B. Freshwater Species

31.

Melania tuberculata

32.

Planorbis sp.

33.

Planorbis sp.

III

We bought in Aden a fragment of alabasteroid limestone, said to have come from the Hadhramout. It is broken on all sides. It is part of a perpendicular series of sunken square fields, on each of which is represented in flat relief a sitting or lying goat or chamois with enormous horns. My fragment has two complete goats and parts of another above as well as below. The goats look to the right, and there are some cuttings which may have been part of an inscription on the surface of the stone to the right of the column of goats. The squares are 4 inches high by 3½ inches wide—10 centimetres by about 9.

Fragment of Alabasteroid Limestone

That these goats must have some significance is clear from their likeness to the following objects in the Hof Museum at Vienna, and figured in 'Süd Arabische Alterthümer,' by Prof. Dr. D. H. Müller. The first is the lower part of a slab, complete on three sides with a plain surface down the middle, and columns of goats in squares just like that described above, on either side, the goat facing inwards. In neither of these cases can one know how many goats were originally represented.

The second is an architectural fragment composed of alabasteroid limestone (yellowish in colour), 0.120 centimetres high, 0.202 long, 0.15 thick (so far as it remains).

It represents seven chamois (or goats) lying in a row. The heads are coarsely formed, the eyes like knobs, and the bodies of the two animals which are outside are indicated in profile. The original use of the object is uncertain, but, in any case, it must have been a topmost ornament, for the under-side, though regularly smoothed, is not polished like the other surfaces, and therefore cannot have been meant to be seen.

The trough which we brought from Al Gran is of the same stone as the former objects. It is 2 feet long by 11 inches wide and 4 inches high. It has an inscription containing a dedication to the God Sayan or Seiyin running all round it and finishing on one side of the top. In the top there is a depression sloping towards a spout, which is now broken off all but an inch. The depth of the depression is from one quarter to half an inch, and the channel in the spout runs down to three-quarters of an inch. Prof. Dr. D. H. Müller has kindly translated this inscription, which appears to represent it as an altar. He thinks it must be for frankincense, but I think it must have been for some liquid. The inscription on the end opposite the spout is worn by marks of ropes being dragged against it.

Sabæan Antiquities

1.	The Seal of Yarsahal (front view).
2.	Copper Seal with Sabota on it.
3.	A Pottery Stamp (back view).
4.	An Alabaster Lamp.
5.	Alabaster Mace Head (?)
6.	A Pottery Stamp (front view).
7.	The Seal of Yarsahal (side view).
8.	An Alabaster Lamp (bottom).
9.	Fragment of a Himyaritic Inscription.

We bought an object of fine alabaster in Aden. It was said to come from the Hadhramout. It seems like a seal or stamp and has a hollow round the back, with spouts in either of the short sides. It had been used as a lamp when we obtained it. There is a kind of handle or tube pierced through to the front, probably for suspension.

In the same illustration are also part of an earthenware stamp and the seal of Yarsahal, the younger of Shibahm, with its golden setting, and a copper seal with Sabota on it.

IV

Letters Distinguishable of an almost obliterated inscription near Haidi village, near Kalenzia, Sokotra, copied by Theodore Bent

Crosses at Dihaiterere on the hill Ditrerre, a spur of Hamar, Sokotra. A perfect mass of crosses, the various shapes of which, on the rocks, were copied by Theodore Bent

Shape of a piece of wood from bone cave at Minèsha, Ras Momi, Sokotra

Sokotra camel marks, collected by Theodore Bent, 1897

V

SOKOTERI AND MAURI WORDS COLLECTED BY THEODORE BENT IN THE ISLAND OF SOKOTRA, HE ASKING THE QUESTIONS IN ARABIC

The transliteration of the second, fourth, and fifth columns is according to the system of the Royal Geographical Society.

English	Dialect used in South Arabia but not in all instances confined to it	Literary Arabic	Mahri	Sokoteri
English		Literary Arabic	Mahri	Sokoteri
Fort	Ḥisn	Ḥisn	Hazn	Husn
Spring-fountain	‘Ain	‘Ain	Mayou	Neshodehin
Pickaxe	Kismah	—	Kasm	Esher
Friend	Ḥabīb	Ḥabīb	Mahabba sidi	Mahabba habiba
Moon	Kamar, Bedr	Qamar, Badr	Kubkob, Warra	Kubkob, Ehri
Funeral	Ghināzah	Ganāzah	Ghinozet	Ghineza
Game (prey)	S̤aid	Ṣaid	Nehàmel melbetzà	Tahari
Give me	At̤ini	‘At̤ini	Zemi	Endakhemu
Glass	Kizāz	Qazāz	Logut	Arashi
Glorious	Galīl	Galīl	Anno	Lubak
Hair	Sha‘r	Sha‘r	Shuf	Thlef
Half	Niṣf or Nus	Niṣf	Nuss	Nuss
Where	Fein	Fein	Fein	Fein
What	Eish or Ei	Esh	Heshendi	Inimdi
No matter	Mal‘eish	—	Laktlela	Bithiokhthi
Thank you	Katterk̲h̲airak	Kat̲h̲ark̲h̲airak	Katerkhairak	Tarmunkete
Stand here	Stanni hinna	—	Sarbuhun	Takozha‘a
Straight	Dogri	Dug̲h̲rī	Hebkalazerom (or Hepka)	Torrnà
Blessed	Umbārrak or Mubārrak	Mubārak	Umbarrak	Umbarak
Stop	Wakkaf	Waqqaf	Solop	Tzullebaha
Hammer	Shākoush, Hafir	—	Efeie	Taferra
Hang	Shanak	Shanaq	Azab	Khlanak
Hand	Yad	Yad	Hed	Ed
Anchorage	Mèrsa	Marsā	Moïsi	Moïsi
Headache	Wagà er ras	Waga‘-ar-rās	Abkos erayhe	Ellak ade
Often	Ketiran-Tamèlli	Kat̲h̲īran	Yehoda mekin	Denafakin
Oil	Zeit	Zait	Shigar	Shigar
Onion	Baṣal	—	Bosalet	Basahal
Water	Moya	Miyāh	Hamou	Diho Riho
Mountain	Ghebel	Gabal	Ghebel	Fèdehan
Milk	Leben	Laban	Khlof	Khlof
Stone	Ḥagar	Ḥagar	Hoben	Oben
Bread	Khubs	Khubz	Khobs	Eshere
Date	Nakhl	Nak̲h̲l	Nakelet	Tamari
Man	Ragul	Rajal	Reigh	Eik
True	Shagara	S̲h̲ajar	Shighered	Sherehom
Far	Baïd	Ba‘īd	Dahak	Sherehek
Near	Garīb	Qarīb	Garib	Sheiki
Well	Bir	Bir	Bir	Abahur
Sheep	Ghanem	Ghanam	Kheoz	Oz
Horse	Khail	Khail	Ferehe	Khail
Camel	Gemel	Gamal	Berr [15]	Berr
Sea	Bahar	Baḥr	Dorum	Denhem
Sand	Raml	Raml	Battar	Shimeh
Garment	Toub	—	Beraka	Farak berekà
Move	Shihl	—	Shilleil	Tizàminha
Before	Kabl	Qabl	Ksobba	Goddam shei
Name	Ism	Ism	Hemukōmn	Mormùkshom
Bed	Ferash	Firāsh	Juderi	Gudere
Sun rises	Sherug esh shems	Sharūg-ush-shams	Skerkot Nayoum	Sherkot Nashom
Light	Kafīf	K̲h̲afif	Dernekfif	Manghena
Gold	Dahàb	Tahab	Deheb	Deheb
Iron	Ḥadīd	Ḥadīd	Hadid	Hadìd
Silver	Fadda	Faḍḍaḍ	Derehem	Derahin
Cloth	Kamash	Qumāsh	Dizhid	Shöd‘hem
Cloud	Sahal	Saḥābah?	Afoùr	Hehour
Judge	Kadi	Qādī	Kadi	Kaldi
Take	Emsak or Emsik	Imsāk	Elkof	Telö
Satan	Shait̤ān	Shait̤an	Shaitan	Markush
Difficult	Sabi	Sabi‘	Sabi	Marhere
Evening meal	Asher	‘Ashā	Izhhè	Teloimö
Midday	Dohr	D̲h̲uhr	Tohr	Vohr
Place	Makan	Makām	Mèkon	D‘half
Face	Wagh	Wajh	Weggi	Fenè
Faith	Din	Dīn	Dīn	Izalīhen
Family	Ahl	Ahl	Oher	Dehihkag‘-haiho
Fat	Semen	Samn	Mahar	Hammi
Feast	Eid	‘̄Id	Eid	Ayed
Fever	Humma	Ḥummā	Dighilo	Ghiohör
Little	Khalìl	K̲h̲alīl	Ihnil (or Eint)	Herèrhen, or (Ererihen)
—	Melane	—	Millè	Millì
Finger	Aṣbu‘ aṣabe‘	Uṣbu‘, Aṣba‘	Asba	Esba asali
Flea	Barghùt	Bargauth	Gheròse	Gheroz
Fool	Khailak	Aḥmaq	Khailak	Diddo
Saddle	Sarga	Sarga	Zmel	Zmel
Dog	Kelb	Kalb	Kelb	Not known; no word
Sheep	Kharūfa	—	Tiwit	Te‘eh
Salt	Melḥ	Malḥ	Milhoda	Milh
Knife	Sikkīn	Sikkīn	Ais	Sari
Fish	Semek	Samak	Seit	Zode
It is necessary—you must	Lāzim	Lāzim	Lazerom	Na‘ah
Enough	Bas	Bas	Bas	Ta‘ad
One	Wāḥad	Wāḥad	Tat	Tat
Two	Itnein	It̲h̲naīn	Tro	Tra
Three	Talāta	T̲h̲alāt̲h̲a	Saratit	Talele
Four	Arba‘	Arba‘	Arbote	Arbaa
Five	K̲h̲amsa	K̲h̲amsa	Khams	Khamse
Six	Sitta	Sitta	Itìt	Sitta
Seven	Saba‘	Saba‘	Ibeìt	Saba
Eight	Tamania	T̲h̲amānia	Timminè	Tamania
Nine	Tissa‘	Tisa‘	Zeit	Testa
Ten	‘Ashera	‘Ashara	Aserait	Ashera
Twenty	‘Ishrin	‘Ishrīn	Asherin	Ishrin
One hundred	Mia	Miat	Mieit	Mia
Work	Shugh	Shaghl	Fìsa	Mahalèh
Wound, sore	Gurrèh	Garūh	Sob	Gourèh
Pain	Waggà	Waga‘	Debkhos	Erlakh
Medicine	Dàwa	Dawā	Dewar	Tofin-i-dewar
Sun	Shems	Shams	Hayoum	Shehem
Ready	T̤aīr	T̤aīr	Akabìt	Souèdon
Butter	Zùbda	—	Makozo	Gotomìne
I	Àna	—	Hèmukomòn	Evumuksham
You	Enta	Antam	Minesmuk	Minmuksham
He	Hū	Hū	Hou	—
Rope	Ḥabl	Ḥabl	Keit	Enkhar
Son, boy	Welèd	Walad	Aghiēn̄	Mukshin
Daughter	Bint	Bint	Aghinot	Fèrhin
Woman	Horma	Ḥurma	Haremet	Azhè
Wood	Hattab	Ḥaṭab	Hatab	Tirob
Strong	Kawi	Qavī	Musireh	Musirak
War	Harb	Ḥarb	Harb shehen	Harb shehen
More	Kamàn	Kam-min Lawa	Ashishfisa, Fileh‘niciteh, Riàh	Ta‘alt‘hefisa, Feleh‘ntodèh Dā
Price	Tamàn	T̲h̲aman	Soueh	Tetenà
Meat	Laḥm	Laḥm	Tiwë	Tà
Leg	Rigl	Rijl	Serein	Thlaub
Blood	Dam	Dam	Douri	Durr
Allah	Allah	Allah	Allah	Allah
Deaf	Toursh	Ṭursh	Yehomallah	Doufé
Houses	Bouyoūt	Buyūt	Bouyout	Keke
Seaweed, grass	Ḥashīsh	Has̲h̲īs̲h̲	Mareh	Röd
Servant	‘Abd	‘Abd	Hoyur	Embaha
Slave	Gulam	G̲h̲ulam	Gulma	B‘thlekum
Tall, long	T̤awīl	T̤awīl	Tawīl	Ep
(Plural)	Atwàl	At̤wāl	Tawil	Dihom
Stars	Nagoùm	Nagūm	Negoun	Kabkap
Lesson	Dars	Dars	Kerì	Mukerè
Truth	Hak	Ḥaqq	Hak	Hak
Without truth	Bidùn hak	Bidūn haqq	Hammuk hak	Ekmunk hak
In the house	fi‘l beit	fi‘l bait	be beit	Tofok, diè min kar
In the night	fi‘l leil	fi‘l lail	be leil	billeilhe
In the road	fi‘l tarīk	fi‘l tarīq	be haron	orun
Heal	Shāfī	Shāfī	Bekhairgh	Bekhaeraghe
Heart	Kalb	Qalb	Kalb	Elbi
Heaven	Samā	Samā	Simma	Simma
Heavy	Takil	Tḥaqil	Takil	Eddak
Heel	Akab	‘Aqīb	Akonosh	Konosh
Pig	Khansir	—	Khansir	Khansir
Horn	Karn	Qurn	Kon	Kon
Ready	Ḥadir	Ḥad̲h̲ir	Hader	Hader
Imperfect	Nākis	Nāqis	Nakuss	Biziankazank bidinya
Impossible	G̲h̲air mumkin	G̲h̲air mumkin	Ghair numkin	Ghair numkin
Possible	Yimkin	Imkān	Yumkin	Yumkin
Indigo	Nīl ṇedal	Nīl	Nihl	Nil
Infant	T̤ifl (it̤fāl pl.)	T̤ifl, It̤fâl	Atfal	Atfal
Infidel	Kāfir	—	Koffer	Keffer
Ink	Hibr	Hibr	Indud	Medad
Intellect	Akl	‘Aql	Okul	Akal
Interpreter	Tergumàn	Targumān	Makaddam	Dehane makaddam
Island	Gezīra	Gazīrah	Gezeira	Gezeira
Jew	Zahoūdi	Yahūdī	Yahoude	Yahoude
Kick	Rafos	—	Erkella	Taràkad
Intelligent	Fahīhm	Fahīm	Fehemdi	Fehem
Kill	Katal	Qatal	Ilbedda	Talata
Kind	Lat̤īf	Lat̤īf	Altehf	Altuiphin
Arms	Sillah	Silāḥ	Shki	Shko
Soldier	‘Askar	‘Askar	Aske̤r	Asker
King	Malik	Malik	Moli	D‘hemmel
Arrive	Waṣsala	Waṣala	Wassel	Gidda
Matting-bag	Zambīl	—	Zạṃbil	Zambil
Wise	‘Alamah	‘Ālim	Alamah dimondi	Dimondish alemah
Cut	Ightsal	—	Hanmel kosorn	Nerdober
Journey	Safar	Safar	Nehassol	Insofar
Tired	Ta‘b, Ta‘ban	Ta‘b-Ta‘bān	Ketlak	Resak
Tribe	Kabīla	Qabīlah	Kabila	Kabela
Now	Dilwakhti	D̲h̲i‘l waqti	Leasar	Leasar
Learn	Ta‘alem	—	Mollum	Ma‘alem
Tent	K̲h̲īmah, Kheim	K̲h̲īmah	Arzhlìt	Stirìht
Sword	Seif	Saif	Keit	Keòttaha
Summer	Shitta	—	Kazem	Kébhor
Right, South	Yemèn	Yamīn	Gezĕmhine	Tiozeminhah
Left, North	Shemàl	Shamāl	Shemīn	Shemin
East	Shark	Sharq	Shurakot haioum	Shom
West	Garbis	G̲h̲arb	Ghizote	Attabon
Late evening	Mogreb	Mug̲h̲rib	Mogareb	Mogareb
How are you	Kheifalak	—	Besherhelt	Alghiorg
To walk	Masha	—	Mehèklazerom	Entòholnà
Yes	Ewa	Ayyawā	Herrì	Herrì
No	Lā	Lā	—	Deh
Key	Mifta	Miftāh	Mìftàh	Miftàh
To tie	Urbut	Yarbut̤	Urbut	—
Come here	Ta‘al hinna	—	Assab	Tazùm
Give me	Gibli, atini	—	Inkalbo, Atini	Tadidbo Habondishoelae
Take hold	Khod	—	Shelùs	Tza
Kneel down (to a camel)	Baraka	Baraka	Hebrekaber	Terburuk
To-morrow	Bukara	Bukara	Bukarèd, Bukerade	Elli
Afterwards	Badèn	Ba‘den	M‘gori	Enzat
Before	Goddam	Quddām	Fenouni	Adminlefeni
Inside	Dak̲h̲l	Dāk̲h̲il	Keb	Dakhl or Turko
Outside	Barra	Barrān	Khareg or Barrān	Sheraga or Tcherogehte
Door	Bāb	Bāb	Bob	Terr
Year	Sanna	Sannah	Senate	Ehno
Week	Shahr	Shahr	Warrakh	Tadkleher
Drunk	Sherab	Sharib	Hamontikè	Nerou
Road	Tarìk	T̤arīq	Haurim	Haurim
Dead	Mut	Mat	Maut	Zami
To-day	El yom	Al Yaum	Imor	Hair
Day after to-morrow	B‘ad Bukra	Ba‘d bakarah	Bad gehìn	Dishinzomen
Yesterday	Ems	Ams	Imshi	Imshi
Mosque	Mesjid	Masjid	Masjid	Masjid
Priest	Mollah	Mullā	Ma‘alim	Ma‘alim
Friday	Gumma	Gama‘	Ghimata	Gumma
Cross	Salìb	Mīsān	Mison	Mison
Happy	Mahsŏud	Maḥsûd	Laef	Halut
Together	Sawā	Sawā	Nehanakafakhari	Entafakhari
Buy	Ishteri	Ishtarạ̄	Hamilthtòr	Intergyer
Above	Fok	Fauq	Hàkala	Minali
Below	Tak̲h̲t	Taḥt	Hamenkerat	Inkodediemen
Everything	Kul shei	Kull shai	Haltikalla	—
Evening	Asser	‘Aṣar	—	Dinofari
Wild beast	Waḥsh	Waḥsh	Deshìt	Shodhìhm
How much	Kam	Kam	B‘kam	Binemshuon
Dom-tree	Nebek	Naba‘	Dom	Firehem
Good	Tayib	T̤aiyab	Ghet	Dìa
Bad	Battal	Bat̤l	Khiob	Dià
Nice	Zein	Zain	Ghit	Shikèro
Great	Kebir	Kabīr	Aghus	Shibìb
Greatest	Akbar	Akbar	Aghusa	Shibìhb
White	Abaid	Abyaḍ	Lebanèd	Lebìne
Black	Asoud	Aswad	Hawa	Khalak Ha-he
Old	Kadīm	Qadīm	Dewìl	Tahan
New	Ghedid	Gadīd	Hidin	Gedìd
Cold	Bard	Bard	Gazùn	Habahur
Hot	{ Har	Ḥarr	Hehen	Shehem
or	{ Hami	Ḥummạ̄	Hanan Hark	Dio denarher
Red	Ahmar	Aḥmar	Ufer	Afer
Green	Akdar	Akdar	—	—
Yellow	Asfar	Aṣfar	Hat‘hor	Shedhor
Much	Ghali	G̲h̲alī	Zeboun	Ghali
Cheap	Rakīs	—	Rakis	Rakis
Rich	Ghani	G̲h̲anī	Togìr	Tag
Poor	Fakir	Faqīr	Faker	Faker
Wretched	Meskin	Miskīn	Meskin	Meskin
Father	Abū	Abū	Hebe	Bebe
Mother	Om	Umm	Hamme	Beo
Eat	Akul	Akal	Hamkout	Gebenganeo
Fear	K̲h̲āf	—	Linkhaf	Sherboton
Angry	Nehm	—	Shuhkof	Daime
Sick	Ayyan	—	Bithell	Giore
Broken, Injured	Maksūr	Maksūr	Tiber	Sheteghen
News	Kabar	K̲h̲abar	Kobber	Kabr
Early	Bèdri, Subba	Sabāh	Ksobba	Kasaibeya
Peace	Salaan	Salām	Subbaellah	Alburr
Dirty	Wasakh	Wasak̲h̲	Mithkal	Haidek
Clean	Nodīf	Nad̲h̲d̲h̲af	Ghihdi	Nodeif
Boat	Merkab	Markab	Merkab	Merkab
Ride	Yerkab	Yarkab	Hamle rekhob	Nirerkab
Rain	Matar	Maṭar	Lehamed	Messer
Crooked	Awwaz	‘Awwaj	Nehanellom	Netògher
Finished	Khalas	K̲h̲alaṣ	Burneghessen	Tettin
Thus	Kidda	Kaḍā	—	—
Go	{ Yemshi	Yamshī	Suè	Toïke
	{ Rua	Rāḥ	Ghenī	Toher
Prison	Habs	Ḥabs	Habs	Habs
Present	Bakhshis	Bakhs̲h̲īs̲h̲	Bakhshesh	Bakhshish
Prophet	Nebi	Nabī	Nebe	Nebe
Open	Maftūh	Maftūḥ	Bob fitàh	Ghinatten
Orphan	Yatīm	Yatīm	Aytìm	Esmediafore
Bucket	Dalu	Dalū	Dolu	M‘l‘hia
To paint	Lauwan, Laun	Lawwan	Laun	Sourah
Palm branches	Saóuf nakhl	—	Safe	Hes el timeri
Parents	Walidein	Wālidain	Hebe wahami	Bebe wavubeyah
Fowl	Dakika	—	Karoun	Ent
Liver	Kabid	Kabid	Kabid	Kabid
Thirsty	At̤chan	‘At̤shān	Hailuk	Toimek
Hungry	Goàn	Gī‘ān	Göak	Sottak
Praise	Ḥamd	Ḥamd	Hamd	Hamd
Slow	Ba‘ati	—	Aden abatayah	Aden nau
Christian	Nàzari	Naṣārī	Nazari	Nazari
Immediately	Hàlan	Ḥālan	Lazerom	Na‘ah
Myrrh gum	Lobàn	Lubān	Tlahas	Tlahas
Myrrh tree	Leben	—	Mogherate	Emiïdu
Knee	Rukbah	—	Bark	Berk
Lame	A‘rag	‘Arag	Tibere	Gushel
To laugh	Ḍaḥik	Qaḥqaḥ	Istahalk	N‘dlahak
Laughter	Ḍiḥk	Ḍiḥk	Ethelhalk	Entlahak
Leg	Saḳ	Sāq	Tharem	Ihlop
Leper	Abraṣ	Ibrāṣ	B‘hohg	Behehok
Lift	Urfa	—	Urfah	Dza(minha)
Like (same as)	Mitl-shibh	Mit̲h̲l	Izdah	Toàha
Lion	Asād; plural, usoŭd	Asad	Gailar	(No word, because they say 'we none in Sokotra')
To dwell	Sakan	Sakan	Nehamel Entowelboum	N‘zohn henna
Lungs	Riah	Ri, ah	Gil‘t‘hori	Geha
Mad	Magnūn	Magnūn	Haiwāl	Mankaina
Mankind	Beni Adam	Banī Ādam	Beni Adam	Makuloka (cf. Makalaka, South Africa)
Magic	Sihr	Siḥr	Saghir	Sahire
Naked	‘Aryán	‘Uryān	Harket el binad	Esoufai libineben
Napkin	Fòut̤a or Fūt̤ah	Faut̤h	Foutah	Fotere
Neck	‘Unk-Raḳabah	‘Unq Raqabah	Ghoti	Rokoba
Needle	Ibrah; plural, ubàr	Ibrah	Makaite	Makite
Noble	Sharìf	S̲h̲arìf	Sharif	Sharìf
Noise	Ṣaut	Ṣaut	Aroumekin or Saut	Metdelhin or Ta‘ad‘hin
None	Lâ aḥad	Lā aḥad	Hadelabun	Balheh
Nose	Anf, manakhìr, khoshim	Anf	Nakarinya	Nahare
Hurry	Ishtagil	—	Deghodum	Denofer
A quarter	Rub‘	Rub‘	Erbeit	Töman
Bone	‘Azm	‘Azm	Athail	Sahilla
Feather	Rīshah	—	Thluf	Nefereri
Quilt	Lahàf	Liḥāf	Guderi	Miskal
Lamb	Arnab or Erneb	—	Arnab	(They have no word)
Rat	Gard‘hom	Gurd̲h̲um	Gihreit	Zadahin
Ruined	Kharàb	K̲h̲arāb	Khaiob	Kharbeni
Purse, bag, pocket	Gaib or Kies	Gaib, jaib	Kies	Kies
Idle	Keslān	Kaslān	Fohsel	Aghizdè
Do your work, or Mind your own business	Amel Shuglak	‘Aml shug̲h̲lak	Amal hagil de felene	Tenofar dishberi
Book	Kitāb	Kitāb	Nektib	Inkotub
Writing	Mektūb	Maktūb	Berklub	Berklub
Honey	‘Asal	‘Asal	Assal	Assal
Behind	Wàra	Warā	Manghirek	Minherrin
Bitter	Murr	Murra	Hermet	Ajhi
Wielding	Arouz	‘Urs	Arouz	Arouz
But	Lākin	Lākin	Lakin	Yakaïta
Caravan	Kàfila	Qāfilah	Shikfilèla	Beghishekfil
Load	Huml	Ḥaml	Hamul	Hamul
Begin	Ibtida	‘Ibtidā	Bedihn	Bedehn
Kitchen	Mūt̤būkh	Mat̤bak̲h̲	Mutabukh	Mulbakt
Bird	Dik	—	Dik	Dik
Dig	Hafar	—	Nehamel hafere	Nehafar
Rest	Rahah	—	Rahah	Tareharhinnaha
Doctor	Ḥakim	Ḥakīm	—	—
Cup	Finjān Kūbayet	Finjān	Finjan Kūbàyet	Finjan Kūbàyet
Skin	Gild	Gild, jild	Geld	Geld
Eggs	Beid̤, Degade	Baid̤	Degaghe	Degaghe
Never	Abadan	—	Abadàn	Abadàn
Stream	Ghail	—	Dihib	Thlab
Paper	Warak	Waraq	Werkart	Warraka
Sit	Ghisel Gitez	—	Towel	Tsalleh
Dry	Nashif	Nas̲h̲s̲h̲af	Dehar	Terahat
Read	Karà	Qarā	Ktub	Kteb
Scarce	Nādir	Nādir	Kalèd	Khlahrohb
Roast	Shawa	Shawa	Hamtiwi	Tè
Rob	Sarak	Saraq	Hirrik	Seirek
Room	Oḍa	Oḍah	Hod	Hod
Round	Ḥaul	Ḥaul	Hagìr	Haghia
Root	Aṣl	Aṣl	Asali	Asl
Run	Rakaḍ	Rakaḍ	Houeh	Tshà
Ripe	Mustawi	Mustawi	Mushtawi	Mushlawi
Seal	K̲h̲atīm	K̲h̲atam	Khatini	Houleh
Riches	Mal	—	Molshè	Inoshinia
Reap	Ḥaṣad	Ḥaṣad	Hazad	Hazd
Beat	D̤araba	D̤araba	L‘bedi	Toghì
Nut	Brandouk	—	Brandouk	Brandouk
Obey	At̤a	At̤a‘	Atawa	Naddub
Order	Amr	Amr	Amr	Amar
Old woman	‘Agouz	‘Agūzah	Agouz	Khlibip
Ornament	Zena	Zīnat	Git	Tchera
Owl	Boum	Būm	Tlarhitin	Tlarhiten
Castle or palace	Kaṣr	Qasr	Ḥazạr ed Dowlet	Hăzar Sādahan
Palm of the hand	Kaf-fusa	Kaff	Dehòte	Dehò
Pardon	G̲h̲afar	G̲h̲afar	Netur min el habs	Beligiter min el habs
A little	Shwaya	Shuwaiyah	Musted	Einoshedèhe
Where is the town	Fein el Beled	Fi ain al balad	Hoddehabed del Felani	Hodde belad
People	Nās	Nās	Haboa	Hohafon
Head	Rās	Rās	Ras	Ras
Blood	Dam	—	—	Musailo
Disordered blood	Dam Kholeil	—	Douri	Durr
Pen	Kalam	Qalam	Kalam	Kalam
Anger	G̲h̲adab	G̲h̲adab	Ghatitali	Hetterhinhi
Pay	Waffa	Wafạ̄	Woffehinki	Waffie
Pepper	Filfil	Filfil	Filfil	Tiflfarlo
Perfume	‘It̤r	‘It̤r	Attar	Hal
Perspire	Arak	‘Ariq	Deanghalen	Ikimen
Pin	Dabbūs	Dabbūs	Dabous	Dabous
Plague	Ta‘ūn	T̤ā‘ūn	Duinhaufal Eikeo	Eiked Ouìhafel
Ugly	Ba‘in	—	Behimet	Behimah
Plant	Nabāt	Nabat	Nebhat	Nebout

English	Arabic	Mahri	Sokoteri
What is she doing	Eish yamèlhu	Tum ul aisin	Inempt shüyet
I drink water	Ana sherab moye	Nehamel el tikhe	Ithkellare
You are very kind	Enta latif ketir	Meshiri meikin	Latif beyne
Do you know Mehri?	Enta taraf el Meheri	Arebuk Meheri	Ahruh Mehri
We talk Sokotri	Nahn natàllem el Sokoteri	Nahan natallùm Sokoteriote	Ik n‘atalam Sokoteria
Give me another	Gibli waḥad t̲h̲āna	Hateli tadrhaa	Abouli beladàtis
How many days from here to the sea?	Kam ayo‘om min hinna illa el bahr	Kam yom m‘boun ta heik	Kam yom menha afta‘a
Near the water	Garīb el moya	—	Lal diho

[15] When they wish to warn the camel not to knock against anything in a narrow place they cry 'Berri! Berri!'

LIST OF SOME OF THE ARABIC AND OTHER WORDS EXPLAINED IN THE TEXT

abba, [193]
abr, [409]
afrit, [199]
ailb, [109]
attar, [141]
awwal, [41]

batil, [277]
b'dom, [109]
brinjol, [141]

ghail, [86]
ghasl, [109]
ghatrif, [248]
ghi, [37], [260]
gohb, [247][A]
gourod, [306]

habat-assoba, [141]
halwa, [221]
hárami, [116]
horma, [212]
helf, [141]
herris, [426]

jembia, [199]

kabila, [140]
kadhlb, [108]
kafila, [85]
kahwa, [34]
kattira, [230]
kayya, [116]
kazbah, [120]
kei, [245][A]
kharrad, [145]
khawah, [57]
kho, [275][A]
kourzan, [117]
kutcha, [149]

lahaf, [245]
loess, [128]
luthba, [86]

medakdak, [81]
madhar, [83]
madibash, [19]
majilis, [34]
mangola, [336]
masabam, [129]
merghazi, [414]
mersa, [291]
miet, [248][A]
mis'hap, [128]
munkala, [336]

nakhoda, [281]

ohma, [245]
ouft, [275][A]

rack, [85]
reis, [281]
rezai, [245]

saap, [145]
salang, [19]
sambuka, [220]
shabib, [93]
shur, [275][A]
sirah, [19]
siyar, [104]
siyara, [104]

tara, [21]
tarsla, [336]
tawilah, [5]

whabba, [69]

yusur, [294]

zamouta, [141]
ziara, [132]
ziaret, [97]

[A] These words are used by the Gara.

INDEX

Ababdeh tribe, [290], [296], [305]
Abr Shebba, [409]
Abyan, plain of the, [401], [407], [427]
Abyssapolis, [269]
Abyssinia, [91], [101], [314]-[6]
Abyssinians in Sokotra, [354]
Adab, [106]
Adahan, [388]
Addites, [242], [265]-[6];
- legends of, [105], [130]
Aden, [46], [393];
- difficulties at, [72];
- departure from, [228], [346], [399];
- return to, [284], [398], [428]
Adulis, ruins at, [241]
Aelius Gallus, [247], [253]
Africa, exploration in, [287]
Akaba, the, [88] &c., [164], [166]
Akhmed Orab, [305]
Alagoum, [130]
Al Agran, [124]
Al Balad, [240]-[1]
Al Hafa, [232], [235]
Al Kaiti, family of, [75], [76] &c., [97], [144], [206], [282]
Al Kara, [403]
Al Koton, [111] &c.
Al Madi, [190], [191], [194]
Albuquerque, in the Persian Gulf, [10];
- commentaries of, quoted, [6], [40], [50]
Ali, mounds of, [20] &c.
Allaki, mines of, [323]
Aloes, [194];
- in Sokotra, [376], [381]
Amara tribe, [301]
Ambergris, [344]
Amri tribe, [139], [171], [277]
Aòdeli tribe, [424];
- mountains of, ib.
Apes, [271]
Arab games, [4], [333]
Arad, [2]
Armenians, [230]
Ascites, [247]
Asses, [3], [20]
Aydab, [300]-[1], [305], [325]

Baboons, [412]
Baggala, [8], [205]
Bahrein, Islands of, [1] &c.;
- asses of, [3];
- coffee-pots, [5];
- pearl fisheries, [6];
- boats, [8];
- history, [9];
- wells in, [20], [40];
- springs, [14], [41];
- British protectorate, [13]
Bahrein, Isa, Sultan of, [13]. See also El Khalifa
Bahr-Safi, [129]
Bakhrein, [82]
Balfour, Professor, [343], [382]
Barahout. See Bir Borhut
Basra, [83]
Batil, [8], [229], [277]
Batran, [298]
Bazahel, [166]
Bedja tribes in the Soudan, [301], [323], [354]
Beni, [302]
Bedouin, attack Maskat, [59];
- of the Hadhramout, [74], [73] &c., [93], [128], [213];
- the name, [128];
- religion of, [133], [261], [274];
- origin of, [249];
- of the Gara, [239] &c.;
- of the Soudan, [301] &c., [350];
- of Sokotra, [365] &c.;
- in Arabia, [426];
- dances, [129]
Berenice, [291]-[2], [294], [296]
Bir Baokban, [190]
Bir Borhut, [138], [228], [282]
Bir Lammas, [425]
Bir Mighar, [401]
Bisharin, tribe of, in the Sudan, [298], [301], [304] &c.
Boats, Arabian, [215], [220], [230], [277]-[8], [284], [288], [293].
- See Batil, Baggala, Houra, Sambuka
British. See Maskat, Persian Gulf, Sokotra
Bushire, [2]
Butter-making in Sokotra, [336], [346]
Buttra, [17], [35], [46], [66]

Camels, in the Hadhramout, fed on fish, [81];
- in Dhofar, [244];
- in the Soudan, [330];
- in Sokotra, [368]-[9]
Camel marks, [369], [438]
Camoens, [254]
Campbell Bey, [289]
Carrei tribe, [247]
Carter, Dr., [254]
Cholmley, Mr. A., [288]
Coral, [294]

Darour, [290]
Date-palms, stories concerning, [19];
- uses of, ib.;
- in the Hadhramout, [116]
Derbat, [272]
Dervishes in the Soudan, [293], [299], [304], [311]-[12], [326], [338]
Dhofar, plain of, [233] &c.;
- products of, [235];
- antiquities in, [239];
- camels of, [244]
Dianæ Oraculum, [266]
Diodorus quoted, [318], [324]
Dioscorides, name of Sokotra, [344], [363]
Dirgheg, [407]
Dis, [211]
Dollars, Maria Theresa, [208], [239], [285], [414]
Dragon's-blood tree, [344], [379]
Dress of women, [95], [100], [110], [119], [136], [237], [349], [405], [424]
Durand, Sir M., [9], [29]

Eber, the prophet, [130], [132]
Egyptians, ancient, in Arabia, [270];
- trade in frankincense, [234];
- in the Red Sea, [293];
- gold mines, [313], [318], [320] &c.
Egyptians, modern, on the Red Sea [293];
- in the Soudan [307], [309]
El Hasa, [1];
- products of, [5], [38], [42]
El Khalifa, family of, [12], [31], [35], [39]
El Matra, [58], [68]
Emerald mines, [296]
Eratosthenes, [21]
Erba, Mount, [314], [330]
Eriosh, [354]
Ethiopians, [302];
- in Sokotra, [354]
Euphrates Valley Railway, [9]

Fahdli tribe, [399], [400], [408] &c.
Farash, [169]
Fereghet, [383]
Frankincense, [224];
- in the Hadhramout, ancient trade in, [89] &c.;
- in Dhofar, [234], [245], [252] &c.;
- in Sokotra, [344], [380]
French in the Persian Gulf, [60]
French, Bishop, [68]

Gara, mountains, [234];
- scenery of, [256] &c., [262] &c.;
- tribe, [244], [246] &c.;
- weapons of, [247];
- customs of, [257];
- women of, [258];
- religion, [260];
- language, [275]
Gebaniti, tribe of the, [152]
Geological notices, [211]-[12]
Ghaida, [185]
Ghail Omr, [170]
Goddam, mountains of, [412], [421]
Gold mines, Egyptian, [301], [313], [318] &c., [338]
Graffiti, [333], [354]

Hadai, [315]
Hadendowa, [317]
Hadhramout, valley of the, [71] &c.;
- population of, [79];
- meaning of the word, [71];
- plants of, [85], [108];
- physical features, [90], [108];
- castles, [106];
- Seyyids of, [115], [227], [280]-[2], [423]
Hadibo. See Tamarida
Hagarein, [96], [98] &c., [103]
Hagarein, Abdul, Sultan of, [98] &c., [103], [141], [282]
Hagheri Ask, [401], [408]
Haghier, Mount, [351], [368], [378]
Haibel Gabrein, [90]
Halaib, [290], [298]
Hami, [210]
Hamoumi tribe, [168] &c., [177], [186], [207], [283]
Hamoumi, Sultan of the, [214]
Hamram, [275]
Hatasou, Queen, [270], [293]
Haula, [362]
Haura, [106]
Haura, Sultan of, [282]
Hazarmaveth, [72], [89], [95], [133]
Herodotus, quoted, [21]
Himyaritic remains, [49], [104], [166], [242], [402], [405], [413];
- civilisation, [71], [143]
- inscriptions, [71]
Hirsch, Herr Leo, [72]
Hormuz, [10]
Houri, [68], [292]

Ibadhuyah. See Ibadiet
Ibadiet, sect of the, [50]
Interpreters, [2], [209], [288], [317], [345]-[6], [364].
- See Saleh Hasan

Jabberi tribe, [151], [155] &c., [165]
Jayaker, Dr., [69], [228]
Jebel Akhdar, [229], [284]
Jebel Erba. See Erba
Jebel Gabeil, [405]
Jebel Sarrar, [407]
Jedda, Consuls murdered at, [283]
Jedid, [281];
- Sultan of, [277]
Jinni, [219], [260], [273], [361], [415]

Kabr Houd, [130], [139], [282]
Kabr Saleh, [130], [139]
Kadhoup, [357]
Kaidoun, [97]
Kalenzia, [346]
Kamour, [150]
Kanfar, [401]-[2]
Karachi, [228]
Kattira, [300]
Kattiri tribe, [119], [127], [130], [139], [146]-[7], [277]
Khaila, [93], [109]
Khalifa, the, [287], [296]
Khatiya, [270]
Kho Rouri, [270]
Khor Shinab, [307]
Khoreba, [91], [92]
Kilab tribe, [310], [316]-[7]
Kishin, [277], [280];
- Sultan of, [280], [362]
Koloe, ruins at, [241]
Kosseir, [214], [220], [290];
- Sultan of, [282]
Kufic remains, [300], [313], [316]
Kurbab tribe, [311]
Kutch, [284]

Leprosy, [105]
Locusts, [303], [306]

Maaber, [219]
Mahri tribe, [139], [236], [252]-[3], [277]-[8];
- in Sokotra, [343], [346], [362];
- language, [363]-[4], [366], [389], [393], [434]
Makalla, [74] &c., [142], [224]
Makalla, Manassar, Sultan of, [75] &c., [145], [224]
Manamah, [3] &c.
Mandob, [161]
Mansura, [241]
Μαντειον Ἀρτἑμιδος, [241]
Marco Polo quoted, [50], [344], [355], [362]
Maria Theresa dollars, [208], [239], [414]
Marriage ceremonies, [101]
Mashonaland, [317], [337], [373]
Maskat (See also Oman), [45] &c.
- description of, [46], [63];
- harbour of, [47];
- bazaars, [64];
- Portuguese at, [50] &c.;
- British in, [54], [55], [58];
- Sultans of, [54], [227], [358]
Maskat, Feysul, Sultan of, [56], [61];
- visit to, [57], [229]
Maskat, Tourki, Sultan of, [55]
Massawa, [313]
Maundeville, Sir John, [8]
Medical experiences, [85], [110], [117], [136], [258], [282], [303], [348], [415]-[6]
Merbat, [230] &c., [268]-[9]
Merbat, Suleiman, Wali of, [231] &c., [268], [277]
Mersa Halaib, [288]
Meshed, [101]-[2], [105], [141]
Miles, Colonel, [234]
Minhali tribe, [139], [151], [155], [172], [277]
Minqui, [266]
Mirage, [401]
Mis'hal, plain of, [421], [423] &c.
Mohammed Gol, [296], [301], [309]
Moharek, [2];
- visit to, [13]
Money of Oman, [61], [284]
Morghani, sect of the, [298]
Moscha, [253], [269], [270]
Myos Homos, [290].
- See Kosseir
Myrrh in the Hadhramout, [77], [91];
- in Dhofar, [254]

Naab, [412]
Nahadi tribe, [105], [155]
Naida, [184]-[5]
Nearchus, Periplus of, [6], [21], [49], [259], [269], [344], [392]
Nejd, [39], [142], [236], [264], [361]
Nezweh, [47], [49]

Oman, [8];
- History of, [49] &c.;
- Imams of, ib.;
- kingdom of, [235], [278];
- coins of, [284].
- See also Maskat
Omr, tomb of, [171]

Parsees in the Hadhramout, [75], [77]
Pearl fisheries, [6] &c., [54], [292]
Periplus. See Nearchus
Persians at Bahrein, [11], [17];
- in Dhofar, [242]
- Persian Gulf, British influence in, [13],
- [45] &c., [54], [59] &c.
- See Slavery, Maskat, Bahrein, Portuguese, Phœnicians
Phœnicians in Bahrein, [21] &c.;
- origin of the, [22]
Piracy, suppression of, [55]-[6];
- in Sokotra, [344]
Pliny, quoted, [21], [88], [92], [152], [293]
Polygamy, [114]
Portuguese, pearl fisheries, [6];
- at Bahrein, [10] &c.;
- at Maskat, [50] &c.;
- in Dhofar, [254];
- in Sokotra, [357], [363], [391]-[2]
Portuguese buildings, [11], [17], [18], [49], [63]
Ptolemaic period, [291]-[6]
Ptolemy quoted, [88], [92], [241], [266], [272]
Punt, land of, [234], [270], [344]

Raida, [216]-[7]
Rakhiout, [278]
Ramazan, [218], [221], [224], [292]
Ras Bagashwa, [220]
Ras Bernas, [292], [295]
Ras Dis, [220], [281]
Ras Fartak, [281]
Ras Hamar, [279]
Ras Momi, [356], [368], [372], [375]-[6]
Ras Risout, [245], [269]
Red Sea, coast of, [290] &c., [340];
- slave trade in, [294]
Riadh, [304]
Risout, [233], [279]
Rizat, [275]
Robat, [240]-[1]
Roe, Sir Thomas, [355]
Rostok, [47]
Rufa'a, [21];
- visit to, [33]

Sa'ah, [162], [173]
Sabæan trade in spices, [253]-[4];
- inscriptions, [125], [129], [135], [333];
- ruins, [49], [240], [265], [269]
Sadler, Colonel Hayes, [228]
Safi, King, [129]
Sagan, [125]
Saièhen, [371]
Saihan, [373]
Saihut, [142], [207], [233], [280]-[1]
Salaka, [333]
Saleh, the prophet, [132].
- See Kabr Saleh
Saleh Hasan, [73], [96], [102], [106], [109], [157], [182], [186] &c., [223]
Sambuka, [220]
Sarrar, [214]-[7]
Sawakin, [290], [341]
Sawakin Kadim, [300]
Schweinfurth, Dr., [343], [391]
Sedad, [67]
Sellala, [331]-[4]
Seyyids of the Hadhramout, [80]
Shabwa, [91], [129], [142], [152]
Shafi, sect of, [154]
Sheher, [163], [171], [175], [200], [202] &c., [205] &c., [210], [281]
Sheher, Hussein, Sultan of, [202], [222], [280], [281], [283]
Shellal, [298], [303]
Shendeh, [304]
Shibahm, city of, [126], [142] &c.;
- castle of, [146]
Shibahm, Salah-bin-Mohammad, Sultan of, [107], [111] &c., [162], [204], [282]
Shukra, [425]-[7]
Sief, [94], [101], [109]
Siwoun, [119], [146]
Siyar, Siyara, [104], [178], [202], [209], [283]
Slave trade, [232];
- in the Persian Gulf, [60];
- in the Red Sea, [293], [308], [311]
Slavery, Arab, [60], [80], [404], [408]
Smyth, Captain, [288], [303], [320]-[2], [341]-[2]
Snow, [423]
Sobar, [49]
Sokotra, inhabitants of, [280], [363], [369];
- history of, [343] &c., [391]-[2];
- geographical position, [345];
- language, [345], [357], [363]-[5], [439];
- antiquities of, [373]-[5], [379], [384];
- Christianity in, [344], [354];
- Portuguese in, [357], [363], [384], [391]-[2];
- English in, [363], [392]-[3];
- Greeks in, [392];
- scenery of, [368], [385], [396]
Sokotra, Salem, Sultan of, [280], [362], [394]
Solomon, [293]
Somali, [89]
Soudan, [287] &c.;
- Egyptian garrisons in, [290];
- slave trade in, [293], [311];
- gold, [325];
- population of, [301]-[2];
- mountains of, [315]
Spain, annexations of Portugal, [49], [51]
Sprenger, Aloys, quoted, [241]-[2], [247]
Strabo, quoted, [293]
Suakim. See Sawakin.
Sufeila, [186] &c.
Suk, [391], [394]

Takha, [240], 268
Talismans, [426]
Tamarida, [347], [361], [391]
Tamimi tribe, [139], [151], [155] &c., [171], [177], [277]
Terim, [119], [146]
Terre Pleine, [289]
Thumna, [152]
Todin, [315]
Tokhum, [83]
Torisi, quoted, [49]
Tourki, Sultan of Maskat, [235], [238]
Turks, in Bahrein, [13];
- in the Persian Gulf, [51], [54];
- in Arabia, [235], [425]

Uttubi, [11]

Wadi Addattereh (Soudan), [335]
Wadi Adim (Hadhramout), [90]-[1], [159], [169], [170] &c., [189]
Wadi al Ain (Hadhramout), [144], [158]
Wadi al Aisa (Hadhramout), [90] &c.
Wadi Ambaya (Soudan), [334]
Wadi Banna (Fahdli), [401]-[6]
Wadi bin Ali (Hadhramout), [159], [163] &c.
Wadi Doan (Hadhramout), [72], [90]-[1], [94], [104]
Wadi Gabeit (Soudan), [310], [318], [320], [328], [333]
Wadi Ghafait (Hadhramout), [84]
Wadi Gherid (Hadhramout), [210]
Wadi Ghersid (Gara), [256] &c.
Wadi Gumatyewa (Soudan), [315]
Wadi Hadai (Soudan), [310], [316]
Wadi Hadda (Fahdli), [421]
Wadi Hadira (Hadhramout), [163]
Wadi Hassan (Fahdli), [407], [409]-[10]
Wadi Hayet (Soudan), [311], [328]
Wadi Howeri (Hadhramout), [85]-[6], [163]
Wadi Iroquis (Soudan), [315]
Wadi Kasr (Hadhramout), [96]
Wadi Khonab (Hadhramout), [130]
Wadi Khur (Soudan), [330]
Wadi Koukout (Soudan), [335]
Wadi Latat (Hadhramout), [130]
Wadi Mosila (Hadhramout), [219], [281]-[282]
Wadi Nahast (Gara), [265]
Wadi Reban (Fahdli), [418]
Wadi Samluf (Fahdli), [427]
Wadi Ser (Hadhramout), [126]
Wadi Shekheri (Hadhramout), [219]
Wadi Sherwin (Hadhramout), [218]
Wahabi, sect of, [5], [12], [34], [54], [63], [361]
Wali Abdullah-bin-Amr, feud of, [402] &c.
Wali Suleiman. See Merbat.
Wellsted, Lieutenant, [358], [393]
Wingate, Colonel, [288]
Wrede, Herr v., [72], [97], [129], [130], [155]

Xavier, Francis, [355]

Yafei (tribe in the Hadhramout), [75], [139], [143], [402] &c.
Yafei Boubakr-bin-Said, Sultan of, [402] &c., [408]
Yarsahal, seal of, [151]
Yehazahaz, [387]

Zanzibar, [55]-[6], [229]
Zimbabwe, ruins of, [407]
Zoko. See Suk
Zufar. See Dhofar

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