The Evolution of States

by J. M. Robertson

FOOTNOTES:

[1207] Schanz, Englische Handelspolitik, i, 332 ff. The Merchant Adventurers were incorporated under Elizabeth (id. i, 350).

[1208] Hume, History of England, ch. 62, near end.

[1209] Dr. Cunningham (ii, 101, 102, 104) notes the feeling under the first Stuarts.

[1210] See Buckle, 3-vol. ed. ii, 42, 1-vol. ed. pp. 308-9, and his citations, as to the anti-ecclesiastical character of the Peace of Westphalia.

[1211] Cp. Storch, quoted by M'Culloch, Principles of Political Economy, Introd., and Schoell's addition to Koch, Hist. of Europe, Eng. tr. 3rd ed. p. 110. On the tendency of economic science to promote peace, see Buckle, i, 217, 218; 1-vol. ed. pp. 120-25.

[1212] See the so-called Political Testament of Colbert, Eng. tr. 1695, p. 351.

[1213] Petty, Political Arithmetic, ch. x (Essays, ed. 1699, p. 273). Even noblemen are mentioned as sometimes putting their younger sons to merchandise. Cp. Toynbee, Industrial Revolution, p. 63; and Josiah Tucker, Essay on Trade (1751), 4th ed. p. 43.

[1214] Gardiner, History of England, 1603-42, ed. 1893, i, 100.

[1215] Id. iv, 2.

[1216] Id. iv, 1.

[1217] See Gardiner, as cited, iv, 8, for a sample, and in particular pp. 41-43 for the notorious case of Sir Giles Mompesson and the inn licences.

[1218] Id. iv, 6, 7.

[1219] Id. v, 233.

[1220] Id. iv, 125.

[1221] Id. vii, 71.

[1222] Id. viii, 74, 75.

[1223] Hallam, Constitutional History, ii, 11.

[1224] Sir Josiah Child, New Discourse of Trade, 4th ed. p. 9.

[1225] Id. p. 87.

[1226] Lingard, Hist. of England, 6th ed. v, 262.

[1227] Epistolæ Ho-elianæ, ed. 1891, i, 25.

[1228] Child, New Discourse of Trade, p. 88. As to the good management of the Dutch in this regard, cp. Howell, as cited above, p. 334.

[1229] Child, whose main concern was to reduce the rate of interest by law, proposed (p. 98) to sell paupers as slaves on the plantations, "taking security for ... their freedom afterwards." An antagonist (see pref. p. xi) proposed a law limiting wages.

[1230] Above, p. 434.

[1231] Josiah Tucker, Essay on Trade, 4th ed. pp. 46, 105.

[1232] Id. pp. 28, 50, 51; Richardson's Essay on the Decline of the Foreign Trade (often attributed to Decker), ed. 1756, pp. 46-64.

[1233] France also, of course, still kept up trade monopolies (Tucker, p. 36).

[1234] The fallacy was indeed soon exposed as such by the more enlightened economists. Thus the French writer Samber, in his Memoirs of the Dutch Trade (Eng. tr. ed. 1719, p. 75), speaks of the French rulers of Colbert's day as having "entertained a notion that they could carry on trade after a new unheard-of method: they proposed to sell their goods to their neighbours, and buy none of theirs." But this was none the less the prevailing ideal of the age. Cp. Jansen's General Maxims of Trade, 1713, cited by Buckle, i, 217.

[1235] Cp. A. von Brandt, Beiträge zur Geschichte der französischen Handelspolitik, 1896, pp. 25-28.

[1236] L. Dussieux, Étude biographique sur Colbert, 1886, ch. vi, § 2.

[1237] Cp. Child, New Discourse, p. 17; Petty, Essays, p. 205; Tucker, Essay on Trade, 4th ed. pp. 45-57. For a general view of the discussion see Schulze-Gävernitz, Der Grossbetrieb, 1892, Einleitung.

[1238] As early as 1641 the Manchester woollen industry is noted as flourishing. Early in the next century it had immensely increased. Schulze-Gävernitz, as cited, pp. 26, 27.

[1239] Mandeville, Fable of the Bees, Remarks Q and Y.

[1240] "That narrow and foolish woman." Hallam, Constitutional History, iii, 124, note. Cp. Buckle, i, 419: "a foolish and ignorant woman."

[1241] "It seems rather a humiliating proof of the sway which the feeblest prince enjoys even in a limited monarchy, that the fortunes of Europe should have been changed by nothing more noble than the insolence of one waiting-woman and the cunning of another. It is true that this was effected by throwing the weight of the Crown into the scale of a powerful faction; yet the house of Bourbon would probably not have reigned beyond the Pyrenees but for Sarah and Abigail at Queen Anne's toilet" (Hallam, iii, 210).

[1242] A work in course of preparation.

[1243] "Then as to all this activity, so many movements of all things celestial and all things earthly, turning without ceasing, only to return forever there whence they set forth, I can divine no use and no fruition" (Leopardi's Nocturnal Song of a Nomad Shepherd in Asia).

---

INDEX

Aargau, [338], [346], [349]
Abbott, Dr. E., [37], [106] n.
Abderrahmān I, [154]
---- III, [153]
Abdy, Prof., [201], [373]
Abortion in Greece, [102], [117]
Abyssinia, [179]
Academy, the French, [444] n., [445]
Achaian League, [51]
Adams and Cunningham, [331], [351] n.
Adrian IV, [235]
Æschines, [50]
Æschylus, [136]
Aetius, [96], [185]
Ætolian League, [51]
Ager publicus, [77]
Agis, [51], [104]
Agrarian distress, [403]-5
Agriculture, [88];
Egyptian, [56];
Roman, [76], [79], [82] sq., [94];
Greek, [99], [108], [117];
Feudal, [202];
Italian, [221];
Dutch, [328];
English, [88], [348] n., [403];
Scandinavian, [270], [283];
Swiss, [347], [348]
Alaric, [185]
Alba Longa, [14]
Alboin, [188], [194]
Albuquerque, [358]
Alcibiades, [46], [50]
Alcuin, [189]
Alexander the Great, empire of, [111]
---- of Parma, [307], [309], [310]
Alexandria, [133], [134]
Alfonso de Sousa, [362]
Alfred, [370] n., [375]
Algiers, French. [57] n., [156]-7, [177]
Alkman, [132]
Allen, C.-F., [264] n.
Almohades, the, [155]
Almoravides, the, [155]
Althusius, [441]
Alva, [308]
Amalfi, [194], [204]
Ambrose, [194]
Amphictyonic Councils, [53]
Amsterdam, [315];
bank of, [324]
Anabaptism, [306], [307]
Anarchism, [424]
Anastasius, [96] n.
Anaxagoras, [46]
Anglo-Saxons, [275], [369]-76
Anne, [468]
Anskar, [267]
Antioch, [133]
Antonines, [89], [113], [117], [166], [167]
Antony, franchise policy of, [4] n.
Antwerp, [308], [310], [311], [313]
Anund Jakob, [267], [272]
Anytus, [50]
Appenzell, [337], [338], [344], [347]
Apuleius, [167]
Aquinas, Thomas, [118] n., [212], [235], [440]
Arab character, [146] sq.
Architecture, [150], [151], [192], [205], [220]
Arianism, [97], [168]
Aribert, [206]
Ariosto, [230]
Aristocracy, Roman, [17], [21], [22] sq., [29]-30, [78];
and culture, [62], [166];
and politics, [70];
Greek, [42], [49], [98], [109];
Feudal, [200], [202], [209];
Italian, [236], [245], [255];
English, [288], [376], [379], [385], [390] sq., [396], [403], [410];
Dutch, [306];
Scandinavian, [275], [276], [277], [281];
Portuguese, [355];
Swiss, [336], [348];
French, [391], [415] n., [461]
Aristotle, [50], [127], [448] sq.;
on militarism, [45];
on slavery, [98], [133] n.;
on Sparta, [101] n.;
on population, [102];
on education, [126];
and Aquinas, [212]
Aristophanes, [50], [135]
Armada, [308], [311], [314], [399], [408]
Arminianism, [310]
Arnold of Brescia, [235], [246]
Arnold, M., [434]
Arnold, W.T., [78]
Artaxerxes, [113]
Art, evocation of, [63], [122], [134], [150], [159], [220], [327], [409];
in Athens, [48]-49, [106];
in medieval Italy, [220]-21, [225];
in Holland, [327];
in Portugal, [359];
in England, [409]
Arteveldt, J. van, [299]
Ashley, Prof., [379] n., [394]
[Asia Minor], [55], [123]
Associations, religious, [113], [115]

Assyria, [135]
Aston, Sir A., [428]
Astronomy, [149], [150], [151]
Athaulf, [186]
Athens, variety of stock in, [16];
social problem in, [40], [107];
reforms of Solon in, [40] sq., [99];
morals in, [47]-48, [50];
superstition and ignorance in, [45] sq.;
art and letters in, [48]-49, [106], [124];
imports of, [84];
commerce of, [99];
buildings of, [105];
silver mines of, [105]-6;
citizenship of, [124];
retrogression of, [134]
Attila, [185], [191]
Attraction and repulsion in politics, [5]-7, [23], [28], [202], [207], [210], [257] sq., [299], [369], [377], [386], [460];
modes of, [70]
Augustine, [34], [118] n., [168], [261]
Augustus, [81], [83], [164]
Australian aborigines, [128]
Aurelian, [87] n., [184], [185]
Autocracy. See [Despotism] and [Tyranny]
Avitus, St., [187]
Babylonia, [68]
Bacchic mysteries, [164]
Bacon, [461]
Bagaudæ, the, [175]
Bagehot, cited, [23] n., [57] n.
Bain, R.N., [264] n., [277] n.
Balfour, A.J., [72] n., [171] sq., [180] n.
Ball, John, [390]
Banking, [218], [435]
Barante, [292]
Barneveldt, [310], [318]
Barros, [359]
Basle, [338], [344], [346], [348]
Bayle, [326]
Beaconsfield, [72]
Becker, cited, [9]
Becket, [377]
"Beggars," Confederacy of, [306]
Beghards, [305]
Behn, Aphra, [442] n.
Belgium, [260], [307]
Belisarius, [96], [184], [191], [194]
Bent, J.T., [181]
Bentham, [449]
Berbers, [154] n., [155]
Berlin, University of, [139]
Berne, [336], [337], [338], [343], [344], [345], [346], [349]
Bertrand, A., cited, [64]
Bibliolatry, [152], [154], [157], [396], [405], [410]
Bijns, Anna, [326]
Bikélas, cited, [143], [144]
Bishops and Italian cities, [198], [206]
Black Death, [380], [384], [386], [387], [388]
Blackstone, [449]
Blake, [420]
Blok, P.J., [292], [296]
Blossius of Cumæ, [81]
Boccaccio, [226]
Bodin, [449]
Boeckh, [37], [41], [107], [108], [109]
Boissier, cited, [159] n., [162]
Bolingbroke, [437]
Bologna, [205], [208], [211], [212]
Bordier, [334], [335]
Borghini, [217]
Borgia, Cesare, [233], [253]
Botta, cited, [229] n.
Boulting, [195] n., [196], [202] n.
Boyle, [447] n.
Brazil, [317], [361]-68;
population in, [362];
prospects of, [366]-67
Brethren of the Common Lot, [305]
Bribery in Rome, [22]
Britain, economic basis of, [59], [79]
Browning, O., [181]
Bruce, [308]
Bruges, [297]
Brun, [336]
Brunehild, [186]
Brussels, [297]
Brutus, [79]
Bryce, cited, [4], [58], [189] n., [199], [201]
Buchanan, [441]
Buckingham, [415]
Buckle, on national character, [1] n., [4];
on Montesquieu, [28] n.;
on food and life conditions, [55];
on Spanish fanaticism, [155], [304];
on climate and civilisation, [361];
on Magna Carta, [392];
on Delolme, [392];
on Divine Right, [440] n.;
on Anne, [468] n.
Bullion delusion, [80], [464] sq.
Burckhardt, [182];
as sociologist, [36];
on Greek happiness, [47];
on Sparta, [130];
on Spain and Italy, [230], [233] n.
Burghley, [400], [406], [407]
Burke, [453]
---- U.R., cited, [119], [169], [191], [192]
Burnet, [438], [439]
Burrows, Prof., [123]
Bursian, C., [65]
Burton, Hill, [11], [414] n., [456]
Bury, [38];
on Roman Empire, [34] n.;
on Solon, [43];
on Christian disunion, [97] n.;
on Heraclius, [116] n.;
on Greek Art, [122] n.;
on the Dorians, [130]-31;
on Byzantine superstition, [145] n.;
on Roman currency, [175] n.
Busch, [392] n.
Butler, W.F., [181], [196], [197] n., [206], [211]
Byzantium, [34], [93], [95], [96], [114] sq., [143] sq., [152], [186]
Cade, Jack, [388], [406]

Cæsar, franchise policy of, [4] n.;
revenue policy of, [73];
policy of doles of, [82];
policy in Campania of, [91];
and Corinth, [110]
Calderon, [359], [413]
Calvin, [301], [343], [344], [398], [435]
Calvinism, [306], [310], [326], [344], [396] n., [398]
Camden, [398], [407]
Camoens, [359]
Cantù, [181]
Capitalism, in antiquity, [86], [104], [108];
in Florence, [218], [248] sq.;
in Holland, [316], [318], [324];
in America, [365];
in England, [393], [403], [434]-35, [462]
Caracalla, [4], [175]
Carlyle, [264] n., [419], [429]-30
Carmagnola, [249]
Carrel, A., [436] n., [437] n., [444] n.
Carthage, [28] n., [30], [86]
Castruccio Castracani, [243], [255]
Cathari, [220]
Cato, [32]
Cats, [307], [326]
Catullus, [165], [166]
Celibacy, Sacerdotal, [235]
Celts, [187], [190], [192], [258], [279], [375], [378]
Chancery, Court of, [432]
Chapman, [412],

[413]
Charlemagne, [188], [189], [191], [192], [267], [295]
Charles I of England, [410], [414] sq., [426], [443]
---- II of England, [319], [320], [437], [438], [442], [443], [451]
---- III of Spain, [363]
---- IV, [246]
---- V, [300], [301], [302], [304], [309] n., [311]
Charleton, W., [444] n.
Chasles, Ph., cited, [74]
Chastity, barbaric, [184]
Chaucer, [384], [386]
Chemistry, [149], [150]
Chievres, [302]
Child, Sir J., [316], [458], [462], [463] n., [464], [467]
Chilperic, [186]
China, polity of, [56], [57], [59]-60, [67], [73], [180], [260];
secret societies of, [26] n.
Chinese and Europeans, repulsions of, [6]
Chivalier, [294] n.
Chivalry, [383]
Christian II, [276]
---- III, [277]
Christianity, conditions of success of, [27], [114]-15, [165];
effects of, [28];
and progress, [34]-5, [179], [205], [272], [431];
and Roman Empire, [95], [96], [97], [265];
and heresy, [97], [115], [168], [300], [303], [344];
spread of, [112], [114]-15;
and infanticide, [117]-18;
and slavery, [118] sq., [214] sq., [372]-73;
and culture, [142], [144], [168], [280];
and Islam, [149], [157];
in Gaul, [167];
and morals, [186], [210], [272], [431], [434];
and Italian disunion, [210];
in Scandinavia, [265] sq., [272], [274];
and fish eating, [293];
in modern Holland and Belgium, [307];
strife of sects in, [422]
Chrysostom, [118]
Church in politics, [96], [145], [152], [168]-69, [198], [203], [206], [210], [223], [234], [235], [265], [274], [377], [391]
Cicero, on Roman politics, [20]-21;
on manumission, [215]
Cimabue, [220]
Cincinnatus, [12], [19]
City States, [29], [38] sq., [52], [53], [124], [179], [198], [202] sq., [209] sq., [286] sq., [295]
Civilisation and superstition, [46];
modern, roots of, [169]
Civilisations, primary and secondary, [55] sq.
Clans, Highland, [11], [67]
Clarendon, [437], [451]
Class degradation, effects of, [62], [68], [372];
relations in England, [376], [379];
as political factor, [70]
Classes, strife of, in Rome, [17] sq.;
in Greece, [38], [45];
in Florence, [229] sq.;
in Flanders, [296]-97;
in Switzerland, [336], [350];
in England, [393]-94, [405]
Claudian, [167]
Claudius II, [185]
Clémenceau, [271]
Cleomenes, [51], [104]
Clientes, Roman, [11]
Climate and race, [193], [361]
Cloacæ, the Roman, [14]
Clothaire, [186]
Clovis, [187]
Coal civilisations, [79], [88], [365], [366]
Coinage, alleged debasement of, by Solon, [41];
Roman debasement of, [175];
Papal debasement of, [223];
debasement of, by Henry VIII, [397].
See [currency]
Colbert, [140], [315], [445], [446], [461], [464], [465]
Cologne, [288]
Colonies, Greek, [39], [48], [100];
and culture, [63] n.;
Roman, [86];
Scandinavian, [271];
Dutch, [312]
Comines, [391]
Comitia, Roman, [9] sq.
Commerce, Roman, [76]-7, [80];
Athenian, [99], [108];
Greek, under Roman Empire, [113];
Byzantine, [117];
Italian, [211], [218]-19, [221], [256], [383];
Danish, [273];
Norwegian, [284];
Medieval, [288];
Dutch, [297], [310] sq.;
Portuguese, [357] sq.;
Anglo-Saxon, [370];
English, [380], [393], [404], [459];
Irish, [453];
Spanish, [461];
and civilisation, [70], [99], [104], [109], [113], [205], [211], [221], [287], [315], [457], [458];
and war, [297], [460]
Compass, the, [205]
Competition of societies, [58], [70]
Comte, A., [2] n., [4]
Conrad the Salic, [203]
Conradin, [241]
Conservatism and isolation, [56], [144];
Chinese, [60];
Egyptian, [125];
and militarism, [132]-33;
English, [424]
Constantine, [27] n., [114], [117], [215]
Constantinople, evolution of, [116] sq.
Consuls and Italian cities, [198], [203], [207]
Corinth, [105], [110], [131] n.
Corporations, religious, [160], [235], [377]
Cox, Sir G., cited, [66], [161]
Creed politics, [405], [415], [424]
Creighton, Bishop, [401] n.
Cremona, [216]
Crete, polity of, [59] n., [131]-32, [133]
Crichton and Wheaton, [264] n., [272], [273], [275]
Cromer, Lord, discussed, [177] sq.
Cromwell, Oliver, 318, 417-21, 424-33, 453;
Richard, [436];
Thomas, [395]
Crusades, effects of, [69];
and slavery, [214], [296];
and civilisation, [383]
Culture, Greek, [46] sq.;
and the sexes, [61];
importance of diffusion of, [62]
Culture-contacts, effects of, [57], [63];
conditions of success of, [57], [58];
and Greek civilisation, [64], [122];
in Christendom, [69], [150];
in Japan, [69], [70];
in modern Europe, [138] sq.;
and Saracen civilisation, [146];
and Roman civilisation, [158], [163], [164];
and post-Roman civilisation, [189], [193];
and medieval Italy, [211], [219], [254];
and England, [212] n.;
and Scandinavia, [279];
and Holland, [326];
and Renaissance, [340];
and England, [375]
Cunningham, Dr., on Greek civilisation, [36], [129];
on Roman expansion, [67];
on Roman wars, [76] n., [78] n.;
on Roman decline, [93]-4;
on Athenian expenditure, [106] n.;
on Greeks and Phœnicians, [129], [150];
on Black Death, [388];
on the Tudors, [402];
on Puritanism, [433];
on the mercantile system, [466]
Curiæ, the Roman, [8] sq., [203]
[Currency], Roman, [80], [175];
Byzantine, [96];
Dutch, [311]
Curtius, E., [130]
Cybele, cult of, [163]
Dahn, F., cited, [188] n.
Danby, [442]
Dändliker, [331], [339] n.
Dante, [213], [217], [226], [233], [240] n.
Daremberg, Dr., cited, [147]-48
Darien Company, [456]
Daru, [255] n.
D'Aubigné, [430]-31
David, J., [292]
Davies, [291]
Davis, Sir J., [67]
---- H.W. C., [378]
"Death," political, [33]-4, [59]
Decay, social, [22], [25], [32], [59], [69], [170] sq.;
socio-physiological, [186];
socio-psychological, [61], [112], [141], [280], [411]-13
Defoe, [413]
Dekker, [406] n.
De la Chambre, [445]
Delacourt, [313]
Delaunay, cited, [10], [11]
Della Torre, [241]
Democracy, Roman, [19] sq.;
Greek, [38] sq., [46] sq.;
French, [72];
American, [38] n., [365], [366];
Scandinavian, [276], [278];
Flemish, [300];
Dutch, [306], [310], [311];
English, [388], [414] sq.;
Italian, [209] sq., [225];
Swiss, [350] sq.;
conditions of success of, [52];
and intellectual life, [139]
Demosthenes, [50], [105], [136]
Denmark, structure of, [265];
political evolution of, [268], [271], [273], [273]-74;
religion in, [268];
slavery in, [273], [274];
commerce of, [273];
Reformation in, [276]-77;
culture of, [280]-81
Dennis, G., [185]
Denton, Rev. W., [385]
Descartes, [326], [446]
[Despotism], and food supply, [55]-6;
as political factor, [70];
and art, [135] sq., [166], [220], [224] sq.;
and culture, [141], [153], [224] sq.;
and decadence, [173];
in Holland, [299];
in Portugal, [357]-58;
spirit of, [455]
Deutsch, cited, [149] n., [157] n.
De Witt, [291], [317], [319], [324]
Dicæarchus, [105]
Dierauer, [331], [334]
Diocletian, [96], [113], [175]
Dionysos, cult of, [164]
Diophanes, [81]
"Divine Right," [440] sq.
Doge, the title, [204] n.
Dogma and intellect, [61]
[ Doles], Roman, [26], [82], [87];
Byzantine, [116]
Domesday Book, [371], [376]
Domitian, [166]
Dorians, [130] sq.

Dozy, cited, [154] n., [155] n.
Drama, Greek, [126]-27, [135];
French, [140];
Elizabethan, [140], [406], [409]-13;
Roman, [165];
Spanish, [359], [413]
Draper, [34], [56], [67]
Drogheda, siege of, [427]-30
Droysen, [135] n., [148] n.
Droz, E., cited, [3] n.
Druidism, [266]
Drunkenness, English, [463], [467];
Scandinavian, [278]
Dryden, [439], [442]
Duccio, [220]
Duffy, Miss, [182]
Dunham, [187], [195], [197] n., [264] n.
Dureau de la Malle, [24], [91]
Dussieux, [465]
Earle, Prof., [385]
East Indies, [312], [324]
Ecclesia, Athenian, [41]
Economic causation, ix, [71];
Roman, [75] sq.;
Greek, [98] sq., [133] sq.;
Italian and other, [212], [215] sq., [221];
Scandinavian, [270], [277];
Dutch, [293], [295], [306], [313] sq., [324];
Portuguese, [359]-60;
Brazilian, [366];
English, [397], [411], [412]
Education and democracy, [63];
Greek, [123], [126];
Saracen, [153], [154] n.;
Italian, [231], [247] n.;

Scandinavian, [276];
Dutch, [319], [325]-26, [330];
Portuguese, [364], [365];
Swiss, [346], [353]-54;
Brazilian, [367];
English, [391], [396], [419] n.
Edward III, [380], [384], [394] n.;
IV, [392], [393];
VI, [397]
Effen, Van, [326]
Egypt, effect of Nile on polity of, [56];
civilisation of, [64];
culture of, [68];
art of, [125], [135];
human sacrifice in, [129];
modern, [177];
Moslem, [222]
Eichhorn, [191]
Eleusinia, the, [132]
Eliot, [415], [416]
Elizabeth, [398], [399]-402
Emerson, [457]
Emigration, Greek, [100];
Scandinavian, [270]-71;
Swiss, [348], [353]
Emilius, Paulus, [78]
Empire, sociological process of, in Rome, [25] sq., [33], [87] sq., [92], [166], [170] sq.;
in Byzantium, [115] sq.;
in Greece, [133] sq.;
in Turkey, [176];
in Florence, [249], [252];
in Scandinavia, [265], [271];
in Holland, [316], [324];
in France, [320];
in Britain, [323], [384], [386];
in Portugal, [356] sq.;
and literature, [359]
Enclosures, [393], [403]
England, evolution of, in Anglo-Saxon times, [61], [191], [192], [204], [370], [374]-75;
after Conquest, [69] n., [212], [288], [371] sq., [376], [384];
in Tudor period, [392] sq.;
process of Rebellion, [414]-17;
Cromwell's rule, [417]-23;
Restoration politics, [423], [436] sq.;
influence on French culture, [138];
influence on German culture, [139];
and Spain, [406]-7, [420];
in eighteenth century, [229];
Reformation in, [238], [396] sq.;
Industrial evolution of, [458] sq.;
present polity of, [72], [79], [87] sq., [261];
and Holland, [318], [319], [320], [323], [425], [463];
and France, [320], [384], [392]
Ennius, [158], [165]
Epicurus, [135]
Epimenides, [133]
Equality, schemes of, [104]
Equilibrium, social, [71], [114]
Erasmus, [348]
Erik I and II, [268]
Essex, [399] n., [406], [407]
Etruscans and Romans, [16], [158], [159] n.;
civilisation of, [25], [185];
unity of, [68]
Euripides, [46], [131]
Europe, political variety of, [59]
Exposure of infants, [100], [270]
Ezzelino, [239]
Falkland, [423]
Fatalistic reasoning in politics, [178]
Faustrecht, [286], [378]
Favourites, royal, [382]-83, [415], [468]
Federalism, in Greece, [51]-52;
in Italy, [233];
in Netherlands, [295], [309];
in Switzerland, [331], [332] sq.
Ferdinand, Duke, [224]
Ferguson, cited, [14]
Ferrero, on Roman character, [8] n.;
on Roman trade, [11] n., [76] n., [79] n., [83] sq.;
as sociologist, [75];
on Roman civilisation, [176]
Feudalism, [199] sq., [295], [335], [371], [374], [395]
Filmer, [441] n., [442], [443]
Finance, Roman, [77] sq., [92] sq., [119]-20, [175];
Byzantine, [96], [116];
Greek, [106] sq.;
Spanish, [309], [311];
Papal, [221], [223];
Dutch, [310]-11, [328];
Portuguese, [363], [364];
English, [88], [397]-98, [419], [420]
Finland, [278], [283] n.
Finlay, as sociologist, [38];
on Roman finance, [78];
on Roman decline, [94];
on Byzantium and Lombard invasion, [95];
on Eastern Empire, [97], [115], [119]-20, [143];
on Greece under Roman Empire, [113] n.;
on Christianity and slavery, [118] n.;
on philosophic schools at Athens, [143]
Fisheries, Danish, [273]-74;
Dutch, [293], [311], [313], [317], [329];
Portuguese, [355]

Flanders, 288 n., [294], [295], [296], [302], [309], [311], [321], [380]
Fletcher of Saltoun, [455]
Flint, Prof., cited, [73], [74]
Floods in Netherlands, [298]
Florence, constitutions of, [202], [211], [240], [241], [243], [245];
political evolution of, [206]-7, [243] sq.;
factions at, [202], [207], [213], [236] n., [239] sq.;
and her allies, [208];
industry of, [211], [218];
wealth of, [217], [219];
interest at, [217] n.;
art in, [220], [226], [227] n.;
and papacy, [223];
under Duke Ferdinand, [224];
literature of, [226];
causes of eminence of, [229];
commercial development of, [231];
militarism at, [231];
and Pisa, [237], [248], [252]-53;
and Venice, [243], [249];
under Medici, [249] sq.;
taxation in, [251];
collapse of, [254]
Food and polity, [11] n., [55], [65], [73], [293], [315]
Ford, [413]
Fowler, W. Warde, [37]; cited, [23] n., [29] n., [66], [161] n.
[France], intellectual evolution of, [138], [140], [212];
and Holland, [319], [464]-65;
and England, [320], [323], [377]-78;
empire in, [320];
religion in, [321];
population in, [322]-23;
and Switzerland, [349]
Franks, polity of, [186], [188], [192], [197]
Frederick Barbarossa, [210], [216], [235]
---- II, [211], [216], [219]
---- the Great, [139]
---- of Denmark, [276]
Freedom of the press, [310], [344]
Freeman, on Greek federation, [51]-52;
on Greek history, [66];
on Athenian citizenship, [124] n.;
on Simon de Montfort, [382]
Free trade, [284], [465]
French politics, [1]-3. See [France]
---- Academy, [444] n., [445]
---- Revolution, [72], [149] n., [397], [449]
Fribourg, [337], [338], [344], [346]
Fronde, the, [415] n., [436]
Fronto, [167]
Frontiers, theories of, [178]
Froude, [402]
Fustel de Coulanges, [52], [67], [265] n.
Fyffe, cited, [66]
Gaeta, [204] n.
Galileo, [227]
Galton, [121]
Gardiner, on House of Commons, [380] n., [382];
on Lollardism, [396] n.;
on Scotch Calvinism, [398];
on Elizabeth, [400] n., [401], [402];
on Henry VIII, [401];
on Eliot, [416];
on Cromwell, [419]-20, [425] n., [427] n.;
on Lilburne, [424] n.;
on Drogheda, [428]-30;
on Barbone Parliament, [432]
Gasquet, Dr., [388]
Gaul, Roman and Christian, [94], [167], [173], [192]
Gaultier de Brienne, [244]
Gee, [464]
Geijer, [264] n., [272]
Gelasius, [194]
Geneva, [341], [343], [344], [347], [349], [350], [353], [410]
Genius, in politics, [15];
evocation of, [63], [121] sq.
Genoa, [204], [211], [218], [225], [229], [248];
modern, [255]-56
Geographical causation, [28], [124], [293], [295], [332], [335]
Germany, effects of subdivision of, [58];
trade of, [79];
intellectual evolution of, [138]-9, [340];
political and social evolution of, [184] sq., [222], [286], [378];
medieval, [216];
Reformation in, [238], [239], [342]
Ghent, [295], [296], [300]
Ghibelines and Guelphs, [209]-10, [226], [239] sq.
Gibbon, on Byzantium, [144];
on population of Roman Empire, [172] n.;
on pestilence in the Empire, [174];
and Sismondi, [187];
on Theodoric, [188] n.;
on the Lombards, [196];
on Roman slavery, [374]
Giddings, [5]
Gilds, German, [199];
trade, [207], [379], [393], [394]
Giles, H.A., cited, [6] n., [73] n.
Gillies, [38]
Glarus, [336], [337], [338], [344], [347]
Gneist, [375]
Godkin, L., cited, [38] n., [62]
Gold-mining, [80], [92]-3, [358], [363], [460]
Gondebald, [187]
Gontran, [187]
Gospels and slavery, [118]
Goths, [184], [186], [192]
Gouraud, C., [28] n.
Gray, [56]
Gracchi, [20], [21], [24], [81], [82] n.
Gratian, [90]
Grattan, T.C., [291]
Greece, superstition and ignorance in, [46] sq.;
structure of, [53], [64], [65];
population in, [101] sq.;
industry in, [109], [113];
conquests of, [78], [98], [110];
under Roman Empire, [112]-14;
evocation of art in, [123] sq.;
literature in, [126] sq.
Greek civilisation, [64], [68], [121] sq.;
in Italy, [29];
evolution of, [36] sq., [98] sq., [159];
modern, [156]-57
"Greek fire," [116]
Green, Captain, [455]
Green, J.R., on Anglo-Saxons and Christianity, [266] n., [372];
on English slavery, [372], [373], [374];
on Reformation, [397];
on Elizabeth, [400];
on English poverty, [403] n.;
on Hobbes, [421] n.;
on Shaftesbury, [438] n.
Greene, [411], [412]
Greenidge, cited, [12], [14] n.
Gregorovius, [182], cited, [188] n., [189] n., [210], [212] n.
Gregory the Great, [197], [212] n., [374]
---- VII, [212] n. See [Hildebrandt]
---- X, [240]
---- XIII, [223]
Grenvelle, [304]
Grisons, [338], [346]
Grote, [37], [331];
on Solon, [41];
on Greek polity, [44];
on Athenian Imperialism, [47] sq.;
on Pericles, [49];
on culture contacts, [58], [64];
on "race," [64], [66], [131]-32;
on Lycurgus, [99];
on Greek infantici de, [101];
on Lesbos, [126];
on Athenian drama, [127];
on Sparta, [131];
on Crete, [131]-32;
on Switzerland, [331] n., [332] n., [354]
Grotius, [309], [310], [326], [442] n.
Grundy, Dr. G.B., [36], [65]
Gubbio, [225]
Guicciardini, F., [232] n.
---- L.,

[291], [313]
Guilliman, [334]
Guizot, on Roman Empire and Christianity, [26] n., [96];
on European progress, [58];
on Gaulish monasteries, [167];
on Christian persecution, [168] n.;
on Teutonic barbarism, [184] n.;
on Charlemagne, [189];
on France and Germany, [192] n.;
on decline of slavery, [213]-14, [215];
on the Reformation, [238]
Gustavus Vasa, [274], [277]
Guthry, Bishop, [441]
Hadrian, [113]
Hakam I, [154]
---- II, [153]
Halifax, [451]
Hallam, on genius, [121];
on the Lombards and Italy, [198];
on feudalism, [201];
on Venice, [229];
on Simon de Montfort, [382];
on Henry VII, [392] n.;
on English nobility under Henry VIII, [396];
on Anne, [468] n.;
on Ireland, [451] n.;
on Whigs and Tories, [421] n.;
on Charles I, [417] n.;
on James I, [414] n.
Hamburg, [287]
Handel, [140]
Hannibal, [30]
Hansa, [274], [286]-90;
of London, [287], [288], [393]
Harald Bluetooth, [268]
Harald Klak, [268]
Hardwick, [266], [267]
Haren, Van, [326]
Harold Fairhair, [268]
Harrington, [443]
Harrison, F. [425]-26, [428]-30
Hartmann, L.M., [182]
Hassencamp, [450] n., [452]
Hawkwood, Sir J., [248]
Hazlitt, W., cited, [396] n.
---- W. C, [181]
Heeren, cited and discussed, [37], [39] n., [234], [237]
Hegel, cited and discussed, [5] n., [58]
---- Karl, [199], [379] n.
Hegewisch, [138]
Hektemorioi, the, [41]
Henry the Fowler, [197] n.
---- the Navigator, [356]
---- IV of England, [391]
---- V of England, [386], [391]
---- VII of England, [394]
---- VIII of England, [395], [401], [402]
Heracleia, [104]
Heraclius, [115]-16
Heredity, official, [120], [199], [235]
Heredium, the Roman, [12] sq.
Heresy, [97], [115], [168], [300], [303], [390]
Herodotus, [127], cited, [44], [129]
Hertzberg, [38], [67], [113] n.
Heyd, W. von, [183], [222]
Hiero, [136]
[Hildebrandt], [59] n., [203], [206], [235]
Hill, Rev. G., [371]
Hippocrates, [127]
Hippodamus, [104]
Hisham, [154]
Historiography, modern, [viii], [ix];
Greek, [127]
Hobbes, [421]-22;
on communism, [13]
Hochart, on Constantine, [27] n.
Hodgkin, T., [181], cited [184] n., [202] n.
Holbein, [408]
Holberg, [281]
[Holland], primary conditions of, [293];
slavery in medieval, [295]-6;
empire of, [312];
political evolution of, [294] sq.;
historiography of, [291]-2;
industry in, [294], [296], [310] sq.;
factions in, [296]-7, [298], [299];
despotism in, [300];
revolt of, [301] sq.;
religious distribution in, [307];
constitution of, [309];
commerce of, [310] sq., [328]-9;
finance and currency of, [310]-11;
public debt of, [312], [328];
and England, [318], [320], [323], [425], [463];
and France, [319], [320], [464]-65;
decline of, [321] sq.;
capitalism in, [324];
culture evolution of, [325] sq.;
art in, [327]-28;
population in, [327], [328]-30
Holm, [37], [134] n., [136] n., [141]
Homer, [126]
Honorius, [94], [173], [185]
Hooft, [326]
Hooker, [441]
"Hooks and Codfish," [298]
Horace, [165], [166]
Houses, Athenian, [105]; Italian, [205]
Howell, [325], [463]
Hudson, H., [312]
Huguenots, [272], [303], [321], [343], [438]
Humanists, Italian, [227]
Hume, cited, [58], [102], [109], [133] n., [348] n.
Huns, [184], [185], [197]
Hunt, W., [181]
Huxley, cited, [61]
Hygiene, ancient, [91]
Ibn Khaldun, [155]-56
Ibsen, [282]
Iceland, [270], [271], [278] sq., [340]
Ihne, cited, [16] n.
Illyria, [194]
Image-worship, [145]
Imperialism, Roman, [25] sq., [89];
Athenian, [47] sq.;
Greek, [50] sq.;
Ancient and modern, [177] sq.;
Barbaric, [189];
Danish, [269], [271];
Dutch, [318];
British, [323], [384], [407], [420]-21
India, evolution of, [74];
British, [57] n., [177], [179];
Portuguese, [358], [362]
Indigitamenta, [160] n.
Indulgences, Catholic, [342]
Industry, in Greece, [109];
in Italian cities, [205], [211], [218]-19;
in Netherlands, [294], [296];
in Iceland, [454];
in Spain, [461];
modern, [467]
Infanticide, [26], [38], [100], [117]
Innocent III, [236]
---- IV, [210]
Inquisition, [303], [308], [362], [406]
Interest, Roman limitation of, [20];
Roman, [79] and note;
Florentine, [217] n.;
in Holland, [313], [321]
Ionia. See [Asia Minor]
Ireland, [189], [192], [378];
English misgovernment of, [406], [418], [426]-33, [450] sq.
Ireton, [429]
Islam, [61], [149], [153], [154], [179]
Isocrates, [50]
Isolation and polity, [56], [144]
Italy, structure of, [28];
Greek cities of, [29];
modern, economics of, [85];
post-Roman, evolution of, [85], [183] sq.;
medieval, culture evolution in, [90], [152], [209] sq.;
republican collapse in, [233] sq.
See [Rome]
Jacquerie, [387]
James I, [398], [401], [414], [415], [461]
---- II, [444], [452]
Japan, evolution of, [69]-70, [74]
Java, [312], [329]
Jeffreys, [444]
Jesuits, [350], [362]-63
Jewry, [67], [125], [146]
Jews, modern, [358], [361]
John II of Portugal, [355], [357]
John, King, [392]
Johnson, [442] n.
Jonson, Ben, [412], [413]
Julian, [57] n., [94]
Juste, [292]
Justice, in Greece, [48]
Justin, [95]
Justinian, [96], [116], [118], [143], [449]
Juvenal, [166]
Kampen, J. van, [292], [307]
Kant, [138];
cited, [5]
Keightley, [161]
Kemble, J.M., [371], [372], [373]
Keymor, [317], [325]
Kings, Roman, [18]
Kleisthenes, [44]
Kleon, [50]
Knox, [398]
Knut, [268], [271]
Koran, the, [154]
Kyd, [411], [412]
Ladislaus, [249]
Lætus, P., [227]
Laing, [281] n., [325]
Laissez-faire, [135]
Lamprecht, [viii], [ix]
Land question, in Rome, [11] sq., [77];
in Greece, [40], [104];
in Anglo-Saxon England, [375]
Lane-Poole, S., cited, [151], [155]
Langlois and Seignobos, [421] n.
Language, in politics, [158] n., [191], [258], [385];
and culture, [221], [326]
Lanzone, [206]
Larroque, cited, [214] n.
Laud, [415] n.
Laurium, mines of, [106]-7
Law, Roman, [112], [197], [205];
Teutonic, [195]-96, [197];
schools of, [212]
Leagues, Greek, [51];
Italian, [207];
German, [286], [287], [336];
Swiss, [334], [336] sq., [350]

Lecky, [391]
Leclerc, L., cited, [150]
Leghorn, [224]
Leibnitz, [325]
Leicester, [400]
Lennep, J. van, [292]
Leo the Isaurian, [145]
---- X, [221], [223], [253]
---- H., [182], [199], [204] n., [206], [209] n.
Leopardi, [470]
Le Play, [1] n., [34]
Lesbos, [126], [136]
Leslie, Cliffe, [405]
Liberalism, [421], [423]
Licinian laws, [19], [80]
Lilburne, [424]
Lisbon, [312], [358], [364]
Literature, evolution of, in Greece, [126] sq.;
in Rome, [165] sq.;
in Italy, [212]-13, [226];
in Sicily and Provence, [219]-20;
in Scandinavia, [278] sq.;
in Holland, [326];
in Germany, [340];
in Portugal, [359], [363];
in England, [384], [408]-13;
and empire, [359]
Livy, [164]
Locke, [442], [446] and note, [448]
Lollardism, [305], [390]-91, [396]
Lombards, polity of, [188], [194] sq., [203], [204]
Long, G., [79] n.
Lope de Vega, [359], [413]
Louis the Fat, [214]
Louis XIV, [319], [320], [321], [436]
Louvain, [297]
Louvois, [320]
Lübeck, [287]
Lucan, [166]
Lucca, [218]
Lucerne, [334], [335], [338], [339], [346], [349]
Lucretius, [165]
Lucullus, [79] n.
Luther, [342]
Lyall, Sir A., [177]
Lycurgus, [44], [99]
Lynch-law, [378]
Macaulay, Lord, [76], [133] n., [255], [419] n., [423]
---- G.C., [411]-13
Mackintosh, [381] n.
McCrie, [238]
McCullagh, [38], [292];
cited [295]
McCulloch, [292];
on Roman doles, [83];
on the Dutch, [328]
McDiarmid, [407]
Machiavelli, [226], [254];
on the Lombards, [188] n.;
on the Papacy, [210];
on Florence, [217];
ideal of, [233];
on Guelphs, [239]
Magellan, [357]
Magna Carta, [380] n., [381], [391], [392]
Mahaffy, as sociologist, [37];
on prehistoric civilisation, [15];
on Greek infanticide, [101];
on Greek population, [102];
on Greek commerce, [109];
on Cilician pirates, [110];

on Greek art, [123];
on Sparta, [132], [133] n.
Mahon, [34]
Maine, Sir H., [56], [448], [449]
Maisch, [42]
Maitland, F.W., [370] n., [371], [374]
Malaria in Italy, [90]-1
Malone, [442] n.
Mallet, E., [353]
Malthus, cited, [26] n., [100], [273], [282]-84, [352]
Mandeville, [467], [468]
Manley, [427]-28
Marck, W. van der, [308]
Marcus Aurelius, [167]
Margaret of Norway, [275]
Marignano, [341]
Marius, [24]
Marks, Alfred, [438] n.
Marlborough, [320]
Marlowe, [411]
Marvell, [421], [439] n.
Mary of England, [397]
---- of Scotland, [399]
Maspero, cited, [125] n.
Mathematics, [149]
Matilda, Countess, [206], [207]
Maurice (Emperor), [96], [115]
Maurice of Orange, [310], [313]
Maximilian I, [300]
Mazarin, [415] n.
Mazdeism, [125]
Medicine, evolution of, [127], [147] sq.;
schools of, [212]
Medici, the, [225], [227], [249] sq.
Megalomania, [261]
Megara, [124] n.
Melville, Andrew, [398]
Menander, [118], [135]
Ménard, cited, [132]
Mencius, [73]-4
Mental development in Greece, [46]
Menzel, [139] n.
Mercantile system, [460] sq.
Merchant Adventurers, the, [459], [466]
Merimée, [3]
Merovingian Kings, the, [187], [191]
Mexico, [361]
Meyer, Ed., on Quirites, [9] sq.;
on Roman land law, [12];
on Greek taxation, [42];
on Solon, [43] n.;
on Greek civilisation, [64];
on ager publicus, [77] n.;
on Roman culture, [158] n.
---- Ernst von, cited, [150]

Michel Angelo, [254]
Milan, [194], [199], [206], [210], [211], [218], [219], [225], [241], [249]
Militarism, and democracy, [21] sq.;
Roman, [25], [55], [76];
and culture, [61], [131], [153], [341];
Spartan, [131];
Saracen, [153], [154];
Turkish, [157];
Florentine, [231];
Dutch, [318];
Swiss, [341];
English, [425]
Mill, J.S., [58], [121]
Milman, [146] n., [197]
Milton, [426], [431], [441], [448]
Mining, Roman, [80];
Greek, [105]-6;
Brazilian, [363];
medieval, [460]
Ministerial Government, [437], [468]
Mitchell and Caspari, [41], [42], [44] n., [136]-37
Mitford, [37], [38]
Mithraism, [27], [113], [165]
Mommsen, on Quirites, [9];
on the plebs, [10];
on Roman land law, [12], [13];
on Roman city life, [14] n.;
on Roman taxation, [77];
on the Antonines, [89];
on Roman religion, [158], [160], [162];
on antiquity of writing, [160] n.;
on the Celts, [190], [192]
Monasteries, [167], [402]-3
"Money economy," [80]
Monk, [436]
Monopolies, trade, and civilisation, [59];
Athenian, [108];
Byzantine, [117];
Dutch, [313], [315], [316], [463];
English, [320], [321], [323], [404], [415], [459], [461] sq.;
Flemish, [296];
Papal, [223];
Portuguese, [356], [358];
Spanish, in Italy, [223];
Hanseatic, [289]
Montaigne, vii, [230]
Montesquieu, on civil war, [25];
as sociologist, [28] n.;
on Hannibal, [30];
on soil and polity, [56]
Montmorency, [386]
Moors. See [Saracens]
Morals, Greek, [47] sq.;
Byzantine, [118];
Frankish, [186]-87;
English, [395], [433]
More, Sir T., [403] n., [405], [408]
Morgarten, [335]
Morin, F., cited, [3] n., [118] n., [465]
Morley, Lord, cited, [66]
Mosheim, [265]-66, [434]
Motley, [291];
on Celts and Teutons, [187], [238], [300] n., [304], [307];
on the Reformation, [238];
on Dutch slavery, [295];
on Spain and Holland, [302]
Mountjoy, Lord, [440] n.
Müller, K.O., cited, [130], [131] n.
Mummius, [110]
Murray, Gilbert, [129]
Mysteries, religious, [160]
Mythology, Greek and Roman, [124], [159] sq.
Names of abuse, [372]
Nantes, Edict of, [321]
Napier, Capt., [181]
Naples, [195], [204] n., [211], [224], [225], [249]
Napoleon, [349];
Prince, cited, [3] n.
Narses, [185] n., [188], [194]
National character. See [Race]
National Debts, [312], [322], [364], [450]
Nationality, notion of, [257] sq.
Navigation Act, [318], [425], [453], [463], [464]
Navy, English, [294] n., [314];
Spanish, [314];
Dutch, [314]
Nerli, [227] n.
Nero, [186]
Netherlands. See [Holland]
Neuchâtel, [347], [349]
Newman, F.W., cited, [9]
Niebuhr, cited, [11] n., [108]
Nöldeke, [149] n., [151]
Normandy, [376], [381]
Normans, [191], [211], [375]
North, Dudley, [466]
Norway, structure of, [269];
political evolution of, [268]-69, [274], [277];
religion in, [268]-69;
Reformation in, [277];
population in, [282], [284], [285]
Oates, Titus, [438]
Odoaker, [185], [194]
Odour in races, [6]
Oebly, [344]
Olaf the Lap King, [267]:
Tryggvason, [269];
St., [269]
Oligarchy, [255]
Oman, cited, [117], [118]
Orange. See [William of]
Orosius, cited, [186]
Ortolan, cited, [10] n., [11]
Otté, [264] n.
Otto I, [188], [189], [198], [201]
Overton, R., [424] n.
Padua, [212]
Pæderasty in Greece, [103]
Painting, Italian, [220]-21, [223], [225], [288]-89
Pais, Prof., [15]
Palermo, [225]
Papacy, and Italian disunion, [210], [234]-35, [240] sq., [253];
and culture, [212], [227], [237];
and slavery, [215];
and trade, [223];
finance of, [223];
and art, [225], [226];
and celibacy, [235];
and Rienzi, [246];
and Florence, [246];
and Divine Right, [440]
Paparrigopoulo, [36]
Parliaments, [378], [380] n., [381]
Parma, [216], [240] n.
Parthian empire, [113]
Paterini, [220]

Patricians, the Roman, [17]
Patriotism, [258], [262], [308], [406], [407];
and art, [411]
Patterson, W.R., [36], [76]
Paul, [118]
Paul the Deacon, [270]
Pauw, De, [142]
Pavia, [199]
Pearson, C.H., [74], [378], [380] n.
Pecock, Bishop, [390]
Pedro II, [366]
Peele, [411], [412]
Peisistratos, [42], [43]-4, [137]
Pelham, Prof., cited, [10]
Pepys, [466]
Pequods, the, [433]
Pericles, [46], [48], [49], [105], [106], [124]
Perrens, F.T., [181], [182], [226] n., [227] n., [249], [252] n.
Persia, [113], [115], [125], [156]
Pertinax, [87] n.
Peru, [56], [361]
Perugia, [225]
Petit, cited, [101]
Petronius, [166]
Petty, [314], [316], [427], [467]
Phaleas, [104]
Pheidon, [104]
Philip II, [301] sq., [309], [311], [312]
---- IV, [304], [359], [413]
Philip of Macedon, [50]-1
Philippus, Lucius Marcus, [21]
Philosophy, Greek, [47], [113], [127], [135]
Phocas, [115]
Phœnicia, [127], [129], [150]-51, [159] n.
Physiology and sociology, [27] n., [71]
Picton, J.A., [431] n.
Pignotti, [182]
Pindar, [136]
Piracy, Cilician, [110];
Algerine, [223];
Scandinavian, [270], [272], [293], [296]
Pisa, [178], [205], [211], [224], [225], [226], [231], [237], [242], [248], [252]
Pitt, [323]
Plato, [50], [102], [109], [127]
Plebs, the Roman, [9] sq., [15], [17] sq., [77], [163];
privileges obtained by, [19] and n.
Pliny the elder, [86], [91]
Pluquet, [270]
Plutarch, [128], [133] n.
Podestà, the title, [240] n.
Poetry, Greek, [126];
English during Commonwealth, [421], [439] n.
Pöhlmann, R., [183]
Poisoned weapons, use of, [129]
Politics, definition of, [1], [468];
theories of, [52], [62], [104], [233], [448]
Pollock, Sir F., [448]
Polyandry, [101]
Polybius, cited, [103]
Polytheism and politics, [266]
Pombal, Marquis of, [281] n., [358], [363]
Pompeius, [110]
Pontalis, [292]
Popish Plot, [438]
Population in Rome, [19], [24], [26], [91];
in Greece, [38] sq., [100] sq., [111], [117], [172];
in Scandinavia, [270], [273], [329];
in Roman Empire, [172] sq., [194];
in Holland, [294], [327], [328]-30;
in Switzerland, [339], [348], [352] sq.;
in Portugal, [329], [358];
in Brazil, [362];
in feudal England, [371] sq., [388]-90;
in France, [322]-23;
in Ireland, [427];
control of, [52], [53]
Populus, the Roman, [10] sq.
Portugal, evolution of, [355]-68;
exploration by, [221], [356] sq.;
population in, [329];
finance of, [363], [364]
Positivism, [366] n.
Pott, cited, [9]
Poverty in Rome, [17], [19] sq., [76] sq. (see [Doles]);

in Greece, [39] sq., [98];
and culture, [63];
in Scandinavia, [272]-73;
in England, [380], [395], [390], [402]-403, [404], [405], [434], [462]-63, [467];
in Holland, [325], [330]
Powell, Prof. York, quoted, [279]
Presbyterianism, [398], [410], [417], [444]
Priesthoods, [125], [142], [160], [235], [266]
Printing, effects of, [221], [226]
Privateering, [319] n., [323]
Procopius, [144]
Procter, Colonel, [181], [197] n.
Progress, [469] sq.;
European, factors in, [35];
nature of, [54];
in the East, [73], [180]
Proletariate, Roman, [17], [80];
Greek, [39] sq.;
Flemish, [297];
Dutch, [315];
Italian, [244], [247] sq.;
English, [380], [387], [434], [467]
Protection, evocative, [135], [140], [224] sq.; [283], [314], [315]
Provence, [219], [220]
Prudentius, [35] n.
Publilius, [20]
Puchta, [12]
Pulszky, [398] n.
Puritanism, [343]-46, [418] sq.; [430] sq.
Pym, [416]
Pythagoreanism, [190] n.
Quirinus, [9]
Quirites, the name, [9]
[Race], theories of, [1] sq., [23] n., [29], [31], [60], [64], [66], [123], [128] sq., [146] sq., [158], [183], [190], [193], [209], [233]-34, [237], [257], [271], [275]-76, [300] n., [304], [307], [339], [369], [378];
crosses of, [50], [148], [164], [184], [271], [377];
homogeneity in, [56], [184], [339];
function of, in politics, [70]
Raleigh, [314], [466]
Ranke, [182], [184] n., [198], [450] n.
Rashdall, Dr., [212] n.
Rationalism, Greek, [46];
Saracen, [155];
medieval, [220];
modern, [326], [422], [447]
Ratzel, [59]
Ravenna, [195], [204], [212]
Reade, Winwood, cited, [64]
Reber, [123]
Redskins, civilisation of, [361]
Referendum, [351]
Reformation, [221], [237];
in Italy, [237] sq., [306];
in Spain, [238], [303], [306];
in France, [238], [306];
in Germany, [192], [238], [239], [305]-6, [342];
in Holland, [238], [301] sq.;
in Scandinavia, [276] sq.;
in Switzerland, [341] sq.;
in England, [238], [395], [396]-98;
in Scotland, [398];
in Iceland, [280]
Religion in politics, [70], [177], [265] sq.;
at Rome, [17], [19] n., [159] sq.;
as substitute for politics, [26] sq., [397];
paralysis of intellect by, [61], [237];
and monarchy, [265] sq.
Rembrandt, [327]
Renaissance, [220], [225], [227], [339]-40
Renan, [147]
Republics, Italian, [183]-256
Republicanism, Portuguese, [367]-68;
English, [423], [442]
Reumont, A. von, [182]
Revolutions, South American, [366]
Rhodes, [104], [140], [228]
Richard II, [387], [390]
---- III, [394]
Richards, E., [192] n.
Richelieu, [140], [438]
Rienzi, [233], [245]-46
Rilliet, [331], [334], [335]
Rio-Branco, [362] n.
Robertson, E.W., on Roman heredium, [12]
---- W., [303]
Rodogast, [185]
Roger II, [218]
Rogers, Prof. Th., [292];
and economic interpretation of history, [75] n.;
on trade in sixteenth century, [221]-22;
on Holland, [298];
on population in medieval England, [388]-89;
on Lollardism, [396] n.;
on enclosures, [404];
on medieval production of silver, [460]
Rolf, [271] n.
[Rome], political evolution of, [4], [8] sq., [16] sq., [28] sq., [67];
early civilisation of, [14], [15];
economic life of, [11] n., [75] sq.;
land system of, [11] sq.;
effects of war in, [21] sq.;
bribery in, [22];
army finance in, [25];
Pagan, religion of, [27], [159] sq.;
and Carthage, [30];
deterioration of, [31] sq., [69];
barbarian invasion of, [57], [95]-6;
slavery in, [76];
commerce in, [76]-77;
finance in, [77] sq., [172]-73, [175];
doles in, [82];
agriculture in, [76], [79], [82] sq.;
fever in, [90] sq.;
confiscation of Pagan revenues in, [90];
collapse of, [92] sq.;
Church of, [95], [96], [168]-69, [204], [206], [209], [212], [214] sq., [221], [234], [235], [399];
and Greece, [110] sq., [134] sq., [158];
law of, [112], [197], [205];
art and letters in, [125], [158], [165] sq.;
and Lombards, [195];
influence of, on Italian cities, [204];
in thirteenth century, [208];
under Rienzi, [245]-46;
German conquest of, [254]
Roscoe, [182], [223], [227] n.
Round, J.H., [378]
Rousseau, [349], [449]
Royal Society, [444]-46
Royalism, [299], [300], [381], [394], [399], [416], [436]
Royer-Collard, [2]
Rubens, [327]
Russia, culture-conditions of, [135], [139]-40;
and the Far East, [178]
Rutherford, S., [441]
Sabines and Romans, [9], [14], [15], [16]
Sacra, Roman, [9]
Sacrifice, human, [129]
St. Gall, [346], [349]
Saint-Simon, [2] n.
Salerno, [212]
Salimbene, [240] n.
Salmasius, [441] n.
Salting, [294]
Salvation Army, [28] n.
Salverte, cited, [5], [56]
Salvian, [35] n., [119], [214]
Samber, [464] n.
Sappho, [126], [136]
[Saracens], and Christendom, [69];
and Byzantine trade, [117];
civilisation of, [146] sq.;
and Italy, [197], [211], [212] n.;
and Sicily, [219];
and Provence, [219]
Savigny, [191], [203]
Savonarola, [252]
Saviour Gods, [115], [164]
Scandinavia, prospects of, [260]-61, [285];
evolution of, [264] sq.;
histories of, [264] n.;
religion in, [266] sq., [272];
population in, [270], [273], [282] sq.;
social conditions in, [272]-73, [278];
Reformation in, [276] sq.;
separatism in, [275]-76, [278];
culture evolution of, [278] sq.
Schaffhausen, [338], [344], [347]
Schanz, [392] n., [458]

Scherer, H., cited, [222]
Schlegel, [413]
Schwegler, cited, [10], [12], [13]
Schweitzer, [264] n., [273] n.
Schwytz, [332], [333], [337], [338], [344], [347]
Science, evolution of, [127], [145] sq., [281], [326], [348], [444] sq.
Scotland, intellectual evolution in, [61], [398], [414] n., [456];
union with England, [455]-57
Sculpture, evolution of, [125] sq., [135], [142], [161], [162]
Seebohm, [370] n., [388]
Seeley, on decadence, [174]-75;
on small nations, [259];
on national greatness, [261];
on Holland, [317];
on England and Spain, [433] n.
Selim I, [222]
Semites, evolution of, [67], [146] sq.
Senate, the Roman, [18], [87], [163]
Seneca, [434]
Senior, N., cited, [65]
Separatism, [132], [209], [231]-32, [275], [276], [298], [335], [422]
Servius Tullius, [15], [16]
Sexes, equality of, [61], [142], [143], [150]
Sextus Empiricus, [100]
Sforza, [225], [249]
Shaftesbury, First Earl, [437] sq.
---- Third Earl, cited, [5]-6, [281] n., [449]
Shakespeare, [405]-7
Sheep farming, [403], [404]
Sherborne, Bishop, [449]
Shipping, Dutch, [313], [314], [315], [329];
French, [315];
English, [370], [402], [458], [464];
Irish, [453]
Shuckburgh, cited, [29], [31], [77]
Sicily, taxation of by Rome, [31];
and Saracens, [219];
literature of, [219];
revenue of, [224];
medieval invasions of, [241] sq.;
Parliament in, [381]
Sidney, Algernon, [439], [442], [443]
Siena, [220], [225]
Silk manufacture, [116], [120], [218], [255]
Silver, Greek production of, [105]-6;
medieval production of, [460]
Simon de Montfort, [378], [381], [382]
Simonides, [136]
Sismondi, [182], [350];
on the Merovingians, [187];
on the tenth century, [189], [197];
on the Lombards, [195], [198];
on feudalism, [202];
on Italian Republics, [205] n.;
on Provence, [220] n.;
on Papal rule, [223];
on despotism and letters, [230];
on Gaultier, [245];
on Italian proletariate, [247];
on the Medici, [249];
on national egoism, [259] n.
Sixtus V, [223]
Slave-trade, Portuguese, [356];
English, [374], [407]
Slavery, and civilisation, [62]-63, [176]-77;
Roman, [23]-24, [76], [81], [94], [110], [112]-13;
Greek, [39] and note, [43], [101], [110], [133] and note;
Christian, [118] sq., [213] sq.;
Brazilian, [362], [363], [365];
Scandinavian, [273], [274];
Dutch, [293], [295];
Portuguese, [356], [358];
Swiss, [332];
English, [370]-74, [380], [388], [418];
decline of, [213] sq.
Slavs, [115], [117], [264]
Smith, Adam, [59] n., [215], [324], [382], [464], [465], [467]
Snobbery, national, [261]-62
"Social contract," [349], [448]
Socialism, [352]
Sociology, course of, [60], [147];
in seventeenth century, [316]
Socrates, [46], [102], [127]
Soleure, [337], [338], [344], [345],

[347]
Solon, [40] sq., [99], [100]
Somaliland, [129]
Sousa, Alfonso de, [362]
Spain, Roman, [23], [24], [80], [92], [173];
Christian, evolution of, [156], [221], [222]-23, [305];
Parliament in, [382];
and Portugal, [360]-61;
and Italy, [223]-24;
and Holland,[ 301] sq.;
Inquisition in, [303];
finance of, [311];
and England, [406]-7;
prospects of, [156], [260];
stagnation of, [222]-23, [230], [311], [361];
industry in, [461];
Gothic, [191];
Saracen, [150] sq.
Spalding, [136], [181], [224]
Sparta, polity of, [51], [98], [101], [103]-4, [130] sq.;
women in, [130] n., [142]
Spencer, H., [2] n.
Spiegel, [146] sq.
Sprat, [444] sq.
Spreghel, [326]
Sprengel, cited, [150]
"State," the word, [309]
Staley, E., [182]
Stephen, King, [377]
Stephens, H.M., [355] n., [359], [362] n.
Stilicho, [96], [185]
Stoics, [118]-19
Strabo, [103]
Strafford, [415] n., [437], [453]
Strife, modes of, [6]-7, [70]
Struensee, [281]
Stubbs, Bishop, on Teutons, [196];
on feudalism, [200], [201];
on Spain and Germany, [305];
on Normans, [375];
on Parliament, [387] n.;
on Magna Carta, [392];
on English commerce, [403] n.;
on enclosures, [404]
Suarez, [440]-41, [450]
Sulla, [21], [25], [82], [86], [110]

Sumptuary laws, [415]
Superstition, Roman, [27];
Greek, [46];
Byzantine, [145];
and natural phenomena, [304]
Sweden, structure of, [265];
political evolution of, [267], [274], [275];
religion in, [267];
polygamy in, [272];
slavery in, [274];
population in, [283]-84, [329]
Switzerland, [260]-61;
structure of, [67];
evolution of, [331] sq.;
histories of, [331];
population in, [339], [352] sq.;
culture evolution of, [339], [341] sq.;
Reformation in, [342] sq.;
modern, [350] sq.
Sybaris, [39] n.
Symes, Prof., cited, [389]
Symonds, J.A., [182], cited [96], [197] n., [210], [224]-25, [238];
discussed, [225]-32
Synthesis, [5]
Syracuse, literature at, [136]
Tacitus, [118] n., [184]
Taine, [1]-3
Tanquelin, [306]
Tasso, [230]
Taxation, Roman, [31], [77], [110];
Athenian, [42];
Byzantine, [119]-20;
Moslem, [152];
Dutch, [321] n., [322];
English, [395], [404], [415], [416];
Spanish, [223], [300], [311];
Florentine, [251];
Papal, [223];
Venetian, [228];
Scandinavian, [278]
Tell, myth of, [334]-35
Temple, Sir W., [291], [315], [319], [321] n., [324], [449]
Testa, [215] n.
Teuffel, on Roman degeneration, [32]-3
Teutomania, [183], [187], [190], [192], [238], [300], [304], [307], [378]
Teutonic evolution, [184] sq., [306], [340]
Tertullian, [441] n.
Theodoric, [187]-88, [191], [194]
Theognis, [40]
Theresa of Portugal, [355]
Thessaly, [132], [133]
Thierry, [385] n.
Thirlwall, 37; cited, [103], [106] n., [136] n.
Thirty Years' War, [460]
Three, the number, [8]
Thucydides, [45], [49], [128]
Thurgau, [338], [346]
Ticino, [338], [346], [349]
Tocqueville, De, [1] n., [62]
Toleration, [438], [450]
Torquemada, [303]
Totila, [187]
Traill, H.D., [454]
Trench, Bishop, [451] n.
Trollope, T.A., [181], [236] n.
Troubadours, [219], [220]
Tübingen, [139]
Tucker, Dean, [322]-23
Turkey, religion in, [154];
prospects of civilisation in, [157], [176], [260];
empire in, [176]
Turner, Sharon, [370]
Tyndale, [390]
T[yranny], effects of, [51], [173];
and art, [135] sq.;
Greek, [137];
at Florence, [244];
in England, [392] sq.;
in Scotland, [398]
Twysden, [398]
Ulster, [454]
Umiliati, [218], [289] n.
United States, civilisation of, [88], [119], [365]
Universities, [139], [211], [325], [348], [419] n.
Unterwalden, [332], [333], [337], [338], [344], [347]
Urban II, [215]
Uri, [332], [333], [337], [338], [342], [344], [347]
Usher, [440]
Usury, Roman, [76], [78], [79];
Roman legislation against, [20];
in Greece, [39]-40;
medieval, [217];
in England, [435]
Utopia, [469]
Utrecht, [295]
Valais, [337], [338], [346], [349]
Valentinian, [90], [93]
Valla, L., [227]
Vandals, [92], [191]
Vandyck, [327], [416]
Variation, social, [144]
Varro, [161] n.
Vaud, [338], [346], [349], [352]
Vaughan, [418]
Velasquez, [135], [327], [359], [413]
Venice, evocation of art in, [63], [225], [226], [228];
trade of, [120], [222], [228], [293];
rise of, [195], [254];
and Byzantium, [204], [254];
and Turks, [222];
social conditions in, [227]-28;
and Florence, [241];
and France, [253];
polity of, [254]-55
Verity, Dr. R., cited, [27] n.
Verres, [32]
Vespasian, [166] n.
Vicente, [359]
Vico, [11], [227]
Vieusseux, [331]
Viglius, [304]
Vijnne, [292]
Villainage in England, [371] sq.
Villani, G., [217], [247] n.
Villari, Prof., [182], [218], [226], [236] n.
Villemain, [420] n., [433]
Vinogradoff, [371], [372]

Virgil, [165], [166]
Viscontis, [241], [245], [246], [248], [249]
Visigoths, the, [119], [191]
Volney, [34]
Voltaire, [59], [349]
Vondel, [326]
Wagner, [140]
Waitz, [200]
Walckenaer, [34], [56], [74], [121]
Wales, [258], [384]
Waller, [421]
Walloons, [307]
War, persistence of, [6]-7;
and democracy, [21], [24], [45], [72];
private, [202], [286], [290];
in medieval Italy, [216], [237];
and class relations, [379]-80;
and civilisation, [383], [386];
alleged benefits of, [383]
Ward, Lester, [121]
Wealth, adventitious, effects of, [59]
Weaving, [205], [294]
Webster, [413]
Wends, the, [266], [272]
Wenzelburger, [292]
Whigs and Tories, [421] n.
Whitney, [59]-61
Whittaker, T., [52]
Whistler, cited, [122]
Wiclif, [390]
Wicquefort, [309]
[William] of Orange, [301], [308], [309], [318]
---- the Conqueror, [376]
---- III, [450]
Wissowa, [160] n.
Wittich, [185]
Women, status of, [61], [141]-42, [143], [150], [151]
Woollen trade, [218], [289] n., [294], [380], [403], [453], [459]
Writing, antiquity of, [160] n.
Xenophon, [105], [107]
Ypres, [296]
Zeno, [135]
Zimmern, Miss, [289] n.
Zola, on war, [6]
Zschokke, [266] n., [331]
Zug, [336], [337], [338], [347]
Zurich, [336], [337], [338], [339], [342], [343], [344], [345]
Zwingli, [342], 343

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