INDEX
Adoption, rules of, [99], [100];
complicates exogamous system (Aos), [xxx].
Adultery, punishment of, by co-clansmen condoned, [101];
oath in trial for, [102]
Adze (ophü), [43]
After-birth, disposal of, belief regarding, [145], [146]
Agriculture, [45]–59
Ahoms, immigrants from Southern China, [xvii];
cephalic indices, suggest connection with Aos and Manipuris and perhaps sub-Himalayan tribes, [xxiii]
Rajas, grant lands to Lhotas, [1]
Akas, probably came from direction of Nepal and Tibet, [xvi]
Akuk, village, claims to have defeated Burmese, [2];
captured by Aos, [21];
Rampham’s yanthang kept in, [16], [187];
scene of episodes in Deolung story, [117];
murder of slave to gain warrior’s honours, [109], [110], [231];
wailing fiends, near, [116];
custom regarding Rangsikam and Lanvung “gennas,” [51];
rain-compelling ceremony in, [131];
rules of khurocho in, [83 n. 1]
Alangcharr, Ao clan corresponding to Lhota Nguli, [92]
Amungkam, [125];
agricultural ceremony when rice comes into ear, [50]
Amungkampen, original site of Amungkam, [50]
Ancestress or creatrix of all life (Angamis), [xx], [xxxiv]
Ang, clan of chiefs among Southern Konyaks, [xxxi];
probably corresponds to Ung among Changs, [xxxiii]
Angami, compared with Lhota, [xiii];
culture similar to Lhotas, [xiv];
story of people with inverted noses, [xxvii n. 1];
practise burial, [xiv], [xxiv];
omen taking, [xiv];
spear resembles Igorot, [xxvi];
use of bow, [xxvii], [xxviii];
use tsiri trap, [67];
method of sowing jhums, [xxix];
houses built on ground, [xxx];
village defences, [21];
resemble those of Wa, [xxxvi n. 3];
store grain in their houses, [23];
great size of houses, [30];
skill in carving, [43];
physical type, [xxi], [6];
skin colour, [xxiii];
legends of origin, [xx], [xxi];
of southern and mixed origin, [xx];
Mr. Hutton’s views on Indonesian connection, [xxxvii];
driven north by Lushei-Kuki tribes, [xvii];
eject Lhotas from Kohema, [4];
once migratory, [xv];
three phratries, [xiv];
two linguistic groups, [xxxi];
extremely democratic hereditary priests, [xxxiii];
believe in ancestress of all, [xx], [xxxiv];
believe in World of the Dead in the sky, [xxxiv];
do not practise lycanthropy, [xxxiv];
cleanly, [xxxv];
numbers in census, 1921, [xxxii n. 1]
Animals, domesticated (see Live-stock):
“gennas” for births of, [60], [61], [63]
wild, the property of Sityingo, [115];
to meet —— unlucky, [150];
death by —— entails special funeral rites, [160];
horror of death by, [163]
Animism, [113]
Ao tribe:
traditions of origin, [xviii];
Negrito type found among, [xxiii];
cephalic index suggests connection with Manipuris, Ahoms, and sub-Himalayan tribes, [xxiii];
use war drum, [xxviii];
method of sowing jhum, [xxix];
erect memorial posts instead of monoliths, [xxix];
build houses on machans, [xxx];
armlets resemble Lhotas and Semas, [11], [12];
ceremonial lengta, [14];
dao holder, [16];
use tsiri trap, [67];
place white signs at path clearing, [52];
disposal of dead, [xxiv], [162];
language connects with Central and Western Naga groups, [xxxv];
exogamy, [xxx];
complexion and hair, [xxiii], [7 n. 2];
two linguistic groups, [xxx];
dual division crossed by triple, [xxx];
governed by elders, [xxxiii];
beliefs as to soul’s passage to Land of the Dead, [118];
perform scapegoat ceremony, [135];
divination by egg-breaking like Khasis, [xxxiv n. 3];
stories of fighting stones, [xxxiv n. 3];
husbands unfaithful, [19];
divorce, [156];
heartless treatment of wives, [112];
neglect of parents, [20];
slave-holders, [111];
eat opium, [82];
make wristlets for Lhotas, [12];
rükhusü bands for Lhotas, [10];
trade in leggings, [15];
in ironwork and spear shafts, [17], [42];
morungs, [24];
houses, [30]
Apar Tanengs, probably of southern origin, terrace cultivation, [xvi n. 4]
Apfu = mother, q.v.
Apfuho (S. Lhota Yamphuho), mythical person, ancestor of some Shetri clans, [176];
tales of, [177]
Apodia, [232]
Apotia, meaning of, [160 n. 3], [232];
great fear of, special funeral rites in case of, [160]–162;
dark blue thread given by Potsos an omen of, [114];
oath on wood of house of one who has died, [103];
households in which —— has occurred receive share of catch at fish poisoning, [72].
Appearance of Lhotas described, [6], [7], [8]
Apron: see Lengta.
Apungza, Rengma clan, [92]
Are village, [127];
goître in, [80]
Are Yanthamo village, [21];
box leopard trap at, [68]
Armlets (koro), ivory and wood, [12], [44];
wearing of —— sign of superiority, [152];
hung over man’s grave, [158];
bronze as heirlooms, [xviii n. 1];
women’s pewter (tiwo), [13];
use in Ponyiratsen’s ceremonies, [152] [[234]]
Arms: see Weapons.
Arrow (lotsi), [31]
Asao thanked for assistance, [vi]
Ashes, spread in death omen taking at Tuku, [130];
magical disinfectant, [132]
Asimi, Sema clan, [90]
Assam, evidence of immigration into Naga hills from, [xiv], [xv];
trade with, [15], [41], [60]
Assam Government, monograph due to generosity of, [v]
Assam, History of, [2 n. 1]
Assamese, dealings with Lhotas, [1];
use of canoes learnt from, [158 n. 2];
mentioned in folk-tale, [185]–187;
false report of death omen of long life, [158]
Austric race: Munda and Mon-Khmêr of, [xvii n. 4]
Axe, carried by Stone-dragger, [142];
symbolical use of, [143];
-shaped dao, [15];
stone, [xxvii n. 2]
Azo = mother, q.v.
Baby: see Child.
Baby language, [225]
Bachelors sleep in morung, [24];
also see Unmarried.
house, see Morung and Champo.
Baldrick (ritsen), [13]
Balfour, Dr. H., “Some Types of Native Hoes, Naga Hills,” [49 n. 1]
Bamboo, uses of:
cross-bow, shields, [18];
in building, [23], [26], [30]–36;
utensils, [35], [36];
loom, [38];
bellows, [42];
tools, [47];
basket-work, [43];
pipes, [81];
musical instruments, [85];
erections at Lanvung, [52];
funeral ——, [158], [159];
fishing weirs, [72];
traps and rods, [73];
mock spears, [123];
sacrificial knife, [52];
needle (otyam), [40];
for ear-piercing, [146];
as lancet, [80], [81];
pickle (dhrüchong), [78];
for tempering daos, [42];
“heads” hung on, [28], [108];
burnt to scare animals, [52];
twig in ceremonies, [47], [50];
association of ticho —— and Thangwe Eni clan, [90]
Bamboo rat, not eaten by ratsen, [165];
story regarding, [183]
Bark of tree used as rope, [32];
for nets, [43];
in medicines, [79]–81
Barter, [44]
Basket, [35];
disposal of, after Rangsikan ceremony, [51];
hung over graves, [158]
carrying, in Epuetha ceremony, [132], [133];
in Soul-calling ceremony, [134], [136];
full of rubbish abandoned as cure for fever, [136];
given to bride by bridegroom, [148];
for grain (otyak), [56];
making: men’s work, prohibited to women, materials, and patterns used in, [43]
Bat, flesh tonic for children, [80], [147]
Battak affinities indicated by hoes, [xxxviii]
Beads, made from plantain seeds, women’s work, [45], [44];
may convey “apotia” infection, [162];
thrown into spring of new village, [5];
tied to wrist of corpse, [157];
as ornaments, [12], [13]
Bear (sivan), hair as warrior’s wig, [13];
flesh not eaten by young women, [77];
by pregnant woman, [144];
hunting of, [65], [66];
protection of maize crop from, [57]
Beards, [7]
Bed, described, [35];
planks from, placed under corpse in grave, [157]
Bees, varieties of, taking of nests, [69]
Beetle (Potso-tsiro), medicine for warts, [80]
Bellows (yongphophen), [42]
Belt for dao-holder (lechapsü), [16];
new, hung up in final offering to dead, [160]
Berries (yenkuti, riko, temphak), as medicines, [80]
Betel nut, chewing of, [82]
palms (mma), [59]
Bhois, migratory, [xv n. 2];
connected with Semas, [xix];
reap by hand, [xxviii n. 3]
Bigge, Lieut., views on Lhota character, [xiii], [2]
Bila-an know story of people with inverted noses, [xxvii n. 1]
Birds, offered to Tchhüpfu, [125];
varieties not eaten, [75]
Birds, scaring of, [52], [53];
capturing of, [68], [69]
Bird-lime (onyi), [68]
Birth, precautions before, [144];
delivery, [145];
subsequent proceedings, [146], [147] “genna,” child’s ears pierced at, [8], [147] “genna” for calves, [60];
for puppies, [63];
for pigs, [61]
Black, distinctive colour in tiger-slayer’s ornaments, [12], [17];
of Puthis’ and Wokchungs’ spear-shafts, [17]
Blacksmith, trade unlucky, [41], [42]
Bleeding, cure for sprain, [81]
Blood as food, [78]
Blue nuthatch, only eaten by solitary old people, [75]
Boar, castrated at two months, ears clipped, [61];
sacrificed in village founding ceremony, [6];
in Amungkam, [50];
in first-fruits to ceremony, [53];
in Rangsitsa, [125];
in Epuetha, [132];
eaten in stone-dragging ceremony, [143];
flesh offered to the Dead, by Dreamer, [171]
Bodo race, possible connection with Lhotas, [xv];
Karens, [xix];
Munda and Mon-Khmêr, [xvii n. 4];
immigrants from Nepal or Tibet, [xvi], [xxxvi]
Bone, disposal of (Kalyo-Kengyu), [xxv], S. Sangtams, [xxiv];
of rhinoceros as fertility charm, [167]
Bontok-Igorot: see Igorot.
Borneo, bow seldom used in, [xxviii];
see also Kayans.
the Pagan tribes of, [46 n. 1], [222 n. 1]
Bow: see also Cross-bow and Pellet-bow.
use of as guide to affinity of tribes, [xxvii]
Boy, ears pierced, first garment, [8];
may wear clothes his father is entitled to wear, [9 n. 2];
sleeps in champo, from first wearing dao-holder till marriage, [24];
on marriage pays fine to champo, [97];
terms used for, [95];
working parties of boys and girls, [97];
birth customs differ from those of girls, [145]–147
Bracelet (rambam), [13]
Brahmaputra, possible connection between Lhotas and tribes on north bank of, [xv], [xxvii n. 3];
tribes on north bank of, belief as to souls of the dead, [xxxiv n. 1];
valley of northern boundary of Naga tribes, [xvi]
Brand, burning, to drive out evil spirits, [133], [134]
Bre, Southern, a Karen tribe, possibly connected with Bodo tribes, [xix];
reap by hand only, [xxviii] [[235]]
Bride, presents from bridegroom, [148];
in Tsoyuta ceremony, [148], [154];
in Halam ceremony, [149], [150];
in Ponyiratsen’s ceremony, [151], [152];
garment disinfected of evil fortune, [152], [153]
Bridegroom, sleeps in mpongki, [31];
presents to bride, share in Tsoyuta ceremony, [148], [153], [154];
works for father-in-law, [87], [148], [153];
share in Halam ceremony, [149], [150];
share in Ponyiratsen’s ceremony, [151], [152]
Bridegroom’s relations collect firewood for father-in-law, [149]
Bridegroom’s garment disinfected of ill fortune, [152], [153]
Bridges, [23]
Brodie, Captain, visit to Lhotaland, [2]
Broom, in Potsos’ gift omen of damage to crops by wind, [114]
Brothers of bride, share in marriage price (otyai-etsoman), [155]
Brother and sister, world peopled from, [193], [195]
Brown, Dr. G., [xvii n. 4]
Bruise, cupping for, [81]
Buffalo (juzo), slaughter commemorated by Y-shaped posts, by Wa, [xxxvi n. 3];
used for food, too stupid for sacrifice, [61];
flesh not eaten by young women, [77]
Bulbul, first flesh given to babies, [147]
Bull, black, as substitute for mithan, [137];
killed in Wozütana “genna,” [138];
in Shishang “genna.” [138], [139];
formerly beaten to death, [139];
sacrificed by some clans in Etha ceremony, [140];
killed and flesh distributed in stone-dragging, [143]
Burial of dead, practised by Angamis, Lhotas, [xiv], [xxiv];
Semas, Rengmas, Sangtams, Yachungr, Tangkhuls, Kacha Nagas, Kukis, [xxiv];
Changs, [xxv], [92 n. 1];
northern boundary of tribes which practise, [xxxvi];
southern origin suggested, [xxxvii];
method and ceremonies of, [157] et seq.;
of infant, of man killed in war, [160];
of those who die “apotia,” [160]–162
Buriers (mungpen), duties and perquisites, [157]
Burning of dead, by Manipuris and Singphos, [xxxiii], [xxiv]
Butler, Major, “Sketch of Assam,” [xxvi];
on human sacrifice, [230]
Captain, account of his death, [2];
estimate of Lhota character, [19]
Mr. S. G., thanked for photographs, [19]
Butterflies, souls of dead pass into, [xxxiii], [119 n. 2]
Cachar, south-west boundary of Naga tribes, [xvi]
Calf, birth “genna” and treatment, [60]
Calves, of Angamis and Kukis, [xxii], [7]
Cane, in ornaments, [12], [14];
leggings of, [15];
helmets of, [18], [43];
bridges of, [23];
hedge as defence (Konyak), [21]
Canoes, [158];
similarity of coffins to, [157]
Carving on champo posts, [25], [26], [43]
Cat, [63]
Catfish, capture of, [71], [72];
“How men became catfish,” [184]
Cattle (mangsü), keeping of, trade in, [60], [61];
joint ownership in “genna” for births, [60];
indigenous breed, [61];
flesh not eaten by dyers, [38];
pot-makers, [41];
cultivator on day of selecting “jhum,” [46];
by household at Rangsikam ceremony, [52]
Cave, woman out of, reputed ancestress of clan, [xxi]
on Wokha hill entrance to Land of the Dead (etchhiku), [22], [119]
Celebes, use of bow in, [xxviii]
Census of India, 1911, [xvii n. 4];
1921, [xxxii n. 1]
Cephalic indices, [xxiii]
Ceremonial dress, abandonment of, [xi];
described, [13];
occasions on which worn, occupation of new village, [6];
champo rebuilding, [27];
Ramo, [109];
“mock fighting,” [110];
Opya ceremonies, [123];
Sirosi, [127];
stone-dragging, [142];
by bridegroom, [150];
corpse buried in, [157]
Ceremonies:
public, [127]–130;
Mr. Hutton’s views as to value of, [xii];
village founding, [5], [6];
village making, [6] (Oyantsoa, q.v.), Morung rebuilding, [26], 28;
Sirosi, [127];
Pikuchak, [128];
Rangendri, [129];
Tuku, [129]
connected with agriculture:
on selecting and firing “jhum,” [46];
Thruven, [47], [48];
Motharatsen, [49];
Amungkam, [50];
Rangsikam, [51];
Lanvung, [52];
Mshe-etak (first-fruits), [53];
Liritang (reaping), [54]
individual, [131]–144;
for welfare of household, Potsokam, [131];
Epuetha, [132];
in illness, [133]–136
connected with dogs, head-hunting, social “gennas,” births, deaths, marriages, etc., see under appropriate headings.
Chabli, kept as heirlooms, [44]
Chakrima, two linguistic groups in, [xxxi];
numbers of, [xxxii n. 1]
Chakroma, no terrace cultivation, [xxix]
Chalmagra (hmhmti), fruit used to smoke out bees, [69];
as food and rat poison (Konyaks), [69 n. 1];
bark lotion for wounds, [80]
Chami, Lhota clan, [88];
origin of, [89];
claims right to sacrifice bull at Etha “genna,” [140];
connected with Chamirr and Yepothomi, [92]
Chamimo thanked for help, [vi]
Chamirr, Ao clan, [xxx], [xxxi], [92]
Champimi, or Champhimi, fighting stones at, [xxxiv n. 3], [117 n. 1]
Champo, Lhota name for Morung (references under this heading apply to Lhotas only, those regarding other tribes will be found under Morung). Word possibly of Chang or Konyak origin, [24 n. 1];
effect of reconstruction on Okotso, [xii];
described, [24], [25], [26];
building, a preliminary to new village, [6];
dance at building, [18], [19];
rebuilding, [26], [28];
oha stones kept at, [6], [25], [166];
posts carved, [25], [26], [43];
enemies’ heads brought to, [24], [108];
skin of first head attached to post of, [25], [108];
raids planned in, [24];
warriors gather in, [107];
prisoners of war kept in, [105];
owns land, [26], [97];
boys assemble in, [127];
boys pay fine to, on marriage, [97];
in Pikuchak ceremony, [128];
omen of death taken in, at Tuku, [130];
skull and horns of mithan kept in, [141];
to dream of new, presages deaths, [171] [[236]]
Chamthe, cloth of performer of Wozütana and head-taking “gennas,” [10]
Chang tribe, mixed origin of, [xx];
tradition of change, [xx], [xxi];
physical type, [xxii];
invaders in Phom, Ao and Konyak territory absorb Ao villages, [xxv n. 2], [xxxiii n. 1], [92 n. 1];
bury and expose dead, [xxv], [92 n. 1];
story of people with inverted noses, [xxvii n. 1];
use of war drum, [xxviii];
method of sowing, [xxix];
erect memorial posts instead of stones, [xxix];
position of chiefs similar to that of Semas and Thados, [xxxiii];
language resemblances, [xxxv];
love token, [12 n. 1];
trade in leggings, [15];
traditional use of tsonak, [16];
make spear shafts, [17];
use tsiri trap, [67];
do not intermarry with corresponding clans, [92 n. 1], [93];
adoption among, [99];
scapegoat ceremony, [135];
death customs, [156];
belief as to tiger-man, [163 n. 1]
Chankerhomo, valour and death of, [xiv]
Chants, in champo rebuilding, [27];
agricultural, [85];
head-hunting, [106], [107], [123];
hoiki enyam, [123]
Character:
Angami, Sema, [xiii];
Lhota, humour, pluck, [19];
morals, [19], [121];
thrift, [xiii], [30], [136];
reserved, [v], [xiii];
treatment of parents, [19], [20];
of animals, [20];
prone to suicide, [20], [82];
not litigious, [96], [98];
respect for age, [72], [65], [98];
—— for wealth, [136];
philosophical view of life, [113]
Charaksü, cloth of wife of Stone-dragger, [11], [143]
Charms, love, [168];
to keep off evil spirits and improve crops, [169]
Chastity, necessary for boys who drag post in Lisü “genna,” [xxx n. 1];
three days before fetching Opya log, [123];
boy who catches cock in Pikuchak ceremony, [128];
for men on night of Opya ceremony, [123];
after killing of a tiger by the village, [67];
for those engaged in dyeing, [38];
pot-making, [41];
net-making, [43];
for house owner, night before selecting “jhum,” [46];
night after Thruven ceremony, [48];
night before and after second sowing ceremony, [48];
on night before Rangsikam ceremony, [51];
for husband and wife on night of Potsokam, [132];
for parents after certain food during pregnancy, [144];
for bride and bridegroom, [150], [152], [153];
for wives of men on head hunt, [108];
for household during madhu making at Rangsikam, [51];
for decapitator of tiger, twelve days, [67];
for dao lender in Opya ceremony, [123];
for Stone-dragger, before ceremony, [141];
for intending performers of head-taking ceremony, [108];
on night previous to taking bees’ or hornets’ nests, [69];
to fish poisoning, [71];
to starting on a head hunt, [108];
for Ratsen, when anticipating Potsos’ visit, [114];
for all in a field-house, [51]
Cherhechima, unlucky Memi subdivision, [xxxii]
Cheroma: see Thekronoma.
Chesha, ancestor of Chishilimi clan, [xxxii n. 2]
Cheshi, month corresponding to May, [226]
Chichama village, [42]
Chicken, sacrificed in new house (kichakro), [34];
in head-taking “genna,” [108];
at stone-dragging, [142];
at death as forerunner of soul, [157], [159];
strangled and omens taken, [149];
flesh of, in Thruven, [47];
released as scapegoat, [134], [135];
to dream of killing, a presage of death, [171]
Chickens, provisions as to first removal from nest, [63]
Chiefs, among Southern Konyaks, [xxxi], [xxxiii];
Semas, [xxxiii], [xxxvii];
Kacharis, Changs, Thados, [xxxiii];
among Lhotas (ekyung), [96]
Chikanika, month corresponding to August, [226]
Chikmang, peak, [xxxiv n. 1]
Child, colour of hair in childhood, [xxiii];
treatment at birth, naming, feeding, [144]–147;
ear-piercing, [8], [147]
Childbirth, death in, demands special funeral rites, [160].
See Apotia.
Children, punishment of, [102];
inherit qualities of animals eaten by parents, [74], [75], [76];
of celebrant of Liritang eat offerings, [54]
Chilies, cultivation of, [57];
cooking of, [74], [78];
offered in soul-calling ceremony, [135]
Chili plant, men will decrease till they can climb up, [xxxiv]
Chin, [xvi]
China, immigration from Southern, [xvii], [xx]
Chindwin river, valley reputed home of S. Sangtams, [xiv], [xix];
eastern boundary of Naga tribes, [xvi]
Chishi, ancestor of Chishilimi clan, [xxxii n. 2]
Chishilimi, Sema clan, perhaps has dual organization, [xxxii n. 2];
corresponds to Lhota Muri clan, [92]
Chochang, junior division of Sotsoi, [97]
Chongli, Ao, linguistic group, dual and triple division of, [xxx];
members in 1921, [xxxii n. 1]
Chongliemdi, traditional place of origin of Aos, [xviii], [xx]
Chongsemo thanked for help, [vi]
Chongyichami, clan, [88];
Ao descent of, [89]
Chopuk, month corresponding to November, [226]
Chorothui clan, [14], [88];
origin of, [91]
Chotantsu, intercalary month, [226]
Christianity, denationalizing effect of, [xi];
spread of, [xii];
effect on Aos’ funeral customs, [xxiv]
Christians of Okotso starting tea culture, [59]
Chüka, first item in marriage price, [155]
Chunga, [232], [36];
in ceremonies, [48], [34], [149];
omens taken by splitting, [109], [133], [134], [135];
miniature in male baby’s hand at first carrying, [146];
first-fruits placed in, [54];
navel string placed in, [145];
special in Ponyiratsen’s ceremony, [151]
Circumcision not practised, [8]
Clan:
division of phratry into clans and clans into kindreds, [87], [91];
list of clans by phratries, [88];
origins of different clans, [89] et seq.;
jungle men clans, [91];
equality of and exception, [91];
becoming exogamous division, [87];
intertribal correspondence of, discussed, [[237]]92;
welfare involved in heirlooms, [98];
—— of victim may not take share of murderer’s property, [101];
—— of Stone-dragger receives no flesh from bull killed, [143];
—— realizes price of widow who marries into another clan, [155];
mithan and pig sacrificed by, at funeral of head-taker, [159]
Clan lands, customs regarding, [97], [98]
Clansmen of sacrificer feasted, [139];
receive portions of meat, [138], [149];
—— of Stone-dragger help to carry stone, [142];
—— of bridegroom distribute firewood to clansmen of bride, [149];
escort couple to Kithandro. Clansman acts as go-between in marriage negotiations, [153];
escorts couple from bride’s father’s house, [154];
old clansman of bridegroom and old clanswoman of bride accompany former in Tsoyuta ceremony, [153];
wives of clansmen of bridegroom escort couple from bride’s father’s house, [150];
two boys of bridegroom’s clan sleep with couple on night of Halam, [150];
husbands of women of bridegroom’s clan collect firewood in Lantsoa ceremony, [148], [149];
kill pig, [149];
women of bride’s clan give her cotton and thread, [149];
in case of “apotia” death old clansman makes fire to purify household, takes rent for land, [162];
—— of deceased cannot cultivate land being cultivated at time of death, [161];
also see Echantyoi
Cleanliness, of different tribes, [xxxv]
Cloth:
also see Weaving.
Man’s described, [9], [40];
hung over grave, [158];
woman’s, [11];
special method of wearing in stone-dragging, [143];
made of dog’s hair, [19];
new, offered in soul-calling, [136];
at sale of, thread retained, [44];
corpse wrapped in two or three good cloths, [157];
head-taker’s, [10];
social “genna” performer’s, [9], [10], [11], [136]
Clouds, beliefs regarding, [173]
Club, used in mock fights, [110 n. 2]
Cock, sacrificed, in village founding, [6];
in Opya consecration, [123];
in Pikuchak, [128];
Ponyiratsen’s ceremony, [151];
in purification after “apotia,” [162];
eaten and omens taken before head hunt, [106];
killed by intending performers of head-taking ceremony, [108];
killed at Shishang, [138];
killed and cooked by bridegroom, [148]
Coffin (orhung), Lhota, [xxiv], [157];
Konyak, [xxiv];
Kalyo-Kengyu, [xxv]
Colour of skin: see Skin.
Communication, inter-village, [22]
Complexion: see skin.
Composition of tribes, xv et seq.;
traces of race movements found in, [xviii];
conclusions regarding, [xxxv], [xxxvi]
Conch shell in necklaces, [12], [13]
Cornelian, bead thrown into spring of new village, [5];
in necklaces, [12], [13];
tied to wrist of corpse, [157]
Corpse, preparation for burial, [157];
during Rangsikam household may not touch, [52];
—— of “apotia” exhales evil, [118];
ornaments and clothes of those touching thrown away, [160]
Cotton (khungko), cultivation of, [57];
cleaning of, [36];
bartered for salt, [44];
offered in soul-calling, [135];
bride receives, from married women of her clan, [149]
thread (oying), manufacture of, [36], [37];
given to bride by women of her clan, [149]
wool, worn in ears, [8], [11], [13], [147];
thrown away by those in contact with “apotia,” [161];
put in ears of monkey, [53];
of enemy’s head, [108];
tied to hornet, [69];
offered to Tchhüpfu, [125]
Cough, due to eating with owner of oha stone at Liritang, [55];
medicine for, [80];
ratsen’s cure for, [166]
Council of Elders, among Tangkhuls and Aos, [xxxiii];
among Lhotas, [96], [97]
Cow, killed in champo rebuilding ceremonies, [26], [27];
gall of, medicine for diarrhœa, [79]
Cowrie, tied to scapegoat chicken’s leg, [135];
to “death” chicken’s leg, [157];
charm against evil spirits, [169]
Cowries, use developed from seeds of Job’s tears, [12 n. 1];
in ornamentation, [12], [14]
Crabs, as relish, [54];
offered in scapegoat ceremony, [135]
Crops:
see also Jhum, and Ceremonies, agricultural;
other than rice, [56]–58;
protection of, [52];
ripening of, [54];
damage by wind foretold, [114];
singeing of sacrificial pig fatal to, [130];
abandoned in case of “apotia,” [161];
not reaped where lightning strikes, [163]
Cross-bow, cultural connection, [xv];
distribution among tribes, [xxvii], [xxviii];
description, [17], [18]
Crow tits, not eaten, lest eater’s children inherit pinching, [75]
Cubicles, in houses, [31]
Cuckoo (liyosangsü), flesh given to babies, [147]
Cucumber (lishakti), cultivation of, [58]
Cultivation:
also see Jhum, Terraced cultivation;
diversity of methods, [xxviii], [xxix];
prohibited during emung, [26]
Culture:
Lhota —— with reference to other tribes, [xiv];
traces of race movement found in, [xviii], [xxvi]
Cumming, Mr. R. C. R., on migration of Miri tribe, [xvi n. 4]
Cup, [35];
special, in stone-dragging ceremony, [143]
Cupping, [81]
Currency, [44]
Customs, previous accounts of, scanty, [vi];
decay of, [xi], [xii];
revival and value of, [xii]
Daily routine, [86]
Dal (nyingtyingtsing or limcham), cultivation of, [57];
not eaten by dyers, [38];
by potters, [41]
Dances at champo rebuilding, [18], [19], [27], [91];
brass plates worn at, [15]
Dao (lepok):
also see Yanthang and Tsonak.
Connection between tribes indicated by, xxvi, [xxvii];
Kabui, [xxvi], [16];
Kacha Naga, Garo, Igorot, [xxvi];
Tangkhul, [xxvii];
S. Sangtam as heirloom, [4];
Lhota, [xxvi];
described, [[238]]15, [16];
close connection with owner, [44], [161];
miniatures, placed in male baby’s hand, [146];
of chaste man used in opya sacrifice, [123];
of chaste boy in Pikuchak, [128];
in Tsirotsoala ceremony, held in left hand, [140];
washed, [141];
of warriors not cleaned till day after return from successful head hunt, [108];
scraped together with spear in Epuetha, [132];
in omen taking, [124], [134];
in final offering to dead, [161]
Dao-holder (lechap), described, [16];
assumption of sign of termination of infancy, [24];
hung over man’s grave, [150];
miniature in final offering to dead, [160]
Daughter, sleeps with mother, [31];
rules regarding inheritance, [98], [99]
Dayang river, [115], [117], [xiii];
Lhotas cross, [xiv], [4];
basin of, Lhota habitat, [1];
Pyotsoja ceremony on bank of, [125];
offering made to, [131]
Dead, the, beliefs regarding, [119], [120], [121];
final departure of, [159];
meaning of dreams of, [171];
offerings to (sochipen), [22], [53], [159], [160];
appeased, [120];
disposal of, methods practised by Naga tribes, [xxiii]–xxvi, [92 n. 1].
Also see Burial, Exposure, Desiccation.
Dead, The Land of the (Etchhili):
beliefs of different tribes regarding, [xxxiii], [xxxiv];
entrance to, on Wokha hill, [22], [119];
passage of souls to, [115] et seq., [155], [159];
spirits of animals also go to, [120];
tiger in, [66];
sun’s lights at night, [172]
Dead, Road of the (etchhilan), [119], [120];
beliefs regarding, [xxxiv];
path leading to Wokha hill always known as, [22];
soul (omon) passes along, [118];
enticed down, [159];
chicken and dog killed to precede omon down, [157];
blocked at rain-compelling, [131];
avoidance of, [143], [146];
at omen taking, [152], [153];
dream of carrying child down presages death, [171]
Death:
ceremonies, ordinary, [156]–160;
immediately after, [157], [159];
burial, [157], [158];
subsequent to burial, [158], [159];
extraordinary (see Apotia) in case of, by drowning, [160]–162;
by tiger or leopard, [162];
houses in which death has occurred receive portion of sacrificial meat at Mshe-etak, [53];
omens of, taken at Tuku emung, [130];
in childbirth, [146]
Debts, inherited, [99];
interest on and repayment of, [45];
wiped out by “apotia” death, [161]
Deer, hunting of, [63]–65;
trap for, [51], [52];
pitfalls for, [67];
Sityingo’s special, [64]
Barking, omen of killing, [65]
Defences, described, [21], [22]
Deluge, the, [163 n. 1]
Democracy, of certain tribes, [xxxiii];
southern origin suggested, [xxxvii]
Deolung, story of, [117];
oath on, [103];
in rain-compelling, [131]
Desiccation of dead, described, [xxv]
Dhansiri Valley, crossed by Lhotas, [xiv]
Diarrhœa, medicine for, [79]
Dikhu river, [xxv];
line of contact between northern and southern tribal movement, [xxxvi]
Dilungcham, village named in Rangsi invocation, [126]
Dimapur, monoliths at, similar to Y-shaped memorial posts, [xxix]
Dish (opyi and pyikhyu), [36], [43]
Ditch as defence, [21]
Divination: see Omen taking.
Divorce, rules regarding, [156];
very frequent, [112]
Dog, as scavenger, [23];
description of, treatment of, names given to, [62];
only animal named, [61];
“genna” for birth, [63];
use of hair of, [13], [19], [62];
touch spoils new pots, [41];
flesh not eaten by pot makers, [41];
dyers, [38];
cultivator on day of “jhum” selecting, [46];
by household at Rangsikam, [52];
sacrificed at champo rebuilding, [27], [28];
at Oyantsoa, [123];
in soul-calling, [133], [134];
at funeral of head-taker and tiger-slayer, [157];
dogs with party at time of “apotia” death killed, [161 n. 1];
giant dog eats sun and moon, [173]
hunting, master’s affection for and care of, [63];
employment in hunting, [64]–66;
purification of, [64], [65];
owner’s share of spoil, [65]
wild, flesh causes thirst, [74], [75]
Domestic life, [21]–86
Door, of village, [22];
of house, [33]
Doyang: see Dayang.
Dranda: see Prayer.
Dreamer (hahang), professional, consulted as to house site, [32];
makes offerings to dead, [120], [171];
duties in Potsokam, [131], [132]
Dreams, [170]–172;
influences choice of site of “jhum,” [46];
soul’s movements in, [136], [170], [171];
lucky and unlucky, [32], [171];
symbolical, [171], [172]
Dress, [9], [10], [11];
also see Ceremonial dress.
Drill, implement, [12]
Drink, [78]–79;
also see Madhu.
Drongo: see King crow.
Dropsy, cupping for, [81]
Drum, affinities of tribes suggested by use of, [xxviii]
Ducks, eaten but not kept, [63]
Dyeing, women’s work, [36], [38];
process described, [37], [38];
chastity during and food tabu, [38]
Dzunokehena intermarry with Cherhechima, [xxxii]
Ear, piercing of, [8], [146];
ornaments worn in, by men, [8], [11], [13], [147];
by women, [13];
flowers worn in, [58];
substitute for a head, [106];
ears of sacrificial dog in Oyantsoa, [123], [124]
Earth, ancestors emerge from, [xx], [3], [193];
belief regarding the, [172];
oath on earth from grave, from land in dispute, [103]
Earthquake, cause of, [172];
dream of, presages death, [172]
East, souls of “good” go to, [xxxiv]
Easter Island, similarity of Naga and —— hoe, [xxvii]
Eating together as test of relationship, [xix];
separately, husband and wife when selecting “jhum,” [46];
after formal sowing, [49];
on morning of Rangsikam, [51];
relations of murderer and his victim must never eat together, [101];
villages between which there has been much bloodshed, [101] [[239]]
Echantyoi, husbands of women a man calls sister, duties in stone-dragging, [141], [142]
Echon, month corresponding to January, [226]
Eclipse of sun and moon, causes and meaning of, [172], [173]
Egg, omen taking by breaking, [xxxiv n. 3];
by rolling, [124], [152], [153]
offered to spirits, [6], [50], [125], [127], [128], [132], [133], [135], [152];
to Dayang river, [131];
in stone-dragging, [142], [143];
to tree struck by lightning for rheumatism, [166]
oath on, [103];
with rice offering eaten by householder at Liritang, [54]
Eight, importance of this number appears from following:
sacrificer swings eight pieces of meat in each hand, [34];
eight nung yung leaves offered, [48];
eight cuts to right and eight to left in stone-dragging, [143];
Hantsen swings sacrificial meat eight times before bride and bridegroom, [148];
bride and bridegroom genuflect eight times before Hantsen, [150];
in Ponyiratsen’s ceremony eight bundles of eight “chungas” each containing eight pieces of pith, and four parcels of eight pieces of pork, [151];
“Hohoho” repeated eight times, eight yutso leaves left, [152];
omen taken eight times, bride and bridegroom’s cloths shaken eight times;
omen mat shaken eight times, [153]
Ekhirandhapen, boy’s game, [85]
Ekyung, chief, his position, [96];
raiders collect at his house, [106]
Elephants, damage crops, [56];
caught in pitfalls, [67];
flesh not eaten by young women, [77];
Potsos foretell trouble from, [114];
fear of death from, [163]
Emetic, [79]
Emhu, month corresponding to March, [226]
Emung (gathered together), term explained, [26], n. 1;
for rebuilding champo, [26];
after firing “jhum,” [46];
after Thruven, [48];
Motharatsen, [49];
Amungkam, [50];
Lanvung, [52];
Pikuchak, [128];
Tuku graves dismantled, death omens taken, [130];
three days preceding dragging of opya posts, [123];
day after visit from Potsos, [114];
day after an eclipse, [173];
story regarding monkey’s ravages during, [224];
stranger who breaks emung held to ransom, [101]
Emungrangki, temporary hut during stone-dragging, [141]
Enemy, insignia of killer of, [7], [12], [14];
see also Head hunting, Head taking.
Eni clan, [42 n. 1], [88], [90]
Entrails, eaten, [78];
of sacrificial animal eaten by Puthi, [50];
buried, [51];
eaten by stone-carriers, [143];
omens taken from, [6], [34], [50], [51], [123], [128]
Ephi, month corresponding with April, [226]
Epuetha ceremony to appease Khyuham, [116];
described, [132]
Erhinga tree, nets made of bark, [43]
Eschatology of different tribes, [xxxiii];
of Lhotas, [115] et seq.
Eshamsü, cloth of man who has dragged more than one stone, [10]
Eso, supporter of Stone-dragger, [142]
Etchhienya, ceremony to appease the Dead, [120];
may not be performed six days before Lanvung, [52];
offerings to Dead at, [53]
Etchhiku, entrance to Land of the Dead, q.v.
Etchhili, Land of the Dead, q.v.
Etchhililan, Road of the Dead, q.v.
Etchhililanthamo, guardian of Road of the Dead, [119 n. 4], [157]
Etchhiman (price of death), [155]
Etchhitsok (dead men’s rice), [120]
Etha, social “genna,” described, [140];
performers must perform Thruven, [47], [48]
Ethasü, cloth of performer of Etha, [10], [140]
Ethung, second spear, q.v.
Etsiao thanked for help, [vi]
Excreta, omen taken from, [50], [149], [151]
Exogamy, among Naga tribes, [xxx]–xxxii;
among Lhotas, [87], [88];
arranged for in new village population, [5 n. 1];
may have existed between corresponding clans, [92], [93]
Exposure of dead, practised by Aos, Konyaks, [xxiv];
Phoms, Changs, [xxv], [92 n. 1];
Lhotas in case of tiger’s victim, [162]
Eyes, of Angamis and Semas, [xxi]–xxii;
Lhotas, [7];
medicine for sore, [81]
Ezong clan, origin of, [88];
term used for mother, [95]
Ezongterowe kindred, [91]
Ezongtsopowe kindred, [91]
Fasts: owner of “jhum” fasts on morning of formal sowing, [48]
Father, use of different words for, divides tribes into two linguistic groups, [xxxi n. 2];
food and other tabus of, during mother’s pregnancy, [144], [145];
duties during wife’s labour, [145];
after birth of child, [146], [147];
share of daughter’s marriage price, [149];
his duties during marriage ceremonies, [148]–150, [153]
Feet, of game hung in mpongki, [35];
of Puthi touched with rice in first-fruits ceremony, [53]
Females sit on left of sacrificer, [34];
associated with number five, q.v.
Fertility, spirit of, in Lisü “genna,” [xxx n. 1];
ceremonies to promote, [28], [122], [129];
especially of rice, [125], [126]
Feudal position of Sema chief, [xxxiii]
Fever, cure for, [136]
Field-house, [86];
described, tabus regarding, [51];
ceremonies in, [51], [54];
unhusked rice stored in, [55], [56]
Fingers, as trophy, [106];
hung in mingetung, [108]
Fire, lighting of, in new village, [6];
in new house, [34];
a protection against evil spirits, [48], [133];
for purifying dogs, [65];
people, [160]–161;
kept burning on graves, [158], [159];
dreams of fire, meanings, [172];
also see Fire-stick.
Fireplace (nchu): see Hearth.
Fire-stick (mi-hm), described, [6 n. 1];
omen-taking by, [xiv];
use and disposal of, in ceremonial fire-lighting, [6], [34], [50], [52], [54], [65], [161];
in case of painful childbirth, [145];
oath-taking, [102], [103] [[240]]
First-fruits, eaten by Puthi and householders, some placed in daily rice-bin, [53], [54];
see Mshe etak.
Fish, shooting of, [xxvii n. 3];
kept in water supply, [29];
presented to Potsos, (tseru) in rain-compelling, [130];
(ngolelop) given to babies, [147];
disposal of, in case fisherman is drowned, [161];
vehicle of love charm, [168];
gift of, completes marriage (Aos), [168]
Fishing, methods by poison, [43], [90];
described, [70], [71], [72];
observances connected with, [71], [73];
by rod (ngoko), [73];
by blocking channel, [74];
by weirs, [72], [73];
by hand trap, [73];
rights, [70]
Fishing, beliefs connected with, weir-builders keep chaste, do not speak to strangers, begin as boys, [73];
catcher of süwo fish with rod, liable to death by tiger, [74];
luck in, spoilt by a man dyeing, [38]
Fish-hook (mukhu), [73]
Five, important number connected with females: compare with six;
—— days’ “genna” for birth of, and five beads in necklace of cow-calf, [60];
“chunga” dropped —— times in omen-taking for a woman, [134];
chicken tossed —— times for a woman in scapegoat ceremony, [135];
girls’ name given —— days after birth, [145];
bride carries —— pieces of meat and bobbins of thread in Halam ceremony, [154];
—— pieces of meat over woman’s grave, five days’ “genna” after woman’s death, [158];
death chicken’s wings chopped —— times for a woman, [159];
—— pieces of liver in Sityingo’s share, [65];
—— days’ “genna” for litter of pigs, [61];
puppies, [63];
—— days’ interval between counting of oha stones and opening of mingetung fence, [124]
Flies, after second death the Dead change into, [121]
Floor of house, [30]
Flowers, cultivation and use of, [58]
Flute (philipi or phiphili), [85];
girl’s name expressed in note of, [86];
Sema and Angami, [85 n. 1]
Flycatcher, Little Pied, called Deadmen’s Hornbill, [120]
Folklore, as indication of tribal origins and affinities, [xxxiv], [xxxv]
“Folklore in the Old Testament,” [xxvii n. 1], [46 n. 1]
Folk Tales, [174]–199;
general remarks on, [174]
Apfuho and the Old Woman, [177]
Apfuho and the Tiger, [177]
The Boy and the Water Spirit, [182]
The Girl who married a Tiger, [190]
How Children became Monkeys, [222]
How Men became Cat-fish, [184]
How Men were turned into Gibbons, [184]
Lankongrhoni and the Villagers, [193]
The Sambhur and the Hanuman Monkey, [175]
The Story of the Kithang Clan, [185]
The Story of Lichao and His Daughter, [187]
The Story of the Cuckoo and the Crow, [220]
The Story of Sityingo and Ngazo, [183]
The Story of the Two Brothers, [181]
The Story of Ramphan, [197]
The Sun and the Moon, [196]
The Widow and the Boys of the Morung, [186]
The Wild Boar and the Tiger, [175]
The Woman with a Caterpillar for a Husband, [195]
The Wagtail and the Owlet, [196]
Food, [74]–78;
cat-flesh as, [63];
bee and hornet grubs, [69], [74];
transference of qualities by eating, [74];
animals, etc., not eaten, with reasons, [75]–77.
Food tabus attaching to persons and avocations will be found under those headings.
Forehead of Puthi touched with rice at First-fruits eating, [53]
Forge, site of, unlucky, [42]
Founder of village, duties of, in village founding ceremony, [56];
priestship, hereditary in family (Angamis), [xxxiii];
chieftainship, hereditary, [96]
Four, important number in various ceremonies:
in new house occupation, [34];
in first sowing, [47];
in second sowing, [48];
in Liritang, [54];
in rain-compelling, [131];
in Ponyiratsen, [151], [152]
Fowls (hono), keeping of, [63];
sacrificed, [125], [129], [140];
also see Cock, Hen, Chicken.
Frazer, Sir J., [xxvii n. 1], [46 n. 1], [160 n. 3], [186 n. 1]
Friend (okam), making of formal, [104];
namesakes regarded as, [104], [169]
Fringe (khezi), as insignia of tiger-slayers and head-takers, [12]
Frog flesh tabued to ratsen, [165]
Gait, “History of Assam,” [2 n. 1]
Gall of cow or pig medicine for diarrhœa, [79];
of python for fever, etc., [80]
Garden, crops grown in, [57], [58];
Puthi sows first rice in, [48];
reaped at Mshe etak, [53]
“Garos, The,” on reaping, [xxviii];
Road of the Dead, [xxxiv n. 1];
on hauntings, [160 n. 2];
on the moon, [172]
Garos, Bodo Tribe, lack of love for village site, [xv];
migratory, [xvi];
immigrants from Nepal and Tibet, [xvi], [xvii], [xxvi];
connected with Semas, [xix];
burn dead, [xxiv n. 1];
reap with hand only, [xxviii];
erect memorial posts, [xxix];
knowledge of lycanthropy, [xxxiv];
Road of the Dead, [xxxiv n. 1]
“Gazetteer of Upper Burma, etc.,” [xvi n. 3], [xvii n. 1], [2], [xxiv n. 1], [xxviii n. 1], [xxxvi n. 3];
regarding Kachins, [105 n. 1]
Genealogies, Angamis’ knowledge of, [xv]
“Genna” stones, [5], [23];
tallystick, [159]
“Gennas,” Social, [136]–144.
Importance and cost of, general remarks regarding, [136], [137];
first “genna,” [138];
second, [138];
third, [140];
fourth, [140];
performance of all, necessary for certain posts, [66], [98], [122], [126];
non-performance of any, necessary for certain posts, [48], [126], [132], [133];
performance of, considered in division of inheritance, [98], [99];
insignia of performers, [[241]]9, [10], [136], [138], [140];
memorials of performers and non-performers of, [159];
tabus regarding, [65], [138], [141]
Ghosts (omon), [169]–170;
ladder, [160], [xxiv]
Gibbon, fur of, as warrior’s wig, [13];
flesh not eaten by young women, by Othui clan, [185 n. 2];
head put in stream as rain charm, [130];
story, “How Men were turned into Gibbons,” [92 n. 1], [184]
Ginger (osing), use of, to keep off evil spirits, [27], [34], [132];
as offerings, [47], [49], [128], [133], [134], [135]
Girl, head shaved, [7], [8];
assumes first skirt (khondrosü), [9];
terms used for, [95];
birth customs differ from those for boys, [145]–147;
married without being consulted, [112];
girls and boys formed into working parties, [97];
stories of girls emerging from oranges, etc., see Legends.
Goat (nyanya), keeping of, [62];
hair, value of, [62];
in ornaments, [13], [14], [17];
hoof as medicine, [79];
flesh not eaten by dyers, [38],
pot-makers, [41],
cultivator on day of “jhum” selecting, [46];
household at Rangsikam, [52]
Gods:
see also Rangsi, Sityingo, Tchhüpfu, Ngazo, Potso.
Lhota’s ideas regarding, [113] et seq.;
Wind god of Ungma, [103]
Goître, cure for, [80]
Gongs, [44]
Gourds (shammo, zükhe), cultivation of, [58];
use of, as bottle, [36], [54], [58]
Government, practices stopped by:
use of notsü as fish poison, [70];
catching game in pitfalls, [67];
plucking goats and dogs alive, [62]
Granary (osung), described, [23];
temporary (echengrangki), [56];
as ossuary (Kalyo-Kengyu), [xxv], [130];
sacrifice at, [140];
mithan head placed in, [155];
oha stones kept in, [166]
Grave, digging of, [157];
protection, ornamentation of, fire lighted on, [158];
dismantled, [159], [130], [154];
of performer of Rangendri, [129];
of Sema, [19];
in houses, [xxiv];
houses built over, [xxiv], [160 n. 3];
thatched, [xxiv];
opened for second burial, [xxiv];
oath on earth from, [103]
Great Darkness: see Thimzing.
Grierson, Sir George, on classification of Naga languages, [xvi n. 1], [xix], [xxxv];
of Lhota, [207]
Guests, sleeping-place of, [31]
Guns, scarcity of, [63]
Gurdon, Colonel, [xv n. 2], [xxvii], [xxviii n. 3], [172 n. 3]
Hail, cause of, [173]
Hair, as guide to classification of races, [xxii];
types of, found among hill tribes, [xxiii];
—— of Lhotas, [67];
Aos, Konyaks, [7];
colour of children’s, [xxiii], [7];
not cut during pregnancy, [145];
first cutting of baby’s, [147];
oath taken on, [102], [103];
danger of —— getting into hostile hands, [169];
dressing of, [7], [8];
of children, [147];
—— of “head” fixed on gate-post (orrülama), [107];
in ornaments, human, [13], [14];
dog’s 13, [19];
goat’s, [13], [14]
Hair-brush Palm (shawo), leaf as arrow-feather, [18]
Haki-ung, Chang clan, hereditary “tiger men,” [163 n. 1]
Halam, third part of marriage ceremonies, [149]–151;
Southern Lhota, [154]
Halamman, fifth item of marriage price, [155]
Hammer, similarity of Naga and Philippine, [xxvii]
Hands, conventional representations of, on houses of Puthis and warriors, [34]
Hantsen, celebrant of marriage ceremonies, [148]–155;
not known among Southern Lhotas, [154]
Haokip, Thado clan, [xxx n. 1]
Harvest, described, [54]–56
Hawks, eaters of, spit, [76]
Hawk-eagle, only eaten by old people, [76]
Head, treated with ceremony, [xxv];
detached after death, [xxiv], [xxv]
of bull, Stone-dragger’s portion, [143];
of pig in Halam ceremony, father-in-law’s portion, [148]
of enemy, treatment after taking, [107], [108];
ear as substitute, [106];
brought to champo, [24];
hung in mingetung, [28], [108];
in Phiro, [29];
skin of, attached to champo post, [25], [107];
brings luck to village, [109];
—— of toothless baby valueless, of woman valued more than man’s, [105];
represented by rüho, [14];
carved over graves, [129], [158];
exposed in front of “morung,” [xxix n. 2];
buried, [xxxvii];
see also Head hunting, Head-taking “genna.”
Headache, medicine for, [80]
Head-hunting:
importance of, [105], [109];
abolition of, tends to decay of customs, [xii], [104];
Phiro belief regarding abolition of, [29];
degraded state of, [109];
between Lhota villages prohibited, [104];
planning of, [24], [105];
proceedings on return of successful —— party, [106]–108;
trophies, [106];
mock, [128]
Head-taking “genna” (Ramo), described, [108]–109;
qualifications required of performers of, [107], [108], [110];
insignia of performer of dark blue “lengta,” [8], [109];
cowrie wristlets, [12], [109];
three king-crow feathers, [13];
hornbill’s tail feathers, [13], [109];
wild boar’s tusks, [12], [109];
lechapsü red, [16], [109];
spear-shaft scarlet goat’s hair, [17];
mock —— at Rangendri, [129];
commemorated on grave, [158]
Head-taker, at funeral of, dog killed, [157];
mithan and pig killed, [159];
tally of heads alongside Road of the Dead, [159]
Head Tree, see Mingetung.
Hearth (nchü), ceremonial construction of, in new house, [34];
shelf over, [36];
held in case of earthquake, [172];
separate —— for each wife, [31];
bridegroom waves spear round, in hamal ceremony, [150], [154];
—— in champo, [26]
stones, placing of, [34];
touched with rice in Mshe etak, [53];
miniature made in Shishang ceremony, [139]
Heirlooms, custody of, welfare of clan involved in, [98];
chabli as, [44];
yanthang as, [3], [16], [197];
Southern Sangtam dao and ornaments, [4] [[242]]
Helmets (kiven), [18];
manufacture of, [43];
worn in tiger-hunt, [66]
Hen, sacrificed in Mshe etak, [53];
eaten, [54];
in Pyotsoja ceremony, [125];
strangled, omens taken from excreta and entrails in Amungkam, [50];
swung round field-house, strangled, omens taken eaten by old clansman, [51]
Hiccough, bad omen for head hunter, [106]
Hides, preparation of, [44]
Himalayas, Lhota tradition of origin from, [xv]
Hinduism, effect on Lhotas, [xi]
“History of Mankind,” [xxii n. 2], [172 n. 3], [xxvii], [xxviii]
“History of Assam,” [2 n. 1]
“History of Upper Assam,” etc., [19 n. 1]
Hmhmti: see Chalmagra.
Hodson, Colonel, T. C., [124], [199];
regarding Manipuri people, [xxxvi n. 1];
kang game, [84 n. 1]
Hoe, connections between tribes indicated by —— used, [xxvii]
Ho-hoing, in Lanvung, [52];
in fish-poisoning, [71]
Hoiki enyam, chant, [123]
Honohoyanto (fowl-throat-cutting village), or Themoketsa, tradition of Lhota sojourn at, [xiv], [4];
first name in Rangsi invocation, [125]
Hoopoe, not eaten, [76]
Hornbill (Great Indian), caught with bird-lime, [69];
flesh not usually eaten, prohibited to Tompyaktserre, [77];
symbolical of wealth, [14];
head insignia of Stone-dragger, [14];
tail feathers insignia of performer of head-taking ceremony, [13], [109];
ancestress of Worore clan made pregnant by, [89];
head carved on champo posts, [28], [43]
Hornets, varieties, taking of nests, grubs eaten, [69], [70]
Hose and McDougall, [46 n. 1]
House, varieties of, among Naga tribes, [xxx];
cleanliness of, [xxxv]
Lhota, [xxx];
described, [30]–35;
selection of site, [32];
construction, [32]–34;
ceremonies of entry into new, [34], [35];
contents of, [35], [36];
abandoned for “apotia” death, [146], [161];
if struck by lightning, [163]
restrictions on others entering;
strangers, Puthi’s —— at Motharatsen, [49];
celebrant of Epuetha re-entering, [136]
Hukong valley, north-eastern boundary of Naga tribes, [xvi]
Humtsoi clan, [88];
origin of, [90];
term used for mother, [95];
sacrifice bull in Etha, [140]
Hunchibili, story of, [xv n. 1];
similarity to story of Lichao and his daughter, [188 n. 1]
Hunting, of deer and serow, [64];
wild pig and bear, [65], [66];
porcupine, [66];
tiger and leopard, [66], [67];
monkeys, [67];
rules for division of spoil, [65];
to dream of successful —— presages bad sport, [171];
beliefs regarding, death in village means bad sport, good or bad sport foretold by position of tongue of quarry, [64];
to kill deer with torn ear (Sityingo’s deer) stops hunt and entails purifying of dogs, [64], [65];
if spear strikes quarry in face or hock a claim for a share entails death of claimant or near relative, [65]
Husband, Lhota and Ao compared, [19];
terms used for, [95];
relations with wives, [154];
tabus affecting, during wife’s pregnancy, [144], [145];
may not take share of adulterer’s fine, [101]
Husbands of women born in sacrificer’s clan collect leaves in Shishang, [139];
are Wothang (announcers) in Tsirotsoala, [140];
of women born in bridegroom’s clan, duties in Lantsoa and Halam ceremonies, [149]
Hutton, J. H., Esq., C.I.E., help acknowledged, [v];
account of Lhota customs, [vi];
Introduction by, [xi]–xxxix;
mentioned in Labour Corps song, [205];
Mr. Hutton’s notes initialled J. H. H. have not been separately indexed.
Igorot, connection with Nagas suggested by similarities of daos and spears, [xxvi], [xxvii];
terrace cultivation similar to Angamis’, [xxix];
connection with Angamis suggested, [xxxvii]
Iki, Sema equivalent of Apfuho, [176], [177 n. 2]
Illness, attributed to evil spirits, introducing things into body of patient, [116], [133], [165], [166];
capturing soul (omon) of patient, [79], [133], [166];
ceremonies for, [133]–136;
medicines for, [79]–81;
results, from breaking an emung, [26];
bringing dross from forge into house, [42];
eating with owner of oha stones in Liritang, [56]
Illimyo village, Potsos visit, [114]
Imaiyali, response to chant of head-takers, [107]
Impur mission station, [xi], [xii]
Indigestion, medicine for, [80]
Indigo (tchemo), cultivation of, [58];
dyeing with, [38]
Indonesia, Ratzel’s division of races of, [xxii];
Naga connection with, suggested by weapons, [xxvi];
Mr. Hutton’s views regarding, [xxxvi], [xxxvii]
Inheritance, rules of, [98], [99]
Insects, souls of dead inhabit, [xxxiii], [xxxiv n. 1];
fortunes of village foretold by, [65], [127], [128]
Inseni-Kotsenu, Rengma linguistic group, [xxxi]
Insignia, of warrior, head-taker, first, second, third spear, Stone-dragger, performers of “gennas”: see under respective headings.
Irawadi, immigration from east of, [xvii]
Iron, oaths on broken —— binding, [187 n. 2];
stuck in tree struck by lightning cures rheumatism, [166]
work, [41], [42]
foundry, [42]
Ivory, ill luck connected with, [12], [44]
Izumontse, legendary ancestor of phratry, [3], [88]
Izumontserre (scattered men), [xxxviii];
traditional origin of, [88];
clans in, [88], [90]
Japfu, song of founding, [203]
Japvo: see Tukahu.
Jhum, methods of sowing, [xxix];
cutting, [45], [46];
selection of site, [46];
burning, [46], [47];
sowing, [47]–49;
weeding, [49];
protection, [52]–53;
harvest, [54]–56;
miscellaneous crops, [56]–58
of man who dies “apotia”;
next cut by man of another clan, [161]–162 [[243]]
Job’s tears (omung), seeds used in ornamentation, [12];
sown along edges of fields, [57]
Journal of R.A.I., “Leopard man,” etc., [164 n. 1]
Journal of Asiatic Society of Bengal, [2 n. 3]
Jump, long (eyenda), high (untsongeyen), [82];
—— and kick (nshü), [83]
Jungle men (orakyon), families descended from, [xv], [xxi], [xxx], [89], [90];
possible explanation, [91]
Kabuis, dao, [xxvi], [16];
erect dolmens, [xxix];
ceremony similar to spearing of opya, [124]
Kacha Nagas, [xx];
probably recently migratory, [xvi];
connection with Kacharis, [xix];
facial resemblance to Memi and Tengima, [xxii n. 1];
bury dead, [xxiv];
northern origin suggested by dao, [xxvi];
Igorot connection suggested by spear, [xxvi];
terrace cultivation, [xxviii];
erect dolmens, [xxix];
defences resemble those of Wa, [xxxvi n. 3];
influenced by southern immigrants, [xxxvii], [xxxviii];
clubs used in riots, [110 n. 2]
Kacharis, Bodo tribe, no affection for village sites, [xv];
immigrants from Nepal and Tibet, [xvi];
language in Naga-Bodo group, [xvi n. 1];
connected with Semas and Nagas, [xix];
Dimapur monoliths similar to Y-shaped posts, [xxix];
feudal position of chiefs, [xxxiii]
Kachins, [xvi];
affinity with Changs, [xx];
prisoners kept in stocks, [105 n. 1]
Kalij pheasant, feathers worn, [13]
Kalyo-Kengyu, Singpho affinities, northern origin, [xix];
disposal of dead, [xxv], [130 n. 1], [158];
offerings to dead, [159 n. 1];
erect memorial posts, [xxix];
make leggings, [15]
Kamahu, village imports an Ang, [xxxi n. 1]
Karens, [xix]
Kayans, cultural affinities with Nagas, [46 n. 1];
similarity of folk tale, [222]
Kepepfüma, see Pepfüma.
Kepezoma, see Pezoma.
Ketenini, Rengma clan corresponding to Nguli, [92]
Ketsarhontsü, Lhota name for Kezakenoma stone, [167]
Kezakenoma (Keshur) village, traditions of Lhota sojourn at, [xiv];
legend of ancestors emerging from the earth near to, [3];
miracle-working stone at, [3];
fragment (Phi-tsong-lung) at Pangti, [4], [167]
Kezami, probably connected with Semas, [xix];
intermarry with Cherhechima, [xxxii];
numbers in 1921 census, [xxxii n. 1]
“Khasis, The,” [xv n. 2], [xxvii], [xxviii]
Khasis, permanent villages, [xv n. 3];
folk-tales connect them with Nagas, [xxxiv];
dao, with Garos, Lhotas, Kabuis, [xxvi];
hoes with Yachungr, Mikir, Konyak Battak, Easter Island, [xxvii];
use of bow, [xxvii];
no knowledge of lycanthropy, [xxxiv];
divination by egg-breaking, [xxxiv n. 3];
regard moon as masculine, [172 n. 3]
Khawtlang, erect Y-shaped posts, [xxx n. 1]
Khel (Yankho), term explained, [24];
government of, [97];
after-birth tree of, [146];
Ponyiratsentung, [152]
Khoirao, tradition of origin, [xviii], [xx];
language classification, [xix];
terrace cultivation, [xxviii];
much affected by immigration from south, [xxxvii]
Khoro, village, [1]
Khurocho, game described, [83], [84]
Khyuham, evil spirit imprisoned, [116];
annual sacrifice to, [132]
Kichan, rice collected at, Tuku, q.v.
Kikung, two “khels” of, in Tsingaki village, [24];
in Tompyaktserre phratry, [88], [89];
corresponding clans, [92];
sacrifices bull in Etha, [140];
in legend of Kithang clan, [185]–187
Killing, prohibited on morning of fish-poisoning, [71];
on last morning of building fishing weir, [73];
in Ratsen’s house prior to Potsos’ visit, [114];
by member of deceased’s household till completion of death “genna” [119], [158];
between collecting of unhusked and husked rice in Tuku, [130];
of wild animal by pregnant woman, [144]
Kimongthang, mythical hero, [185]
Kindred, clans divided into, [87], [91], [92];
becoming exogamous divisions, [87];
in Ovung clan, [89];
some eponymous, [91];
of Nguli enumerated, [92]
King-crow, eaten by old people, [76];
feathers of (Yizememhi) worn by head-taker, [13];
not eaten by ratsen, [165]
Kisiyo, village in Rangsi invocation, [126]
Kithandro, shed built by bridegroom, [149], [154]
Kithang clan, [88];
origin, marriage rules of, [90];
term used for mother, [95];
the story of the —— clan, [185]
Kitsoman, fourth item of marriage price, [155]
Kiwen, third spear, q.v.
Kizu, leaf as medicine, [80]
Kohima, [vii];
traditions of Lhota sojourn at, [xiv], [4];
mixed origin of clans in, [xx], [xxi]
Kol-Mon-Annam tribes, once inhabited Naga hills, [xvii], [xxxvi];
connection with Nagas suggested by weapons, [xxvi];
by hoes, [xxvii]
Konyak tribes, affinities with Singphos, [xviii],
Changs, [xx];
north-eastern and eastern origin, [xix];
complexion and hair, [xxiii];
Negrito type, fuzzy hair, [xxiii];
cultural affinities shown by spears, [xxvi], [xxvii];
hoe, [xxvii];
method of sowing, [xxix];
use of war drum, xxviii;
blackening of teeth, [xxix n. 1];
disposal of enemies’ heads, [xxix n. 2];
triple division among southern, [xxxi];
“Ang,” [xxxi];
exogamy, [xxxi];
linguistic affinity, [xxxv];
love of parents, [20];
defences of villages, [21];
size of “morungs,” [24];
animal killed at “morung” rebuilding, [25 n. 1];
skill in carving, [43];
eat opium, [82];
buy slaves for sacrifice, [110 n. 1];
use coffins, [158];
tree burial, [162], [163];
hole cut in roof at death, [157]
Kudámji, Chang clan, [185 n. 2]
Kukis, no affection for village site, [xv];
migratory, [xvi];
language classification, [xvi n. 1], [xxxv], [xxxvi];
attack Makware, [xvii];
possible northern origin, [xvii];
physical type, [xxii];
complexion and hair, [xxiii];
bury dead, detach head, [xxiv];
use of bow, [xxvii];
belief as to earthquakes, [172 n. 1] [[244]]
Kukung, cotton winding-frame, [37]
Kyon, man:
Lhotas’ name for themselves, [1];
mynas call, [185]
Lakhuti, village, [117];
defeats Burmese, receives Brodie well, instigates Butler’s murder, [2];
spear through roof as prophylactic, [116];
Apfuho’s rock, [176]
Land, heritable, not saleable, [98];
champo lands, [26], [97];
clan lands, [97], [98]
Langkam, Ao clan, [xxx]
Language, [207]–225;
languages of Naga tribes, classification of, [xvi];
line of cleavage between north-eastern and other groups, north-eastern group resembles Kuki-Bodo languages, [xxxv], [xxxvi]
Lantsoa (road-making), second portion of marriage ceremony, [148], [149], [154]
Lanvung (Angami, Chadangi), path-clearing ceremony, [52];
precedes Rangsikam in Akuk, [51]
Laughing thrush, not eaten, [76]
Lazemi, village, [90]
Leaf, various kinds of, as medicines, [80];
bunches of, held to keep off evil influence, [118], [141 n. 2];
put over door to denote house as “sacred,” [141]
Leech, applied to sprains, protection against bites, [81]
Left, associated with female, females sit on ——, [34];
bride on, [150], [151], [154];
bride’s garment placed on ——, [152];
associated with number nine in ceremonies, [47], [49], [128];
fire waved from —— to right in Liritang, [54];
wings of death chicken hung on —— wall, [157];
—— hand used in sacrifices, [34], [128], [140]
Legends: see also Folk Tales.
Ancestors emerging from earth, [xx], [3], [88], [89], [90];
ancestors descending from sky, [91]
Cloud impregnates daughter of god, [xx]
Fighting stones, [xv], [xxxiv], [117]
Girls emerging from oranges, etc., [xv], [xxxiv], [188 n. 1]
Jungle men, [xv], [xxi], [89], [90]
Kezakenoma stone, [3], [4], [167]
Men turned into Gibbons, [92 n. 1], [184]
Village site selected by sow littering, [5]
Women impregnated by hornbill’s feather, [89]
Leggings (chori), [15]
Leipzig Museum, hoes in, [xxvii]
Lemon leaves (tsoshü), as poultice, [80];
male after-birth wrapped in, [145];
ratsen rubs patient with, [166]
Lengka, mythical home of Lhotas and Plainsmen, [3]
Lengta (rive), described, [8];
ceremonial (phuhorive), [14];
hung over grave, [157]
Lentamoman, ninth item of marriage price, [155]
Lentil (orho), cultivation of, [57]
Leopard (mharrtero), hunting of, [66];
shields used in hunting, [18];
flesh not eaten, [74];
protection of goats from, [62];
ratsen’s “familiar,” [xxxiv n. 2], [164]
men (Semas), [164]
Leopard cat, eating of, detrimental to crops, [74]
Leprosy, cure for, [198], [199]
Lhetyak leaves waved to keep off evil spirits, [54], [55]
Lhota Nagas, somewhat neglected hitherto, [v];
losing distinctive features, [xi];
compared with Semas and Angamis, [xiii];
possible places of origin, [xiv], [xv], [xxi], [34];
migrations of, [xiv], [xv], [3], [4], [5];
composite origin of, [xiv], [xv], [xxxvii]
habitat, [xii], [xiii], [1];
decreasing, [5];
dispossess Aos, [5];
derivation of name unknown, [1];
relations with Assamese,1;
first contact with British, [2];
geographical division into Ndrung and Liye by Doyang river, [3 n. 1]
connections suggested with:
Aos, by social organization, [xxx];
armlets, [12];
ceremonial dress, [13];
dao-holder, [16];
tsonak, [16 n. 1];
roof decoration, [34];
loom, [38];
spindle, [36];
chabli heirlooms, [44];
leaf cups, [143].
Angamis, by culture, [xiv], [xxiv];
organization, [xiv], [xxxi]; polity, [xxxiii];
legends, [3];
leggings, [15];
spindle, [36].
Changs, by Y-shaped posts, [xxix];
brass plates, tsonak, [16 n. 1].
Garos, Y-shaped posts, [xxix].
Kabuis, dao, [xxvi];
spearing effigy, [124].
Kalyo-Kengyu, Y-shaped posts, [xxix].
Khasis, by folk tales, [xv];
dao, [xxvi].
Konyaks, by dance on “morung” roof, [27].
Rengmas, by tradition, [xiv], [4];
dual system, [xiv];
method of sowing, [xxix];
monoliths, [xxix].
Sangtams, by tradition, [xiv], [xix], [4];
language, [4 n. 1];
brass plates, [14].
Singphos, by cross-bow, yanthang, tsonak, [xv], [xxvii n. 3]
differences between Northern and Southern Lhotas:
baldricks, [13];
bead making, [44];
cultivation, [47];
daos, [15];
exogamy, [87];
helmets, [18];
Lanvung ceremony, [52];
Motharatsen ceremony, [49];
Mshe etak, [54];
term for mother, [95];
marriage ceremonies, [153], [154];
men’s cloths, [10];
spears, [17];
shields, [18];
soul-calling ceremony, [133];
Thruven, [48];
Tuku, [129];
term for priest, [121];
decoration of Puthis’ roof, [34];
scapegoat ceremony, [135];
stone-dragging ceremony, [153], [154];
“apotia” death ceremonies, [162]
Lhurhui (cubicle), [31];
scene of Epuetha, [132];
tsoyuta, [148], [154];
omen mat placed in, [153];
death chicken’s wings chopped on step of, [159]
Life after death, [20], [118], [119];
see also Dead, The Land of the.
Lightning, customs regarding, [163];
connected with rheumatism, [166]
Likam: see Rangsikam.
Lime, [82]
Limhachan, legendary ancestor of Tompyaktserre phratry, [3], [88]
Lingta, first spear, q.v.
Linguistic groups:
Aos, [xxx], [xx];
Rengmas, [xxxi];
S. Konyaks, [xxxi];
Angamis, [xiv], [xxxi], [xxxii], [xxxviii];
Lhotas, [xiv], [xxxii], [xxxviii]
Liritang, reaping ceremony, [54]–56;
offering to oha stones prior to, [168]
Lisio village, decay and revival of customs in, [xii] [[245]]
Lisü “genna,” fertility ceremony, [xxx], n. 1
Live-stock, [59]–63;
abandoned in case of “apotia,” [161]
Liye, right bank of Dayang Lhotas, [3 n. 1];
dialect, [207]
Lizard, beliefs regarding, [116];
aid to delivery, [145]
Loans, customs as to, [45]
Lobeni, dream woman, [170 n. 2]
Locusts, in omen-taking, [127]
Loko, cotton cleaning bow, [36]
Lolo tribe, burn dead, [xxiv n. 1]
Longchacharr, Ao clan corresponding to Kikung, [92]
Longcham, scene of Rampham’s exploits, [197]
Longchethang, ancestor of Muri, Othui, and other clans, [90], [167]
Long-tailed Broadbills not eaten, [76]
Loom described, [38]
Loroesü, married woman’s cloth, [11];
first wearing of, [150]
Lotsü village, founding of, [5], [91];
Puthi’s son dies “apotia,” [161 n. 1]
Lozema, Lhotas and Semas part at, [4]
Lufas (longchungo), [57], [58]
Lung, hole in, repaired by ratsen, [166]
Lungchakdhro, chicken sacrificer, [142]
Lungcham, legendary village, [4], [5]
Lungitang village, S. Sangtam in, [4];
Sempinguli clan in, [90];
clubs for mock fighting, [110 n. 2]
Lungla village, Sempinguli clan in, [90]
Lungpensü, Stone-dragger’s cloth, [10], [11]
Lungsa village, meaning of name, [21];
feud with Pungkitung, [101 n. 1]
Lungsachung village, story of founding, [5]
Lushai Hills, traces of terrace cultivation, [xx]
Lushais’ belief as to soul’s passage, [118], [119]
Lushei-Kuki northern trek stopped, [xvii]
Lushei, [xvi];
origin of, doubtful, [xvii]
“Lushei-Kuki clans, The,” [xxx n. 1], [119 n. 1], [176 n. 3]
Lycanthropy, not practised by Angamis and Semas [xxxiv].
See Tiger-men.
Lyengmei erect dolmens, [xxv]
Lynngam, [xv n. 3], [xix], [xxviii n. 3]
Machan, house built on, [xxx];
at back of house (khantsung), [30], [31]
Madhu (soko), [86];
varieties of rice used in making, [56];
manufacture of, [78], [79];
wife dispenses, [36], [112];
tabus during preparation, [51]–53;
sprinkled to keep off evil spirits, [27], [55];
drunk in Puthi’s house, [50];
in field-house, [51];
included in “Rangsi’s Load,” [54];
prepared prior to oyantsoa, [122];
to Tsirotsoala, [140];
stone-dragging, [141];
use of in Sirosi, [127];
in soul-calling, [134];
in Wozütana, [138];
Shishang, [138], [139];
in stone-dragging, [143];
Potsokam, [131];
on bride’s leaving house, [149];
placed on man’s grave, [158];
beside Road of the Dead, [159];
ratsen gazes into, in divination, [165]
Pita —— (etha soko) manufacture of, [79];
in Thruven ceremony, [47];
for Potsos, [114];
in Tuku, [122];
in Epuetha, [132], [133]
Madhu rice, kept in baskets, [58];
to dogs in purification, [65];
of bride’s and bridegroom’s families mixed, [148];
in head-taking ceremony, [108];
waste, fed to pigs, [61]
Madhu rohi (zutsü), manufacture and special uses of, [78];
libations of, at champo posts, [27];
at Shishang, [139];
to drive off evil spirits, [27], [34];
round stone before dragging, [142];
as cure for effects of drunkenness, [80];
husband and wife exchange during childbirth, [145];
drunk in marriage preliminaries, [147], [153];
by bride and bridegroom, [151];
given to Ponyiratsen, [151]
Madhu saka (chemcho), manufacture of 78, [79];
interchanged in settlement of disputes, [100], [101];
libation of, after head-taking, [107];
use of, in Epuetha ceremony, [132];
sprinkled round stone before dragging, [142]
Madhu sieve (cham), [78]
Madness, due to Python, [70];
a proof of taking false oath, [103];
result of sacrificer eating sacrificial flesh, [138]
Maggots, removal of, [80]
Magic, [121];
homœopathic, [121], [125], [130], [131];
—— power gained by possession of intimate article, [44]
Magpie not eaten, [76]
Maibang (“much paddy”), [xviii]
Maize (tsunghundhro), cultivation, [57];
cooking, [78]
Makware attacked by Kukis, [xvii]
Males:
all —— receive portions of sacrificial meat, [27];
sit on right of celebrant, [34];
contribute rice at oyantsoa, [122];
tabus affecting males:
may not eat rice boiled in water used in thread preparation, [37];
have any share in dyeing, [38];
in weaving save setting of warp, [39].
See Man.
Man:
man’s work,
basket-making, [43];
net-making, [43];
fish-poisoning, [71];
—— and tiger of common origin, [xxxiv].
See also Males, Old man, Young man, Married men, Unmarried men.
Mangya village, [21]
Manipur, point of contact of Nagas and Kukis, [xvi]
Manipuris, [xxiii];
composition of, [xxxvi n. 1];
belief in vampires, [xxxiv n. 2]
Manufactures, [36]–44
Mao, legendary place of origin of Lhotas and other tribes, [4]
Maram tribe, [xxviii], [xxxvii]
Marriage, [147]–156;
Ceremonies:
preliminary, [147], [148];
tsoyuta, [148];
Lantsoa, [148], [149];
halam, [149]–151;
Ponyiratsen’s, [151]–153;
exogamous system, [87], [88];
rules as regards certain blood relations, mother’s clan, brother’s widow, father’s widow, [95];
of adopted persons, [99], [100]
price (oman) settlement of, [148];
payment by instalments, [87], [155], [156];
items of, and recipients, [155];
arrangements in case of death of wife, [156];
in case of divorce, [112], [156];
elder brother pays for younger, [99];
paid and received by adopter, [99], [100];
not paid for brother’s widow, [95], [155]
Married men:
recently —— must perform second sowing ceremony, [48];
blessed at Tuku, [129]
Maru tribe, [xxiv n. 1]
Mat in omen-taking, [152], [153] [[246]]
Matishi boulder, story of, [117]
Mat-mei (real men), Chang term for Nagas, [xxii]
Matrilineal system, indications of, [xxxvi]
McCulloch on composition of Manipuris, [xxxvi n. 1]
Meal, ceremonial in new house, [34];
daily meals, [86]
Measures: see Mensuration.
Meat, cooking and smoking of, [78];
present as overture of marriage, [153];
on grave, [158];
in offering to dead, [159]
Medicine Man: see Ratsen.
Megalithic monuments: also see Stone-dragging.
Associated with terrace cultivation, [xxix];
erection by Angamis and Lhotas, [xiv];
in front of “morungs,” Phoms and Konyaks, [xxix n. 2];
associated with oha stones, [xxx n. 1], [144], [168]
Meitheis: see Manipuris.
“Meitheis, The,” [xxxvi n. 1]
Mekrima, legends regarding, [xx]
Mekula village, [21]
Melanesians, [xvii n. 4]
Melomi, [xxi]
Memi, influence on Khoiraos, [xviii];
legend of origin, [xx];
physical type, [xxi];
social organization, [xxxii];
numbers in 1921, [xxxii n. 1]
Mering in story of Kithang clan, [185]–187
Methama clan, [42]
Michem, tree on which afterbirth is hung, [145], [146]
Midwife: see Oshangessi.
Migrations considered in detail, [xxxvi], [xxxvii];
from south, [xxxv];
of Lhotas, [xiv];
Lushai-Kuki tribes, [xvii];
from north, [xxxv], [xxxvi];
from Nepal and Tibet, [xvi];
traditions among Lhotas, [xv], [3];
from east, [xxxvi];
Rengmas, [xiv];
from Southern China, [xvii]
Mikir Hills, Rengmas enter, [xiv], [xxi]
Mikirs, Bodo tribe, from Nepal and Tibet, [xvi], [xvii];
language, [xvi n. 1];
shouldered hoe, [xxvii];
killed by Lhotas, [1]
Milk, use of, [61]
Millet (lichophuk), cultivation of, [57]
Mills, Mr. J. P., [xv], [xi], [xii], [xiii];
regarding Ung, [xxxiii n. 1];
familiar spirit, [xxxiv n. 2];
yanthang, [xxvi n. 1]
Mingetung (head-tree), description of sacredness and importance of, [28], [29];
selection necessary before founding new village, [5], [29];
theft of branch of old, [6], [29];
fall of branch necessitates oyantsoa ceremony, [29], [122];
fencing of, [124];
oha stones kept under, [28], [29], [166];
heads of enemies hung in, [28], [108], [162 n. 1];
dummy heads hung in, [129];
of Phiro, [xxxix], [29]
Mingishi, death dues for wife, [156]
Minivet, not eaten, [75]
Mint: see Rarakham.
Mipongsandre (“Fire-smoke-conquering men”), phratry, [xxxviii], [88];
clans in, [88], [90], [91];
tradition of origin, [88], [167]
Miri Tribe, [xvi n. 4]
Mishmis, from Nepal and Tibet, [xvi];
Linghi sept from south, [xvi n. 4];
method of disposing of dead, [xxiv n. 1]
Mission, American Baptist, [xi]
Mithan (tsiro), keeping of, [59], [60];
“gennas” for calving, [60];
regarded as sign of wealth, [59];
of superiority, [89];
mode of measuring, [229];
sacrificed, [140], [159];
bull may be substituted, [137];
blemishes which render unfit for sacrifice, [137];
meat not eaten by sacrificer or his household, [138], [141];
cutting up of, [140], [141];
disposal of skull and horns, [141];
precautions as to sale, [44]
horn on ceremonial helmet, [19];
carved on champo posts, [25], [43];
representation of, on Stone-dragger’s roof, [34];
head placed on man’s grave, [155];
kept by widow as sign of perpetual widowhood, [155]
shoulder-blades as shovels, [23] “Mock fight,” described, [110], [111];
at marriage, [151 n. 1];
between young men and women at “morung” rebuilding, [28]
Mock head hunt, [128]
Moilang village, [66]
Mole, deer of the dead, [120]
Money, thrown away in case of “apotia,” [161], [162];
oha stones kept with, [167]
Monglema kindred, [92]
Mongsen, Ao linguistic group of, [xxx];
numbers in 1921, [xxxii n. 1]
Mongsentung, leaves as medicine for eyes, [81]
Mongyi: see Soul.
Monkey, scaring of, [53];
hunting, [67];
trap, [68];
not eaten by young women, [77]
Mon-Khmêr, Lhota possible connection with, [xv];
intermingled with Bodo, [xvii n. 4];
possibly once in Naga hills, [xxxvi]
Monoliths: see Megalithic monuments.
Months, names of, [226], [227]
Montsai, soul-caller, qualifications for, and duties, [133]–136;
perquisites, [134], [135]
Moon, beliefs regarding, [172], [173]
Morakcho village, [115], [117]
Morals, [19];
not due to his religion, [121]
Morung (bachelors’ house): also see Champo.
Common to most Assam tribes and to Oraon, [24 n. 1];
enemy’s head exposed in front of, [xxix n. 2];
animal or bird tied to post of, [25 n. 1];
of Aos and Konyaks, [24]
Motharatsen ceremony, described, [49], [50]
Mother, use of different words for, divide tribes into two linguistic groups:
Aos, [xxx], [xxxi];
Angamis, [xiv], [xxxi], [xxxii], [xxxviii];
Lhota, [xiv], [xxxii], [xxxviii], [93], 94 note;
Rengmas, [xxxi]
Mother’s father or brother receives first item of marriage price, [155]
Mozoi Rangpang: see Rangpang, [90]
Mpongki, front room, [32], [33];
described, [30];
servants, bridegroom sleep in, [31];
pigs kept in, [61];
hens sit in, [63];
at head-taking ceremony sacrificial offering hung in, [108];
miniature hearths made in, [139];
chicken sacrificed in, [142];
omen mat placed inside door into lhurhui, [153];
death chicken’s wing cut on step, [159];
infants buried in, [160]
Mshe etak (the eating of first-fruits), described, [53], [54];
Phi-tsong-lung in, [167] [[247]]
Muksü, girl’s cloth, [11]
Murder, punishment for, [101];
relations of murderer and victim can never eat together, [101]
Muri clan, [88];
origin of, [90];
connections, [91];
corresponding clans, [92]
Musical instruments, [85]
Mustard (hangi), [58]
Muzamuza, Sema deity, [116 n. 1]
Naga-Bodo language group, [xvi], [xix]
Naga Labour Corps, [78];
song on return, [205]
“Naga tribes of Manipur, The,” [124 n. 1], [199 n. 1]
Naga tribes, origin and usefulness of term, [xvi];
difficulty of defining, [xv], [xxxv];
origins and composition discussed, [xv]–xxxix;
traditions of origin, [xxi], [xxii];
physical types, [xxi], [xxii];
skin colour, [xxii];
cephalic indices, [xxiii];
disposal of dead, [xxiii], [xxiv];
implements and weapons, [xxvi]–xxviii;
cultivation, [xxviii];
monuments, [xxix];
organization, [xxx], [xxxiii];
eschatology, [xxxiii], [xxxiv];
folk tales, [xxxiv], [xv];
languages, [xxxv];
case for mixed origin summed up, [xxxv], [xxxvi];
connections with Kol-Mon-Annam, [xxxvi];
Bodo, [xxxvi];
Tai, [xxxvi];
Igorot, [xxxvii];
Indonesians, xxxviii, [xxxix];
lycanthropy, [xxxiv]
Nails, clippings of, [169]
Names, giving of, [145];
false names, [145], [169];
private names, [169];
namesakes are friends, [104], [169];
of dogs, [61], [62];
of khels, [24];
of pigs, [61];
of villages, [21]
Namsang, village dance on “morung” roof, [27]
Nangkamo, wailing fiends, [116]
Nankam village, sale of slave for slaughter, [109], [230];
freed slave in, [111]
Napa, boulder, [117]
Navel string, disposal of, beliefs regarding, [145]
’Nchemo, Potsos visit, [114]
’Nchuko (hearth-bringers), duties, [126];
in Shishang ceremony, [139]
Ndrangtso, month, [226]
Ndri, month, [226]
Ndrung, group of villages, [3]
Necklace, of plantain seeds, [12], [13];
of boar’s tushes, [12];
of sword-beans on mithan calves, [60]
Needle (otyam), [40]
Negrito, type found, [xxiii]
Nepal, immigration from, [xvi]
Nets, making of, men’s work, [43];
use of, [72]
Nettles, as whips for children, [102];
as village defence, [186]
New, fire, in village founding, [6];
in new house, [34].
See Fire-stick.
bamboo, in village founding, [6] “chunga,” in ceremonies, [34], [50], [127]
cooking-pot in ceremonies, [50], [51]
cloth in soul-calling, [136]
basket in Sirosi ceremony, [127] lechapsü in final offering to the dead, [160]
Ngari village, [xviii]
Ngaromuchung, “first carrier,” [146]
Nguli, clan, [88];
origin of, [90];
kindreds in, [92];
corresponding clans, [92];
term for mother, [95];
sacrifices bull in Etha, [140];
in Tsingaki, [24]
Nicotine, sipped as pick-me-up, [82]
Nightjar, not eaten, [76]
Nine, associated with left side, [47], [49], [128], [134];
in Pyotsoja sacrifice, [125]
Ningetung, tree, [28]
Niro, fish poison, [70], [161 n. 1]
Niroyo village, [vi], [5];
meaning of name, [21];
water supply, [29];
Potsos’ seed rice, [114];
rain-compelling, [131]
Nnung, month, [226]
Nose, Angami, Sema, [xxii];
people with inverted noses, [xxvii n. 1]
Nritangpeng, memorial trophy, [22], [159]
Numbers, affected by sex, [xxv]. See Four, Five, Six, Eight, Nine, Ten, Twelve, Sixteen, Twenty-three, Thirty, Sixty, Sixty-four
Nungkamchung village, [181], [187]
Nungnung, medicine from bark, [80]
Nungying village, [14]
Nungyung leaves, in ceremonies, [47], [48]
Nvaman, third item in marriage price, [155]
Nyimshamo kindred, [144], [168]
Nyok, evil emanation, [118]
Nzuiman, second item in marriage price, [155]
Oath, taken on tiger’s tooth, [102];
on swearer’s hair, on stolen property, on earth from latrine and grave, on wood of “apotia” house, on soil of disputed land, [103];
on Deolung, [103], [117];
on broken iron, [187 n. 2];
storm as result of false oath, [103], [104]
O’Callaghan, Mr. T. P. M., on Mishmi migration, [xvi n. 4]
Officials: lay,
Ekyung, Sotsoi, Pangi, q.v.;
religious, [121]–126;
Puthi, Yenga, Wokchung, ’Nchuko, Sorhung, q.v.
Oha (luck-stones), described, [166], [167];
luck of village and champo depends on, [25], [166];
stealing of, from old and depositing in new village, [6], [25], [166];
removal and replacement at champo rebuilding, [26], [27];
counting of, in Oyantsoa, [124], [166];
inspected at Pikuchak, [168];
offerings made to, at Liritang, [168];
owner eats pig’s head in Liritang, [55];
associated with erection of monoliths, [xxx n. 1], [144], [166]
Oil seed (pentsü), cultivation of, [58]
Okisityingo, good genius of house, [115];
precautions against escape in Potsokam, [132]
Okotso village, [vi], [127];
meaning of name, [21];
decay and revival of custom in, [xii];
heirloom yanthang, [3];
varieties of rice used in, [56];
tea cultivated, [59];
slave sold to Nankam, [111]
Old, man or men, saws elephant tusk, [12];
employed as intermediary to avert ill luck, [44];
may act for Ponyiratsen, [48];
eats sacrificial fowl in Rangsikam, [51];
purifies dogs, [65];
their share in tiger hunt, [66];
eat stomach of sacrificial pig, [129];
performs Epuetha, acts as montsai, [133];
spears mithan in Tsirotsoala, [140];
and takes stomach, [141];
sacrifices chicken, [142];
acts as Hantsen, [148];
marriage ceremonies, [153], [154], [157];
in connection with “apotia” death, [161], [162] [[248]]
Old people, in Liritang ceremony, [55];
eat fish found in cat-fish, [72];
food tabus less important for, than for young, [74];
various birds and beasts which only—may eat, [75]–77;
eat sacrificial meat in Head-taking “genna,” [109]
Old woman, red dyeing only done by, [37];
acts as Ponyiratsen, [151];
eats the same food as old men, [77];
attends wife of Stone-dragger, [143];
accompanies bridegroom, [153], [154]
Oldest man of “khel,” in dog sacrifice at champo rebuilding, [27], [28];
of house-builders exorcises evil spirits, [34];
in village becomes Puthi, [122 n. 1];
eats Sityingo’s share of deer killed, [65]
Omen,
methods of taking:
by dropping chips of reed or twig, [xiv], [46], [127];
by fire-stick, [xiv];
by breaking eggs, [xxxiv n. 3];
by cutting branch of bush, [5];
by cutting throat of cock, [106];
from entrails of cock, [6], [123], [128], [151];
of a chicken, [34], [50], [149];
from excreta of chicken, [50], [149], [151];
by position of fowl’s legs, [151], [152];
by splitting “chunga,” [109], [133], [134], [135];
by increase or decrease of oha, [124];
by increase or decrease of sacrificial meats, [132];
by rolling of an egg, [124], [152], [153];
by watching votive raft, [125];
from insects, [127];
by footmarks in ashes, [130];
by sliding a sickle, [153]
occasions of taking:
selecting village site, [5];
founding village, [6];
occupying new house, [34]
in Amungkam, [50];
in Rangsikam, [52];
in Rangsitsa, [125];
at Mshe etak, [53];
prior to head hunt, [106];
prior to head-taking “genna,” [109];
at Opya consecration, [123];
at Sirosi ceremony, [127];
at Pikuchak, [128];
of death at Tuku, [130];
in Lantsoa, [148];
in Ponyiratsen’s ceremony, [151], [152], [153]
Omen of death, [158];
of long life, [158];
of killing barking deer, [65];
hiccough bad for head hunter, [106]
in dreams, [171], [172]
Onion (sandhra), charm against evil spirits, [169]
Ophthalmia, cure for, [136]
Opium, use of, [82]
Opya post, [47];
ceremonies connected with, [123];
possible meaning of, [124];
pig speared at, [129];
miniature, set up, [128]
Opyachama, traditional site of opya, [123]
Ora, grub, [49]
Orange (tsampen or khongkeng, bitter;
tsampenyimo, foolish orange), cultivation and trade in, [58], [59]
Orchid root (wokoloha, pigs’ luck-stone), [61 n. 1]
stalk in ear ornaments, [11], [13];
in leggings, [15]
Organization, social,
Angamis, [xiv], [xx], [xxviii], [xxxii];
Aos, [xxx];
Konyaks, [xxxi];
Rengmas, [xiv], [xxxi];
Chishilimi, [xxxii n. 2];
Lhotas, [xiv], [xxviii], [xxxii], [88]–93
Orhendhreni;
Orhendhromo, grave of, [117]
Orho, seeds sown in Thruven, [47]
Ornamentation, of baskets, [43];
of cloths, chequer, [31], [43], [40];
string, [40];
twill, [43];
cross-warp, [43]
Ornaments, [11]–15;
use of, in soul-calling, [136];
removed from graves at Tuku, [130], [159];
buried with dead, [157];
return of, in case of divorce, [156]
Orrülama, hair of “heads,” [107]
Orungu leaves waved, [54]
Oshangessi, midwife, duties, [145]–147
Osoni-woala sacrifice, [140]
Oten, month, [226]
Othui clan, [88];
origin of, [90];
connected with Ezong and Tsangle, [91];
with Wotsami, [92 n. 1], [185 n. 2];
Puthi of, at Pangti, [167]
Otter, as aid to fishing, [73];
eaten by Aos and Changs, not by Lhotas, [75]
Otyai-etsoman main marriage price, [155], [156]
Owlet not eaten, [76];
tale of, [196]
Oyantsoa, village-making ceremony, [47];
description of, [122]–125;
in Okotso, [xii];
necessary at first founding, [6], [122];
should mingetung lose a branch, [29], [122];
on appointment of new Puthi, [122];
to increase fertility, [122];
offerings made to Tchhüpfu at, [115]
Palisade, in tiger hunt, [66]
Palm (oko) leaves for thatch, [25], [30]
Pan (lamo), cultivation of, [59];
chewing, [82]
Pangashari, chant, [27]
Pangi, [97]
Pangolin, not eaten by young women, [77];
by parents during pregnancy, [144];
beliefs regarding killing of, [144 n. 1]
Pangti, village, [vi], [21], [23], [90], [120], [137], [138];
views on missionaries, [xi];
ambushed Captain Butler, [2];
Kezakenoma stone preserved at, [4], [167];
head of an Ao league, [96];
Sirosi ceremony, [127];
stone-dragging, [141];
Labour Corps song, [205]
Panji, in defences, [21], [22];
in approach to field-house, [51];
to impale deer, [52];
in pitfalls, [67];
below tree in which corpse is exposed, [162]
basket, [13]
Parrot, children of eaters of, will pinch friends, [75]
Pathong clan, [88], [89];
sacrifices bull in Etha, [140]
Pawsey, Mr. C. R., [143 n. 1]
Peal, Mr., [xxvii]
Pembvo, [xiv];
gravestone, [143 n. 1]
Pepfüma, Angami linguistic group, [xxxi];
numbers in 1921, [xxxii];
corresponding Lhota phratry, [xxxviii];
legend of origin, [xx]
Pezoma, Angami linguistic group, [xxxi];
numbers in 1921, [xxxii];
corresponding Lhota phratry, [xxxviii];
legend of origin, [xx]
Phallic post at Lisü “genna,” [xxvi n. 1]
Phangdhrap, cloth of Wozütana performer, [10], [138]
Phekekrima, Angami village, [x]
Philippines, suggested connection of Nagas with, [xxvi], [xxvii], [xxix], [xxxvii]
Phiro, village, [4];
mingetung of, [xxxix], [29];
belle of, [106];
use of term Puki, [122 n. 1];
dream-woman, [170 n. 2]
Phiyosao, sad result of wild dog diet, [75]
Phom tribe, cave-woman as ancestress, [xxi];
facial resemblance to Memi and Tengima, [xxii n. 1];
Negrito type, [xxiii];
monolith, [xxix];
sale of slave for slaughter, [110]
Phratries, [92];
among Lhotas and Angamis, [xiv], [xxxii], [xxxviii];
names, divisions and origins of Lhota, [87] et seq.
Phukirongti, leaf used as emery paper, [43] [[249]]
Pig (woko);
also see Boar;
keeping of, [60], [61];
“genna” for birth of, [61];
scavengers, [23];
sacrificed, [49], [50], [51], [54], [55], [120], [129], [131], [140], [142], [149], [159];
killed for feasts, [26], [27], [52], [106], [138], [139], [142];
association with oha, [55];
gall of, medicine, [79];
in marriage ceremonies, [149];
method of measuring, [229]
wild (oni or lipung), damage crops, [56];
interbreed with tame, [61];
hunting of, [65], [66], [67]
Pigeons (vephu), [63]
Pikuchak, agricultural ceremony, [127];
described, [128], [129];
village fence outlined at, [22];
tsoyuta, ceremony at, [148];
oha looked at, [168]
Pipe (tsintsanmukukhu, murimukukhu), [81], [82]
Pitfalls (soku), [67]
Pith (shambuk, shamburi) in Ponyiratsen’sceremony, [151];
in final offering to dead, [160]
Piwhema, reputed first home of Angamis, [xx]
Plainsmen, traditional common origin of Lhotas and, [3]
Plantain (echamyuti), [59];
cooking of, [78]
leaves as cups, [35], [143];
for Potsos, [114];
strips of, over ears of bride and bridegroom, [151]
seed beads (eshe), [12], [13], [43], [44]
stem, blackened as offering in soul-calling, [134]
Plates, brass (pyabi), wearing of, [14];
in soul-calling, [15]
Platform (eno), for ghost, [160]
Playfair, Lieut.-Col., [xxviii n. 3], [xxxiv n. 1], [160 n. 2], [172 n. 2]
Poison, not used on arrows, [18];
suicides by, [20], [82];
women’s knowledge of, [82 n. 1];
used in fishing, [70], [71];
for method of use see Fishing.
Polity, village —— in different tribes, [xxxiii];
among Lhotas, [96], [97]
Polynesians, Turanian origin, [xvii]
Pomegranate (tsaramtiven), [59]
Pongen, Ao clan, [xxx];
corresponding clans, [xxxi], [92]
Pongrr, same as Pongen.
Pontengcho, leaves as medicine, [80]
Ponyiratsen (man and wife magicians), qualifications necessary, [151];
duties in marriage ceremonies, [151], [152], [153];
in second sowing ceremony, [48]
Ponyiratsentung, tree, [152]
Porcupine (liso), hunting of, [66];
stomach of, as medicine, [80];
quills worn in ear, [11]
Pork, offered in ceremonies, [6], [48], [49], [50], [128], [134];
distributed to Rangsikam performers, [50];
as aperient, [79];
eating competition, [84]
Posts,
of champo (humtse, humtse tachungo),
carved, [25], [26];
skin of “head” attached to, [25], [107];
oha placed at foot of, [25], [166]
of house, offerings to, [131], [132]
memorial, Y-shaped, erected in place of monoliths, [xxix], [xxx], [144 n. 1];
similar to Dimapur monoliths, [xxix], [144 n. 1];
as spirit of fertility, [xxx n. 1], [144 n. 1];
ascribed to Bodo influence, [xxxvi], [144 n. 1];
erected by Wa, [xxxvi n. 3];
by Lhotas (tsongzü) 144, [184 n. 1]
Pot, making of, and tabus connected, [40], [41];
women’s work, [41];
prohibited during an emung, [26]
Pot, cooking, varieties of, [36];
abandoned after sacrifice, [6], [50]
Potso (gods), [113] et seq.;
many worlds of, [172], [173];
rain and hail due to, [173];
prayers to, [115], [124]
Potsokam (“Present to Potso”), ceremony described, [131], [132];
not performed during six days before Lanvung, [52]
Potsophü, “Potso’s axes,” i.e. celts, [115]
Potsotsitam, seed-case, [115]
Poultices, [80]
Prayer, [121];
in agricultural ceremonies, of cultivator, [48], [51], [55];
of Puthi, in village founding, [5];
in Mshe etak, [50], [53];
in Rangendri, [129];
in dog purifying, [65];
in sacrifices to Potsos, [115];
by house-master at Potsokam, [131];
by old man, [132];
for Stone-dragger, [143];
of Hantsen, [148];
of Ponyiratsen, [152];
for village (dranda) purport of, [127];
in Puthi installation, [123];
Sirosi, [127];
Pikuchak, [128];
Tsirotsoala, [140];
by Wokchung before Shishang, [139]
Pregnancy, tabus during, [77], [144], [145];
during —— woman may not act as escort to bride, [150]
Priest (for Lhota priest see Puthi),
among Angamis hereditary, [xxxiii];
among Konyaks, combined with chieftainship, [xxxiii];
of Ung clan, Changs, [xxxiii n. 1]
Prohibitions: general;
also see Emung.
No one may—spread clothes on a granary, [23];
watch dyeing of thread, [38];
watch shaping or firing of pots, [41];
sell, kill, touch tiger’s kill, and perform certain “gennas” during six days before Lanvung, [52];
join Liritang ceremony after its commencement, [54];
sell or kill anything or bring meat from tiger’s kill into village during Tuku, [129]
Special prohibitions affecting males, females, strangers, etc. will be found under appropriate headings.
Property, laws regarding, [97], [98]
of deceased abandoned in case of “apotia,” [161]
Puchatsuma, clan, [xx], [xxx n. 1]
Puki: see Puthi.
Pun, Lhotas’ love for, [180]
Pungkitung, village, [101 n. 1]
Punishment, in inter-village dispute, [100];
for murder, adultery, theft, [101];
breaking emung, [101]–102
Purification, of hunting dogs, [64], [65];
of those in touch with “apotia,” [160]–162
Puthi (S. Lhota Puki), priest, appointment, position, etc., [121]–126;
effect of reappointment at Lisio, [xii];
selection preliminary to founding a village, [5];
ceremonial spear-shaft, [17], [18];
crossed bamboos on house roof, [34];
must not be of Moyoyanthang clan, [91];
house closed to strangers at Mshe etak, [53];
house in head-taking “genna,” [109];
in Sirosi, [127];
duties in champo rebuilding, [26] et seq.;
in Thruven, [47], [48];
Motharatsen, [49];
Amungkam, [50];
Mshe etak, [53];
Oyantsoa, [123] et seq.;
Opya consecration, [123];
Oha counting, [124];
Pyotsoja, [125];
Rangsitsa, [125];
Sirosi, [127];
Pikuchak, [128];
Rangendri, [129]
Puthi’s dues in champo rebuilding, [27];
in fish-poisoning, [72]
wife, accompanies Puthi in Thruven, [47];
in Amungkam, [50];
cuts first-fruits, [53] [[250]]
Putting the weight (olungeyen), [83]
Puzzi, stone, [117 n. 1]
Pyabi, heirloom, [4]
Pyopsü village, [117]
Pyotsoja, ceremony, [125]
Python (ongam, but sosiyo if an article of diet), causes loss of way, remedy, [70];
customs as to eating, [77];
gall of, as medicine, [80]
Quiver (lotsiphu), [18]
Quoireng, spearing ceremony, [124]
Raft, [158];
miniature bears Tchhüpfu’s offerings, [125]
Rake (keya), [47]
Raid: see War and Head-hunting.
Raider of enemy’s field, insignia, [13]
Railway carriage, portion of, as omen, [114]
Rain, compelling ceremonies, [130], [131];
fortelling, [50];
caused by Potsos, [173]
Rain-shields (phuchyo), [11];
ornamentation, [43];
gift to bride, [148]
Ramo “genna,” description, [108];
boy’s ears pierced at, [8]
Ramphan, Lhota hero, [16];
spears a Nangkamo, [116];
“The Story of ——,” [197], [199]
Ranchamo thanked for help, [vi]
Rangpang clan, [88];
origin of, [99]
Rangendri ceremony, [129]
Rangsi, deity of crops, [50], [115];
sacrifice and prayers to, [50], [52], [53], [54], [55], [56];
critical of tunes, [85];
summoned to fill rice baskets, [126]
Rangsikam or Likam, agricultural ceremony, [51];
notice of, given, [50]
Rangsi’s load, [55]
Rangsitsa (calling Rangsis), described, [125], [126]
Rangti, breaker-off of fragment of Kezakenoma stone, [167]
Rankhanda, or Rhankhantang, [3], [88];
imprisons Khyuham, [116]
Rarakham wild mint, in scapegoat ceremony, [134];
in stone-dragging, [142];
worn at “gennas,” [169]
Rat, jungle, offered in scapegoat ceremony, [135]
Ratsen, medicine man, [79];
selection, inauguration, [164];
visited by Potsos, [113], [114];
consulted in illness, [133], [134], [135], [165];
ratsen’s stone, [164], [166];
ratsen’s familiar (sonyo), [164], [165];
food tabus of, [165], [166];
tabus connected with visits from Potsos, [114]
Ratzel, division of Indonesian races, [xxxii];
regarding hoes, [xxvii];
bows, [xxviii];
moon, [172 n. 3]
Reaping ceremonies, [54]–56;
method of, [55];
similarity of methods evidence of affinity, [xxviii]
Red, predominating skin colour among Nagas, [xxii];
in head-taker’s ornaments, [12], [13], [14], [15], [16], [17], [19];
in women’s ear ornaments, [13];
to dream of, presages someone being wounded, [172]
Red-headed Trogon, not eaten, [76]
Reed, in omen-taking, [xiv];
symbolical of sunny weather, [114]
Reincarnation, [119]
Relation, nearest present buries corpse of “apotia,” [160]
Relationship, Table of, [93], [94];
special terms in certain cases, [95]
Religion, [113]–173;
Lhotas non-moral, [121]
Remphi, feasting day in Tuku, [130]
Rengma tribe, migrations, [xiv], [xxi], [4], [91];
dual system, [xiv], [xxxi];
bury dead, [xxiv];
method of sowing, [xxix];
monoliths, [xxix];
make bands for rükhusü, [10];
weapons and tools, [17], [42];
lizard on head-taker’s cloth, [116 n. 2];
younger brother’s intercourse with wife of elder, [154]
naked, branch off at Melomi, [xxi];
terrace cultivation, [xxviii]
Rephyim, village, performance of head-taking ceremony over fellow-tribesman’s head causes “khel” to die out, [104 n. 1];
opya ceremony in, [123]
Rezüyo leaves, on horns of sacrificial mithan, [140];
on ceremonial cups, [143]
Rheumatism, cure for, [166]
Rhinoceros bone as fertility charm, [167]
Rhisa, poison, [82]
Rice: for details of cultivation see Jhum.
Methods of sowing, [xxix];
of storing, [23];
of husking, [35];
of cooking, [78];
staple crop, [45];
food, [74];
interest on loans, [45];
varieties of, [56];
cutting of, after Tuku prohibited, [130];
collected by Puthi at ceremonies, [122], [129];
offered to Potsos, [114];
to Rangsis, [125], [126];
offered to souls of dead enemies, [107];
to male dead, [159]
bin, offering of pork placed in, [131];
first rice placed in, [54]
blades of, from granary offered to Potsos, [131]
boiled, in ceremonies, [47], [48], [51], [54], [108], [109], [132], [135];
hung over grave of man, [158]
husked, collected by Puthi in Tuku (kichan), [129]
pounding, in Tsirotsoala, [140];
at stone-dragging, [141]
seed, priority of payment of debt of, [45];
sprinkled in Thruven, [47];
six grains sown in Thruven, [48];
reaped at Mshe etak, [53]
uncooked, export of, forbidden between Oyantsoa and Tuku, [125]
unhusked, collected by Puthi at ceremonies, [49], [129];
laid before Rangsis, [125].
See also Thruven, Mshe etak and Reaping ceremonies
Right, males sit on, [34];
bridegroom’s place on, [150], [151], [154];
husband’s garment on, [152];
associated with number ten, [47], [49], [128]
Ritsenshandre, kindred, [92]
Rivers, Professor, suggested relationship table, [93]
Roller, Indian, not eaten except by old people, [76]
Rongorongyi, month, [226]
Roof, of house, making of, [30]–34;
decoration of Stone-dragger’s and Puthis’, [34];
omen “chunga” hidden in, [109];
hole cut in, at death, [157]
of champo, making of, dance on, [27]
of field-house, four blades of grass from, burnt in Liritang ceremony, [157]
Rüho, warrior’s ornament, [14]
Rükhusü (enemy-frightening-cloth), [v], [10]
Sachema, [xxxi]
Sacrifice, necessary to keep gods pleased, [113] [[251]]
Sacrifice, human, Major Butler’s account of, remarks thereon, [230]–231;
head-hunting degenerated into, [109]
of boar,
of chicken,
of cock,
of dog,
of hen,
of pig;
see under respective headings.
Saki, village, point in Lhota migration, [4];
use of term Puki, [122 n. 1]
Salt, obtained by barter, [44];
interest on loan of, [45];
use of, in cooking, [74], [78];
in tempering iron, [42];
put on pig’s head at Liritang, [54];
given to mithan, [60], [140]
Sambhur (sepu), hunting, [64];
big insects omen of killing, [65];
“The Story of the Sambhur and the Hanuman Monkey,” [175]
Sangsu, leaves waved to keep off evil spirits, [54]
Sangtam tribe, place of origin, [xiv], [xix];
—— blood in Semas, [xviii n. 2], [xix];
in Lhotas, [xxxvii];
connection with Tamans, [xix], [xx];
bury dead, [xxiv];
war drum, [xxviii];
monoliths, [xxix];
democratic government, [xxxiii]
Southern, tradition of common ancestor of ——, Lhotas, Semas and Rengmas, [4];
use of tsonak, [15];
spread culture of limes and pomelos, [58 n. 1];
disposal of enemies’ heads, [108 n. 1]
Santemo, thanked for help, [vi]
Satami, village, sells piece of “Head,” [25]
Scapegoat (chicken) ceremony, [134], [135]
Scimitar Babbler, not eaten, [75]
Seleku, village, [vi];
meaning of name, [21];
pet pig in, [62]
Sema tribe, the Irishman among Nagas, [xiii];
boasts of his immoralities, [19];
migratory, [xvi];
connected with Khoiraos, [xviii];
Kacharis, Garos, Lynngams, Bhois, [xix];
Rengmas, Sangtams, Lhotas, [4];
origins, [xviii];
physical type, [xxii], [xxiii], [6];
dual organization, [xxxii n. 2];
position of chiefs, [xxxiii], [xxxvii];
clan land system, [97];
adoption, [99], [100];
marriage with father’s widow, [95 n. 2];
folk-lore, [xxii];
stories of fighting stones, [xxxiv n. 3];
belief as to souls of the dead, [xxxiv], [118];
lycanthropy, [xxxiv];
belief as to lizards, [116 n. 2];
beliefs as to moon and sun, [172 n. 3];
as to meaning of false report of death, [158];
bury dead, [xxiv];
use of bow, [xxvii], [xxviii];
story of people with inverted noses, [xxvii n. 1];
reap by hand only, [xxviii];
memorial posts, [xxix];
houses on ground level, [xxx];
armlets, [12];
ceremonial lengta, [14];
dao-holder, [16];
tsiri trap, [67];
great size of house, [30];
carving, [43];
scapegoat ceremony, [135];
cure for ophthalmia, [136];
gibbons not eaten, [77 n. 1]
Sempinguli clan, [88];
descended from Sema fugitives, [90];
term used for mother, [95]
Serow (tsiyo), hunting of, [64];
use of horns, [18], [81];
not eaten by young women, [77];
ghost —— of Okotso, [170]
Sesame, cultivation of, [58]
Settlement of disputes, [100]–102
Sexes, separation of, at new house sacrifice, [34]
Sexual act, effect on miraculous stone of Kezakenoma, [3 n. 2];
intercourse, see Chastity.
Shakespear, Lt.-Col. J., [v], [xxx n. 1], [84 n. 1], [118], [176 n. 3]
Col. L. W., on Lhotas, [19]
Shamashari, chant, [106], [107], [123], [124]
Shambemo, thanked for help, [vi]
Shans, [xvii]
Shelves (theka), [35]
Shetri clan, [88];
origin of, [90];
corresponding clan, [92 n. 1];
term used for mother, [95]
Shield (otsung), of bamboo, [18], [43];
of hide, [18];
use of, in tiger hunts, [66];
in mock fighting, [110]
Shiong, Konyak village, [xxiii n. 2]
Shishang or Wozüyua, second Social genna, [138], [139]
Shohemi clan, [92]
Shotokuk, month, [226]
Shovels of cattle’s shoulder-blades, [23]
Shrew mouse, [120 n. 1]
Shungentsore kindred, [92]
Sickle (vekhua), [55];
in Mshe etak, [53];
omen-taking, [153]
Silence, in ceremonies, of wife in dog purifying, [64];
of cultivator before first sowing, [46];
by makers of fishing weirs, [73];
of bride and bridegroom, [150];
household of “apotia,” [162];
by mock raiders, [129]
Singeing of sacrificial animal, [50], [134], [149], [151];
prohibited, [6]
Singpho tribe, affinities and connections, [xv], [xviii], [xx];
come from direction of Nepal and Tibet, [xvi], [xxxvi];
burn dead, [xxiii], [xxiv];
use of cross-bow, [xxvii]
Sityingo (Angami Tsikeo), Divine owner of wild animals, [115];
snicks ears of deer, [64];
prayer to, in dog purifying, [65];
share of deer killed, [65];
“The Story of —— and Ngazo,” [183]
Sityingonguli clan, [88];
origin, [90];
term for mother, [95]
Six, important number, connected with males:
—— days’ “genna” for birth of a boy, [145], [146];
of a bull calf, [60];
—— beads in bull calf necklace, [60];
in omen-taking for a male, [134];
—— days’ “genna” for death of a man, [158];
—— pieces of meat over man’s grave, [158];
—— cuts on death chicken’s wings, [159];
—— pieces of meat in final offering to dead (male), [159], [160];
—— nights’ chastity before head-taking ceremony, [108];
in connection with sacrifices and ceremonies, [48], [54], [65], [128], [131], [133], [139], [151], [154], [162];
with death of tiger, [164 n. 1]
Sixteen, two packets of —— pieces of cock’s flesh waved eight times before bride and bridegroom, [148]
Sixty pieces of pork offered in Potsokam, [131];
in soul-calling, [134];
two offerings of thirty pieces of pork, [6], [151], [152]
Sixty-four, eight bundles of eight “chungas,” [151]
Skin, colour of,
in different Naga tribes, [xxii], [xxiii];
of Lhotas, [6]
of animals eaten, [78] [[252]]
Skirt (sürham), described, [9];
girl’s first (khondrosü), [9], [147]
Sky, spirits in, [xx], [xxxiv];
Potsos live in, [113], [172];
land of the dead, [xxxiv];
beliefs regarding, [172]
Slave (’ndri), thief sold as, [101];
treatment of, [111];
bought for slaughter, [110]
Slavery, [111]
Snake, sight of, proves spot unfit for a jhum, [46];
not eaten, [77];
parents must not kill, during mother’s pregnancy, [145];
as ratsen’s familiar, [164];
big —— cause of earthquakes, [172];
bite, cupping for, [81]
Snares, [67]
Soap, substitute for, [83]
Solhima, linguistic group, [xxxi], [xxxii]
Songs, [85];
specimens of, [200]–206;
“enemy-songs,” [143];
also see Chants.
Sontsoman, seventh item in marriage price, [155]
Sonyo, ratsen’s familiar, [164]
Soot (lire), for medicine, [80];
use in soul-calling, [134]
Sorhung (meat-dividers), [126]
Sotsoi (meat-eaters), village elders, [96], [97]
Soul, beliefs regarding, [118] et seq.;
souls of enemies killed benefit slayers’ village, offerings to ——, [107];
soul’s passage to Land of the Dead, [118] et seq.;
final departure from old haunts, [155];
duality of, [118];
omon, the external soul, [118];
loss of, cause of illness, recalling of, [15], [79], [118], [133]–136;
talks to dreamer (hahang), [120];
footmarks of, as omen of death, [130];
of tiger, [67] mongyi (stupid soul), [118]
Soul-caller, Montsai, q.v.
Sowing (see also Jhum and Agricultural ceremonies), Kalyo-Kengyu break up corpses at, [xxv];
diverse methods of, [xxv], [49]
Sparrow, not eaten, [76]
Spear (otso), cultural evidence of affinity, [xxvi];
description of Lhota, [16], [17];
place of keeping, [35];
ceremonial of religious officials (phui), [17], [122];
belief regarding —— broken by tiger, [66], [163];
to keep off illness, [116];
jabbed in ground to frighten evil spirits, [135];
stuck on grave, [158];
shaving off shaft thrown away in case of “apotia,” [161];
miniature —— in final offering to the dead, [160];
spears and daos scraped together in Epuetha, [132];
of bridegroom 150, [154]
first, Lingta;
second, Ethung;
third, Kiwen, in head hunt, [106], [12], [14];
in deer, bear or pig hunt, [65], [66]
Spider hunter, only eaten by old people, [75]
Spinning, women’s work, [36], [37]
Spirit, of sky, [xx];
of dead, see Soul.
evil (tsandhramo), kept off by ginger, [27], [34];
by fire, [48], [54]; by “madhu,” [34], [55];
by mint (rarakham), [134], [142], [169];
by burning brand and ashes, [133], [134];
exorcised, [34], [132], [151]–152;
deceived by false name, [145];
illness attributed to, [99], [116], [133];
detains sick man’s soul, [133]–136
Sprain, cupping for, [81]
Squirrel, unlucky to meet, [150]
flying, tabus regarding, [75];
soul of, shelters soul of slayer on passage to Land of the Dead, [118]
Stars, beliefs regarding, [173]
Stick insect, omen of childless marriage, [127]
Stomach, of porcupine as medicine, [80];
Puthi eats —— of pig sacrificed, [50]
ache, medicine for, [79], [80]
Stone-dragger, insignia of, in dress, [13], [14];
in his house, [30], [34], [141];
must perform second sowing ceremony, [47], [48];
receives share of sacrificial meat in Amungkam, [50];
—— and household only get head of bull killed, [143]
wife or widow of, qualified to be Ponyiratsen, [151]
Stone-dragging ceremonies, described, [141]–144;
rules as to repetition, [136], [137]
Stone implements, [xxvii n. 2], [163]
Stones, fighting, stories of, [xv], [xxxiv], [117]
Stools, [35]
Store-room (bhuritheng), [31], [36]
Stories: see Folk Tales and Legends.
Stranger (i.e. person of another village), may not enter or quit village during an emung, [26];
enter new house till earth on machan is dry, [35];
before family start for jhum at Rangsikam, [52];
of Puthi in Mshe etak, [53];
during calf-birth “genna,” [60];
at dog purifying, [64];
of intended Stone-dragger, [141];
during birth “genna,” [146];
may not help in threshing, [56];
touch meal prepared for soul, [136];
be spoken to by weir-maker, [73];
by Stone-dragger, [143];
by parents after birth, [146];
by household of “apotia,” [158];
be given “madhu” by performer of Wozütana, [138];
held to ransom for breach of emung, [101]
String of cross-bow (tchhütsang), [18];
carrying —— cut to shorten death agony, [157]
Suckling, period of, [147]
Suicide, Lhotas prone to, [20], [82]
Sumatra, use of hoe in, [xxvii];
bow, [xxviii]
Sun, beliefs regarding, [172]
Sun-bird, not eaten, [75]
Süpang, woman’s cloth, [11]
Sütam, cloth of those who have performed no social “gennas,” [9], [10]
Süwo, fish, danger of catching with rod, [74]
Swallow, not eaten, [76]
Swallow-shrike, not eaten, [77]
Swemi, point of contact of Semas and Khoiraos, [xviii]
Swiftlets, not eaten, [75], [76]
Swimming, Lhotas expert in, [70], [72]
Sword-bean (khuro), in mithan’s necklace, [60];
in khurocho as soap, [83]
Symbolical articles brought by Potsos, [114];
—— dreams, [171]
Synteng, [xv n. 2]
Tai races, possible connections, [xxiii];
immigration of, [xvii], [xxxviii]
Tail (tsichap and tsongotsichap), in ceremonial dress, [13], [14]
of puppy, cutting and care of, [62]
Taman tribe, immigration of, [xvii], [xvi];
possible connections, [xix], [xx]
Tamanthi, [xix]
Tamlu, [xviii];
dance on “morung,” [27]
Tang village, fuzzy-haired clan, [xxiii n. 2].
Tangkhul tribe, habitat once in Angami occupation, [xx];
origin, [xxi], [xxxvii];
bury dead, [xxiv];
dao suggests Igorot connection, [xxvii];
terrace cultivation, [xxviii];
houses on ground level, [xxx];
[[253]]governed by elders, [xxxiii];
ghost houses, [160 n. 1]
Taro (mani), varieties and cultivation, [57];
pigs fed on, [61];
offered in scapegoat ceremony, [134];
to release soul, [135];
Konyaks prefer, to rice, [xxix]
giant, leaves used, [58]
Tarrlung, [117]
Tattoo, not practised by Lhotas, [8];
among Aos, [xxx];
Konyaks, [xxxi]
Tchhüpfu (Water master), particulars of, [115];
ceremony in honour of, [125];
anger of, [161 n. 1];
objects to novices making weir, [73];
stories about, [182]
Tea, cultivation of, [59]
Temphak, berries and leaves as medicines, [80]
Ten, important number, associated with “right” in ceremonies, [47], [49], [128], [134];
with offerings at ceremonies, [47], [49], [125], [128], [134], [151];
—— days’ interval in Oyantsoa, [124], [125]
Tengima, sub-tribe, [xxi], [xxxi n. 2], [xxxii];
number in 1921, [xxxii n. 1]
Tephri sept, origin of, [42 n. 1]
Teprima = foreigner, [xxxii n. 1].
Tera, ear ornament, [13]
Terraced cultivation, distribution of, xxxviii, [xxix];
traces of, in Lushai Hills, [xx];
associated with megalithic monuments, [xxix];
Mr. Hutton’s views of origin of, [xxxvii]
Thado, [xxx n. 1];
language, [xvi n. 1];
origin, [xvii];
position of chiefs, [xxxiii];
detach head of celebrity, [xxiv];
belief in vampires, [xxxiv n. 2]
Thangwe Eni clan, [88];
iron-workers, [42];
possible origin of, [42 n. 1], [90]
Thatch, materials used, [24], [30];
blown off roof of perjurers, [103], [104]
Thatching, of house, [33];
of champo, [27]
grass (lishu), [24], [30];
use in Thruven, [47];
in Liritang, [54]
Thekronoma, [xxxi]
Themoketsa (Honohoyanto), village, [xiv], [4]
Thendu, S. Konyak group, [xxxi];
hereditary chiefs, [xxxiii]
Thenkoh, S. Konyak group, [xxxi];
no chiefs, [xxxiii]
Thevo, [xxxii]
Thevoma, Angami linguistic group, [xxxi], [xxxii]
Thimzing (Great darkness), [176 n. 3], [180], [193 n. 1], [196]
Thirty, associated with offerings in ceremonies, [6], [124], [129], [151], [152]
Thread, spinning of, [36], [37];
measuring of, [229];
bobbins of, in marriage ceremonies, [149], [150], [154];
divorced wife carries off, [156];
from clothes, thrown away by those present at “apotia” death, [161]
Three days’ emung and chastity in Opya ceremonies, [123]
Threshold (likingko), carrying-string cut on, in case of difficult death, [157];
—— of field-house, rice offering placed on, [54]
Thruven, sowing ceremonies, [53], [132];
described, [47]–49
Thruvenphen, traditional place of performing Thruven ceremonies, [47]
Tibet, immigration from, [xvi]
Ticho, bamboo, connection with Thangwe Eni clan, [90]
Tiger (mharr), hunting of, [66], [67];
helmet worn during, [18];
decapitation of and consequent tabus, [67];
flesh not eaten, [74];
beliefs about —— of common origin with man, [xxxiv];
regarding spear-shaft broken by, [66], [163];
regarding descendants of man killed by, [66], [163];
funeral of man killed by, [162];
stories of, [175], [177], [190], [198]
slayer, insignia of, [12], [17];
dog killed at funeral of, [157];
effigy of, placed over grave, [158]
Tiger’s kill, meat from, unclean, [163];
not brought into village, [26], [130];
not eaten by household during Rangsikam, [52];
during calf-birth “genna,” [60];
by cultivator on day of selecting jhum, [46];
by direct descendants of man killed by, [163]
Tiger-men, Lhota form of belief in, [164], [165];
Chang belief, [163 n. 1];
Sema belief, [164];
story about, [187]–190
Ti-Ho (Nantaleik) river, possible home of Kalyo-Kengyu, [xix];
line of contact of northern and southern movements, [xxxvi];
Kukis prevented crossing, [xvii]
Tizu river, [xviii n. 2], [4], [15]
Tobacco (mukuyo), cultivation of, [58];
manufacture, [81]
Tobu village, daos made in, [116 n. 2]
Toes, of enemy as trophies, [106];
hung in mingetung, [108]
Tompyaktserre (phratry), [xxxviii];
origin of, [88];
clans in, [88], [89];
use of special terms for mother, [94], [95];
may not eat Hornbill, [77]
Tongti, senior Sotsoi, [97]
Top (phiro), [84]
Tortoise, tabus regarding, during pregnancy, [144]
Trade, [44];
inter-tribal, [15], [17], [42], [60];
external, [15], [41], [60]
Trap, triangular (tsiri), [67], [68];
box —— for leopard, [68];
for monkeys, [68]
Tree burial at Yacham, [xxv n. 1];
in case of man killed by tiger or leopard, [162]
head ——, mingetung, q.v. michem tree, after-birth hung on, [146];
Ponyiratsen’s tree, [152];
—— from which man falls fatally abandoned, [160];
—— struck by lightning abandoned, [163];
in rheumatism cure, [166]
Trough (wokochakpfu), [35]
Trumpet (phupphu), bird-scaring, [52];
musical instrument, [85]
Tsandhramo: see Spirit, Evil.
Tsandhramo epang, exorcist, [34], [35]
Tsandhrammozü (devil’s medicine), leaves as poultice, [80]
Tsangchüman, sixth item in marriage price, [155]
Tsangle clan, [88];
origin, [91]
Tsangsükikung clan, [88]:
origin, [89]
Tsansao, thanked for help, [vi]
Tseminyu, [xxxi]
Tsingaki village, [vi];
khels in, [24];
punished, [25];
leads in war against Semas, [96];
Wokchung in, [126];
in story of Kithang clan, [187]
Tsirotsoala, fourth social “genna,” [140]
Tsombhondhro, leaves of, stuffed in dead tiger’s mouth, [66]
Tsonak (axe-shaped dao), cultural connections of, [xv], [15], [16 n. 1]
Tsori, [22]
Tsoroman, eighth item in marriage price, [155] [[254]]
Tsoyuta, portion of marriage ceremony described, [148], [149];
of S. Lhotas, [153], [154], [155]
Tsungta, chungas in Ponyiratsen’s ceremony, [151]
Tuensang village, [22]
Tukahu, Sema name for Japvo mountain, [xxxiv n. 3], [117]
Tukko: see Tukahu.
Tuku “genna” closes year, described, [129], [130];
graves dismantled at, [129], [130], [159];
spirits of dead finally depart, [159];
export of rice prohibited between Oyantsoa and ——, [125]
Turanian origin of certain tribes, [xvii n. 4].
Tushes, wild boar’s, as necklet, [12];
on helmet, [19];
ill luck attaching to, [44]
Twelve pieces of burnt wood in soul-calling, [134]
Twenty-three pieces of pork offered in Epuetha, [132]
Type, physical, varieties of, [xxi];
tribal, [xxi], [xxii]; of Lhota, [7]
U Loh Ryndi, story of, [xv n. 2]
Ung, Chang clan, [xxxiii n. 1]
Ungma village, corrupt judge of, [102];
wind god’s shrine, [103]
Unmarried man lends dao at opya consecration, [123];
men and boys bring in opya post, [123];
boys and men sleep in champo, [24]
Vampires, [xxxiv n. 2].
Vangkoseng, erections put up at Lanvung, [52]
Vat (ochen), [35];
in earthquake, [172]
Vegetables, cultivation of, [56]–58;
cooking of, [78]
Vekohomi village, trans-Tizu origin of clans in, [xviii n. 2].
Village, described, [23] et seq.;
selection of site, [5];
position, naming, defences, [21], [22];
fortunes of, linked with mingetung, [29];
ceremonies of founding, [5], [6];
of making, [122];
polity, [96], [97]
fence, marked out at Pikuchak, [22];
pig sacrificed outside, [129];
omen ceremony outside, [133];
man killed in war buried outside 160
spring, care of, [xi], [29];
described, [29];
ceremonies at village founding, [5], [6];
to increase flow of, [131]
Wa tribe, use of drum, [xxviii n. 1];
memorial posts, defences, [xxxvi n. 3]
Wanching village, [xxxi n. 1]
War, formerly the normal state of Nagas, [104];
between Lhota villages rare, [22], [104];
methods of, [105];
see also Head-hunting.
Warrior, insignia of (Southern Konyak), [xxxi];
gained by joining in mock fight, [111];
gained by slaughter of slave, [110 n. 1]
of note, insignia of, [12], [14], [18];
decapitates tiger, [66];
drives stake through enemy’s head, [108];
allowed to spear head of opya post, [123]
finest —— sacrifices dog at champo
rebuilding, [28]. See also Head-taking.
Wart, medicine for, [80]
Washing of hands, after Rangsikam, [51];
in Ponyiratsen, [151];
before entering village after an “apotia” death, [161];
before and after handling oha stones, [168]
of hands and dao in Tsirotsoala, [141];
of faces and hands of Stone-dragger’s wife and of her attendants, [143]
Water, poured into village spring to ensure supply, [6], [126], [131];
led to path in bamboos, [29], [30]
master: see Tchhüpfu.
melon (hmeliti), [58]
Weapons, [15]–19;
give clues to origins of tribes, [xxvi];
carried at village founding, [6]
Weaving, process described, [38]–40;
women’s work, [36];
man may only help in setting warp, [39];
prohibited during an emung, [26], [123];
while husband is on war-path, [40], [108]
Weaving sword, miniature in girl’s first carrying ceremony, [146]
Weeder, [49]
Weight, standard for village, stone (ephwa), [228]
West, souls of unsatisfactory dead go, [xxxiv]
White-capped Redstart, not eaten, [75]
White-headed Babbler, not eaten, [75]
Widdershins, sacrificer walks —— round mithan, [141];
bridegroom waves spear ——, [150]
Widow, support of, [98], [99];
marriage of father’s and brother’s, [95], [155];
remarriage into another clan, and vow of widowhood, [155]
Wife, each —— has separate cubicle, [31];
terms used for, [95];
duties of, position of, treatment of, [111], [112];
loan of, [154];
—— of sacrificer’s duty in Tsirotsoala, [140];
—— of Stone-dragger, [143]
Wig, worn by old men, [8];
ceremonial (thongko), [13];
hung over grave, [158]
Wind god of Ungma, [103]
Winnowing, [56]
fan (saveng), [56]
Withers, Dr. W. E., assistance acknowledged, [vi], [207]
Witchcraft, [168]–169
Wives, number of, and husband’s relation with, [154]
Wokchung (pig-sacrificer), duties and qualifications, [126];
duties in Shishang, [138], [139];
in Osoniwoala, [140];
in Tsirotsoala, [140];
in stone-dragging, [141], [142], [143];
ceremonial spear (phui), [17], [126]
Wokha, [4];
stockade established at, [2];
rain-compelling, [131]
Women, position of, [111], [112];
hair-dressing, [8];
dress, [9];
ornaments, [13];
women’s work, spinning, [36];
dyeing, [36], [37];
weaving, [36];
pot-making, [41];
bead-making, [44];
knowledge of poisons, may not inherit property, [98], [99];
make mock assault on champo, [28];
may not:
enter champo, [24],
do basket-work, [43],
be present at fish-poisoning, [71],
take part in opya ceremonies, [123],
represent patient in soul-calling, [133];
food tabus of,
while dyeing, [38];
pot-making, [41];
during pregnancy, [77], [144], [140].
See also Young Women.
Wonchamo, [137]
Wood, work, [43]; burnt —— placed in [[255]]nest when chickens first removed, [63];
offered in soul-calling, [34], [135]
Wood-louse (sharhi), as medicine, [80]
Woods, Colonel, on Lhota’s character, [xiii];
on Chang customs as to disposal of dead, [xxv n. 2], [92 n. 1].
Woodthorpe, Lt.-Col. R. G., sketch of Phiro mingetung, [29 n. 1].
Working companies (yengaten), system, [97];
kill pig at Lanvung, feast together, [130]
Worm-casts, magic use of, by ratsen, [165]
Worms, medicine for, [79]
Worore (bird clan), [88];
origin of, do not eat hornbill, [89]
Worosaeromo kindred, [89]
Worosanromo kindred, [89]
Wothang, “announcers,” [140]–142
Wounds, medicines for, [80]
Wozakumrr (bird clan), [89]
Wozütana, first social “genna,” [137];
described, [138]
Wozüyua, S. Lhota, second social “genna,” [138];
also see Shishang.
Wrestling, [82]
Wristlet (khekap), [12]
Yacham village, tradition of migration, [xviii];
method of disposal of dead, [xxv]
Yachungr, bury dead, [xxiv];
hoe, [xxvii];
drum, [xxviii];
mock fighting, [110 n. 2]
Yamphentangre kindred, [92]
Yampongo, Phiro notable, [106 n. 1].
Yanasao thanked for help, [vi]
Yanthamo (“new village”), an affix, [21]
Yanthamo, village, [49]
Yanthang, clan, [88]; origin, [91]
Yanthang, dao, cultural connection of, xv, [xxvi];
heirlooms, [3], 16;
described, [16];
Ramphan’s ——, [16], [197]
Yanungshari, chant, [27], [28]
Yanzo, mythical hero, [185]–187
Yekhum village, [23];
Y-shaped posts in, [xxx], [144], [168], [184 n. 1];
troubled over Semas’ appropriation of money of “apotia,” [162]
Yemkha village, [120], [90], [144]
Yemkhashandre kindred, [92]
Yemphuhore kindred, [92]
Yemtsore kindred, [92]
Yenga, Puthi’s assistant, qualifications necessary and duties, [126];
duties in champo rebuilding, [26];
removes and replaces oha, duties in Amungkam, [50];
in Motharatsen, [49];
Mshe etak, [53];
in Tuku, [129]
Yenga’s wife in Amungkam, [50]
Yepothomi clan, [92]
Yhandra, bark for rope, [32]
Young, food tabus more important for the —— than the old, [74] et seq.
men, unlucky to saw elephant tusks, [12];
do not eat pig in stone-dragging, [142]
women, special food tabus of, [77] and n. 1
Yuso, supporter Stone-dragger, [142]
Yutso, leaves with magical properties, use in ceremonials, [48], [49], [50], [139], [142], [151], [152]
Zambomo, uses rice descended from “dead men’s rice,” [120]
Züchanpen, place in stone-dragging proceedings, [142] [[256]]
Printed in Great Britain by
Richard Clay & Sons, Limited,
Bungay, Suffolk. [[257]]
The Lhota Nagas
John Bartholomew & Son, Ltd. Edin.
MAP SHOWING LHOTAS AND NEIGHBOURING TRIBES
The Lhota Nagas
John Bartholomew & Son, Ltd. Edin.
MAP OF THE LHOTA COUNTRY