians, i, 36, 465
Skytte, ii, [297]
Slave Coast, priests of, i, 35
Slavery, Christianity and, i, 224;
Paine and, ii, [383] n.
Slavonic States, culture history of, ii, [362] sq.
Sloane, Prof., cited, ii, [273] n., [278] n.
Smalbroke, ii, [173]
Smith, Adam, ii, [178], [185], [186], [187] sq., [196], [244]
—— Bosworth, i, 253 n.
—— Elisha, cited, ii, [159]
—— Henry, ii, [5]
—— John, ii, [81]
—— Joseph, ii, [156]
—— S., i, 6
—— Sydney, ii, [386] sq.
—— W. Robertson, i, 51, 103; ii, [433]
Smyrna, ancient, i, 124
Social causation, i, 91 sq., 113, 246, 269, 354–55, 365 sq.; ii, [146], [151], [170] sq., [178], [200], [386] sq., [391] sq.
Socialism, ii, [411] sq.
Socinianism, i, 392; ii, [35], [37], [106] sq., [138], [151], [488].
See Unitarianism
Sociology, i, 375; ii, [468] sq.
Sokrates, i, 153, 160, 168 sq.; ii, [288]
Solano, ii, [373]
Solomon, i, 101, 242
—— ben Gebirol, i, 316
Somers, ii, [112]
Somerset, Duke of, ii, [403]
Sophia, Princess, ii, [363]
Sophists, the, i, 168
Sophocles, i, 127 n., 148, 162 n.
Sorbonne, the, i, 384, 429; ii, [125], [260], [264]
Sorcery, belief in, i, 22
Sorel, cited, ii, [351]
Soury, cited, ii, [267]
South Africa, freethought in, ii, [417]
South America, freethought in, ii, [407]
South, Dean, ii, [92]–[93], [114]
Southey, ii, [396] n., [444], [445]
South Place Institute, ii, [413] sq.
Sozzini, the, i, 392, 421, 467, 468; ii, [37] sq.
Spain, culture history of, i, 268 sq., 337 sq., 470 sq.; ii, [38] sq., [372] sq., [387] sq.;
freethought in, i, 338 sq., 470 sq.; ii, [372] sq., [406];
Moors in, i, 268 sq., 338; ii, [38];
Reformation in, i, 413
Speirs, Rev. E., ii, [470] n.
Spencer and Gillen, i, 32, 93
—— H., ii, [403], [450], [467], [487]
Speusippos, i, 184
Spiegel, cited, i, 68 n.
Spina, Alfonso, i, 370 n., 376
Spinoza, i, 4, 16, 316, 464; ii, [29], [97], [107], [127], [129], [133] sq.;
and Toland, ii, [148], [253], [489];
and Leibnitz, ii, [289] sq.
Spinozism, ii, [129], [131], [135], [138], [168], [297], [347]–[48], [349] n., [352], [400]
“Spirit of Liberty,” the sect, i, 337
Spirituales, the sect, i, 2, 445
Sprat, i, 4
Sprenger, cited, i, 249 n., 250 n.
Squier, cited, ii, [407]
Stafford, W., ii, [368] n.
Stähelin, i, 392 n.
Stahl, ii, [460]
Stancari, i, 425
Stanhope, Dr., ii, [98]
—— Lady Hester, ii, [206]
Stationers’ Company, ii, [99]
Statius, i, 211
Stäudlin, i, 12; ii, [345]
Stebbing, ii, [173]
Steele, ii, [151]
Steinbart, ii, [317]
Steinbuhler, ii, [330]
Steno, ii, [463] n.
Stephen Battory, King, i, 426
—— Sir J., cited, i, 356 n.; ii, [179], [251]
—— Sir Leslie, i, 13; ii, [403], [408];
cited, ii, [104], [153] n., [161] n., [168], [251];
criticized, ii, [148] n., [150] n., [155], [171], [172] sq., [179] n., [203] n., [251]
Sterling, i, 478 n.
Stesichoros, i, 128
Stevenson, R. L., cited, i, 46
Stewart, H. F., cited, i, 246–47
—— Sir J., ii, [181] n.
Stillingfleet, i, 4; ii, [83], [87], [91], [109], [168]
Stilpo, i, 183
Stirling, Dr. H., ii, [474]
“Stirner, Max,” ii, [478]
Stoicism, i, 180, 203, 209, 215, 352, 392
Stosch, ii, [297]
Stout, Sir R., ii, [501]
Stow, cited, ii, [5] n., [23] n.
Strabo, i, 173 n., 180 n., 191
Strannik, cited, ii, [413] n.
Strasburg Cathedral, i, 361 n.
Strato, i, 184
Strauss, ii, [415], [423] sq., [425] sq., [428] sq., [432], [439], [447], [474], [476]
Strigolniks, the, ii, [363]
Strindberg, ii, [418]
Stromer, ii, [418]
Strowsky, cited, i, 393 n., 480 n., 481, 483 n.; ii, [117] n.
Struensee, ii, [361] sq.
Stuart, Dean, ii, [81]
Stubbs, Bishop, cited, i, 341, 433, 439 n.
Stuckenberg, cited, ii, [339], [341], [343]
Studemund, cited, ii, [411], [412]
Suarez, i, 363; ii, [282]
Suckling, Sir J., ii, [31]
Sudan, magic and religion in, i, 46
Suetonius, i, 212, 213
Sufîism, i, 265, 273
Sulla, i, 206 n.
Sully, Prof., cited, i, 42
Sun-Gods, worship of, i, 69, 73, 78, 89, 102, 124, 153
Sunnites, the, i, 254
Svedberg, ii, [359]
Sweden, culture history of, ii, [354] sq., [417] sq.
Swedenborg, ii, [358] sq.
Swift, i, 167; ii, [151] sq.;
cited, i, 7
Swinburne, ii, [452] sq., [502]
Switzerland, reformation in, i, 2, 410, 438 sq.;
freethought in, ii, [378] sq., [416];
bigotry in, ii, [415] sq.
Sykes, A. A., ii, [173];
quoted, ii, [192]–[93]
Sylvanus, i, 280
Sylvester II, i, 301 n.
—— Bernard, i, 312
Symonds, J. A., cited, i, 365 n., 410
Tabari, cited, i, 257 n.
Taborites, the, i, 418
Tacitus, i, 212, 213
Tailhé, ii, [221]
Taillandier, cited, i, 284
Taine, ii, [144], [443], [484]
Talbot, A. H., i, 264 n.
Talfourd, ii, [395]
Talmud, thought in, i, 116, 221;
criticism of, i, 379
Tamerlane, i, 260
Tammuz, i, 101
Tanquelin, i, 295
Tasmanians, religion of, i, 100
Tatian, i, 227
Tau, i, 84, 87
Tauler, i, 362
Tayler, ii, [415]
Taylor, Jeremy, ii, [74], [101]
—— Robert, ii, [394]
Tegnér, ii, [417]
Telesio, ii, [64]
Tell-el-Amarna, i, 73
Teller, ii, [318]
Templars, the Knights, i, 340, 356–58
Temple, Sir W., ii, [87], [111]
Ten Brink, cited, ii, [34]
Ten, theories of, i, 150
Tenison, ii, [98]
Tenneman, cited, ii, [108]
Teodori, i, 411
Tercier, ii, [236]
Terrasson, ii, [221]
Tertullian, i, 150 n., 229, 232, 235, 244
Tetens, ii, [346]
Tetzel, i, 406
Teuffel, i, 194–95, 197
Texte, cited, ii, [165]
Thacker, Elias, ii, [5]
Thackeray, ii, [451]
Thales, i, 135 sq.
Thallos, i, 80
Thamamians, the, i, 266 n.
Theagenes, i, 152
Theal, cited, i, 22; ii, [417]
Theil, M. du, ii, [255]
Theodora, i, 245
Theodore of Mopsuestia, i, 242
Theodoric, i, 246, 247
Theodoros, i, 183
Theodosius II, i, 239
Theodotos, i, 229
Theophilanthropy, ii, [382]
Theophrastos, i, 186
Thiébault, ii, [270] n., [313] n.
Thierrys, the two, ii, [442]
Thirlwall, ii, [469];
cited, i, 27, 121 n., 173
Thirty-nine Articles, the, i, 460
Thirty Years’ War, ii, [75], [295], [300]
Tholuck, i, 12; ii, [423];
cited, ii, [249], [296], [301], [305] sq., [311]
Thomas Aquinas, i, 318 sq., 359, 360; ii, [282]
Thomas à Kempis, i, 363
Thomas, Dr. R. H., ii, [384] n.
Thomasius, Jenkin, i, 11; ii, [298];
cited, ii, [69] n., [296]
—— Christian, ii, [302] sq.
Thompson, F., ii, [453]
Thomson, B., cited, i, 36 n., 41 n.
—— J., ii, [452]
Thonga, the, i, 25, 34
Thonrakians, i, 280 n.
Thoreau, ii, [453]
Thoth, i, 110
Thotmes III, i, 75
Thrakians, the, i, 121 n., 157
Thukydides, i, 156 n., 173
Thunder-Gods, i, 97
Tiberius, i, 213
Ticknor, cited, i, 341
Tiele, cited, i, 66, 69–70, 71;
criticized, i, 46–47, 60, 71
Tielenus, ii, [70]
Tii, Queen, i, 74, 75
Tilley, A. A., cited, i, 428
Tindal, ii, [152], [158], [174], [175], [306]
Tocco, i, 13
Tocqueville, de, cited, ii, [126] n., [254]
Toland, i, 6; ii, [98]–[99], [132], [147] sq., [174], [175]
Toleration, beginnings of, in England, ii, [24], [77];
Bayle and, ii, [140];
beginnings of, in France, ii, [221], [231], [233], [291];
in Germany, ii, [312]
Töllner, ii, [319]
Tolstoy, i, 419; ii, [457]
Toltecs, the, i, 88
Tomkyns, Martin, ii, [201]
Tonga Islands, freethought in, i, 38
Torild, ii, [360]
Torquemada, i, 342
Torricelli, ii, [365]
Torture, ecclesiastical, i, 321–22
Totemism and Greek philosophy, i, 139–40
Toulmin, G. H., ii, [201]
—— Joshua, ii, [202]
Tourguénief, ii, [456] sq.
Tourneur, ii, [20]
Towers, ii, [82]
Toy, ii, [420]
Tractarianism, ii, [437] sq.
Tracy, cited, ii, [492]
Transubstantiation, i, 286, 428
Transvaal, freethought in, ii, [416]
Trapezuntios, i, 372
Trapp, ii, [198]
Travers, ii, [14]
Trebonian, i, 245
Tregelles, ii, [438]
Trenchard, ii, [152]
Triads, i, 69
Tribbechov, i, 11; ii, [298]
Trie, i, 449
Trinity, dogma of, i, 77, 226, 231, 242, 286, 307, 312, 421, 425, 447; ii, [339], [444], [487] sq.
See Unitarianism
Trinius, i, 11
Trouvères and Troubadours, i, 300 sq., 326, 361
Trumpp, cited, ii, [497]
Turgot, ii, [221], [244], [254], [260], [276] n., [288]
Turkey, civilization of, ii, [497] sq.;
freethought in, i, 272; ii, [497] sq.
Turlupins, i, 333
Turner, ii, [201]
Turpin, ii, [291]
Turrettini, the, i, 458; ii, [225], [378] sq.
Twelve, sacred number, i, 97, 124 n.
Twofold truth, doctrine of, i, 271, 321, 346, 360, 361, 377, 478; ii, [28], [108], [134]
Tylor, Sir E., ii, [470] sq.;
cited, i, 22, 31
Tyndale, cited, i, 3
Tyrannos, i, 125 n.
Tyrrell, i, 166
Tyrwhitt, i, 165
Tyssot de Patot, ii, [214], [227]
Ubaldini, i, 325 n.
Ubicini, cited, ii, [497] n.
Ueberweg, quoted, i, 176–77, 284, 309
Uhlich, ii, [410]
Uitenbogaert, i, 463
Uladislaus II, i, 419
Ullmann, i, 249 n.
Ulrich von Hutten, i, 403, 404 n., 406, 438
Undereyck, ii, [298]
Underhill, E. B., ii, [77] n.
Unitarianism, early, i, 242, 328, 404, 447 sq.;
in England, i, 459; ii, [12], [21], [77], [83], [106] sq., [153]–[54], [161], [179], [201] sq., [413], [414] sq., [471];
in Germany, i, 435 sq.;
in Hungary, i, 420;
in Ireland, ii, [188];
in Poland, i, 424 sq.; ii, [36] sq., [159] sq.;
in Scotland, ii, [208]–[209];
in Italy, i, 468;
in Holland, ii, [35];
in Switzerland, ii, [378] sq., [415];
in America, ii, [385], [413]
United States, freethought in, ii, [381] sq., [411], [419];
German freethinkers in, ii, [411]
Universalism, ancient, i, 50, 63, 77, 79
Universities, low ebb of culture in, ii, [195];
French, i, 355;
German, i, 404, 416, 455;
Swiss, i, 447
Upanishads, philosophy of, i, 52 sq.
Urban VIII, ii, [59]
Urstitius, ii, [42]
Urwick, ii, [82] n.
Usury and the Church, i, 295, 342 n.
Utilitarianism, i, 215; ii, [194]
“Utilitarian Associations,” ii, [418]
Vair, Guillaume du, i, 393
Valentinus, i, 228
—— Gentilis, i, 451, 453
Valerius Maximus, i, 175
Valla, Lorenzo, i, 366–67, 377
Vallée, i, 391
Vambéry, cited, i, 273; ii, [498] n.
Van den Ende, ii, [134]
Vandeul, Mme. de, ii, [271]
Vanini, i, 21, 475; ii, [51] sq.
Van Manen, ii, [424]
Van Mildert, i, 14, 15
Van Vloten, i, 254 n.
Varro, i, 195, 203 n.
Varuna, i, 49 sq.
Vasari, cited, i, 370 n.
Vassor, ii, [145]
Vater, ii, [423]
Vatke, ii, [474]
Vaudois, the, i, 298, 388
Vaughan, cited, ii, [79]
Vauvenargues, ii, [246]
Vedanta, i, 55
Vedas, i, 29, 48;
translations of, i, 30 n.;
skepticism in, i, 30, 49–50;
attacks on, i, 52–53
Vejento, i, 213
Velasquez, ii, [40]
Venus Cloacina, i, 82
Verbalism, Greek, i, 146–47
Vergilius, St., i, 282, 368
Verlaine, ii, [443]
Vernes, Maurice, i, 108
Vernet, Jacob, ii, [225]
Veron, John, i, 459
Verrall, i, 162–63; ii, [94]
Viau, ii, [122]
Vickers, K. H., cited, i, 397
Vico, i, 26 n., 375; ii, [365] sq., [468]
Vigilantius, i, 239, 298 n.
Villani, G., i, 322
Villanueva, Dr. J., ii, [372]
Villari, cited, i, 372, 408
Villemain, ii, [217]
Villeneuve, Marquis de, ii, [278] n.
Vincent, J. M., cited, i, 438
Vinci, Leonardo da, i, 370; ii, [463]
Virchow, ii, [436]
Viret, i, 466
Virgil, i, 204, 209
Virgin-Mother-Goddess, i, 88, 225
Vives, i, 470
Voelkel, ii, [35]
Vogt, ii, [479] n.
Volney, ii, [244], [274], [401], [468]
Volta, ii, [371]
Voltaire, i, 21, 133, 277, 323, 329; ii, [113], [143] n., [147] n., [157], [159], [164] n., [165], [196], [197], [198], [199], [213] n., [220], [222] sq., [227] sq., [237] sq., [246], [252] sq., [256], [257] sq., [263], [273], [284], [291], [431], [468];
cited, i, 6; ii, [236], [248], [273] n., [379], [380]
Vorstius, ii, [22]
Voulté, i, 388
Voyage de Robertson, ii, [241]
Voysey, ii, [413]
Wadia, Prof., ii, [288] n.
Wagner, Richard, ii, [456]
—— Tobias, ii, [298]
Wahabi sect, i, 275
Waitz, ii, [470]
Walckenaer, ii, [145], [468] n.
Waldenses, i, 298, 338, 411, 415
Waldus, i, 298
Walid, i, 256
Wallace, A. R., ii, [465]
—— Dr. Robert, ii, [185]
—— Prof. W., cited, i, 182 n., 183 n.
Wallis, Dr., ii, [114]
Walpole, ii, [171]
Walsh, Rev. W., ii, [413]
Walter von der Vogelweide, i, 362
Walther, cited, ii, [295]
Walwyn, ii, [79]
War in South Africa, effect of, ii, [417]
—— religious, i, 338, 392
—— and English deism, ii, [170]–[71]
—— and German, 501
Warburton, ii, [156], [166], [173], [339] n., [353] n.
Ward, Mrs. Humphry, ii, [451]
—— Lester, ii, [469]
—— Rev. R., ii, [89] n.
Warren, Albertus, ii, [90]
Warton, cited, ii, [166]
Warville, ii, [244]
Washington, ii, [382] sq.
Wasil Ibn Attâ, i, 254
Waterland, ii, [116] n., [158], [173]
Wathek, Khalif, i, 258
Watkinson, Archdeacon, cited, ii, [203] n.
Watson, Bishop, ii, [210], [253], [384], [392]
—— W., ii, [453]
Watts, C., i, 11
—— H. E., cited, ii, [40]
—— Isaac, ii, [90], [201]–[202]
Wazon, Bishop, i, 294
Weber, A., cited, i, 45, 52 n., 54, 55 n., 56
—— Em., ii, [298]
Wedderburn, ii, [393]
Wegscheider, ii, [423], [424], [432]
Weigall, A. E. P., cited, i, 74
Weisse, ii, [427]
Weizsäcker, ii, [435]
Wellhausen, ii, [433], [436];
quoted, i, 104, 136
Wen, Emperor, i, 86
Wenderborn, cited, ii, [205] n.
Werner, ii, [462]
Wesley, ii, [195];
cited, ii, [381] n.
Wesleyanism, ii, [195]
Westphalia, Peace of, ii, [295]
Wette, de, ii, [167], [423], [431]
Wheeler, J. M., i, 11
Whewell, ii, [465];
cited, ii, [30] n., [74], [105]
Whinfield, i, 264 n., 265
Whiston, ii, [151], [153]–[54], [161], [176]
White, A. D., i, 14, 42, 457 n.; ii, [467]
—— Thomas, ii, [102]
Whitehead, ii, [167]
Whitfield, ii, [195]
Whitman, ii, [453]
Whittaker, T., i, 108, 187; ii, [43] n., [45] n., [49] n.
Wiclif, i, 334, 349 sq., 394, 416; ii, [280]
Wieland, ii, [329]
Wielmacker, ii, [2]
Wilamowitz, i, 125 n.
Wilberforce, ii, [393], [451];
cited, ii, [205]–[206]
—— Bishop, ii, [465]
Wilcke, ii, [427]
Wildman, ii, [78]
Wilkes, ii, [200]
Wilkins, Bishop, ii, [87], [88]
“Will to believe,” i, 16, 176, 360
William of Auvergne, i, 319 n.
—— of Conches, i, 312
—— of Occam, i, 354, 358–59; ii, [283]
—— of St. Amour, i, 334
Williams, David, ii, [203]
—— Rowland, cited, i, 114 n.
—— Speaker, cited, i, 467
—— T., cited, i, 24
Willich, cited, ii, [311]
Wilson, H. H., cited, i, 58
Winchell, ii, [420]
Winckler, ii, [434]
Wireker, i, 361 n.
Wisdom of Solomon, i, 116
Wislicenus, ii, [410]
Witchcraft, belief in, i, 376, 390, 402, 449; ii, [19], [33], [81], [101], [102], [372] n.;
assailed, i, 479; ii, [4], [33], [67], [138]
Witt, John de, ii, [134]
Witty, John, ii, [115]
Wolf, F. A., ii, [368]
Wolff and Wolffianism, ii, [305] sq., [312], [337]
—— Elizabeth, ii, [352]
Wolfius, ii, [298]
Wollstonecraft, Mary, ii, [101] n., [207]–[208], [275] n.
Wolseley, Sir C., ii, [87], [90], [98]
Wolsey, Cardinal, i, 432, 458
Women, freethought among, i, 374 n., 389; ii, [124] n., [207]–[208], [223] n., [253], [499]–[500];
orthodoxy among, ii, [171];
position of early Christian, i, 245;
exclusion of, from sacra, i, 196;
in Bâbism, i, 274;
community of, i, 418
Wood, Anthony à, cited, ii, [12], [96] n.
Woodrow, ii, [420]
Woodward, ii, [115], [176]–[77]
Woort, ii, [2]
Wordsworth, ii, [444]
—— Bishop, cited, ii, [404]
Wright, Frances, ii, [499]
—— Susanna, ii, [394] n.
Wriothesley, cited, i, 389
Writing, antiquity of, i, 105 n., 194
Xenophanes, i, 136, 141–42, 144
Xenophon, i, 199
Yahweh, i, 97, 101, 103, 104 sq., 114
Yâska, i, 52
Yazur Veda, i, 54
Yeats, ii, [453]
Yezid III, i, 256
Young, ii, [172]
Yuncas, the, i, 90
Yvon, Abbé, i, 235
Zaid, i, 248, 249
Zanchi, i, 467
Zapoyla, i, 420
Zarathustra, i, 67, 68
Zebrzydowski, i, 424
Zeller, ii, [416], [426], [434];
cited, i, 171 n.
Zephaniah, i, 114
Zendavesta, i, 67
Zendēkism (Arab atheism), i, 249 sq., 256
Zeno (the elder), i, 136, 146
—— (the Stoic), i, 180 sq., 186
Zeus, i, 124, 130 sq.
Ziska, i, 417 sq.
Zollikofer, ii, [318]
Zoroastrianism, i, 68
Zosimus, i, 245
Zulus, freethought among, i, 38
Zwicker, ii, [35]–[6], [114], [137]
Zwingli, i, 408, 420, 440