Trench Warfare.

General Principles.

1. Defense may be made in depth by all organizations, down to and including the platoon, or it may be made laterally.

2. The smallest active segment, be it only three men, must have a chief and a second in command, who is responsible for the proper upkeep and defense of the segment. All occupants of active segments must know all instructions which should be simple.

3. Any troops in charge of a portion of trench must never abandon it, no matter what happens, even if surrounded.

4. All ground lost must be retaken at once by immediate counter attack launched by the unit which lost the ground. As a matter of fact a counter attack is difficult for a platoon or company; it is really necessary for it to be made by a battalion.

5. Each company must provide for emplacements for mine throwers to be served by the artillery and for pneumatic guns to be served by their own men.

Instructions to be Issued by Battalion Commander.

1. Disposition of companies in sector assigned (best done by sketch showing sectors assigned to companies).

2. Special orders to companies (concerns field of fire to be obtained not only in own sector, but also in those adjoining it).

3. Improvement of defense. (Brief reports from company commanders to be followed by work being done on order of battalion commander after inspection.)

4. Organization of watching (not sentry duty) (by company commander under supervision of battalion commander).

5. Organization of observation (not sentry duty) (by company commander under supervision of battalion commander).

6. Organization of supply (procuring, routing, etc., of tools, ammunition, food, water, etc.), (by company commander under supervision of battalion commander).

7. Organization of liaison (communication) (runners, telephone, telegraph visual signaling, pigeons, etc., by company commander under the supervision of battalion commander). All telephonic communication must be in code.

8. Organization of supplies to include amounts to be expected daily from the rear.

9. Knowledge of enemy must be imparted to company commanders in order to assist them in making their dispositions.

10. Frequent reports to be made of existing conditions at the front for information of higher commanders.

11. Lateral defense of boyaux must not be overlooked.

12. Wide turning movements are not possible. Enveloping movements are possible only on local attacks against small portions of the hostile line after it has been pierced. All main attacks are confined to purely frontal attacks.

13. The most important obstacle is barbed wire entanglements.

14. Communication (liaison) between and co-ordination and co-operation of, the different elements of a command is of the utmost importance.

15. Artillery co-operates more closely than ever with infantry. Its reconnaissance officers accompany infantry lines in order to obtain information. There is a certain number of artillery observers attached to each battalion of infantry.

The general method of attack is to smother the defense with a torrent of explosive shells, kept up incessantly for one or more days, and shatter the defense so they will offer but slight resistance to the infantry; then rush forward with the infantry and seize the positions while the enemy is demoralized, and consolidate them before reenforcements can be brought up.

The artillery bombardment is necessary to prepare the way for the infantry advance. It has for its objects:

To destroy the hostile artillery, wire entanglements and infantry trenches.
To produce curtains of fire and prevent bringing up reenforcements.

Light guns are assigned to Each Battalion Of Infantry, subject only to orders of regimental and battalion commanders concerned.

Save under exceptional circumstances the light gun is always attached to the Machine Gun Company for the attack.

The essential role of the light gun is to destroy with direct fire the visible machine guns; they are employed separately and not grouped.

The infantry is divided into two classes: Holding troops—and attacking or shock troops. Holding troops are those doing routine or trench duty; shock troops are picked organizations of young and vigorous men and are kept in camps well behind the battle front. Holding troops are two weeks in and two weeks out of the trenches.

All specialist groups, i.e., Machine Gun Companies, etc., are officered, allowing company and battalion commanders to concentrate them, if the situation requires.

They play the normal part in combat if they do not receive special instructions.

Attack of a Defensive Position.

Unity of command in depth must be preserved everywhere, unless there is an imperative reason for doing otherwise.

The front of each regiment should be divided between two or three battalions.

Each battalion commander having to look after a front of from 500 to 600 yards, can exercise efficient control of his command.

In preparing for an assault, seniors must take steps to organize it and make all necessary preparations themselves, and not leave all the responsibility with the juniors.

In the assault each unit must know its special task beforehand, and it should be rehearsed in rear of the line of trenches. Each commander must know the exact time he is to start and must start on time.

The first waves of men are placed at 4 or 5 pace interval. Chief of section can command only a front of 80 to 100 paces and it is necessary to form the section in two (2) waves. The first containing the grenadiers and automatic riflemen, the latter in the center. The second wave contains the riflemen and rifle grenadiers, the latter in the center.

If the terrain is cut up by woods, villages, etc., the proportion of grenadiers may be increased by taking them from the sections in support and the automatic riflemen sent back to the second wave.

If the distance to cross exceeds 300 or 400 yards, the number of automatic riflemen should be increased.

Two or three sections are usually placed abreast on the company front, which thus covers two to three hundred yards.

The support sections follow the leading sections of their company at about 50 yards, marching in two lines, if possible in two lines of squad columns at 20 yard intervals.

The first wave of the support is usually formed of the one-half section of specialists.

The echeloning of the specialists in front is also the most favorable formation to progress by rushes in a terrain cut up by shell holes.

The chief of section is between the two (2) waves of his section.

The captain is usually in front of the support sections.

The support sections are closely followed by a powerful line of machine guns, which are thrown into the fight when needed to reenforce the leading units.

"Trench Cleaners" usually march immediately after the leading sections and may be taken from the support sections. They are armed with pistols, knives and hand grenades.

The captain can use his section complete, or take out the specialists and use them for a particular purpose.

The specialists carry only the weapons of their specialty and have their loads lightened. The ordinary riflemen carry the usual packs and equipment.

Officers no longer lead the assault, but direct it. They are equipped with the rifle and bayonet, the same as the enlisted man.

Each unit of the first wave of the attack is given a definite objective. Different waves must not break upon the first wave.

Fire is opened by the assaulting troops only at short ranges, the advance being protected by a curtain of artillery fire. The advancing line makes use of shell holes and all other available cover.

When the first section reaches its objective it is joined by the half section of riflemen; it immediately organizes the captured ground.

Attacking From Trenches.—The commanders of brigades and battalions, with the commander of the artillery detailed to support them, study on the ground the artillery plan so far as it affects them. Immediately after the advance of the infantry begins, the artillery supporting it commences an intense bombardment with the object of forcing the enemy to take cover. At the moment laid down in the table of artillery fire the barrage lifts clear of the trench and the infantry rush in and capture it. The infantry must be taught that their success depends upon their getting within 75 yards of the barrage before it lifts, in order that they may reach the trenches before the enemy can man them. The secret of a successful assault is exact synchronization of the movements of the infantry with those of the barrage.

The pace of a barrage depends, to a certain extent, on the pace of the infantry, which varies with the condition of the ground, the length of the advance, the number of enemy trenches to be crossed, etc. It may be from 15 to 75 yards per minute. The pace of the barrage should be quicker at first, and should gradually slow down as the men become exhausted, in order to give them time to get close to the barrage and pull themselves together for the final rush.

In an attack each unit must have sufficient driving power in itself to carry it through to its objective and enable it to hold its ground when it gets there. When a number of trenches have to be carried, considerable depth will be required, and the frontage must be reduced. A brigade usually has a front in attack of 250 to 350 yards, but this may be increased to 1,000 or 1,200 yards.

A battalion should have a front of 250 to 350 yards. The battalion must be organized in depth in a series of waves. Two companies are usually put abreast in the first line and the others in the second line. Each company in both lines attacks in column of platoons at about 50 yards' distance, with intervals of three to five paces between men, so there would be eight lines of waves, of two platoons each. The 8th and 16th platoons, the two in rear forming the eighth wave, are usually not employed in the attack, but are left behind as a nucleus to form on in case of heavy casualties.

The front line must not be less than 200 yards from the enemy's front line.

The leading two or three waves are likely to meet machine gun fire, and generally move in extended order. Not more than two waves can be accommodated in one trench. Subsequent waves will move in line or in line of section columns in single file. Russian saps must be run out as far as possible across "No Man's Land" to be opened up immediately after the assault, as approach trenches. Ladders or steps are necessary to assist the leading waves in leaving the trenches, as they must move in lines. Provision must be made for bridges over the first line trenches for the rear waves. In the original assault line will be more suitable for both leading and rear waves. In later stages it is better for the rear waves to move in small and handy columns. In the original assault the distance between waves may be 75 to 100 yards; in later stages they may follow each other at 50 yards.

In the original assault, zero, or the time for the assault to begin, may be fixed for the moment at which our barrage lifts from the enemy front trench, the infantry timing their advance so as to be close under our barrage before it lifts. In the later stages zero must be the moment at which our barrage commences, and this commencement will be the signal for the infantry to leave their trenches. Each wave is assigned its own objective. All watches must be synchronized in order that all units may start off at the appointed time.

The first wave is composed of bombers and rifle grenade men, and attacks the enemy's first line of trenches. It must go straight through to its objective, following the artillery barrage as closely as possible. The second and third waves, composed of riflemen with bayonets and Lewis guns, re-enforce the first wave after the latter has occupied the enemy's first line trench, and attack the second line trench. The fourth wave takes up tools, ammunition and sand bags and assists in consolidating the line. The fifth wave is a mopping-up party to clear the enemy's dugouts. The sixth wave comprises battalion headquarters and has two Lewis guns, kept for a special purpose. The seventh and eighth waves, if used, seize and consolidate the enemy's third line trench.

Bombing squads (1 non-commissioned officer and 8 men) are on the flank of each attacking wave. Battalion bombers are assigned a special task.

All movements must be over the top of the ground. The pace throughout should be a steady walk, except for the last 30 or 40 yards, when the line should break into a steady double time, finishing up the last 10 yards with a rush.

Barrage is continued 20 or 30 minutes after the objective has been reached.

Mopping parties must be trained with great care under selected officers. They should always wear a distinguishing mark. They must at once dispose of any occupants who may have emerged from their dugouts, and picket the dugout entrances.

The ultimate unit in the assault is the platoon. It must be organized and trained as a self-contained unit, capable of producing the required proportion of riflemen, bombers, rifle bombers, Lewis gunners, and carriers, all trained to work in combination.

Assaulting troops should have twelve hours of daylight in the trenches before the assault begins, to enable them to get acquainted with the ground and get some rest. All ranks must be given a hot meal, including hot tea or coffee, before the assault.

Take every precaution to prevent the enemy from realizing that the assault is about to take place. Bayonets must not be allowed to show. No increase in rate of artillery fire. No unusual movements must be made in the trenches, and there must be no indication of the impending assault until the barrage is dropped.

When the trench has been taken, it should be consolidated at once to prevent counterattack. To protect this consolidation, throw out an outpost line, the posts consisting of one non-commissioned officer and 6 riflemen with a Lewis gun, about 150 to 200 yards apart and 100 to 300 yards beyond the line. These posts should be established in shellholes, which are to be converted into fire trenches, protected by wire entanglements, as soon as possible.

Approach trenches toward the enemy should be blockaded and hand and rifle grenadiers posted to guard them. The main captured trench should be converted at once into a fire trench facing the enemy. If it is badly knocked to pieces, a new trench may be constructed 40 or 50 yards in front of the captured line. The commander must reorganize in depth to provide supports and reserves for counterattacks. Situation reports should be sent back frequently. Rough sketches are better than messages.

Tanks follow infantry as closely as possible to deal with strong points. They are employed in sections of four.

Machine guns may be used to provide covering fire for attacking infantry, cover its withdrawal if the attack fails, fill gaps in the assaulting lines, assist in the consolidation of positions and repel counterattacks.

Lewis guns are of great value in knocking out hostile machine guns. They usually move on the flanks of the second wave of assault. Later they are used to back up patrols and to hold the outpost line while the garrison line is being consolidated.

As soon as consolidation begins, wire entanglements should be constructed. Every effort should be made to secure the objective against recapture. Any men available should be used to continue the offensive.

All commanders down to and including company commanders must keep some portion of their command as a reserve. The company commander needs his reserve to work around points which are holding against the leading lines, to protect his flanks in case the companies on his right and left are delayed in their advance and to exploit his success and gain ground to the front. He must keep it well in hand behind the company.

Battalion reserves must start with the assaulting column and get across "No Man's Land" as soon as possible; they must not get out of hand. Such a reserve is usually checked in the vicinity of the enemy's front line trench, where it can be thrown in to assist the advance or extend a flank as needed.

The brigade reserve is kept well in hand just clear of the friendly front line and support trenches. Reserves of companies and battalions must start moving over the top of the ground with the rest of the assaulting troops.

Defense Of Trenches.—The latest methods consist in constructing, supporting and strong points at the most favorable points to be held, such as villages, woods, etc. These are separated by intervals not too great for mutual support. They are of such resisting power that they must be taken before the attack can progress. In the intervals between them fire and communicating trenches are constructed, but these are only held lightly. Dummy trenches may be placed in these intervals. Lines of the various works are so traced that they bring enfilading fire on troops attacking adjacent positions. The lines need not be continuously occupied, but the obstacles extend in an unbroken line along the whole front. Wire entanglements are set in front of important positions in belts 20 feet wide, in two or three rows, each 20 yards apart.

Each supporting point usually is occupied by a battalion, and consists of a series of trenches formed into strong points, each held by a garrison of one or more platoons or a company. The supporting points are from 600 to 800 yards in depth and have a front of 600 to 1,000 yards. The first line of strong points is occupied by one or two companies in firing and cover trenches, while the remainder of the battalion occupies the support and reserve trenches. Bomb-proofs are built along the cover trenches and are connected with the firing trenches. Approach trenches are protected on both flanks by wire entanglements. Strong points in support and reserve trenches are prepared for an all-around defense and divided into two or more separate strong points by wire entanglements.

A body of infantry attacked is to oppose to the assailant its high powered weapons, machine guns, automatic rifles, rifle grenades and hand grenades and to reserve for the counter attack the grenadiers and riflemen. There is always one line upon which the resistance must be made with the greatest energy; for its defense the following methods have been found successful. Machine guns should be placed where they can secure the best flanking fire, and every one put out of action should immediately be replaced by an automatic rifle. If machine gun barrage fire is to play its role successfully at the moment of assault, the guns must survive the bombardment. Their protection is secured by placing them under shelter during the bombardment and making their emplacements as nearly invisible as possible. They should be echeloned in depth as far as practicable. They are generally placed in re-entrants of the firing trenches and cover the intervals between the adjoining supporting and strong points. Where the ground will permit they are often placed in concealed positions 20 to 30 yards in front of the trenches, to break up attacks made by hostile infantry. Not too many should be placed in the front line, and they should be echeloned in depth so as to confuse their disposition. The value of machine guns depends on the possibility of using them suddenly for brief periods, and in using them as long as they are effective. Machine guns disposed for flanking fire must be well covered by grenadiers; this is also true of automatic rifles.

Automatic rifles, rifle grenades and hand grenades are used to constitute a barrage to keep back the enemy. The entire front should be defended by a barrage of hand grenades, while the barrage of automatic rifles and rifle grenades is superposed farther to the front, up to 400 yards.

All riflemen and those grenadiers not employed in forming barrages are reserved to make a counterattack.

Companies on the second line operate on similar principles; machine guns, automatic rifles and rifle grenades are arranged so as to cover every portion of the first line that might be invaded. After a short preparation by fire from these, the grenadiers and riflemen make the counterattack.

The captains in charge of the two lines are responsible for the arrangement of the machine guns, automatic rifles and rifle grenades, the distribution of barrages and the distribution of groups for the counterattack. The real strength of the defense consists, not in holding the fire and cover trenches, nor even the support trenches, but in holding the supporting and strong points until the counterattack can be launched.

Liaison.—The question of liaison in battle is of the utmost importance, and complete co-ordination of the different arms is absolutely necessary. Each battalion sends an officer or non-commissioned officer and a cyclist to the colonel, and each colonel sends a soldier to the battalion commander.

The principal means of communication are the telephone, telegraph, wireless, aeroplane, mounted messengers, autos and motorcycles; and at the front runners, visual signals, rockets and carrier pigeons.

Each battalion commander is connected by telephone with each company commander, with the artillery observers, with the artillery commander, with his own colonel and with the adjacent battalions on either side.

The signallers of assaulting companies move with the company commander. All signallers should be given a special training in repeating a message several times to a known back station which may not be able to reply forward.

At the commencement of the assault the pigeons and pigeon carriers must be kept back at battalion headquarters, and sent forward as soon as the position has been gained.

Runners can be relied upon when all other means fail. They must be trained with their companies. Runners should be lightly equipped and wear a distinctive mark. They must be familiar with all the principal routes to all the principal centers within their battalion sector. The quicker they go the safer they are. Company and platoon runners must go forward with their respective commanders. Messages to be carried long distances will be relayed. Never send a verbal message by a runner; ignore any received; all messages must be written.

Company and battalion commanders must be prepared to assist artillery liaison officers in getting their messages back. Liaison officers must be exchanged by all the assaulting battalions with the battalion on either flank.

Trench Orders.—(Battalion): Trenches are usually divided into a certain number of bays; the number of men to defend these bays depends upon the length of trench allotted to each company. Each section is detailed to guard a certain number of bays.

Non-commissioned officers and men must always wear their equipment by day and night. Every company will "Stand To" arms daily one-half hour before dusk and one-half hour before dawn, and will remain until dismissed by the company commander.

The enemy's trenches are so close that it is very important for the men to have their rifle sights always at battle sight, so that there will be no necessity to alter their sights in case of alarm. By night all bayonets are to be fixed and half of the men on duty in the trenches are to be sitting on the firing platform with their rifles by their side. In case of attack, especially at night, it should be impressed upon the men that they fire low.

Section commanders are responsible that the men under their command have sufficient standing room for the purpose of firing over the parapet. They must have a clear field of fire, and not only be able to see the enemy trenches but the ground in the immediate vicinity of their trench. When making new trenches parapets should be at least five feet thick at the top in order to be bullet proof.

Repairs or alterations of the parapet should be reported at once by the section commander to the platoon commander, who will report it to superior authority. Repairing of trenches, fatigue, etc., will be carried on either by day or night according to company arrangement. Certain hours will be allotted for these tasks and no man is to be employed upon any kind of work out of these hours. No man should leave his post in the trenches at any time without the permission of the non-commissioned officer in charge of that post. At night there should be at least one sentry post to each ten yards of parapet. At night, double sentries should be posted if possible, and no sentry should be kept on duty for longer than an hour at a time. The arrangement should be such that when one sentry is doing his last half hour, his comrade will be doing his first half hour.

Sentries at night should always have their rifles resting on the parapet, ready to fire at a moment's notice. As few sentries as possible should be posted by day, so as to give as much rest as possible to the remainder of the men.

By day any existing loop-holes may be used by a sentry for observation purposes, but this must be strictly prohibited at night, when the sentry must look over the parapet. If a sentry is continually fired at, the section commander will post him in another position, but not too far from his original position. There is no excuse for a man going to sleep on sentry duty; if he is sick he should report the fact to the non-commissioned officer, who will report to superior authority.

An armed party of the enemy approaching the trench under a flag of truce should be halted at a distance, ordered to lay down their arms, and the matter at once reported to the company commander. If the party fails to halt when ordered to do so, or does not convey a flag of truce, they should be fired upon. An unarmed party should be halted in the same way. It is not necessary to challenge at night; open fire at once. This is modified only by special instructions.

Men especially picked for listening patrols and sharp-shooters will be given special privileges. All loud talking must be checked at night by officers and non-commissioned officers. All working parties must wear their equipment and carry their rifles. All picks and shovels will be returned after use to the company store room. Ration parties and parties carrying materials for repairs, etc., need not wear their equipment or carry rifles; they should be accompanied by a fully armed non-commissioned officer as an escort. Not more than 20 men are to be away from the company at one time; one non-commissioned officer and four men per platoon.

Rifles must be kept clean and in good condition while in the trenches. They will be cleaned every morning during an hour appointed by the company commander for the purpose. Platoon commanders will be responsible that section commanders superintend this work. All rifles except those used by sentries are to be kept in racks during the day.

Trenches must be kept in sanitary condition. Platoon commanders will be responsible for the latrines in their sections of the trenches. All water for drinking and cooking is to be taken from a water cart or tank provided for this purpose.

Stretcher bearers will be stationed at a place designated by the commanding officer. No soldier will be buried nearer than 300 yards from the trenches.

In every platoon a non-commissioned officer will be detailed for duty by day; he will do no night duty. He will post the day sentries and see that they are on the alert and carry out their orders correctly. He will be responsible for the cleanliness of his lines and will frequently visit the latrines. He will see that all loose ammunition is collected.

The platoon commander will always send a non-commissioned officer to draw rations and he will be responsible for their delivery.

The passing along of messages by word of mouth will not be used. All messages should be written.

Special instructions will be issued as to precautions against gas.

Selection of Site.

(a) Fire trench should be selected with due regard to tactical requirements and the economy of men.

(b) Every fire trench should have a good field of fire, at least 250 yards.

(d) The forward position on a slope for the first line has the best advantage. The support trench should be on the reverse slope from 100 to 600 yards in rear of the first line to prevent direct observation and to be practically free from artillery fire. The reserve trench is usually from ½ to 1 mile in rear of the first line. Remember that the first line, the support line, and the reserve line are all fire trenches. Do not put them on a crest.

(e) The communicating trenches (boyaux) should be zigzagged, wide and deep, and should follow the low ground. The longest straight trench should not exceed thirty paces. The angle made by each turn should be less than 140 degrees.

(f) The fire trenches should have salients and re-entrants so as to flank the wire entanglements. The bays are usually 27 feet long with 9 feet of traverse.

(g) There are two problems in the siting of trenches, one for those to be constructed under fire and another for those that will be constructed without any danger from fire. Trenches built under fire are usually made by connecting up individual shelters made by the front line when forced to halt. Trenches built under quiet conditions can be laid out according to the best possible plan.

Trench Construction.

Several kinds of difficulties face the trench digger: Sand, clay, water and bullets. In order to overcome them he must be familiar with the general arrangement of a trench, the principles which govern its construction and the standard trench as it has been worked out in the present war at the cost of thousands of lives.

General Arrangement.—A position is a combination of trenches, consisting of: The fire trench, or first line, nearest the enemy; the cover trench, just behind the first line, where all but sentinels of the fire trench garrison are held in dugouts or shelters; the support trench, from 150 to 200 yards in rear of the cover trench, and the reserve, from 800 to 1,200 yards still further to the rear.

The support trench is placed far enough from the first line to prevent the enemy from shelling both trenches at once. By a concentration of artillery fire and a determined advance of the hostile infantry the first line may be captured. The support trench must be so organized that it will then act as a line of resistance upon which the enemy's advance will break. Lieutenant Colonel Azan of the French army says: "As long as the support trenches are strongly held, the position is not in the hands of the enemy."

The reserve is usually a strong point, so organized that it can maintain independent resistance for several days if necessary, should the enemy obtain control of adjacent areas.

Where possible trenches should be on reverse slopes, with the exception of the first line; but usually the outline of a trench is determined in actual combat, or is a part of hostile trench converted. Under these circumstances it cannot be arranged according to tactical ideals.

Artillery and the automatic gun are the determining factors in trench warfare to-day. The effect of artillery fire must be limited in its area as far as possible, and trenches are, therefore, cut by traverses, which are square blocks of earth not less than nine feet square, left every 27 feet along the trench. They should overlap the width of the trench by at least one yard, thereby limiting the effect of shell burst to a single bay, the 27-foot length of firing trench between two traverses. Sharp angles have the same effect as traverses, but angles of more than 120 degrees cannot be utilized in this way.

The sides of the trench are kept as nearly perpendicular as possible, to give the maximum protection from shell burst and the fall of high angle projectiles. The parados, the bank of earth to the rear of the trench, has been developed during the war to give protection from flying fragments of shells exploding to the rear, and to prevent the figure of a sentinel from being outlined through a loop-hole against the sky. The berm, a ledge or shelf left between the side of the trench and the beginning of the parados, has come into general use in order to take the weight of the parados off the earth at the immediate edge of the trench, and so prevent the reverse slope from caving in easily under bombardment or heavy rain.

Automatic guns have made it necessary to break the line of the trench at every opportunity, in order to secure a flanking fire for these arms. Auto-rifles and machine guns have tremendous effectiveness only in depth, and flanking fire gives them their greatest opportunity.

Trench Construction.—The methods of building trenches are the same whether the work is carried on under fire or not. In an attack, upon reaching the limit of advance, the men immediately dig themselves in, and later connect these individual holes to make a continuous line of trench.

Most of the digging must be done at night, and must be organized to obtain the most work with the least confusion. There are three ways of increasing the efficiency of the men. In the first of these, squad shifts, the squad leader divides his men into reliefs and gives each man a limited period of intensive work. Reliefs may be made by squads or by individuals. The second way of increasing efficiency is to induce competition among the man and squads, thus making the work a game in which each soldier's interest will be aroused in the effort to do better than the others. The third method is to assign a fixed amount of work to each man. An average task, which all ought to accomplish in a given time, is found by experience, and those who finish before their time is up are relieved from further work during that shift, and allowed to return to their shelters.

Continual care must be used to check up the tools on hand, as the men are prone to leave them where they were working rather than carry them back and forth to work. Each unit must guard its property from appropriation by neighbors on its flanks.

System of Laying Out Trenches.—The trace of the trench is first staked out, particularly at traverses and corners when the work is to be done at night. Measurements should be exact, and the men should be required to line the limits of each trench so as not to exceed them in digging. All sod should be taken up carefully and used on the parapet for concealment or on the berm to make a square back wall for the dirt of the parapet. If possible this should be done with the parados wall, so as to make it as inconspicuous as possible from the front.

Men should begin to dig at the center of the trench and throw the dirt as far out on the sides as possible, so that as they go deeper the earth can be thrown just over the berm. The slope of the sides will be kept steep and the men prevented from widening the trench as they dig. In sandy soil the sides of the trench should be allowed to reach their angle of repose (which is wider at the top than required), then the trench walls supported with revettments to the proper width, which are filled in behind with sand. Always dig to full depth before beginning to revet, as it is impossible to dig deeper afterwards without loosening the revetting.

Revettments.—Every trench at points needs support, and this revetting may be done with any of the following materials: Sod; corduroy of logs laid lengthwise; sand bags (size 20 in. x 10 in. x 5 in.); galvanized iron; chicken wire and cloth made in a frame about six feet long; hurdles, wicker mats made by driving three-inch stakes into the ground, leaving uprights as high above the ground as the depth of the trench, then weaving withes and slender saplings between the uprights; expanded metal; gabions, cylindrical baskets made like hurdles except that the stakes are driven in a circle; fascines, bundles of faggots about 10 inches in diameter by 9 feet long. The faggots are laid together on a horse or between stakes driven in the ground, then "choked," or bound tightly together, by a rope 3 feet 8 inches long with loops at each end, tightened with two stiff levers. The bundle is then bound with wire at intervals of two feet. The circumference of a fascine should be 25 inches.

Capt. Powell of the C.E.F. found during 18 months' service in the trenches, that a separate construction for the bottom and firing step from that of the parapet made repair much simpler when the trench was damaged by shell fire. The upper part of the trench usually suffers most, while the bottom section, if unattached, often remains intact and the drainage system needs only to be cleared out. If the portion above the firing step is one piece with that below, however, the whole trench has to be reconstructed.

There is nothing more important than the supports used to keep revetting in place. With sods, sand bags, concrete and gabions, a proper arrangement in the first place will make other support unnecessary.

Sod should be placed carefully, with a slope of not more than one inch on four, with the vegetation uppermost. This type is least affected by rain.

Sand Bags should be used like brickwork, laid in alternate headers (binders) and stretchers. Their use should be confined as far as possible to emergency and repair work, because after a few weeks the bags rot and cannot be moved about. If the trench wall has been demolished by artillery fire, the particles of cloth make digging out the bottom of the trench a very difficult matter.

Concrete Work has been used extensively by the Germans, but the chips fly like bullets under shell explosion, and the concrete cracks and disintegrates in severe weather. It is used in the bottom of trenches for drainage and for the firing step.

Gabions may be set into the wall of the trench and filled with earth, or used at corners to prevent the wearing down of the edge, which reduces the protective effect of the trench. Set in at a slight angle they will hold the side without further re-enforcement.

With the other forms of revetting some secondary support is required. This is usually furnished by sinking stakes into the bottom of the trench and securing their upper ends to a "dead man"—a stake or log sunk in the ground more than three feet away. The tendency is to sink the dead men too near to the trench, and to attach too many wires to one of them. It is important to sink the stakes at least one foot below the bottom of the trench. By digging holes for them instead of driving them in directly, the sides of the trench need not be disturbed by the concussion of driving the stakes. This is especially important in sandy soils. Stakes should be placed about two feet apart. Dead men should be buried deeply enough to prevent cutting by shell explosions.

Trench Armament.—A few machine guns are set in concealed emplacements along the trench to cover important salients. The automatic rifle is used over the parapet. Besides these there is the rifle grenade and trench mortar. The rifle grenade has a simple emplacement. After securing the proper elevation, the butt of the rifle is placed between posts or blocks of wood and the muzzle rested against a log on the wall of the trench. A trench mortar emplacement is dug in the rear wall of the trench, or a shell hole is utilized, care being taken to conceal it from aerial observation.

Loopholes.—Loopholes are still much in use for observation, but they are employed less and less for firing, as they are difficult to conceal from the enemy and almost useless when the enemy is close. They should cut the parapet diagonally, not directly to the front, and should be concealed by vegetation and by a curtain over the opening when they are not in use. Sheet steel plates with small peep holes are used on the parapet. They are set up with a slope to the rear to deflect bullets.

Trench Bottoms.—In clay or hard soil special arrangements must be made for drainage. Where possible the trench should have a convex surface and should be smooth. A rough bottom means delay in reliefs, and possible injuries. Where trenches are used for long periods board walks should be constructed. Under these drains or sink holes can be placed to collect water. A sink hole may be constructed by digging a pit filled with small stones, or a barrel may be sunk into the ground and filled with stone. Where there is not sufficient slope to carry off the water, or at the lowest point of a drainage system, a water hole should be dug in front of the trench large enough to handle the drainage water.

Communication Trench (or Boyau).—Running to the rear and joining the different parallel resistance trenches are communication trenches or boyaux. These are for transportation of men and material as well as for communication. Communication trenches should be made wide enough to allow travel for men with loads, should be at least seven feet deep and as smooth as possible on the bottom. Rough places will delay traffic. They are dug with turns every 20 or 30 yards to prevent their being swept by gun fire. When boyaux are built by night sharp zig-zag corners should be used, or the angles will not be acute and protection will be lost. During daylight when the directions can be seen, the construction may be a serpentine curve, with no stretch of more than 30 yards visible from one point.

Boyaux are sometimes used for lateral defence and often emplacements for automatic guns are arranged to cover stretches of them. Bombing stations are placed near by to protect the guns and to clear the boyau of the enemy. At these points the boyau is left straight for a short distance in front. Where provision is made for lateral or frontal defence by rifle fire, firing steps are constructed. If this is inconvenient for movement along the boyau, individual emplacements must be made in the side wall for firing. Sentry posts are dug at right angles to the boyau.

Arrangements for passage of men moving in opposite directions may be made by extending short spurs at the corners, enlarging the boyau at the bends, digging niches or passing points here and there, or constructing island traverses with the boyau running around on each side.

Every boyau should be marked where it meets a trench with a sign indicating the place and trench. Without this messengers, reliefs and re-enforcements may easily be lost in the maze of trenches.

Latrines should be run out about 20 feet from boyaux at points directly in rear of lateral trenches. If possible they should be placed so that men cannot enter them without passing near the platoon leaders. This will prevent men from leaving the front line, under the pretense of going to latrines, during bombardments or mining operations. The trench leading to a latrine should be constructed like a boyau, and the pit should be close to the side nearest the enemy, to give the best possible protection from shell fire. There are three types of trench latrines: Deep boxes which are covered and have rough seats; short straddle trenches or trenches equipped with a single horizontal bar, and portable cans, used where the ground or the limited space make it impossible to dig pits. These cans should be emptied daily into holes behind the trenches, which are covered after the cans are emptied into them.

Urinals should be separate from the latrines. They may be either holes about three feet deep filled with stone, troughs with a covered pit at the end, or portable cans.

Shelters. For the protection of men not actually on duty three forms of shelters are used. The splinter-proof is a form of light shelter whose covering affords protection only against splinters. These are usually on the reserve line. About 12 inches to 20 inches of earth over a roof of logs or planks will afford protection from splinters and shrapnel. Curved sheets of iron may also be used. The deep shelter or bomb-proof is a chamber constructed by digging from the surface and constructing a roof. To protect against eight-inch shells the top of the chamber should be twenty feet below the surface. Heavy beams or sections of railroad iron are laid across the roof. Above them is a layer of earth several feet thick; then another layer of timber extending to undisturbed ground on the sides with concrete, crushed stone, metal, etc., above to make a percussion surface for exploding projectiles that penetrate the upper layer of earth. This layer fills in the rest of the space to the level of the ground.

Shelters should not exceed six feet in width, but can be of any length. This will prevent the crushing in of the roof timber by the explosion of a projectile buried in the upper layer of earth. The principles of constructing shelters will be considered under "Dugouts," as they are similar for the two types.

Dugouts are chambers tunnelled into the ground with twenty feet or more of undisturbed earth above them. They are used in the cover trenches and sometimes in the first line. Enough of them must be built to shelter the garrison of each sector, allowing one man per yard of front. They must also be built for machine gun and trench mortar detachments.

Sentries must be stationed in observation posts which command the ground in front of each dugout. They must be connected with the dugouts by telephone or speaking tube.

Position.—Dugouts must always be on the side of the trench toward the enemy. This prevents flying shells from falling into the entrances. They should connect with lateral trenches, not with boyaux, as men at the entrance obstruct traffic through the boyaux.

Entrances and exits must be well concealed, with not less than five feet of head cover. This should be provided with a bursting layer. All dugouts must have at least two openings, one on the opposite side of the traverse or angle from the other. It is well to have an exit behind the parados leading to a surprise position for a machine gun and bombers. All openings must have a sill 6 inches to 8 inches high, to prevent water from entering the dugout.

Galleries leading to dugouts should be built at an incline of 45 degrees. Their dimensions should be 2 feet 6 inches by 6 feet. Frames are of squared timber. The sill and two side posts should be not less than 6 inches square, and the frames in the passageways 2 feet 6 inches by 4 feet 6 inches. They must be placed at right angles to the slope of the gallery, with distance pieces between uprights. In treacherous soil the frames rest on sills. Steps in the passageway are 1 foot broad and 1 foot high.

Bomb-traps, extensions of the gallery about 3 feet long, should be dug beyond the point where the entrance to the dugout chamber leads off from the gallery. These will catch bombs thrown in from the surface and protect the chamber from the effects of their explosion.

Interior. The standard section is 6 feet by 8 feet, to allow for bunks on each side. Frames of 6 by 6 timber spaced 2 feet 6 inches apart support the sides and roof. Roof planking should be 2 inches thick, and the sides should be covered with 1-½ inch plank or corrugated iron. Two shovels and two picks for emergencies should always be kept in each dugout. The construction of the chamber should be that of a very strong box, so that it will stand strain, if necessary, from within as well as from without.

Depots for Supplies must be near the headquarters of the platoon, company, battalion and regiment. Shelters may be made with ammunition boxes set into the side of the trench. Places should be provided for the following: Food, ammunition for rifles and auto-rifles, grenades, rockets, tools and other supplies. Places must also be arranged in the front line for ammunition, rockets and hand and rifle grenades.

Telephones. Communication is established as speedily as possible with the various units. In the forward trenches wires do not last long under bombardment and fire left open along the side of the trench, where quick repairs can be made. All soldiers must be taught to respect these wires and to care for them when they are found under foot or hanging. Conduits are dug for wires to battalion and regimental headquarters, and these are fairly safe from shell fire.

Departure Parallel. In preparing for an advance upon the enemy, a straight line trench without traverses, and with steps at the end for exit to the surface, is built in front of the first line trench. This line of departure is generally brought within about 200 yards of the hostile line by means of saps, short trenches run out from the front line to the new parallel. Since this line of departure can be seen by the enemy, it is sometimes better to construct steps in the front line trench itself, or when possible to build a Russian sap. This is a tunnel very near the ground, which can be broken through at a moment's notice when troops are ready to advance.

Machine Gun Emplacements.—Shell-holes with a good field of fire and emplacements along boyaux are the best location for machine guns. Few guns are placed in the front line, and these only at strong points in the line, which command a maximum field of effectiveness. Shell-holes may be imitated for machine gun emplacements, but in any case they should be connected by underground passage with the trenches. Thus when trenches are destroyed by bombardment the machine guns remain intact. The field of fire for each machine gun should be carefully determined and marked by three stakes, one for the position of the gun, the other two for the limits of the field of fire. Using these as guides, the gun can be fired correctly at night. During the day it is never left in place nor fired from its actual emplacement.

Listening Posts.—These stations are usually carried out to the edge of the entanglements nearest the enemy. The listening station must be large enough for half a squad, and often has an automatic rifle and grenade thrower. There should be not more than two posts for each battalion. They are not occupied during the day. They are hard to defend and easily captured by a raiding party which cuts the wire to one of the flanks and comes in from the rear. The boyau leading to the post should be zig-zagged. The post itself should be deep enough for good head cover.

Wire Entanglements.—The object of the entanglement is not to stop completely the advance of the enemy, but to delay him at close range under machine gun, auto rifle and rifle fire, and within range of grenades and bombs. Entanglements should be concealed as much as possible from the enemy's trenches and from aerial observation. If possible, they should be placed on a reverse slope or in a dead angle. They should be from 50 to 100 yards in front of the trench, so that artillery fire directed upon the trench will not be effective on the wire. At the same time the wire must not be far enough advanced so that the enemy's raiding parties can cut the entanglements.

Wire entanglements are classified as high entanglements, low entanglements and loose wire.

High Entanglements are strung on metal or wood posts about four feet high, both wire and posts being painted for camouflage. The driving of posts must be muffled, and metal screw posts are used when near the enemy's line. Posts are placed in two parallel lines, two yards apart, spaced alternately so that the posts in one line are opposite the middle of the interval in the other.

Tracing Entanglements is done by a sergeant followed by two stake placers, two holders and two drivers, who in turn are followed by men attaching wire. Two men carry each roll of wire, and each pair (there are twelve pairs in all) strings one wire. A panel between stakes is composed of four strands. Each wire should be wrapped around each post. The same arrangement of panels should run between the two lines of posts. The entanglements are in three lines about 20 yards apart, the nearest being 20 yards from the front line trench. The entanglement nearest the enemy should be constructed first, so that men always work nearest their own trenches. All wire entanglements should be at all points commanded by the flanking fire of machine guns. High entanglements (known as abatis) may be made by felling trees toward the enemy, and similar entanglements made of brushwood are useful in emergency.

Low Entanglements are formed of pickets two feet high, 2-½ inches in diameter, wired in all directions. Vegetation renders the entanglement invisible from the enemy and from aerial observation. This type may also be placed in shallow excavations which are concealed from the enemy and partly protected from artillery fire. Sharpened stakes, with their points hardened by fire, driven obliquely into the ground, may also be used.

Loose Wire in the form of loops of small diameter fastened to stakes, or wire laid along the ground and attached at the ends, or spirals of barbed wire in racks, is used for entanglements. It is reported that this form is coming into considerable use, but the details have not been published. Such entanglements are much harder to locate by aerial observation.

The following are a number of criticisms made by Lieut. Henri Poire of the French army, detailed as instructor at Plattsburg, upon the system of field works constructed by the 17th and 18th Provisional Training Regiments. The ground was of loose sand, with some gravel at a depth of about six feet.

1. Dimensions of trenches as laid out were not followed.

Bottom of trenches behind firing steps too narrow.
Firing step too deep. It should never be more than 3 feet 4 inches below berm of parapet.
Parapet much too thin in most cases. It should be at least three feet thick.
Communication trenches (boyaux) generally too narrow.
Islands in communication trenches should never be less than 10 x 12 yards—otherwise one shell will demolish the entire passageway.

2. Revettment work not well anchored. In some cases too many wires from supports fastened to one dead man. Another fault is that dead men were not buried deeply enough in the ground, nor far enough back from the trench. In one case a dead man (a stake) supported all four sides of an island in a communication trench. The destruction of this post would have completely blocked every passage around the island. Furthermore, dead men rot quickly and tend to break off. It is necessary, therefore, to have a number of them, each holding only a portion of the weight. All projecting branches and irregularities along a trench should be removed by occupying troops.

3. Too many loop-holes. Except for snipers, riflemen and automatic riflemen fire over the parapet.

4. Machine gun loop-holes not wide enough. They should not be less than 36 inches wide. There must be vegetation planted in front and a curtain hung over the loop-holes to prevent detection. The growing plants in front will be easily swept away at the first discharge.

5. Remember never to imitate shell-holes until after a real bombardment by the enemy.

6. The dugouts made were never deep enough and afforded no protection. In fact it would be far better to have none than to be caught inside when a shell exploded in a shallow one, because the confinement of the explosion would intensify the effect.

7. Shelters were all too wide. Six feet is the maximum.

The platoon headquarters dugout should be of the same width as the trench, not over three feet, but as long as necessary. Company headquarters is six feet wide and of whatever depth required.

8. In digging, not enough care was used to conceal the fresh earth from the enemy. Make false emplacements to utilize this dirt; also dig dummy trenches about one foot deep, leaving the sides sharp so that they will show clearly on aerial photographs.

9. In using plants as camouflage, distinct care must be exercised not to put growing plants too freely nor to place them where they never existed. The actual ground conditions must be copied.

10. Some latrines were not arranged with the stools close beneath the wall nearest the enemy. This caused the loss of protection, which it is imperative to consider, as many casualties occur here.

11. Too many listening posts. They are easily captured by hostile fighting patrols. There should never be more than two listening posts to a battalion.

12. The observation stations in many instances had no good field of fire or were outlined against the sky on the crest of some rise. The site for an observation post should always be placed over the crest and have a good field of fire for use in case of attack.

Occupation.

I. Relief in the Trenches.

The Two Main Classes Of Relief:
1. General Relief. Applied to the relief of a whole position manned by a division or more. Executed when large units are going to "full rest" in the rear or being removed from one part of the front to another. Executed in the same way as interior relief; i.e., by successive relief of the battalions involved.
2. Interior Relief. Applied to the relief of one sector or portion of a sector manned by a brigade or less.
General Principles Of Relief:
1. Interior relief is executed about once every six days; more frequently when the stay in the trenches is particularly arduous, less frequently when it is unusually comfortable.
2. The battalion is the relieving unit.
3. "It is advisable to arrange the relief between units which have friendly relations to one another; e.g., battalions of the same regiment; and, so far as possible, to assign each unit to the same trenches on each relief. This promotes continuity of effort.
4. Relief is executed at night; the hour must be varied; secrecy is imperative.
5. Prompt execution is essential, to prevent fatigue of the troops and congestion of the boyaux.
The Mechanism Of Relief:
1. Reconnaissance, 24 hours in advance, by the captain of each relieving company, accompanied by his platoon leaders and non-commissioned officers. He ascertains:
  1. The plan of occupation; i.e., the dispositions and duties of the unit to be relieved.
  2. The shelter accommodations.
  3. Work being done and proposed.
  4. Condition of the wire and other defences.
  5. The available water supply.
  6. Artillery support.
  7. Communications.
  8. The location, amount and condition of stores.
  9. Danger points.
  10. All available information of the enemy; his habits, location of his snipers, what work he is doing.
  11. The ways and means of liaison, both lateral and from front to rear.
    To the success of this reconnaissance, the closest co-operation between all officers of the companies relieving and relieved, is indispensable.
2. The march from billets to the trenches:
  1. Transportation, by auto-trucks and wagons, is utilized to a point as near the lines as possible, to carry the packs of the men, the auto rifles, extra ammunition and other heavy equipment. When the distance is great the men themselves should be carried by auto-truck; this saves time and fatigue. The men will carry rifles loaded and locked, full cartridge belts, gas masks, and all other lighter equipment, with rations for 24 hours at least. Grenades will be secured in the trenches.
    Electric torches will be carried by company and platoon commanders.
  2. The strictest discipline must be maintained. On arrival within sight of the enemy, noise and smoking (or other lights) will be prohibited.
  3. Guides, from the company to be relieved, will meet the relieving company promptly at a point definitely agreed upon in advance.
3. The march through the boyaux (communicating trenches):
  1. Distance; often as much three or four miles.
  2. Order of march: company in single file, captain at the head; each platoon leader at the head of his platoon; a non-commissioned officer at rear of each platoon.
  3. The column must be kept closed up. Each man must consider himself a connecting file, guiding on the head, and behave accordingly. A guide should accompany the commander of the last platoon.
  4. Rate of march: roughly, about 40 yards per minute. It takes 250 men about 20 minutes to pass a given point.
  5. Route and right of way:
    The first line and support trenches will never be used as roads. Separate boyaux should, if possible, be assigned to the troops relieving and relieved. In no case will one company cross the path of another. In case of two columns meeting, one moving forward, the other to the rear, the former has the right of way.
4. No man of the unit in occupation will leave his post until he has actually been relieved and has transmitted all orders and information relative to that post.
5. Liaison must be established, immediately on arrival, with the units on the flanks and with headquarters in the rear. Captains must make sure that their runners are thoroughly acquainted with the routes of communication.
6. As soon as relief is accomplished both captains will report that fact to their respective commanders.
7. The relieving commander then inspects his trenches. He ascertains that all his watchers are at their posts and that the balance of his men know their posts and duties and are prepared to assume them quickly.
8. The duties of the relieved commander are:
  1. To turn over his sector thoroughly policed and in good condition as regards its construction and the new work, if any, in progress.
  2. To turn over his supplies in good condition and fully accounted for.
  3. After reporting the relief, to march his men back to billets as promptly and secretly as possible, in column of files, platoon leaders in the rear of their platoons, a non-commissioned officer and guide at the head of each.
  4. On the evening preceding relief, to send his cooks back to billets so that his men may be provided with a hot meal immediately on arrival.
If an attack occurs during the march through the boyaux, to or from relief, the company affected occupies the nearest defensive position and at once notifies its battalion commander. If an attack occurs during the actual process of relief, the senior officer present takes command.

II. The Stay in the Trenches.

The Four Objects Of A Trench Commander:
1. Security of his sector.
2. Protection of his troops.
3. Constant and accurate observation.
4. A continuous offensive.
His Plan Of Defense:
1. General principles of defense:
  1. Arrangement in depth. The most dependable defense is in prearranged counter attacks. The system of defense must react like a helical spring.
  2. Tenacity of defense.
    1. Each unit must be prepared to hold its post to the last extremity.
    2. Orders to withdraw will never be obeyed unless unmistakably valid.
    3. All ground lost must be retaken at once in counter attack by the unit which lost it.
  3. Apportionment of responsibility. Each active segment must have a commander responsible for its defense, upkeep and sanitation, and the discipline and instruction of his men.
2. Basis:
  1. The plan of defense turned over by the preceding commander. This will usually suffice for the first 24 hours after relief.
  2. General information of the enemy's lines, dispositions, and intentions, based chiefly on aerial photographs.
Organization Of Defense:
1. Allocation of front. (The front of an American battalion will average about 1,000 yards.)
  Diagrams: A. The Regiment. B. The Battalion. C. The Company. D. The Platoon.
2. Distribution of effectives. Determined chiefly by the terrain and by 3.
3. Employment of the several arms:
  1. Machine guns. Crew of 8 men per gun. (Furnished by detachments of a machine gun company.) Located by the infantry commander, in concealed emplacements behind the first line, to deliver successive barrages from flanking positions. Effective range: up to 700 yards.
  2. Automatic rifles. Crew of 3 men per rifle. Usually posted to enfilade the entanglements of the first line. They concentrate the fire effect of from 7 to 10 riflemen. Effective range: up to 300 yards.
  3. Rifle Grenadiers. Located near enough to first line to hold the enemy trenches under fire and deliver effective barrages near the mouths of our own communicating trenches. Should be located near observation posts so that their fire can be promptly corrected.
  4. Trench mortars. Located similarly to (c). Manned by riflemen.
  5. Bombers. One supply man to each 2 grenadiers. Used for protection of auto-rifles, in counter attacks, for protection of communicating trenches and fighting in close quarters.
  6. Riflemen. Posted to deliver frontal fire. Grouped according to the plan of counter attacks.
  7. As many men as possible should be instructed in the use of the enemy's weapons.
Liaison:
1. By telephone. Quickest and most accurate. Maintained between each platoon and its company headquarters, and between adjoining companies. Especially subject to destruction in bombardment. Wireless and ground telegraphy are used only between brigade and division headquarters.
2. By runners ("liaison agents"). Five detailed from each company to battalion headquarters; one sent to each adjoining company headquarters; one from each platoon to company headquarters; four or five on duty at each platoon headquarters; five from each machine gun company to battalion headquarters. Messages sent by them should, if practicable, be written and signed, and should be receipted for by the addressee.
3. By rockets and flares. Quickest means of liaison with the artillery in rear.
4. Domestic (message carrying) grenades.
5. Dogs and carrier pigeons. Sent out to the rear from battalion headquarters.
6. One searchlight—with a radius of 3 miles—is furnished to each company.
7. Noise. Klaxon signals, etc., give warning of gas attacks.
Observation:
1. Observers:
  1. Must be men of infinite patience, keen hearing and eyesight.
  2. They are located behind the first line in positions combining good view with concealment.
  3. Each is provided with a panoramic map, made from aeroplane photographs, of the enemy's trenches. On this must be promptly noted every slightest change in the trace, height of parapet, etc., of the enemy's line. Such notes greatly assist in locating machine gun emplacements.
  4. Each observer will also record in a note book everything of importance, with the time observed.
  5. A report of changes, with an abstract of observer's notes, is forwarded daily to regimental headquarters.
2. Watchers (sentinels):
  1. Stationed, one near the door of each dugout, in the first line, support and intermediate trenches.
  2. They must be carefully concealed.
  3. They must watch over the parapet (never through slits or loopholes) so as to have unrestricted view.
  4. They are furnished with signal rockets and flares for prompt communication with the artillery, and have authority to use them.
  5. Double sentinels are posted at night.
3. Listening Posts:
  1. Located, usually in shell holes, just inside the entanglements. Connected with front line by tunnels. Protected from grenades by heavy gratings, when possible, and by concealment.
  2. Occupied by 4 men (1 in command), in 3 reliefs. Usually occupied only at night unless our trenches are on a reverse slope.
  3. Chief function is protection of the entanglements.
4. Microphone Posts.—Installed usually behind the first line. Intercept the enemy's telephone and ground-telegraph messages and any loud conversation in his trenches.
5. Fixed Patrols.—Generally remain in shell holes in front of our entanglements.
6. Reconnoitering Patrols:
  1. Composed of from 3 to 5 men, commanded by a non-commissioned officer. Sent out at night only.
  2. The company commander must promptly notify commanders of adjoining companies of the dispatch of these patrols, their time of departure, route and probable time of return.
  3. Men should be assigned to this duty by roster.
Trench Work:
1. Constant battle with the elements, care for drainage, revettment, sanitation and storage.
2. Repair of the effects of bombardment.
3. New work, for better security, communication and observation.
4. Work in the open.
  1. Usually consists of repair or rearrangement of wire entanglements, digging new listening posts, etc.
  2. Effected by parties detailed by roster.
  3. They are guarded by fighting patrols, composed like reconnaissance patrols. Their best protection is in silence and concealment.
  4. Adjoining companies must be notified of their dispatch, location and probable time of return.
  5. This work, like all operations conducted outside the protection of the trenches, offers a valuable tonic to the morale.
Offensive Operations:
1. Sniping:
  1. Snipers constitute one of the most dependable and productive agencies of attrition.
  2. The best shots of the company are especially trained and assigned for this duty exclusively.
  3. They operate in pairs and post themselves to cover any exposed portions of the enemy's trenches, especially his communicating trenches.
  4. They should be well supplied with all necessary special equipment; e.g., sniperscopes, telescopic sights, painted headgear, etc.
2. Mining Operations.
3. Raiding:
  1. Object of raids: destruction of the enemy's defenses, disturbance of his morale, collection of prisoners and information.
  2. The personnel of raiding parties will usually include: A commander and second in command, bayonet men, bombers, engineers, signal men, stretcher bearers. Their numbers and proportions are regulated by the nature and difficulty of the task.
  3. Co-ordination with the artillery barrage is the essential of their success. The limit of advance, extent of operations, and time of return will therefore be set in advance and rigidly adhered to.
Role Of The Trench Commander:
1. Inspections: The men will be formally inspected twice daily at the general "stand to" by the company commander. Particular attention will be paid to the health of the men, condition of their feet and their clothing. Each man must have at least one pair of dry socks always available. Arms, gas masks, and other equipments will also be rigidly inspected.
2. Roster: The company commander will carefully supervise the preparation of the duty roster. An obviously equal distribution of the arduous duties involved in trench life is essential to the maintenance of morale.
3. Reports and Records: (Additional to those already required by regulations.) Log Book, Report of Casualties, Wind Report (daily), Bombardment Report (daily), Intelligence Report, which will include observer's notes and changes (twice daily), and a daily report of Work completed and Undertaken.
4. "One principle which the trench commander should never forget is the necessity for his frequent presence in the midst of his men. * * * Direct contact with the troops on as many occasions as possible is the most certain way to gain their confidence."

Duties of the Company Commander.

To inspect the sector his company is to occupy, one day in advance of occupying it.
To assign segments to the platoons.
To prepare a plan of defense.
To connect by liaison with the companies on his flanks.
To have an agent or runner at Battalion Headquarters.
To prepare a plan for counter attacks.
To report to the Battalion Commander when his company has taken up its position:
1. Its situation.
2. Security.
3. Liaison.
4. State of position left by predecessor.
5. Defense of sector.
6. Plan of counter attacks.
To inspect the trenches frequently to see that everything is in proper condition and that his men are in jubilant spirits.
To have platoon guides report to Battalion Headquarters on the date for the relief of his company and act as guides to the company that relieves him.
To keep a special log book in which the following are kept:
1. Work completed by his unit.
2. Work under way.
3. Work proposed.
Turn over to his successor:
1. Measures taken for security.
2. Plan of attacks.
3. Plan of counterattacks.
Have one officer on duty at all times.
"Stand to" will take place one (1) hour before daylight, and all available men will attend. There will be a thorough inspection. Rapid loading will be practiced. The firing position of every man will be tested to see if he can hit the bottom of our wire. Gas helmets will be inspected.
Time table—allot hours of work, rest and meals.
Supplies—make timely requisitions for them—be especially watchful about meals and rations—have no delays.
To have one watcher and one relief on duty near Company Headquarters at all times.
To get a good field of fire to the front and cover the sectors of each company on flanks.
(Subject to change)
1. Red Rocket-Artillery Barrage wanted.
2. White Rocket Gas Attack.
To report twice daily all changes in wind direction.
To report to Battalion Commander when relieved.

Duties of Platoon Leaders as Officers on Duty with Company.

Report with old officer at company headquarters.
Make frequent inspections of all trenches occupied by company.
Visit each Listening Post; at least once during tour of duty.
Visit all sentinels and receive their reports.
See that one non-commissioned officer per platoon is on duty.
Receive reports of non-commissioned officers after they have posted sentinels.
At end of tour hand over to new officer all orders, a report of work in progress, and any useful information.
Report with new officer at Company Headquarters on completion of tour.
To report anything unusual to Company Headquarters.
To send dead and wounded to dressing station trenches.
To send patrols to front at night.

Duties of Platoon Leaders.

Must accompany company commander on inspection of trenches one day previous to occupying them.
Make necessary reliefs for his men in his segment.
Make a plan of defense and counterattack for his position or approve the one left there.
Establish sniping posts and arrange reliefs.
Establish Listening Posts and arrange reliefs.
Assign non-commissioned officer to duty with platoon and arrange relief.
Instruct every man as to his place in case of attack.
Establish liaison with platoons on both flanks; and one runner to Company Headquarters.
Have one platoon guide report to Company Headquarters on day his platoon is to be relieved.
On completion of posting his platoon, report to his company commander.
Turn over to platoon relieving him all orders and data pertaining to his position.
Be especially attentive to rigid military discipline; i.e., every soldier to be neat; equipment must be clean at all times; to render the required salute when not observing or firing at the enemy.
Have one non-commissioned officer on duty at all times.
To inspect rifles, equipment and latrines twice daily.
1. To have at least one latrine in working order at all times.
2. To have a sentry on duty at each platoon dugout at all times.
3. Establish one Observation Post in daytime.
In Front Line Trenches:
1. No smoking or talking to be allowed at night.
2. Every man to wear his equipment except packs.
3. Have rifle within reaching distance.
4. All reliefs to be within kicking distance of soldier on duty.
Inspect at "Stand to" and report results to Company Headquarters, especially if each man has 170 rounds of ammunition and necessary grenades and bombs.
To be especially attentive to sanitation and care of the men's feet.
To have one (1) watcher and relief on duty at all times near platoon dugouts.
To get a good field of fire to his front and to cover the sector of each platoon on his flanks.
Make requisition for material.
To see that all of his men are properly fed.
Report to company commander when relieved.
Must know what every man is doing at all times.

Duties of Non-Commissioned Officer on Duty (Each Platoon).

To make frequent inspections of the position occupied by his platoon.
To be responsible that each soldier knows his duties.
To report anything of special importance to officer on duty.
On being relieved to report with the new non-commissioned officer to the officer on duty.
After posting sentinels to report "All is Well" to officer on duty.
Explain to his sentinel his duties, the position of Section and Platoon Commanders and of sentries on either side; and to caution his sentries when friendly patrols are out, the probable time and place of return.
Bayonets will always be fixed in front line trenches.
At night time to have double sentinel.
To see that each sentinel in daytime has a periscope.
Rifles to be loaded; no cartridge shall be in the chamber except when necessary to shoot.
To report to Company Headquarters any change in direction of wind.

Patrols.

Usual orders about patrols.
Always go out at night via the Listening Post; tell the men in the Listening Post your mission and probable time of return.

Sentinels.

To sound Klaxon horn on approach of gas attack.
To report immediately to non-commissioned officer on duty any change in direction of wind.
In cold weather to work bolt frequently to keep it from freezing.
At night to challenge only in case of necessity, and then only in a low tone. Challenge "Hands up."
Number of posts depends on assumed nearness of enemy and local conditions. Normally one per platoon by day and three double sentinels per platoon at night.
Relief kept close at hand. Report "All is Well," or otherwise, when officer passes.
Screened from observation.
Remain standing unless height of parapet renders this impossible.

Machine Guns.

Non-commissioned officer and one (1) watcher on duty at all times.
Except in emergency they will not be fired from their regular emplacements.
Unless emplacements are well concealed, guns will not be mounted except between evening and morning "stand to."
Before dusk each gun will be sighted on some particular spot either in front of or behind the enemy's line.
Range cards will be prepared and kept with each gun.

Snipers.

Sniping Post consists of one (1) observer and one (1) rifleman with relief of two (2) men posted close by.
Sniping post should be well concealed.
Daily report from each post, of
1. Any work done by enemy.
2. Enemy seen; place, uniform, apparent age, physique, equipment.
3. Any other information of interest.
Sniper to be appointed from each section.
Must be intelligent, alert, good scout, good shot, courageous.
Snipers should spend 24 hours in trenches with those of command which theirs is to relieve, before relief takes place.
No night work required of these men since they must be constantly on the alert during the day.

Organization of a Platoon—Rifle Company—Table No. 7

PLATOON

Platoon Headquarters
1 Lieut.
1 Sgt.
4 Privates.

1st Section	2d Section	3d Section	4th Section
Hand Bombers	Rifle Grenadiers	Riflemen	Auto-Riflemen
3 Teams, each	1 Team of	1 Sgt.	1 Sgt. and 2 Corps.
1 Leader	6 Grenadiers	2 Squads of 8 men each	4 Teams, each
1 Thrower	3 Carriers (May be subdivided)	2 Squads of 8 men each	1 Gunner
1 Carrier		4 Extra riflemen [R]	2 Carriers
1 Scout		4 Extra riflemen [R]
2 Corps.	2 Corps.	1 Sgt. and 2 Cpls.	1 Sgt. and 2 Cpls.
4 Pvts. 1st Cl.	1 Pvt. 1st Cl.	6 Pvts. 1st Cl.	4 Pvts. 1st Cl.
6 Pvts.	6 Pvts.	12 Pvts.	8 Pvts.
Total—12	Total—9	Total—21	Total—15

[R] Runners: Attached to 3d Section and 7th Squad. With Platoon commander when company is in extended order formation.

Suggested Organization of Platoon in Close Order and for Administration.

1st Squad	2d Squad	3d Squad	4th Squad	5th Squad	6th Squad	7th Squad
Bomber Section (less 1 bomber team)	½ Auto Rifle Section i.e., Cpl and 2 teams	½ Auto Rifle Section i.e., Cpl and 2 teams	Grenadier Section	1 Rifle Squad	1 Rifle Squad	1 Bomber Team plus 4 extra riflemen [S]
1 Corp	1 Cpl.	1 Cpl.	1 Cpl.	1 Cpl.	1 Cpl.	1 Cpl.
7 Pvts.	6 Pvts.	6 Pvts.	7 Pvts.	7 Pvts.	7 Pvts.	7 Pvts.
			(Extra Cpl. in File Closers)

Right Guide—Automatic Gun Sgt. Left Guide—Rifle Sgt.
Chief of Platoon—Lieut. File closer or acting 1st Sgt.—Sgt.-Asst.

Note.—If desirable the 4 mechanics and 4 privates (signalmen) who are not assigned to platoons regularly, can be used to fill the blank files in the 2d and 3d squads.

[S] Runners: Attached to 3d Section and 7th Squad. With Platoon commander when company is in extended order formation.

Deployments.

General Principles:

(a) The following plans for deployment are not to be regarded as rigid. The positions of the various squads depends upon tactical considerations.

(b) The platoon in attack will be used only for accomplishment of its offensive mission. Moppers-up, additional carriers, etc., will be furnished by other organizations.

Being in line, to form single skirmish line to the front.
1. 1. As skirmishers (so many) paces, guide right (left or center). 2. March.
2. Executed as described in pars. 206 and 208, i.d.r.
3. Normal interval to be ordered, 4 or 5 paces.
4. This formation to be regarded as exceptional.
Being in column of squads, to form single skirmish line. Same command as in (A). Executed as described in para 207 and 208, i.d.r.
Being in line to form double skirmish line to the front (i.e., to take the "Formation for Attack" in the diagram.)
1. 1. In two lines. 2. As skirmishers (so many) paces, guide right (left or center). 3 March.
2. Executed according to the principles in pars. 206 and 208, i.d.r., except that at the command March the even-numbered squads stand fast while the odd-numbered squads form the first line by deploying on the base squad as in the case of deployment in single line. Similarly, the even-numbered squads form the second line by deploying on their base squad after the odd-numbered squads have moved forward about 20 paces.
Being in line or column of squads to deploy in line of squad columns in one or two lines. Use same commands and execute in same manner as described in (A), (B), (C), except that in the command "Squad Columns" is substituted for "as skirmishers," and in the execution each corporal on approaching the line forms his squad in "squad column" instead of deploying it as skirmishers.
E.G. 1. In two lines—2. Squad columns (so many) paces, Guide right (left or center)—3. March.
This gives a "Formation of Approach" as the French describe it, or as an "Artillery Formation" as the British describe it; which may be used directly or indirectly (by means of echelons) for advancing when not liable to infantry fire.
Being in above formation to vary the intervals.
1. Squad columns (so many) paces, 2. Guide right (left or center). Executed in the same manner as similar movement described in i.d.r. 126.

General Principles of the Platoon Formation in the Assault of Fortified Positions in Trenches. (Points of Resistance, Etc.).

1. The platoon is now a complete fighting unit within itself. It contains riflemen, bombers, auto-riflemen, and rifle grenadiers. With this combination the platoon commander has, under his immediate control, all the different kinds of fire available to the infantry.

2. This formation was developed so that the platoon commander could meet the different contingencies that arise from being opposed by points of resistance in a "Trench-to-Trench" attack or the "Semi-Open-Warfare;" that is the secondary stage of a push.

3. When strong opposition develops, the principle on which the platoon works is to develop or surround the point of resistance, the platoon acting either alone or in conjunction with neighboring platoons. The four different kinds of fire are then used to their best advantages to silence or diminish the enemy fire thus making this manoeuvre possible.

4. In order to obtain success it is first necessary to impress on the officers and men that the primary advantage of the entire formation is its mobility, and the scope it gives to the initiative of the platoon section, squad and team leaders. In studying this formation it is first necessary to free the mind of all parade ground formations and to feel that there is nothing to hinder any desired movement of the sections, so long as the movement is not contrary to the operation orders for the attack. Until this idea is grasped thoroughly no progress can be made.

5. There is no typical or "normal formation." The one given at the beginning of this instruction here is a drill or parade ground formation, and while it may be used under actual conditions of warfare, it is simply utilized at this time as a basis from which the necessary variations may be worked out. In an attack, every platoon in the battalion may use a different formation.

6. The formation to be used is decided upon after a careful study of air-photographs. As far as possible all points of resistance are picked out and the best method of meeting the situations that may arise are then considered. The platoon is then arranged so as to best facilitate this manoeuvre. It must be realized that there will be other platoons on the flanks and in the rear, and their dispositions must be studied with a view of their probable bearing on the points of resistance.

7. In order to know how to get results it is first necessary to have a very clear conception of the uses and limitations of the different weapons in the platoon.

Briefly they can be used in the following ways:

The auto-rifles open up a point blank fire on the strong point as soon as it is discovered. Their function is to either draw the fire of the enemy or to silence him by a hit or forcing him to take cover. Their work may be compared to the work of the field artillery in a barrage. They cover the movement of the infantry across the open. The auto rifles so place themselves at such points that their line of fire will in no way interfere with the manoeuvre of the commander of the platoon or the remaining units of the platoon interfere with the effective use of the auto rifles of the platoon.
The rifle grenadiers advance at once just as close as possible, but at all costs to within effective grenade range. They then take cover in shell holes, trenches, etc., and open up a rapid fire. They are the long distance howitzers of the platoon and are very valuable. By a well placed grenade the whole resistance may be overcome. This section usually works around a flank.
The riflemen work up by squad as far as practicable and to a flank, when an opportunity presents itself, the squad opens fire in such a manner as to protect advance of other squads or teams.
The bombers endeavor to get well around behind the enemy and taking advantage of cover get to within bomb range. They may be compared to the close range howitzers or trench mortars.

When all four sections are in action at proper ranges, the opposition can probably last but a short time, and as soon as the machine guns cease fire the platoon, especially the riflemen, go after the remainder of the garrison with the bayonet.

It may happen that the barrage put up will so demoralize the enemy that the riflemen can advance before his machine guns are even put out of action. This operation allows the rifle men to get in with the bayonet, if the resistance is not sooner overcome.

When the different sections are getting to their places, they usually find enough shell holes or old trenches to obtain cover. They should not move as entire sections, but as small groups of three or four at a time.

8. After the encircling movement has once begun, the platoon commander loses all control, and the action is then conducted by the section, squad or team leaders. They must be trained to act on their own initiative, as further orders are rarely practicable.

The resistance will finally be overcome, either because the enemy will retreat or surrender under the menace of encirclement, or by the losses caused by our fire or by the attack at close range of our bombers or else by the final assault with the bayonet led by our riflemen.

It must be remembered that under an artillery barrage it is never possible to issue verbal orders, so the sections must be trained to understand and obey the arm signals of its officer, or more often to work without orders.

9. A sequence of command must be arranged in each section, squad and team down to the last man.

Remarks Regarding The Forming Of Wave From Close Order.

The sketch of deployment attached is an illustration of one of the formations that may be adopted. It is given as an example. Any other wave formation may be practically as easily formed up. The platoon commander simply calls out the squads he wants in the first line.

It must not be imagined that this transition from close order to extended is done in the field when actually under fire or as a result of surprise.

Before the platoon goes into an attack it is all arranged so as to allow it to be changed with ease from column of sections at extended intervals (formation for approach) to the wave formation decided upon. This arrangement is made when the platoon is miles to the rear.

When the change is made from column of sections to the wave formation there must be no crossing of sections as they go to their places.

Some of the Many Questions a Platoon Commander Should Ask Himself on Taking Over a Trench,
and at Frequent Intervals Afterwards.

1. I am here for two purposes: To hold this line under all circumstances, and to do as much damage as possible to the enemy? Am I doing all I can to make this line as strong as possible? Am I as Offensive as I might be with organized snipers, sniperscopes, rifle grenades, catapults, etc., and patrols?

2. Do I connect up all right with the platoons on my right and left? Do I know the position of my nearest support?

3. Does every man know his firing position and can he fire from it, over the parapet, at the foot of the wire?

4. Where are my S.A.A. and bomb stores? Are they under cover from the weather?

5. Do all my men know their duties in case of attack—bombers especially?

6. Are all my rifles and ammunition clean and in good order? Have all the men got rifle covers? Are the magazines kept charged?

7. Is my wire strong enough?

8. Are my parapets and traverses bullet-proof everywhere?

9. Where are my sally ports?

10. Where are my listening posts? Are my listening patrols properly detailed?

11. What points in front particularly require patrolling at night?

12. Are my sentries in their right places? Are they properly posted by N.C.O's.? Have they received proper instructions?

13. Have I got the S.O.S. message in my pocket, and do I know the orders regarding its use?

14. Are the trenches as clean and as sanitary as they might be? Are live rounds and cases properly collected? Are my bags for refuse and empties in position?

15. Are my trenches as dry as I might make them?

16. Am I doing all I can to prevent my men getting "Trench Feet"?

17. How can I prevent my parapets and dugouts from falling in?

18. Have I got at least one loophole, from which men can snipe, for every section? Have I pointed out to Section Commanders the portion of the enemy's trench they are responsible for keeping under fire, and where his loopholes are?

19. Have my men always got their smoke helmets on and are they in good order?

20. Are the arrangements, in case of gas attack, complete and known to all ranks?

21. Are the orders as to wearing equipment carried out?

22. Are my men using wood from the defences as firewood?

23. Are my men drinking water from any but authorized sources?

24. I am here for two purposes: To hold this line under all circumstances, and I do as much damage as possible to the enemy? Am I doing all I can to make this line as strong as possible? Am I as Offensive as I might be with organized snipers, sniperscopes, rifle grenades, catapults, etc., and patrols?

Defensive Measure Against Gas Attacks.

I. Introduction.

A. General Considerations:

In the absence of suitable means of protection the poison gases used in war are extremely deadly and the breathing of only very small quantities of them may cause death or serious injury. This being the case, it is essential that not the slightest time should be lost in putting on the anti-gas device on the gas alarm being given.

It cannot be too strongly insisted on that the measures to meet hostile gas attacks afford perfect protection, and if they are carried out properly no one will suffer from gas poisoning.

The whole basis of protecting troops against gas lies (a) in keeping the appliances in perfect working order; (b) in learning to adjust them rapidly under all conditions, and (c) in ensuring that every man is given immediate warning. These results can only be attained:

By frequent and thorough inspection of all protective appliances.
By thorough instruction and training in their use.
By every man understanding and complying with all standing orders on the subject of defense against gas.

If these are effectually carried out, there is nothing to fear from hostile gas attacks. Officers must impress this on their men, as an important object of all anti-gas instruction should be to inspire complete confidence in the efficacy of the methods which are adopted.

B. Nature of Gas Attacks:

(1) Gas Clouds:

This method of making a gas attack is entirely dependent on the direction of the wind. The gas is carried up to the trenches compressed in steel cylinders. These are dug in at the bottom of the trench and connected with pipes leading out over the parapet. When the valves of the cylinders are opened, the gas escapes with a hissing sound, which, on a still night, can frequently be heard at a considerable distance. It mixes with the air and is carried by the wind towards the opposing trenches, spreading out as it goes forward. A continuous wave of gas and air is thus formed, the color of which may vary:

Because of the weather conditions. In very dry air it may be almost transparent and slightly greenish in color, while in damp weather it forms a white cloud.
Because it may be mixed with smoke of any color.

A cloud attack can only take place when there is a steady but not too strong wind blowing from the enemy's lines towards our own. A wind between 4 and 8 miles an hour is the most likely condition. An 8-mile wind will carry the gas cloud twice as quickly as a man walks rapidly.

Gas attacks may occur at any time of the day, but are most likely to be made during the night or in the early morning.

Gentle rain is without appreciable effect on a gas attack, but strong rain washes down the gas. Fogs have hardly any effect and may, in fact, be taken advantage of to make an attack unexpectedly. Water courses and ponds are no obstruction to a gas cloud.

The gas used by the enemy is generally a mixture of chlorine and phosgene, both of which are strongly asphyxiating. The gases are heavier than air, and therefore, tend to flow along the ground and into trenches, shelters, craters and hollows. The gas cloud may flow round slight eminences, thus leaving patches of country which remain free from gas.

Chlorine and phosgene strongly attack the mucous membranes of the respiratory organs, causing bad coughing. In strong concentrations of gas, or by longer exposure to low concentrations, the lungs are injured and breathing becomes more and more difficult and eventually impossible, so that the unprotected man dies of suffocation. Death is sometimes caused by two or three breaths of the gas. Even when very dilute, chlorine can be recognized by its peculiar smell, which is like chloride of lime, but stronger and more irritating.

Both chlorine and phosgene also exert a strongly corrosive action on metals, so that the metal parts of arms must be carefully protected by greasing them.

The speed with which the gas cloud approaches depends entirely on the wind velocity. Gas attacks have been made with wind velocities varying from 3 to 20 miles per hour, i.e., from 1-½ to 10 yards per second. In a 9-mile wind, the gas would reach trenches 100 yards distant in 20 seconds.

Gas attacks have been made on fronts varying from 1 to 5 miles; their effects at points up to 8 miles behind the front trenches have been sufficiently severe to make it necessary to wear helmets.

(2) Gas Projectiles:

The use of these is not entirely dependent on the direction of the wind. In gas projectiles such as shells, hand grenades, and trench mortar bombs, a part or the whole of the explosive charge is replaced by a liquid which is converted into gas by the explosion. The explosive force and noise of detonation of these projectiles is less than that of the ordinary kind, and a large number of them are usually discharged into a comparatively small space. After the explosion, the irritant chemicals form a small gas cloud, though some may sink to the ground and remain active for a considerable time.

For using gas shells, the best condition is calm, or a wind of low velocity.

Gas projectiles can be used in all types of country. Woods, bushes, corn fields and clumps of buildings may hold the gas active for a considerable time.

Two kinds of shell gases are used by the enemy, viz., lachrymators, which mainly affect the eyes, and poison gases, which may affect the eyes and are just as deadly as the gases used in the form of clouds.

(1) Tear, Or Lachrymatory Shells:

These shells on explosion drive the liquid chemical which they contain into the air as a mist. They cause the eyes to water strongly and thereby gradually put men out of action.

Their actual smell may be slight. Large concentrations of lachrymators begin to affect the lungs and cause sickness, coughing and general irritation.

(2) Poison Shells:

Besides the comparatively harmless lachrymators the enemy also uses projectiles which contain a gas, the action of which is very similar to that of phosgene. Because of their slight detonation, these shells are liable to be mistaken for blinds, but they emit large quantities of a gas which attacks the lungs strongly and is very dangerous, and even in slight cases may cause serious after effects.

(3) Smoke:

The enemy may make use of smoke, either in the form of a cloud or emitted from shells and bombs. Smoke may be used with gas or between gas clouds; it may also be used alone to distract attention from a real discharge of gas, to cover the advance of infantry, or merely as a false gas attack.

(4) Mine And Explosion Gases:

The poisonous gases which occur in mines, and which are formed in large quantities when high explosive goes off in an enclosed space, e.g., from a direct hit in a shelter, or on the explosion of a charge in a mine, are not protected against by the ordinary anti-gas appliances. The chief of these gases is carbon monoxide. Protection against such gases will not be considered in these notes.

Officers are held responsible that all the anti-gas appliances for protecting their men are maintained in perfect condition, and that all ranks under their command are thoroughly trained in the use of these appliances and in all other measures which may affect their safety against gas.

Summary of Protective Measures:

Provision to each man of individual protective devices.
Arrangement for the inspection of those appliances and training in their use and instruction in all other measures of gas defense.
Provision of protected and gas-proof shelters.
Weather observations to determine periods when the conditions are favorable to a hostile gas attack.
Arrangement of signals and messages; for immediate warning of a gas attack.
Provision of appliances for clearing gas from trenches and shelters.

C. Protection of Shelters:

(1) Methods Of Protection:

Protection of dugouts, cellars, buildings, etc., is given if all entrances are closed by well-fitting doors or by blankets sprayed with hypo. solution. Practically no gas passes through a wet blanket, and the protection depends on getting a good joint at the sides and bottom of a doorway, so as to stop all draughts. This can be effected by letting the blanket rest on battens, fixed with a slight slope, against the door frame. The blanket should overlap the outer sides and a fold should lie on the ground at the bottom. A pole is fastened to the blanket, which allows the latter to be rolled up on the frame and causes it to fall evenly.

Wherever possible, particularly where there is likely to be movement in and out of the shelter, two blankets fitted in this way but sloping in opposite directions should be provided. There should be an interval of at least three feet between the two frames, and the larger this vestibule is made the more efficient is the dugout.

When not in use, the blankets should be rolled up and held so that they can be readily released, and should be sprayed occasionally with water or a little Vermorel sprayer solution.

If the blankets became stiff from a deposit of chemicals, they should be sprayed with water.

All ranks must be taught how to use gas-proof dugouts, e.g., how to enter a protected doorway quickly, replacing the blanket immediately, and carrying in as little outside air as possible.

The protection afforded by these means is just as complete against lachrymatory gases as it is against cloud gas and poisonous shell gases.

(2) Shelters Which Should Be Protected:

The following should always be protected:

Medical aid posts and advanced dressing stations; Company, Battalion and Brigade Headquarters; signal shelters and any other place where work has to be carried out during a gas attack.

In addition to the above, it is desirable to protect all dugouts, cellars and buildings within the shell area, particularly those of artillery personnel. It should be noted, however, that the protection of dugouts for troops in the front line of trenches is usually inadvisable on account of the delay involved in getting men out in time of attack. It is desirable to protect stretcher bearers' dugouts with a view to putting casualties in them.

D. Protection of Weapons and Equipment:

Arms and ammunition and the metal parts of special equipment (e.g., telephone instruments) must be carefully protected against gas by greasing them or keeping them completely covered. Otherwise, particularly in damp weather, they may rust or corrode so badly as to refuse to act. A mineral oil must be used for this purpose. The following in particular should be protected:

(1) Small Arms And S.A.A.

Machine guns and rifles must be kept carefully cleaned and well oiled. The effects of corrosion of ammunition are of even more importance than the direct effects of gas upon machine guns and rifles.

Ammunition boxes must be kept closed. Vickers belts should be kept in their boxes until actually required for use. The wooden belt boxes are fairly gas-tight, but the metal belt boxes should be made gas-tight by inserting strips of flannelette in the joint between the lid and the box.

Lewis magazines should be kept in some form of box, the joints of which are made as gas-tight as possible with flannelette.

A recess should be made, high up in the parapet if possible, for storing ammunition and guns. A blanket curtain, moistened with water or sprayer solution, will greatly assist in keeping the gas out.

(2) Hand And Rifle Grenades:

Unboxed grenades should be kept covered as far as possible. All safety pins and working parts, especially those made of brass, should be kept oiled to prevent their setting from corrosion by the gas.

(3) Light Trench Mortars And Their Ammunition:

As far as the supply of oil permits, the bore and all bright parts of light trench mortars and their spare parts should be kept permanently oiled. When not in use, mortars should be covered with sacking or similar material.

Unboxed ammunition should be kept covered as far as possible and the bright parts oiled immediately after arrival. Ammunition which has been in store for some time should be used up first.

Sentries must be prepared to give the alarm on the first appearance of gas, as a few seconds delay may involve very serious consequences. Signals must be passed along by all sentries as soon as heard.

The earliest warning of a gas attack is given:

By the noise of the gas escaping from the cylinders.
By the appearance of a cloud of any color over the enemy's trenches. If the attack takes place at night, the cloud will not be visible from a distance.
By the smell of the gas in listening posts.

Action To Be Taken In The Trenches On Gas Alarm:
1. Respirators to be put on immediately by all ranks (a helmet, if no box respirator is available).
2. Rouse all men in trenches, dug-outs and mine shafts, warn officers and artillery observation posts and all employed men.
3. Artillery support to be called for by company commanders by means of prearranged signals.
4. Warn battalion headquarters and troops in rear.
5. All ranks stand to arms in the front trenches and elsewhere where the tactical situation demands.
6. Blanket curtains at entrances to protected shelters to be let down and carefully fixed.
7. Movement to cease except where necessary.
1. All men in cellars or houses to be roused.
2. The blanket curtains of protected collars, etc., to be let down and fixed in position.
3. Box respirators to be put on immediately, the gas is apparent.
Action To Be Taken In Billets And Back Areas:

H. Action During a Gas Attack:

(1) Protective Measures:

There should be as little moving about and talking as possible in the trenches. Men must be made to realize that with the gas now used by the enemy, observance of this may be essential for their safety.

When an attack is in progress, all bodies of troops or transport on the move should halt and all working parties cease work until the gas cloud has passed.

If a relief is going on, units should stand fast as far as possible until the gas cloud has passed.

Supports and parties bringing up bombs should only be moved up if the tactical situation demands it.

If troops in support or reserve lines of trenches remain in, or go into, dug-outs, they must continue to wear their anti-gas appliances.

Officers and N.C.O's must on no account remove or open up the masks of the box respirators or raise their helmets to give orders. The breathing tube may be removed from the mouth when it is necessary to speak, but it must be replaced.

Men must always be on the look-out to help each other in case an anti-gas device is damaged by fire or accident. When a man is wounded, he must be watched to see that he does not remove his respirator or helmet until he is safely inside a protected shelter; if necessary, his hands should be tied.

Men must be warned that if they are slightly gassed before adjusting their respirators or helmets they must not remove them. The effect will wear off.

(2) Tactical Measures:

From the point of view of protection against gas, nothing is gained by men remaining in unprotected dug-outs or by moving to a flank or to the rear. It is, therefore, desirable that on tactical and disciplinary grounds all men in the front line of trenches should be forbidden to do these things. In support or reserve lines where there are protected dug-outs, it is advisable for men to stay in them unless the tactical situation makes it desirable for them to come out.

Nothing is gained by opening rapid rifle fire unless the enemy's infantry attacks. A slow rate of fire from rifles and occasional short bursts of fire from machine guns will lessen the chance of their jamming from the action of the gas and tends to occupy and steady the infantry.

It should be remembered that the enemy's infantry cannot attack while the gas discharge is in progress and is unlikely to do so for an appreciable time—at least 10 minutes—after it has ceased. It is, in fact, a common practice for the enemy infantry to retire to the second and third line of trench whilst gas is being discharged. There is, therefore, no object in opening an intense S.O.S. barrage of artillery on "No man's land" during the actual gas cloud and it is advisable that the warning to the artillery of a gas attack should be a signal differing from the ordinary S.O.S. signal, as the latter may have to be sent later if an infantry attack develops.

It must be remembered that smoke may be used by the enemy at the same time as, or alternately with, the gas and that under cover of a smoke cloud he may send out assaulting or raiding parties. A careful look-out must, therefore, be kept; hostile patrols or raiders may be frustrated by cross-fire of rifles and machine guns and should an assault develop the ordinary S.O.S. procedure should be carried out.

I. Precautions Against Gas Shells:

Owing to the small explosion which occurs with these shells, they are liable to be mistaken for blinds, and even when the gas is smelt men may not realize its possibly dangerous character at once and so may delay putting on respirators or helmets until too late. Men sleeping in dug-outs may be seriously affected unless they are roused. Men in the open air are unlikely to be seriously affected by poison gas shells, provided they put on respirators or helmets on first experiencing the gas. The following points should therefore be attended to:

(i.) All shells which explode with a small detonation or appear to be blind should be regarded with particular attention; the respirator or helmet should be put on at the first indication of gas and blanket protection of shelters adjusted.

(ii.) Arrangements must be made for giving a Local alarm in the event of a sudden and intense bombardment with poison gas shells, but care must be taken that this alarm is not confused with the main alarm. Strombos horns must on no account be used to give warning of a gas shell bombardment.

(iii.) All shelters in the vicinity of an area bombarded with poison gas shells must be visited and any sleeping men roused.

(iv.) Box respirators or helmets should continue to be worn throughout the area bombarded with poison gas shells until the order is given by the local unit Commander for their removal.

Lachrymatory or "tear" shells are frequently used by the enemy for the purpose of hindering the movements of troops, for preventing the bringing up of supports, or for interfering with the action of artillery. Owing to the deadly nature of poison gas shells, however, the precautions given in paragraph 60 above, must be taken for all gas shells. The goggles are intended for use after lachrymatory bombardments only, in cases where the irritant gas persists in the neighborhood.

K. Action Subsequent to a Gas Attack:

1. General:

The most important measure to be taken after a cloud gas attack is to prepare for a further attack. The enemy frequently sends several successive waves of gas at intervals varying from a few minutes up to several hours and it is therefore necessary to be on the alert to combat this procedure. The following measures should be adopted as soon as the gas cloud has passed:

Removal of respirators.—Anti-gas fans should be used to assist in clearing the trenches of gas, so as to admit of respirators being removed. Respirators and helmets must not be removed until permission has been given by the Company Commander.

A sharp look out must be kept for a repetition of the gas attack, as long as the wind continues in a dangerous quarter.

2. Movement:

Owing to the enemy gas sometimes causing bad after effects, which are intensified by subsequent exertion, the following points should be attended to:

No man suffering from the effects of gas, however slightly, should be allowed to walk to the dressing station.
The clearing of the trenches and dugouts should not be carried out by men who have been affected by the gas.
After a gas attack, troops in the front trenches should be relieved of all fatigue and carrying work for 24 hours by sending up working parties from companies in rear.
Horses which have been exposed to the gas should not be worked for 24 hours if it can be avoided.

3. Clearing Dugouts And Other Shelters:

It is essential that no dugout be entered after a gas attack event with box respirators or helmets adjusted, until it has been ascertained that it is free from gas. The only efficient method of clearing dugouts from gas is by thorough ventilation. The older method of spraying is not efficient.

An appreciable quantity of gas may be retained in the clothing of men exposed to gas attacks and also in bedding, coats, etc., left in shelters. Precaution should, therefore, be taken to air all clothing.

4. Ventilation:

Natural Ventilation.—Unless a shelter has been thoroughly ventilated by artificial means, as described below, it must not be slept in or occupied without wearing respirators, until at least 12 hours after a gas attack. It must not be entered at all without respirators on for at least 3 hours. The above refers to cloud gas attacks. In the case of gas shell bombardments the times cannot be definitely stated, as they depend on the nature of the gas used and the severity of the bombardment. With lachrymatory gases the times after which shelters can be used without discomfort may be considerably longer than those mentioned above.

Ventilation by Fire.—All kinds of shelters can be efficiently and rapidly cleared of gas by the use of fires. Shelters with two openings are the easiest to ventilate and where possible, dugouts with only one entrance should have a second opening made, even a very small one, to assist in ventilation.

In dugouts provided with a single exit at the end of a short passage, the best results are obtained if the fire is placed in the center of the floor of the dugout and at a height of about 9 inches.

In dugouts provided with a single exit at the end of a long and nearly horizontal passage, the best results are obtained if the fire is placed about one-third of the distance from the inner end of the passage.

In dugouts provided with two or more exits, the fire should be placed at the inner end of one of the exit passages.

In general, 1 pound of dry wood per 200 cubic feet of air space is sufficient for clearance of any gas. The best fuel is split wood, but any fuel which does not smoulder or give off thick smoke can be used. The materials for the fire, e.g., the split wood, newspaper, and a small bottle of paraffine for lighting purposes, should be kept in a sand bag, enclosed in a biscuit tin provided with a lid. An improvised brazier should be kept ready for use.

The fire must be kept burning for at least ten minutes and the atmosphere in the shelter should be tested from time to time.

Ventilation by Fanning.—Dugouts can be ventilated by producing air currents in them by means of special anti-gas fans.

If no anti-gas fans are available, ventilation can be assisted by flapping with improvised fans such as sand bags, ground sheets, etc.

5. Cleaning Of Arms And Ammunition:

Rifles and machine guns must be cleaned after a gas attack and then re-oiled. Oil cleaning will prevent corrosion for 12 hours or more, but the first available opportunity must be taken to dismantle machine guns and clean all parts in boiling water containing a little soda. If this is not done, corrosion continues slowly even after oil cleaning and may ultimately put the gun out of action.

After a gas attack, S.A.A. should be carefully examined. All rounds affected by gas must be replaced by new cartridges immediately and the old ones cleaned and expended as soon as possible.

All hand and rifle grenades exposed to the gas should have their safety-pins and working parts cleaned and re-oiled.

All bright parts of light trench mortars, together with all accessories and spare parts exposed to the gas, must be cleaned and wiped dry as soon as possible after the attack and in any case within 24 hours, after which they should be thoroughly coated afresh with oil. The same applies to ammunition which may have been exposed to the gas.

Ammunition which, for any reason, had not been oiled, must be cleaned and oiled and expended as soon as possible.

For details regarding the cleaning of guns and artillery ammunition and signal equipment, see paragraphs 116 and 123.

6. Treatment Of Shell Holes:

In the neighborhood of shelters or battery positions where gas from shell holes is causing annoyance, the holes and the ground round them should be covered with at least a foot of fresh earth. Shell holes so treated should not be disturbed, as the chemical is not thereby destroyed and only disappears slowly.

Concealment From Aerial Observers.

An aeroplane cannot conduct reconnaissance at a height of less than 5,000 feet without being within easy range of anti-aircraft artillery; nor of less than 2,000 feet without coming into range of machine-gun and rifle fire.
To be observed from such heights, objects on the ground must be distinguished by:
1. Motion.
2. Color contrast.
3. Line contrast, or
4. Shadows.

B. Concealment:

1. On warning of hostile aircraft, troops on the march should withdraw to the side of the road (if possible, into shade), or lie down flat in the road and remain motionless.
2. If it is necessary to continue the march, this should be done in broken detachments, which are far less distinct than continuous column.
3. Troops in a trench should crouch down in the shadowy side and remain motionless.
4. Faces should never be turned up, as the high lights on cheek-bones and foreheads then show up distinctly.
5. Bright metal on arms, equipment and headgear must be kept covered.
Artillery wagon-trains, etc., should if possible be halted promptly on warning. When halted, their neutral coloring protects them.
Trenches are best concealed:
1. By avoiding, in construction, a too regular outline, and following as far as possible the contours of the ground.
2. By coloring the parapet and parados to match the ground. This may be done most quickly by painted canvas; if the latter is not available, by planting or strewing the loose earth with surrounding herbage. In this work care must be taken not to make the covering itself too conspicuous by brightness or monotony of coloring.
3. By covering the trench itself, where convenient, with a thin material, colored like the parapet and parados.
4. By avoiding all overt movement of troops in the trenches under observation.
Buildings, e.g., ammunition dumps, hangars, etc., can be completely concealed by being painted the color of the ground they stand on and fitted with canvas curtains, similarly painted and stretched from the eaves to the ground at a horizontal angle of 35 degrees. These curtains completely eliminate shadows.
Success in each work of concealment by camouflage is best assured by the assistance of an aeroplane observer to test and correct it.

Orders Governing Intrenchment Problems at Second Plattsburg Training Camp.

Headquarters Plattsburg Training Camp,
Plattsburg Barracks, New York.
September 22, 1917.

Divisional Entrenching Problem.

General Situation:

The Salmon river forms the boundary line between two states, the "Blue" on the north and the "Red" on the south. War has been declared and the Red Army is mobilizing near Keeseville. Mobilization by the first Blue Army at Plattsburg has been completed.

Special Situation, Blue:

Our advanced troops are holding the line of the Salmon river against strong detachments of the Red Army. The commanding general of the Blue Army has decided to establish a second position on the line, Bluff Point to the bend (248) in the Saranac river.

The following order is issued by the Division Commander:

Headquarters, 101st Div.,
Plattsburg, N.Y.
23 Sept., '17, 9:00 a.m.

Field Orders,
No. 1.

1. Our advanced troops are holding the line of the Salmon river.

2. This division and 1 Brigade 102 Division will entrench along the line: Bluff Point—Chateaugay Branch Railroad—Saranac River (248).

3. (a) The Chief of Artillery will prepare the positions, and lines of communication for his Brigade, determine his sectors, and submit his plan of action.

(b) The 1st Brig. and 2 Bns. 267th Inf. will entrench the sector, Saranac River (248) to Sand Road, exclusive. The 2nd Brig. will entrench the sector Sand Road to Bluff Point, both inclusive. The supports will entrench on the line, Saranac River (182)—Cliff Haven.

(c) The Reserve—1 Brig. 102 Div. less 2 Bns., will construct crossings on the Saranac River—under direction of the Chief of Engineers, and prepare them for defense.

(d) The Chief of Engineers will supply tools for entrenching and lay out the lines of entrenchments. He will repair the following trunk roads: Peru Road, Sand Road, Lake-Shore Road; and construct a transverse trunk line road from Pulp Mill to O'Connell's Farm, and the necessary tram lines. The Engineer Depot for stores and material will be established at Plattsburg Barracks.

(e) The Chief Signal Officer will establish necessary lines of communication, utilizing equipment at Plattsburg Barracks, Central Station. Aero Squadron at Chazy.

4. (a) The Chief Medical Officer will establish his dressing stations in the Butts of the rifle range and in ravine on O'Connell's Farm. A field hospital will be established at the Lozier Works.

(b) Ammunition train and supply train will be parked in the Fair Ground. Ammunition distributing stations at railroad spurs, Plattsburg Barracks, and O'Connell's Farm. The Division Ordnance Officer will locate the Ammunition Dumps along transverse trunk line road.

(c) Field trains, until further orders, at north end of Plattsburg Barracks Reservation. Distributing point, Plattsburg Railroad Station—Regimental Supply Stations: Saranac River 182; intersection Peru Road and Rifle Range Road, Sand Hole in Rifle Range, Sand Road on O'Connell's Farm, Ravine on O'Connell's Farm.

(d) The commander of trains will establish traffic regulations for all roads.

5. Messages to Statistical Office.

Wolf,
Major General.

Official copy:
J.A. Baer,
Genl. Staff,
Chief of Staff.

Copies to:
Brig. and Regt. Commanders.
C. of E.
Div. Q.M.
C.S.O.
C.M.O.
Div. O.O.
C. of Tr.

Headquarters, 1st Brigade, 101st Division,
Plattsburg Barracks, N.Y.
23rd Sept., 1917, 6 p.m.

Field Orders,
No. 1.

1. Strong detachments of the Red Army, now mobilizing at Keeseville, are south of the Salmon River. Our advance troops are holding the line of the Salmon River.

2. Our division and one brigade, 102nd Division, will entrench and occupy the line Bluff Point-Chateaugay Branch (D. & H.R.R.), Saranac River (248). This brigade, reinforced by two Battalions, 267th Infantry, will entrench and occupy the sector, Saranac River (248), Sand Road, exclusive.

3. (a) The 1st and 2nd Battalions, 267th infantry will entrench and occupy the sector from the Saranac River to a point 600 yards east.

(b) The 266th Infantry, the sector from a point 600 yards east of the Saranac River, connecting with the trenches of the 267th Infantry, to a point 100 yards east of Peru Road.

(c) The 265th Infantry, the sector from a point 100 yards east of the Peru Road, and connecting with the trenches of the 266th Infantry, to the Sand Road exclusive.

(d) The Brigade Machine Gun Battalion will organize and maintain strong points along line regimental reserves. The C.O. of this organization will, at once, consult with the regimental commanders relative to preparation of machine gun emplacements and probable need for re-enforcements within their respective sectors.

(e) The Brigade Signalmen will establish telephonic communications between Brigade and Regimental Headquarters.

4. (a) The regimental commanders and senior officers of the two battalions, 267th Infantry, will at once report to the Chief Engineer of the Division for plan of entrenchments in their respective sectors.

(b) Tools and materials for entrenching will be supplied at the trench sites.

5. Messages to Brigade Headquarters near Peru Road, east Savoy Hotel.

Goodrich,
Brigadier General, Commanding.

Official copy:
Wm. Kirby,
Major of Cavalry, U.S.R.,
Adjutant.

Copies to:
C.O., 265th Infantry.
C.O., 266th Infantry.
C.O., 1st and 2nd Battalions, 267th Infantry.
C.O., Brigade M.G. Co.
Headquarters, 101st Division.

Headquarters, 1st Battalion, 265th Infantry
Plattsburg Barracks, N.Y.
Oct. 16, 1917.

Field Orders,
No. 1.

Blue print of trenches; scale 24 inches equals 1 mile.

1. The enemy strongly occupies a line of trenches immediately South of the Chateaugay Branch Railroad, the center of their line being about opposite the center sector of our first line of trench, Sand Road-Target Range Fence, their line of trenches being within 50 yards of the railroad at that point, and then retiring slightly from the railroad to the East and West.

The 264th Infantry occupies the section of trenches directly to the East of us and the 266th Infantry occupies the section of trenches directly to the West of us.

2. This battalion will take up a defensive position in the nearly completed line of trenches, Sand Road-Target Range Fence, and as rapidly as possible complete the trench system in the following order of work:

Deepen all trenches to at least three feet.
Construct latrines.
Provide cover.
Revet work previously done.

3. a. Front lines, i.e., fire, communicating and support trenches: Company "B" will occupy the East sector, i.e., Sand Road to Belgium Boyau, inclusive, including Slum Boyau and the salient at South end Reserve Trench immediately in rear of East end of Support trench.

Company "C" will occupy the Central sector, i.e., from East sector (Belgium Boyau, exclusive), to Cardona Boyau, inclusive, including Poire Boyau.

Company "A" will occupy the West sector, i.e., from Central sector (Cardona Boyau, exclusive), to and including salient near Southwest corner of Target Range Fence.

b. Reserve Line: Company "D" will occupy the line from the Target Range Fence on the West to a point 165 yards East of the Verdun Salient, one-half of the Company occupying the sector, Target Range Fence, to a point 75 yards East of the Rams Horn Boyau, including Rams Horn Boyau, and the other half of the Company occupying the sector from a point 75 yards East of the Rams Horn Boyau to a point 165 yards East of the Verdun Salient.

c. Machine Guns: Headquarters, 1st Platoon and 1st Platoon Machine Gun Company, will report to the Commanding Officer, Company "A," for assignment to the shell craters (converted) and dugouts (constructed for machine guns), four in all, in the West sector.

Headquarters, 2nd Platoon and Third Section (2nd Platoon) Machine Gun Company, will report to the Commanding Officer, Company "C," for assignment to the shell crater (converted), and dugout (constructed for machine gun), two in all, in the Central sector. Fourth section (2nd Platoon), Machine Gun Company, will report to the Commanding Officer, Company "B," for assignment to the shell crater (converted), two in all, in the East sector.

d. Trench Mortars: Two trench mortars have been assigned to the Central sector and the Commanding officer, Company "C," is charged with the construction of emplacements therefor and the manning of them.

4. a. Dressing stations have been established in the Butts of the rifle range and in ravine on O'Connell's Farm.

b. Ammunition distributing points are located at Plattsburg Barracks and O'Connell's Farm.

c. Regimental supply stations are located at Saranac River (182), intersection Peru Road and Rifle Range Road, Sand Hole in Rifle Range, Sand Road on O'Connell's Farm, and Ravine on O'Connell's Farm.

5. Battalion Headquarters are located in dugout in Support trench (West Tremont), midway between Rams Horn and Poire Boyaux, to which place messages will be sent.

Boschen,
Captain, 56th Infantry, Commanding.

Copies to:
C.O., 265th Infantry.
C.O., Companies A, B, C and D.
C.O., M.G. Company.
C.O., Headquarters Company.
R.S.O.

Hdqtrs. 1st Batt., 265th Infty.,
Plattsburg Bcks., N.Y., Oct. 17, 1917.

Field Orders,
No. 2

Dispositions:
1. The assignment of companies to sectors is as announced in Field Orders No. 1, these headquarters.
2. Company commanders are charged with the details of occupation of the trenches and the proper disposition of the "specialists" (bombers, grenadiers, auto-riflemen, etc.), directing particular attention to the active and passive areas of their sectors.
Fields Of Fire: Company commanders must arrange for and obtain the best fields of fire in their own sectors, and provide for protection of visible areas in adjoining sectors by lateral fire.
Improvements Or Changes In Trenches: Company commanders before making any changes or improvements in trenches will render to battalion headquarters brief recommendations of changes desired. These recommendations will be submitted at 11.00 a.m. and 3.00 p.m., after which hours the battalion commander will inspect and if deemed necessary will be ordered.
Organization For Watching And Observation:
1. Each company commander will organize a system for watching the enemy by day and will establish look-out posts for this purpose; this system will be augmented at night by patrols if necessary.
2. The watching of the enemy must be continuous and long occupation of the sector will not warrant any laxity.
Organization For Supply:
1. Company commanders will make the necessary details for obtaining supplies; these details to be in charge of Mess or Supply Sergeants and will not exceed three squads for each lettered company.
2. Food: Machine guns details and members of the Medical Corps assigned to each sector are attached to the lettered companies for rations.
3. Cooked food will be at the Food Station at 6.00 a.m., 11.50 a.m. and 5.00 p.m. daily, and will be distributed at that point.
4. Company commanders will detail the Mess Sergeant, with an appropriate detail (about 2 squads) to proceed to Food Station, which is located at the wire entanglement on the west side of the Target Range about 400 yards north of Brigade Headquarters.
5. The details mentioned above will proceed via trenches, leaving same at junction of Tipperary trench and Rams Horn boyau in the following order:
  1. Co. D: Detail will clear junction Rams Horn boyau and Tipperary trench at 5.40 a.m., 11.10 a.m. and 4.40 p.m.
  2. Co. A: Detail will clear junction Tremont trench, and Rams Horn boyau at 5.30 a.m., 11.00 a.m. and 4.30 p.m., proceeding via Rams Horn boyau.
  3. Co. B: Detail will clear junction Tremont trench, and Poire boyau at 5.35 a.m., 11.05 a.m. and 4.55 p.m., proceeding via Poire boyau and Tipperary trench.
  4. Co. C: Detail will clear junction Tremont trench and Slum boyau at 5.40 a.m., 11.10 a.m. and 4.40 p.m., proceeding via Slum boyau and Tipperary trench.
6. These details will return to their respective sectors via the indicated routes, moving in reverse order at five-minute intervals, and company commanders will make necessary arrangements for distribution of food within their respective sectors.
7. Company commanders will cause the necessary police after each meal to insure sanitary condition of trenches.
8. Food containers will be held in company until the next meal hour when they will be returned to the Food Station.
9. Water: Water wagon will be at the Food Station from 10.00 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. daily.
10. Containers for water will be furnished by Regimental Supply Officer at the Food Station.
11. All men will carry full canteens of water when entering the trenches.
12. Company commanders will detail the Mess Sergeant, with an appropriate detail (about 2 squads), to proceed to the Food Station to procure water in containers; these details will proceed via the routes indicated in paragraph 5, section "e": Co. D, 2.00 p.m.; Co. A, 2.05 p.m.; Co. B, 2.10 p.m.; Co. C, 2.15 p.m.
13. These details will return to their respective sectors in reverse order at five-minute intervals.
14. Miscellaneous: Details for obtaining tools, ammunition, trench supplies, etc., will be arranged for as required.
15. Requisitions for miscellaneous supplies required will be submitted by company commanders to the Regimental Supply Officer not later than 3.00 p.m., October 17, 1917.
Organization For Liaison:
1. The Signal Officer will establish necessary telephonic communications.
2. Each organization will detail one runner to report to the battalion commander at regimental headquarters at 8.00 a.m.
3. Four runners will be detailed for duty with each company headquarters and one runner will be detailed for duty with each platoon headquarters. These runners should be lightly equipped and wear a distinctive mark.
4. At least two men per section must be able to act as guides to all company headquarters of the battalion.
5. Verbal messages will not be sent by runners; all messages must be written.
6. Company commanders, or their representatives, will report daily at battalion headquarters at 5.00 p.m.
7. There must be accurate communication between platoons in company, and companies in battalion, in order to insure co-ordinated action.
Defense:
1. Immediately after the occupation of the trenches, company commanders will make a careful estimate of all tactical situations presented in their sectors and will plan for a stubborn defense. Care must be exercised in providing for defense in depth and lateral defense. The front line trenches of each sector will be held until actually entered by the enemy, and no sector will be abandoned until the occupants are actually forced out.
2. The main line of resistance will be the support trenches (Tremont) and special attention must be given to the preparation for defense. If the front line trenches of any sector be captured by the enemy there will be no withdrawal from any other sector of the front line trenches for the purpose of establishing a continuous line in the support trench.
3. The company commander of the reserve will organize parties for counterattacks and these parties will be held in readiness at convenient points to insure prompt movement to the front.
4. Continuous occupation of the trenches without fire action must not cause a feeling of security and result in being surprised by the enemy.
Stand To: "Stand to" will take place at 5.00 a.m. and 5.00 p.m., daily. At this formation every available man will be present. Rifles, ammunition, equipment, clothing, etc., will be inspected. Rapid loading will be practiced. The firing position of every man will be tested to see whether he can hit the bottom edge of our wire. Gas helmets and respirators will be inspected if worn. After "stand to" in the morning and before "stand to" in the evening rifles will be thoroughly cleaned and oiled.
Trench Orders:
1. Current "Trench Standing Orders" recently published from Brigade Headquarters are in force.
2. During the occupation of the trenches it will be assumed that, the trenches are under the observation and fire of the enemy and all movement in the trenches will be conducted accordingly. All movements of troops, either individuals or groups, will be via the trenches at all times.
3. No one will be allowed to go overland between trenches or to enter the trenches by the flank. All persons will enter the trenches from the reserve trenches and no visitors will be allowed in the trenches except on passes issued from the Regimental Headquarters.
4. Commanding officers, Companies A and B, are responsible for the posting of the necessary sentinels along the flanks of the position (during the day), with instructions covering the provisions contained in paragraph 9, sections "b" and "c."
Reports:
1. Company commanders will submit by 1.00 p.m., October 18, 1917, a report showing the dispositions and plan of defense of their respective sectors.
2. Frequent reports of information obtained and any change of conditions at the front will be made to battalion headquarters when necessary.

Boschen,
Captain, 56th Infantry, Commanding.

Copies to:
C.O. 265th Infty.
C.O. Cos, A, B, C and D.
C.O. M.G. Co.
C.O., Hdq. Co.
R.S.O.

Company Organization (in Detail):

Company Headquarters:

1 Captain, commanding company,
1 First Lieutenant (senior), second in command,
1 First Sergeant, armed with pistol,
1 Mess Sergeant, armed with rifle,
1 Supply Sergeant, armed with rifle,
1 Corporal, company clerk, armed with rifle,
4 Mechanics, armed with rifle,
5 Wagoners (from Supply Company),
4 Cooks, armed with rifle,
2 Buglers, armed with pistol,
4 Privates, first class, company agent and signalmen.

Equipment: 15 rifles, 5 pistols, 8 automatic rifles (for replacement), 40 trench knives (to be distributed as needed), 2 bicycles. Following from Supply Company: 1 rolling kitchen, 4-mule; 1 combat wagon, 4-mule; 1 ration and baggage wagon, 4-mule; 1 ration cart, 2-mule; 1 water cart, 2-mule; 16 mules, draft.

4 Platoons, each organized as follows (numbered 1 to 4 in company):

Headquarters:

1 First Lieutenant; 1st and 4th Platoons commanded by First Lieutenants; 2nd and 3rd Platoons commanded by Second Lieutenants, armed with pistol.

1 Sergeant, assistant to platoon commander, armed with pistol and rifle.

Equipment: 1 rifle, 2 pistols.

1st Section: Bombers and rifle grenadiers:

1 Sergeant, armed with pistol and rifle,

3 Corporals, armed with pistol and rifle, 1 trained as rifle grenadier; remainder trained as bombers,

6 Privates, first class, 2 armed with pistol and rifle, and remainder with rifle only; 1 trained as rifle grenadier, and remainder as bombers.

12 Privates, armed with rifles; 4 trained as rifle grenadiers, remainder trained as bombers.

Equipment: 22 rifles, 6 pistols.

2nd Section: Riflemen:

2 Corporals, armed with pistols and rifles,
3 Privates, first class, armed with rifle,
7 Privates, armed with rifle,
Equipment: 12 rifles, 2 pistols.

3rd Section: Riflemen:

2 Corporals, armed with pistol and rifle,
3 Privates, first class, armed with rifle,
7 Privates, armed with rifle.
Equipment: 12 rifles, 2 pistols.

4th Section: Auto-riflemen:

1 Sergeant, armed with pistol and rifle,
1 Corporal, armed with pistol and rifle,
3 Privates, first class; 1 armed with rifle, 2 armed with pistols; auto-rifle gunners, including 1 extra,
6 Privates, armed with rifle.
Equipment: 9 rifles, 4 pistols, 2 auto-rifles.

Note.—Sections numbered from 1 to 16 in company.

Personnel:

Commissioned:

Captain	1
First Lieutenants	3
Second Lieutenants	2
Total	6

Enlisted:

First Sergeant	1
Mess Sergeant	1
Supply Sergeant	1
Sergeants	12
Corporals	33
Mechanics	4
Wagoners (from Supply Company)	(5)
Cooks	4
Buglers	2
Privates, first class	64
Privates	128
Total	250

Equipment:

Rifles		239
Pistols		69
Auto rifles		16
Trench knives		40
Bicycles		2
From Supply Company:
	Rolling kitchen, 4-mule	1
	Combat wagon, 4-mule	1
	Ration and baggage wagon, 4-mule	1
	Ration cart, 2-mule	1
	Water cart, 2-mule	1
	Mules, draft	16

Trench Standing Orders.

1. Duties.—A. One officer per company and one non-commissioned officer per platoon will always be on duty. During their tour of duty they will not be in their dugouts. They will frequently visit all trenches occupied by their units. Every listening post will be visited at least once by an officer during his tour of duty.

B. The officer and non-commissioned officer on duty will, when his tour of duty is completed, turn over to the officer or non-commissioned officer relieving him all orders, a report of the work in progress, if any, and any other information of use.

C. At night the officer and non-commissioned officer on duty will frequently patrol the trench line, to see that the sentries are alert and to receive any reports they may desire to make.

D. The-non-commissioned officer coming on duty will go round and post new sentinels with the non-commissioned officer coming off duty.

E. The length of the tour of duty will depend upon the number of officers and non-commissioned officers on duty. Normally each tour should be, by night, two hours; by day, four hours. This may be modified, however, so that all officers and non-commissioned officers will have an equal amount of this duty while in the trenches.

F. Non-commissioned officers, after posting sentinels, will report "all is well" or otherwise to the officers on duty.

G. No man will be detailed for a duty in the trench without being given suitable warning of this duty and be informed at which hour he will come on duty.

H. The Company Commander will be responsible for sending any report required by Battalion Headquarters.

2. Sentries.—A. The number of sentry posts required will depend on the assumed propinquity or distance of the enemy, strength of obstacles, ease with which sentry posts can be re-enforced and other local conditions. Normally by day this should be one sentinel for each platoon and at night three double sentinels for each platoon. There must be sentries enough to insure alarm being given promptly in case of attack and that local resistance is sufficient until help can arrive.

B. The next relief will remain within an easy distance of the sentry on post, usually in shelters provided for this purpose.

C. Every sentry is to be regularly posted by a non-commissioned officer who will explain to him his duties and ascertain that the sentry is aware of the position of the section and platoon commanders and of the sentries on either side, and whether there are any patrols or working parties out in front.

D. Every sentinel will report when an officer passes his post, "All is well," or otherwise.

E. Every sentinel by day will be provided with a head-cover to blend with the ground (this may be improvised), and while observing the ground to the front will remain perfectly still. An empty sand bag or some other suitable material may be utilized for this purpose.

3. Patrols.—A. It is the duty of all the troops holding the front lines to establish a command of the ground in front of their parapet up to the enemy's wire. This can be done by extended and constant patrolling by night and reconnaissance by day so that the ground is thoroughly well known to as large a portion as possible of officers and men and so no enemy can move or remain in his front by night or day without detection. One of the particular duties of these patrols is to observe the condition of the wire entanglements.

B. Every patrol must have definite orders as to its mission; broadly speaking, patrols may be divided into two classes: (1) reconnoitering patrols, (2) fighting patrols.

C. The first duty of reconnoitering patrols is to obtain the information for which they are sent out. They fight only in self-defense or if any especially favorable opportunity arises to inflict loss upon the enemy without prejudice to their mission. They usually consist of two to six men, under an officer or non-commissioned officer.

D. Fighting patrols are sent out for the express purpose of causing loss or damage to the enemies by such means as engaging the enemy's patrols or working parties, or by raiding saps, listening posts or trenches. For identification purposes they should always endeavor to secure at least one prisoner. Their strength depends upon the resistance they are likely to meet with.

E. Company commanders are responsible for the orders given to patrols, subject to any instructions which may be issued by higher authority. They are also responsible that all troops, whom it concerns, including companies on both flanks, are warned when and where patrols will be out, length of time they will be out, and of the points to which they will return.

F. Information gained by patrols is of little value unless transmitted quickly to those whom it concerns. Patrol reports will be made out by the commander of the patrol immediately upon his return and sent at once to the company commander unless orders to the contrary have been given.

4. Stand To.—A. "Stand to" will take place one-half hour after a relief has been posted and one-half hour before being relieved. At this parade every available man will be present. Rifles, equipment, clothing, etc., will be inspected. Firing steps will be tested as soon as practicable after reliefs have been posted to see that each man can fire on the foot of the nearest part of the wire entanglement which he is required to cover by his fire. The same procedure will be gone through at the "stand to" one-half hour before being relieved. Other "stand tos" may be ordered in the discretion of the company commander. These should be sufficiently often to insure that every man turns out promptly and knows his place in case of attack.

5. Machine Guns.—A. The concealment of machine gun emplacements is important. Consequently, it is only at night or in case of attack that machine gun crews will occupy their defense emplacements. At night guns should take up other position than their defense emplacements and fire a stated number of rounds in order to test out the guns and mislead the enemy as to their numbers and real emplacements, after which they will at once go back to their defense emplacements.

B. The guns and their crews will be tactically under the orders of the company commander in whose sector they are located, but no alteration will be made by him in their disposition or arcs of fire; he will, however, bring before the senior machine gun instructor any suggestions for improvements in machine gun dispositions for defense.

C. Two men per gun will always be on duty with the guns.

D. Range cards will be prepared and kept with each gun.

E. Officers and non-commissioned officers in charge of guns will remain in close proximity to the guns. They will frequently inspect their guns, emplacements, etc. They are responsible for cleanliness and maintenance of the emplacements.

F. Machine gun commanders are responsible for guns always being ready for action, and that emplacements are clear of all material except such as is required for the service of the guns; that embrasures or loopholes are kept clear of all obstructions which may interfere with fire or view.

6. Reliefs.—A. Reconnaisance. Prior to taking over the line of trenches the company commander, accompanied by his senior First Lieutenant and First Sergeant, will reconnoiter the trenches.

B. Points to be noted by the company commanders. The following points will be specially noted by company commanders before taking over trenches:

Plan of occupation (number of men holding lines to be taken over, their distribution and duties).
Shelter accommodations.
Work being done and proposed.
Conditions of the wire and defenses generally.
Information as to the enemy, his habits, snipers, and the work he is doing, etc.
Water supply.
Artillery support.
Communications.
Danger points.
Location and condition of stores.
Liaison.

7. Guides.—A. Arrangements will be made between the company commanders of the incoming and outgoing companies as to the rendezvous where guides will be provided by the latter to conduct the incoming troops to the trenches.

B. One guide per platoon, one for each company and one for battalion headquarters will be provided. These guides must know the exact spot where they will meet the relief troops and the best way to conduct the units to the particular section of the trench they will occupy.

8. Smoking and Talking.—A. After leaving the rendezvous there will be no smoking and talking until arrival in trenches. Strictest march discipline will be enforced on the way to and from the trenches.

9. Procedure on Arrival at Trenches.—A. The troops being relieved will not leave the trenches until the relieving troops are in position and the new sentries have been posted, all trench stores have been handed over and receipted for, and orders to move have been received from the Company Commander.

B. Platoon commanders will at once personally see that all sentinels are properly posted, that the non-commissioned officer is on duty, that every man knows his place in case of attack, and that both flanks of his platoon are in liaison with the adjoining platoon.

C. When reliefs are completed, Platoon Commanders will report to that effect to the Company Commander.

D. Men will not be dismissed until the Company Commander has received the reports from all of his Platoon Commanders that everything is in order.

10. Log Books.—A. Each Company Commander will keep a log book in which will be entered:

Work done.
Number of men working.
Hours worked.
Any information obtained from sentries, patrols, or other sources.

They will also enter in this book a list of any trench stores that come into their possession.

11. Equipment.—A. Equipment will be worn in the front trenches. Haversacks, packs, and trench tools need not be worn, these will be left in the shelters. In support and reserve trenches, they will be worn at the discretion of the Company Commander.

B. Ration and carrying parties will wear equipment and carry rifles unless otherwise ordered.

C. Pieces will be assumed to be loaded and locked at all times.

D. In the firing trenches bayonets will be fixed at night.

E. Non-commissioned officers and men of the firing line will at all times be in possession of their rifles and bayonets. The rifles of men in the support and reserve trenches or dugouts will be where they can be quickly seized, even in the dark.

12. Stretcher Bearers.—A. Stretcher bearers will be stationed at a point designated by the Company Commander.

13. Discipline.—A. Sleeping in the firing trenches will not be permitted.

B. No man will enter the firing trench, except in discharge of his duty, unless so ordered by his Company or Platoon Commander.

C. Sentries will remain standing unless the height of the parapet renders this impossible.

D. Saluting and standing at attention, etc., will be as carefully adhered to as when in camp except that sentinel will not let this interfere with their duties.

14. Rations and Cooking.—A. Cooking will be done in the rear of the reserve at a point to be designated.

B. Company Quartermaster Sergeants will accompany ration parties, which will be limited in size to the actual needs for bringing up cooked rations from the point where cooking is done, to the trenches. At no time should this exceed ten per cent of the effective strength of the unit from which sent.

C. Care will be taken that as little noise as possible be made by these carrying parties.

15. Sanitation.—A. The importance of strict attention to sanitation will be impressed upon all ranks.

B. The commanding officer of each unit is responsible for sanitation in his sector. He will make frequent inspections of latrines, refuse pits and trenches to ascertain that no unsanitary conditions exist.

C. Latrines will be constructed in the trenches, excreta kept covered at all times and such disinfectants as may be provided will be used at regular intervals. When filled within eighteen inches of the top, pits will be filled with earth and labeled.

D. Urinal cans will be provided and men required to use these cans and contents will be emptied as often as necessary into deep pits at least one hundred yards from the trenches. Empty tin cans, particles of food and other refuse will be collected in receptacles kept in the trenches for that purpose and carried to the rear and buried in pits. This is usually done at night.

Emergency Dumps for Companies (Material).

1. Any large shell crater will do for these or holes can be dug 10' x 10' x 5' deep.

Contents Of Dump.

10	rolls barbed wire.
8	coils French accordion wire.
30	long screw stakes.
50	short screw stakes.
4	prepared wire blocks (gooseberries).

Stores For Company.

100	very flares.
6	S.O.S. rockets.
2	verminal sprayers.
1	strombos horn. (gas alarm)
	rubber boots.
	periscopes.
200	revolver ammunition.
1	log book.
1	set maps.
1	set air photos.
1	defense scheme.

2. These are taken over and signed for. Each dugout must have a gas blanket and some form of gas alarm (usually empty shell case.)

Stores At Battalion Headquarters.

1	strombos horn.
2	verminal sprayers.
300	very flares.
20	S.O.S. rockets.
500	revolver ammunition.
50	ground flares.

Conclusion.

[ToC]

The present army of the United States had its inception at Plattsburg in 1915. The first regiment of the Business Mens' Training Camp will go down in history as the first chapter of preparedness.

The training camps of 1916, not only at Plattsburg, but at various other places throughout the United States, constituted the second chapter.

We are just finishing chapter three in the officers' training camps of 1917.

This book brings together the essential points of the instruction given at the second and probably the last of the officers' training camps at Plattsburg, in such a way that an officer may refresh his memory when he is about to take up with his men any of the subjects covered.

It is hardly necessary to add that no attempt has been made to cover fully any branch of the work. The bibliography provides for further study and the books in it should be at every officer's command.

As the war progresses many changes will be made; not only will methods change but some branches now considered essential may be cast aside as useless.

Nothing but work can make the pages of any military book have real meaning. This book gives what are now considered the essentials of military training. If it has brought to the conscientious officer points he might otherwise have forgotten to the detriment of his command, it will have served its purpose.

Bibliography.

[ToC]

Chapter II. I.D.R.

Balck "Tactics" Vol. 1. Infantry.

Howell "Lectures on the Swiss Army."

Bjornstadt "Lectures on the German Army."

"Drill and Field Training" (English)—Imperial Army Series.

"Instructions on the Offensive Conduct of Small Units." War Department, May, 1917.

"Notes on the methods of attack and defense to meet the Conditions of Modern Warfare." Army War College, April, 1917.

Privates Manual. (Moss.)

"Instructions for assembling the Infantry Pack," Ordnance Department. Pamphlet No. 1717 Manual of Military Training. (Moss.)

Chapter III. Physical Training.

"Manual of Physical Training." (Koehler.)

"Field Physical Training of the Soldier." Special Regulation No. 23.

Voice Culture. (Robert Lloyd.) (In lecture form.)

Chapter IV. Small Arms Firing Manual.

Bull's Eye Scorebook.

U.S. Marines Scorebook.

"How to Shoot." (Moss.)

"Notes on training for Rifle Fire in Trench Warfare." Army War Coll., April, 1917.

"The Rifle in War." (Eames.)

"Suggestions to Military Riflemen." (Whelen.)

"Musketry" sheets from First Camp, Plattsburg, New York.

"Control of the Firing Line." Army Service School.

"Musketry Training." (Pickering.)

"A Synopsis of the Rifle in War." Army Service Schools.

British—"Aids in Musketry." "Fire Problems." (Pilcher.)

"Fire Orders"—"Direction and Control"—"Musketry"—Imperial Army Series.

"Lecture and Lessons on Musketry and Instructions for Officers and N.C.O.S. Musketry Diagrams." (Clutterbuck.)

"Notes on Bayonet Training." Army War College, March, 1917.

"British Manual of the Bayonet." Ordnance Pamphlet No. 1715 and No. 1866. (Pistol.)

"Notes on Bombing." (McClintock.)

"Notes on Grenade Training"—Plattsburg Training Camp.

"Notes on Grenade Warfare." Army War College.

Chapter V. Military Sketching And Map Heading.

"Military Map Reading." (Sherrill.)

"Military Sketching and Map Reading." (Grieves.)

"An Officer's Notes" (Parker.)

"Topography." (Sherrill.)

Engineers Field Manual.

"Manual of Infantry Training." (Moss.)

"Training Manual in Topography, Map Reading and Reconnaissance." (By Major Spalding, U.S.A.)

"Military Sketching and Map Reading." (Capt. Barnes.)

Chapter VI. Articles Of War.

"A Guide to the Articles of War." (Professor Eugene Waumbaugh.)

Manual of Courts Martial.

Chapter VII. Army Regulations.

"Manual for Commanders of Infantry Platoons." Translated from the French by the Army War College, 1917, War Department Document No. 626. a.r., 1913.

Chapter VIII. (Field Work.)

"Notes on Field Fortification." Army Service Schools, 1916.

"E.F.M." and Addendum thereto.

"Elements of Trench Warfare." (Waldron.)

"Field Entrenchments." (Solano.)

"Scouting and Patrolling." (Waldron.)

"Scout Instruction." (McKenney.)

"Scout's Handwork." (McKenney.)

"The 2nd Matabele War." (Baden Powell.)

"Aids to Scouting." (Baden Powell.)

"Manual of Military Training." (Moss.)

"Small Problems in Infantry." (Bjornstadt.)

"S.M. Tactics."

"A Military Primer." (Marshall & Simonds.)

"Technique of Modern Tactics." (Von Allen.)

"Night Movements." (Burnett.)

"Night Operations for Infantry." (Dawkins.)

Chapter IX. (Feeding Men.)

"Manual for Army Cooks."

"Mess Sergeant's Handbook." (Holbrook.)

"Mess Officer's Assistant."

"Mess Account Book." (Frink.)

"Handling the Straight Army Ration." (Holbrook.)

"Manual of Military Training." (Moss.)

"Field Service." (Moss.)

Chapter X. (Personal Hygiene And First Aid.)

"Manual of Military Training." (Moss.)

"Lectures on Military Sanitation and Management of Sanitation Service," Army Service Schools.

"Lectures" delivered at Plattsburg Training Camp, 1917.

"Elements of Military Hygiene." (Ashburn.)

"Red Cross Pamphlet on First Aid."

"Manual for Non-Coms. and Privates."

Chapter Xi. (Signaling.)

"United States Signal Book."

"Infantry Drill Regulations."

Chapter XII. (Guard Duty.)

"Manual of Interior Guard Duty."

Chapter XIII. (Company Administration.)

"Company Administration." (Waldron.)

"Army Paper Work." (Perrin-Smith Pub. Co.)

"Notes on Organizations." (Waldron.)

"Synopsis of Work Done at 1st Plattsburg Camp." (Farley.)

"Army Paper Work." (Moss.)

"Army Regulations."

Chapter XIV. (Conferences. Study. S.p.i. Examinations.)

"Examinations in Military Science," Harvard University, 1917.

Chapter Xv. (Trench Warfare.)

"Field Fortifications." (Lt. Henri Poire.) Plattsburg, N.Y., 1917.

"The French Automatic Rifle." (Capt. Gene Loriot.)

"Notes on Liaison in Modern Warfare."

"Notes on the Method of Attack and Defense to Meet the Conditions of Modern Warfare."

"Machine Gun Tactics." (Applin.)

"Grenades, Hand and Rifle." (Solano.)

"Training for the Trenches." (Vickers.)

"Studies in Leading Troops." (Vernois.)

"Tactical Decisions and Orders." (Buddecke.)

"Problems in Leading Troops—Army Service Schools."

"Battle Orders." (Von Kiesling.)

"70 Problems." (Morrison.)

"Tactical Principles and Problems." (Hanna.)

"Technique of Modern Tactics." (Bond and McDonough.)

"Estimating Tactical Situations." (Fitch.)

The Book Department, Army Service Schools, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, or the United States Infantry Association, Washington, D.C., will get any books available.

INDEX.

[ToC]

Chapter 1.

Schedules; [1]

Chapter 2.

Infantry drill regulations; [31]
- School of the soldier; [31]
  - Instruction without arms; [31]
- Attention; [32]
  - Position of; [32]
  - Heels together and on a line; [32]
  - Feet turned out equally, forming angle of 45 degrees; [32]
  - Knees extended without stiffness; [32]
  - Trunk erect upon hips; [32]
  - Shoulders falling naturally; [32]
  - Arms hanging naturally; [33]
  - Head erect, chin raised; [33]
- Rests; [33]
  - Position of rest and at ease; [33]
  - Fall out; [34]
  - Rest; [34]
  - At ease; [34]
  - Parade rest; [34]
  - Eyes right; [34]
  - Right face; [34]
  - Right half face; [34]
  - About face; [34]
  - Hand salute; [34]
  - Forward march; [34]
  - Double time, march; [34]
  - Mark time, march; [34]
  - Half step, march; [34]
  - Right step, march; [34]
  - Squad, halt; [34]
  - By right flank, march; [34]
  - To the rear, march; [34]
  - Change step, march; [34]
- Manual of arms; [35]
  - Purpose; [35]
- Commands and cautions; [35]
  - Order, arms; [35]
  - Present, arms; [35]
  - Port, arms; [35]
  - Right shoulder, arms; [35]
  - Left shoulder, arms; [35]
  - Parade, rest; [35]
  - Trail, arms; [35]
  - Rifle salute; [35]
  - Fix bayonet; [35]
  - Unfix bayonet; [36]
  - Inspection arms; [36]
- School of the squad; [36]
  - Object; [36]
  - Composition of squad; [36]
  - Fall in; [36]
  - Fall out; [36]
  - Count off; [36]
  - Inspection arms—right dress, front; [36]
  - Guide right; [37]
  - Take interval; [37]
  - To reform; [37]
  - Take distance; [37]
  - Assemble, march; [37]
  - Stack arms; [37]
  - Take arms; [37]
  - Oblique, march; [37]
  - In place, halt; [37]
  - Resume march; [38]
  - Right turn; [38]
  - Right half turn; [38]
  - Squads right; [38]
  - Squad right about; [38]
- School of the company; [38]
  - Object; [38]
  - Composition; [39]
  - Fall in; [39]
  - Platoon movements; [40]
    - Leading platoon; [40]
    - Rear platoon; [40]
  - Questions which come up in daily military life; [40]
  - Answers; [41]
  - Insignia; [41]
    - For second lieutenants; [41]
  - Company right, march; [42]
  - Platoons right, march; [42]
  - Squads right, march; [42]
  - Right turn, march; [42]
  - Column right, march; [42]
  - Platoons, column right, march; [42]
  - Squads right, column right, march; [42]
  - Squads right, platoons, column right, march; [42]
  - Squads right about, march; [43]
  - Right into line, march; [43]
  - Right front into line, march; [43]
  - Platoons, right front into line, march; [43]
  - Route step, march; [43]
  - Right by twos, march; [43]
  - Squads right front into line, march; [43]
  - Dismiss the company; [43]
  - To fall in company when it cannot be formed by squads; [44]
  - For muster; [44]
  - In aligning company; [44]
  - To march squad without unnecessary commands; [44]
  - As skirmishers, march; [44]
  - Assemble, march; [45]
  - Kneel; [45]
  - Lie down; [45]
  - Rise; [45]
  - Loadings and firings; [45]
  - Arming; [45]
  - Sight-setting announced; [45]
  - Fire at will; [45]
  - Clip fire; [45]
  - Unload; [45]
  - Extended order; [45]
    - Corporal cautions; [46]
    - Left face; [46]
    - Company right; [46]
  - Deployments; [46]
    - As skirmishers, guide right, march; [46]
    - To deploy from column or squad; [46]
    - Assemble, march; [47]
    - Platoons, assemble; [47]
    - Platoons, columns; [47]
    - Squad columns; [47]
    - No. 1's forward, march; [48]
    - Captain points out new line; [48]
    - Disadvantage; [48]
    - Advantage; [48]
  - Being in skirmish line; [48]
    - By platoon; [48]
  - Commands; [48]
- School of the Battalion; [49]
  - Basis; [49]
  - Arrangement; [49]
  - Number; [49]
  - Center; [49]
  - Band; [49]
  - Dressing; [49]
- To form the battalion; [49]
  - Other than ceremonies; [49]
  - For ceremonies; [49]
  - To dismiss the battalion; [50]
  - To rectify the alignment; [50]
  - To rectify the column; [50]
  - Helpful hints to beginners; [50]
  - In column of squads; [50]
  - In column of companies; [51]
  - Line of companies; [53]
  - In battalion line; [54]
- Inspections; [55]
  - Special points of company; [55]
- Battalion inspection; [56]
- Regimental inspection; [56]
- Ceremonies; [56]
  - Battalion review; [56]
  - Battalion parade; [57]
  - Regimental parade; [58]
  - Regimental review; [58]
- Fire direction; [58]
- Fire control; [58]
- Fire discipline; [58]
- The colonel; [59]
  - Position; [59]
  - Duties; [60]
- The major; [60]
  - Position; [60]
- The general; [61]
  - Duties; [61]
  - Special; [62]
- Battalion staff; [63]
  - Positions; [63]
  - Duties; [64]
  - Position; [65]
  - Duties:
    - before fire action; [65]
    - during the action; [65]
- Buglers; [66]
  - Position; [66]
  - Duties; [66]
  - Must be proficient in; [67]
- Range estimators; [67]
- Platoon leader; [68]
  - Position; [68]
  - Duties; [68]
  - Thereafter; [69]
- First sergeant; [70]
- Guides; [70]
  - General rules; [70]
    - Equipment; [70]
    - Close order; [71]
    - Taking intervals and distances; [71]
    - To form the company; [72]
    - Alignments; [72]
  - Exercise for; [74]
  - Result; [74]
- Platoon Guides; [75]
  - Position; [75]
  - Duties; [75]
- Corporal; [76]
  - Position; [76]
  - Duties; [76]
  - Thereafter; [76]
- The private; [78]
  - Position; [78]
  - Duties; [79]
- Packs; [81]
  - Cartridge belt; [81]
  - To attach first-aid pouch; [82]
  - To attach canteen cover; [82]
  - To attach pack carrier to haversack; [82]
  - To attach cartridge belt to haversack; [83]
  - To attach bayonet scabbard to haversack; [83]
  - To attach intrenching tool carrier to haversack; [83]
  - To assemble the full equipment (without rations); [84]
    - To make the pack; [85]
    - To assemble the pack; [85]
  - To assemble the full equipment (with rations); [86]
    - To make the pack; [86]
    - To assemble the pack; [86]
    - To adjust to the soldier; [86]
  - To assemble full equipment, less the pack (with rations); [87]
  - To assemble full equipment, less the pack (without rations); [88]
  - To discard pack without removing equipment from body; [88]
  - Care of equipment; [89]
    - Leather; [89]
    - Woolen clothes; [89]
    - Mending; [89]
    - Cloth equipment—dry cleaning; [89]
    - Washing; [89]
  - Instructions on making packs; [89]
    - Methods; [89]
  - Adjusting cartridge belt; [90]
  - Distribution of intrenching tools in the squad; [90]

Chapter 3.

Physical training; [91]
- Physical training; [91]
- Bayonet training; [91]
- Time schedule; [91]
- Formations; [92]
- Second formation; [93]
- Commands; [93]
  - Kinds of and how given; [93]
  - First lesson; [94]
  - Second lesson; [95]
  - Third lesson; [96]
  - Fourth lesson; [98]
  - Fifth lesson; [99]
Voice culture; [103]

Chapter 4.

Use of modern arms; [105]
- Small arms firing; [106]
  - Slow fire; [109]
  - Rapid fire; [109]
- Pistol; [112]
  - Nomenclature and care; [112]
  - Manual for the pistol; [112]
  - Position; [116]
    - The grip; [116]
    - The trigger squeeze; [117]
    - Position and aiming drills; [117]
    - Quick fire; [118]
  - Classes of fire; [118]
    - Slow fire; [118]
    - Quick fire; [118]
    - Automatic fire; [118]
    - Trench; [118]
    - Score; [119]
  - Course; [120]
    - Slow fire; [120]
    - Quick fire; [120]
    - Automatic fire; [120]
    - Trench fire; [120]
- Bayonet training; [120]
  - Functions of; [120]
  - General practice; [120]
  - Technique of bayonet combat; [121]
  - Manual of the bayonet; [122]
  - Progressive exercises; [124]
- Machine guns; [128]
  - Mode of action; [128]
  - Fire; [129]
  - Inconspicuousness; [129]
  - Offensive reinforcement of a front momentarily stationary; [130]
  - Defensive; [130]
  - General rules for installation; [131]
  - Employment of fire and instruction; [132]
  - Resume; [132]
  - Points before firing; [133]
  - Points during firing; [133]
  - Points after firing; [133]
- Grenade instruction; [134]
  - Introduction; [134]
  - Working of grenades in use; [136]
  - Instruction in throwing; [138]
  - Instruction in grenade organization; [139]
  - Points to remember; [141]

Chapter 5.

Map sketching; [143]
- Class room—map reading; [143]
- Taking up map scales; [143]
- Field work—strict scale map making; [145]
  - Road sketch; [146]
  - Area sketch; [146]
  - Problem; [150]
- Class room—problem; [150]
- Field work—problem; [154]
- Class room—problem; [155]
- Field work—problem; [157]
  - problem; [158]
Map reading; [159]

Chapter 6.

Helpful references to the articles of war; [161]
- Military law; [161]
- Article 1; [161]
  - Definitions; [161]
- Article 2; [161]
  - Persons subject to military law; [161]
- Articles 3-18; [162]
  - Courts martial classified; [162]
  - Method of entering a charge against a man; [163]
  - Specification; [164]
  - General remarks; [164]
- Article 31; [164]
  - Order of voting; [164]
- Article 39; [164]
  - Limit upon prosecutions; [164]
- Article 54; [165]
  - Fraudulent enlistment; [165]
- Article 58; [165]
  - Desertion; [165]
- Article 61; [166]
  - Absence without leave; [166]
- Article 62; [166]
  - Disrespect toward President and others; [166]
- Article 63; [166]
  - Disrespect toward a superior officer; [166]
- Article 64; [167]
  - Assaulting or wilfully disobeying superior officer; [167]
- Article 65; [167]
  - Insubordinate conduct toward a non-commissioned officer; [167]
- Article 68; [167]
  - Disorders; [167]
- Article 69; [168]
  - Breaking arrest; [168]
- Article 75; [169]
  - Misbehavior before the enemy; [169]
- Article 83; [169]
  - Neglect of military property; [169]
- Article 84; [169]
  - Waste or unlawful disposal of property issued to soldiers; [169]
- Article 85; [169]
  - Drunk on duty; [169]
- Article 86; [170]
  - Misbehavior of sentinel; [170]
- Article 92; [170]
  - Murder or rape; [170]
- Article 93; [170]
  - Various crimes; [170]
- Article 94; [171]
  - Frauds against the government; [171]
- Article 95; [171]
  - Conduct unbecoming an officer and a gentleman; [171]
- Article 96; [171]
  - General articles, the catch all; [171]
  - Examples; [172]
    - Problem 1; [172]
    - Problem 2; [172]
    - Problem 3; [172]

Chapter 7.

Notes on army regulations; [175]
- Authority exercised; [175]
- Abusive language; [175]
- Respect to superiors; [175]
- Remarks by officers; [175]
- Furloughs; [175]
- Men on furloughs; [175]
- Men in foreign countries; [175]
- No payments; [175]
- Desertion; [175]
- Abandoned clothes; [175]
- Reward; [175]
- Costs of apprehension; [176]
- No pay or clothes; [176]
- Will be restored; [176]
- Absent without leave; [176]
- Discharge of enlisted men; [176]
- Final statements; [176]
- Certificate; [176]
- Loss of discharge certificate; [177]
- Physical disability certificate; [177]
- Death of soldier; [177]
- Effects; [177]
  - Will be delivered; [177]
- Medal of honor; [178]
- Certificate of merit; [178]
- Quarters; [178]
- Saturday; [178]
- Neglect of rooms; [178]
- Destruction of tableware; [178]
- Chiefs of squads; [178]
- Premises; [178]
- Company commanders; [178]
- Arms; [178]
- Accountability and responsibility; [178]
  - Example; [179]
- Loss of public property; [179]
- Ration; [179]
- Forfeiture; [179]
- Pay; [179]
- Allotments; [180]
  - Class A; [180]
  - Class B; [180]
- Compensation for death or disability; [181]
- Additional insurance; [182]
- Deposits; [182]
- A lost deposit book; [182]
- Payment; [183]
- Withdrawal of deposits; [183]
- Interest; [183]
- Forfeiture; [183]
- Officers and men; [183]
- Furloughed to reserve; [183]
- Transportation; [183]
- Discharged soldier; [183]
- Transfer of claims; [183]
- Notes on the laws of war; [183]

Chapter 8.

Practice marches; [187]
Field work; [188]
- An order; [188]
- Do not deploy too early; [188]
- Fire direction; [189]
- The troops; [189]
- Defense; [190]
- Leadership; [190]
- Communications; [191]
- Night operations; [191]
- Patrols; [191]
  - Leader; [191]
  - Conduct of; [192]
  - Report; [192]
  - Return; [193]
- Advance guard; [193]
- Rear guard; [194]
- Flank guard; [194]
- Camps; [194]
- March outpost; [194]
- Outpost; [195]
- Outline of field service regulations; [197]
  - Land forces of U.S.; [197]
  - Military information; [197]
  - Transmission of information; [198]
  - Questions and answers on; [206]

Chapter 9.

Feeding men; [213]
- In camp; [213]
- On the march; [214]
- For individual cooking; [214]
- In the trenches; [215]
- Rations and cooking; [215]
Camping and camp sanitation; [216]
- General principles; [216]

Chapter 10.

Personal hygiene and first aid; [221]
- Personal hygiene; [221]
- Bathing; [221]
- Sexual indulgence; [222]
- Exercise; [222]
- Cleanliness of surroundings; [223]
- Preventable diseases; [223]
- Typhoid fever; [223]
- Dysentery; [223]
- Malaria; [224]
- Tonsilitis and colds; [224]
- Measles; [224]
- First aid; [224]
- Grounds; [224]
- Poisoned wounds; [225]
- Diagnosis tag; [225]
- Treatment of wounds; [225]
- Bleeding wounds; [225]
- Fainting, heat exhaustion and shock; [226]
- Sunstroke; [226]
- Burns and scalds; [226]
- Freezing and frostbites; [226]
- Fractures; [226]
  - Treatment; [227]
- Artificial respiration; [227]
- Trench foot; [227]

Chapter 11.

Signaling; [229]
- Semaphore; [229]
  - First cycle; [229]
  - Second cycle; [229]
  - Third cycle; [229]
  - Fourth cycle; [230]
  - Doubles; [230]
  - Instructing; [230]
  - Second step; [230]
  - Third step; [230]
  - Fourth step; [230]
- Wig wag; [232]
- Points to remember; [233]
- Letter codes; [233]
- Arm signals; [234]
  - Forward, march; [234]
  - Halt; [234]
  - Double time, march; [234]
  - Squads right, march; [234]
  - Squads left, march; [234]
  - Squads right about, march; [234]
  - Change direction or column right, march; [234]
  - As skirmishers, march; [234]
  - As skirmishers, guide center, march; [235]
  - As skirmishers, guide right, march; [235]
  - Assemble, march; [235]
  - Range, or change elevation; [235]
  - What range are you using?; [235]
  - Are you ready?; [235]
  - Commence firing; [235]
  - Fire faster; [235]
  - Fire slower; [235]
  - To swing the cone of fire; [235]
  - Fix bayonet; [236]
  - Suspend firing; [236]
  - Cease firing; [236]
  - Platoon; [236]
  - Squad; [236]
  - Rush; [236]

Chapter 12.

Guard duty; [237]
- Guards; [237]
- Formal guard mounting; [238]
- Ceremony; [238]
  - First detail; [239]
  - Other details; [239]
  - Sergeant major; [239]
  - Adjutant; [239], [240], [241]
  - Officer of the guard; [240]
  - New officer of the day; [240]
  - Commander of the guard; [241]
- Guard duty in the trenches; [241]

Chapter 13.

Company administration; [245]
- Notes on organization; [245]
  - Prepare in advance to receive men; [245]
    - Duties; [245]
    - If in cantonments; [246]
    - If in tents; [246]
  - Men reporting; [246]
  - Issue of equipment; [247]
  - Organization; [248]
  - Day's routine; [249]
    - Reveille; [250]
    - Mess; [250], [251]
    - Sick call; [250], [251]
    - Morning instruction; [250]
    - Afternoon instruction; [251]
    - Retreat; [251]
    - School call; [251]
    - Tattoo; [251]
    - Call to quarters; [251]
    - Taps; [251]
  - Sundays and holidays; [252]
  - Details; [252]
  - Paper work; [252]
  - Military correspondence; [253]
  - Morning report; [254]
  - Ration return; [254]
  - Sick report; [254]
  - Duty roster; [254]
  - Monthly return; [255]
  - Service record; [255]
  - Discharge; [255]
  - Final statement; [255]
  - Muster roll; [255]
  - Pay roll; [256]
  - Names; [257]
  - Losses; [257]

Chapter 14.

Conferences; [259]
- Study; [259]
- Syllabus: Small problems for infantry; [261]
- Examinations; [269]
- Military science and tactics; [275]
- Minor tactics; [275]

Chapter 15.

Trench warfare; [287]
- General principles; [287]
- Instructions to be issued by battalion commander; [287]
- Attack of a defensive position; [289]
- Attacking from trenches; [291]
- Defense of trenches; [296]
  - Liaison; [298]
- Trench orders; [299]
- Selection of site; [302]
- Trench construction; [303], [307]
  - General arrangement; [303]
  - System of laying out trenches; [307]
  - Revettments; [308]
  - Sod; [310]
  - Sand bags; [310]
  - Concrete work; [310]
  - Gabions; [310]
  - Trench armament; [311]
  - Loopholes; [311]
  - Trench bottoms; [311]
  - Communication trench; [313]
  - Latrines; [315]
  - Shelters; [315]
  - Dugouts; [317]
  - Sentries; [317]
  - Position; [317]
  - Entrances; [317]
  - Galleries; [318]
  - Bomb-traps; [318]
  - Interior; [318]
  - Depots for supplies; [318]
  - Telephones; [319]
  - Departure parallel; [319]
  - Machine gun emplacements; [319]
  - Listening posts; [321]
  - Wire entanglements; [321]
  - High entanglements; [321]
  - Tracing entanglements; [322]
  - Low entanglements; [322]
  - Loose wire; [322]
- Criticisms by Lieut Henri Poire; [322]
Occupation; [325]
- Two main classes of relief; [325]
- General principles of relief; [325]
- Mechanism of relief; [325]
  - Attack during the march; [328]
- The stay in the trenches; [329]
  - Four objects of a trench commander; [329]
  - His plan of defense; [329]
  - Organization of defense; [329]
  - Liaison; [331]
  - Observation; [331]
  - Trench work; [333]
  - Offensive operations; [334]
  - Rule of the trench commander; [335]
- Duties of the company commander; [335]
- Duties of platoon leaders as officers on duty; [339]
- Duties of platoon leaders; [339]
- In front line trenches; [340]
- Duties of non-commissioned officer on duty; [341]
- Patrols; [342]
- Sentinels; [342]
- Machine guns; [342]
- Snipers; [343]
- Organization of a platoon; [344]
- Deployments; [346]
- Normal battalion formation in attack; [347]
- General principles of the platoon formation in assault of
  - fortified positions; [349]
- Remarks regarding forming of wave from close order; [353]
- Some questions a platoon commander should ask himself; [354]
- Defensive measure against gas attacks; [356]
  - General considerations; [356]
  - Nature of gas attacks; [356]
    - Gas clouds; [356]
    - Gas projectiles; [358]
    - Tear or lachrymatory shells; [359]
    - Poison shells; [359]
    - Smoke; [359]
    - Mine and explosion gases; [359]
- Protection of shelters; [360]
  - Methods of protection; [360]
  - Shelters which should be protected; [361]
- Protection of weapons and equipment; [361]
  - Small arms and S.A.A.; [362]
  - Hand and rifle grenades; [362]
  - Light trench mortars; [362]
- Action to be taken in trenches on gas alarm; [363]
- Action to be taken in billets and back areas; [363]
- Action during gas attack; [364]
  - Protective measures; [364]
  - Tactical measures; [364]
- Precautions against gas shells; [365]
- Action subsequent to a gas attack; [367]
  - General; [367]
  - Movement; [367]
  - Clearing dugouts and other shelters; [367]
  - Ventilation; [368]
    - Natural; [368]
    - By fire; [368]
    - By fanning; [369]
  - Cleaning arms and ammunition; [369]
  - Treatment of shell holes; [370]
- Concealment from aerial observers; [370]
- Orders governing intrenchment problems; [372]
- Company organization; [384]
  - Company headquarters; [384]
  - Headquarters; [384]
- Personnel; [385]
  - Commissioned; [385]
  - Enlisted; [386]
- Equipment; [386]
- Trench standing orders; [386]
  - Duties; [386]
  - Sentries; [387]
  - Patrols; [388]
  - Stand to; [389]
  - Machine guns; [389]
  - Reliefs; [390]
  - Guides; [391]
  - Smoking and talking; [391]
  - Procedure on arrival at trenches; [391]
  - Log books; [392]
  - Equipment; [392]
  - Stretcher bearers; [392]
  - Discipline; [392]
  - Rations and cooking; [393]
  - Sanitation; [393]
- Emergency dumps for companies (material); [394]
  - Contents of dump; [394]
  - Stores for company; [394]
  - Stores at battalion headquarters; [394]
Conclusion; [396]
Bibliography; [397]