FOOTNOTES:
[1] Halleck’s International Law, ii. 21. Yet within three weeks of the beginning of the war with France 60,000 Prussians were hors de combat.
[2] ‘Artem illam mortiferam et Deo odibilem balistrariorum et sagittariorum adversus Christianos et Catholicos exerceri de cætero sub anathemate prohibemus.’
[3] Fauchet’s Origines des Chevaliers, &c. &c., ii. 56; Grose’s Military Antiquities, i. 142; and Demmin’s Encyclopédie d’Armurerie, 57, 496.
[4] Fauchet, ii. 57. ‘Lequel engin, pour le mal qu’il faisait (pire que le venin des serpens), fut nommé serpentine,’ &c.
[5] Grose, ii. 331.
[6] Dyer, Modern Europe, iii. 158.
[7] Scoffern’s Projectile Weapons, &c., 66.
[8] Sur l’Esprit, i. 562.
[9] Reade, Ashantee Campaign, 52.
[10] Livy, xliv. 42.
[11] These Instructions are published in Halleck’s International Law, ii. 36-51; and at the end of Edwards’s Germans in France.
[12] ‘It would have been desirable,’ said the Russian Government, ‘that the voice of a great nation like England should have been heard at an inquiry of which the object would appear to have met with its sympathies.’
[13] Jus Gentium, art. 887, 878.
[14] Florus, ii. 20.
[15] Edwards’s Germans in France, 164.
[16] This remarkable fact is certified by Mr. Russell, in his Diary in the last Great War, 398, 399.
[17] Cicero, In Verrem, iv. 54.
[18] See even the Annual Register, lvi. 184, for a denunciation of this proceeding.
[19] Sismondi’s Hist. des Français, xxv.
[20] Edwards’s Germans in France, 171.
[21] Lieut-Col. Charras, La Campagne de 1815, i. 211, ii. 88.
[22] Woolsey’s International Law, p. 223.
[23] Cf. lib. xii. 81, and xiii. 25, 26; quoted by Grotius, iii. xi. xiii.
[24] iii. 41.
[25] Cambridge Essays, 1855, ‘Limitations to Severity in War,’ by C. Buxton.
[26] See Raumer’s Geschichte Europa’s, iii. 509-603, if any doubt is felt about the fact.
[27] General Order of October 9, 1813. Compare those of May 29, 1809, March 25, 1810, June 10, 1812, and July 9, 1813.
[28] Vattel, iii. ix. 165.
[29] Sir W. Napier (Peninsular War, ii. 322) says of the proceeding that it was ‘politic indeed, yet scarcely to be admitted within the pale of civilised warfare.’ It occurred in May 1810.
[30] Bluntschli’s Modernes Völkerrecht, art. 573.
[31] For the character of modern war see the account of the Franco-German war in the Quarterly Review for April 1871.
[32] Halleck, ii. 22.
[33] Vehse’s Austria, i. 369. Yet, as usual on such occasions, the excesses were committed in the teeth of Tilly’s efforts to oppose them.
‘Imperavit Tillius a devictorum cædibus et corporum castimonia abstinerent, quod imperium a quibusdam furentibus male servatum annales aliqui fuere conquesti.’—Adlzreiter’s Annales Boicæ Gentis, Part iii. l. 16, c. 38.
[34] Battles in the Peninsular War, 181, 182.
[35] Ibid. 396.
[36] Foxe’s Actes and Monuments, iii. 52.
[37] Saint-Palaye, Mémoires sur la Chevalerie, iii. 10, 133.
[38] Vinsauf’s Itinerary of Richard I., ii. 16.
[39] Matthew of Westminster, 460; Grose, ii. 348.
[40] Monstrelet, ii. 115.
[41] Mémoires sur la Chevalerie, i. 322.
[42] Petitot, v. 102; and Ménard, Vie de B. du Guesclin, 440.
[43] Petitot, v. 134.
[44] Meyrick, Ancient Armour, ii. 5.
[45] i. 123.
[46] Monstrelet, i. 259.
[47] ii. 5.
[48] ii. 11.
[49] ii. 22, compare ii. 56.
[50] Monstrelet, ii. 111.
[51] ii. 113.
[52] See for some, Livy, xxix. 8, xxxi. 26, 30, xxxvii. 21, xliii. 7, xliv. 29.
[53] Livy, xliv. 29.
[54] Meyrick, i. 41.
[55] Demmin, Encyclopédie d’Armurerie, 490.
[56] Meyrick, ii. 204.
[57] Grose, ii. 114.
[58] Petitot, xvi. 134.
[59] Grose, ii. 343.
[60] iv. 27.
[61] iv. 36.
[62] iii. 109.
[63] Mémoires, vi. 1.
[64] Halleck, International Law, ii. 154.
[65] Elements of Morality, sec. 1068.
[66] Des Droits et Devoirs des Nations neutres, ii. 321-323.
[67] History of the Royal Navy, i. 357.
[68] Nicolas, ii. 341.
[69] Nicolas, ii. 405.
[70] Monstrelet, i. 12.
[71] Nicolas, ii. 108.
[72] Ibid. i. 333.
[73] Froissart, ii. 85.
[74] Entick, New Naval History (1757), 823. ‘Some of the Spanish prizes were immensely rich, a great many of the French were of considerable value, and so were many of the English; but the balance was about two millions in favour of the latter.’
[75] From Entick’s New Naval History (1757), 801-817.
[76] Martens, Essai sur les Corsaires (Horne’s translation), 86, 87.
[77] Ibid. 93.
[78] III. xv. 229.
[79] Emerigon, On Insurances (translation), 442.
[80] Martens, 19.
[81] Hautfeuille, Des Droits et Devoirs des Nations neutres, ii. 349.
[82] De Jure Maritimo, i. 72.
[83] Despatches, vi. 145.
[84] Despatches, vi. 79.
[85] The last occasion was on April 13, 1875.
[86] Halleck, International Law, ii. 316.
[87] Bluntschli, Modernes Völkerrecht, art. 665.
[88] James, Naval History, i. 255.
[89] James, ii. 71.
[90] Ibid. ii. 77.
[91] Ortolan, Diplomatie de la Mer, ii. 32.
[92] Campbell’s Admirals, viii. 40.
[93] Campbell, vii. 21. James, i. 161. Stinkpots are jars or shells charged with powder, grenades, &c.
[94] James, i. 283.
[95] Brenton, ii. 471.
[96] Caltrops, or crows’-feet, are bits of iron with four spikes so arranged that however they fall one spike always remains upwards. Darius planted the ground with caltrops before Arbela.
[97] Chapter xix. of the Tactica.
[98] Frontinus, Strategematicon, IV. vii. 9, 10. ‘Amphoras pice et tæda plenas; ... vascula viperis plena.’
[99] Roger de Wendover, Chronica. ‘Calcem vivam, et in pulverem subtilem redactam, in altum projicientes, vento illam ferente, Francorum oculos excæcaverunt.’
[100] Brenton, i. 635.
[101] De Jure Maritimo, i. 265.
[102] Rees’s Cyclopædia, ‘Fire-ship.’
[103] Brenton, ii. 493, 494.
[104] Halleck, ii. 317.
[105] Woolsey, International Law, 187.
[106] James, i. 277.
[107] Phillimore, International Law, iii. 50-52.
[108] International Law, ii. 95.
[109] Villiaumé, L’Esprit de la Guerre, 56.
[110] De Commines, viii. 8.
[111] Watson’s Philip II., ii. 74.
[112] Ibid. i. 213.
[113] Memoirs, c. 19.
[114] Villiaumé (L’Esprit de la Guerre, 71) gives the following version: ‘En 1793 et en 1794, le gouvernement anglais ayant violé le droit des gens contre la République Française, la Convention, dans un accès de brutale colère, décréta qu’il ne serait plus fait aucun prisonnier anglais ou hanovrien, c’est-à-dire que les vaincus seraient mis à mort, encore qu’ils se rendissent. Mais ce décret fut simplement comminatoire; le Comité de Salut Public, sachant très-bien que de misérables soldats n’étaient point coupables, donna l’ordre secret de faire grâce à tous les vaincus.’
[115] Herodotus, vii. 136.
[116] Livy, xlv. 42.
[117] Ibid. xlv. 43.
[118] Ward, Law of Nations, i. 250.
[119] Petitot’s Mémoires, xvi. 177.
[120] Livy, xlii. 8, 9.
[121] Monstrelet, Chronicles, i. 200.
[122] Ibid. i. 224.
[123] Ibid. i. 249.
[124] Ibid. i. 259.
[125] Monstrelet, ii. 156.
[126] Ibid. 120.
[127] Philip de Commines, ii. 1.
[128] Ibid. ii. 2.
[129] Ibid. ii. 14.
[130] Philip de Commines, iii. 9.
[131] Motley’s United Netherlands, iii. 323.
[132] Vattel, iii. 8, 143.
[133] Borbstaedt, Franco-German War (translation), 662.
[134] Ward, i. 223.
[135] Quintus Curtius, iv. 6, and Grote, viii. 368.
[136] Quintus Curtius, vii. 11.
[137] Ibid. iv. 15.
[138] Arrian, iii. 18.
[139] Quintus Curtius, vii. 5.
[140] ‘Tous deux furent très braves, très vaillants, fort bizarres et cruels.’
[141] Lyttleton, Henry II., i. 183.
[142] Hoveden, 697.
[143] 2 Samuel xii. 31.
[144] Memoirs of a Cavalier, i. 47.
[145] Memoirs of a Cavalier, 49.
[146] ‘Life of Bayard’ in Petitot’s Mémoires, xvi. 9.
[147] Major-General Mitchell’s Biographies of Eminent Soldiers, 92.
[148] Livy, xxxi. 40. When Pelium was taken by storm, only the slaves were taken as spoil; the freemen were even let off without ransom.
[149] Ibid. xxviii. 3.
[150] Ibid. xxviii. 20, xxvii. 16, xxxi. 27.
[151] De Officiis, i. 12. Yet on this passage is founded the common assertion that among the Romans ‘the word which signified stranger was the same with that which in its original denoted an enemy’ (Ward, ii. 174); implying that in their eyes a stranger and an enemy were one and the same thing. Cicero says exactly the reverse.
[152] Recueil de Documents sur les exactions, vols, et cruautés des armées prussiennes en France. The book is out of print, but may be seen at the British Museum, under the title, ‘Prussia—Army of.’ It is to be regretted that, whilst every book, however dull, relating to that war has been translated into English, this record has hitherto escaped the publicity it so well deserves.
[153] Ibid. 19.
[154] Ibid. 8.
[155] Ibid. 13.
[156] Chaudordy’s Circular of November 29, 1870, in the Recueil.
[157] Recueil, 12, 15, 67, 119.
[158] Ibid. 56.
[159] Ibid. 54.
[160] Recueil, 33-37, and Lady Bloomfield’s Reminiscences, ii. 235, 8, 9.
[161] The Times, March 7, 1881.
[162] Recueil, 29; compare 91.
[163] Morley’s Cobden, ii. 177.
[164] Professor Sheldon Amos quotes the fact, but refrains from naming the paper, in his preface to Manning’s Commentaries on the Law of Nations, xl. Was it not the Journal de France for Nov. 21, 1871?
[165] iii. i. viii. 4.
[166] De Officiis, i. 13.
[167] Modernes Völkerrecht, Art. 565.
[168] Polyænus, Strategematum libri octo, i. 34.
[169] Polyænus, v. 41.
[170] Ortolan’s Diplomatie de la mer, ii. 31, 375-7.
[171] James’s Naval History, ii. 211; Campbell’s Admirals, vii. 132.
[172] James, Naval History, ii. 225.
[173] Nicolas, Royal Navy, ii. 27.
[174] Hautefeuille, Droit Maritime, iii. 433. ‘Les vaisseaux de l’Etat eux-mêmes ne rougissent pas de ces grossiers mensonges qui prennent le nom de ruses de guerre.’
[175] xiii. 1.
[176] Montaigne, ch. v.
[177] vii. 4. ‘Quia appellatione nostra vix apte exprimi possunt, Græca pronuntiatione Stratagemata dicuntur.’
[178] Livy, xlii. 47.
[179] Histoire de la France, iii. 401.
[180] The word musket is from muschetto, a kind of hawk, implying that its attack was equally destructive and unforeseen.
[181] Polyænus, ii. 19.
[182] Polyænus, iii. 2; from Thucydides, iii. 34.
[183] Ibid. vii. 27, 2.
[184] Ibid. iv. 2-4.
[185] Liskenne, Bibliothèque Historique et Militaire, iii. 845.
[186] Memoirs, ch. xix.
[187] ix. 6, 3.
[188] vi. 22.
[189] vi. 15.
[190] iv. 7, 17.
[191] E. Fournier, L’Esprit dans l’Histoire, 145-150.
[192] iii. 10.
[193] Liskenne, v. 233-4.
[194] Soldier’s Pocket-Book, 81.
[195] Polyænus, viii. 16, 8. ‘Lege Romanorum jubente hostium exploratores interficere.’
[196] Livy, xxx. 29. According to Polyænus, he gave them a dinner and sent them back with instructions to tell what they had seen; viii. 16, 8.
[197] Watson’s Philip II. iii. 311.
[198] Liskenne, iii. 840.
[199] Hoffman, Kriegslist, 15.
[200] Petitot’s Mémoires de la France, xv. 317.
[201] Polyænus, ii. 27.
[202] Ibid. v. 1, 4.
[203] Memoirs, ch. xix.
[204] Livy, xxxiv. 17.
[205] As at the Brussels Conference, 1874, when such a proposal was made by the member for Sweden and Norway.
[206] In Pinkerton, xvi. 817.
[207] Turner’s Nineteen Years in Samoa, 304.
[208] Schoolcraft’s Indian Tribes, iv. 52.
[209] The Basutos, 223.
[210] Potter’s Grecian Antiquities, ii. 69.
[211] Turner’s Samoa, 298.
[212] Ellis’s Polynesian Researches, i. 275.
[213] Hutton’s Voyage to Africa, 1821, 337.
[214] Colenso and Durnford’s Zulu War, 364, 379.
[215] Petitot’s Mémoires, xv. 329.
[216] The evidence is collected in Cetschwayo’s Dutchman, 99-103.
[217] Henty’s March to Coomassie, 443. Compare Reade’s Ashantee Campaign, 241-2.
[218] Florus, ii. 19; iii. 4; Velleius Paterculus, ii. 1.
[219] Florus, ii. 20.
[220] Ibid. iii. 7.
[221] Florus, iii. 4; Cæsar, De Bello Gallico, ix. 44.
[222] Morley’s Cobden, ii. 355.
[223] Sir A. Helps’ Las Casas, 29.
[224] T. Morton’s New England Canaan, 1637, iii.
[225] Belknap’s New Hampshire, i. 262.
[226] Penhallow’s Indian Wars, 1826, republished 1859, 31-3.
[227] Ibid. 105, 6.
[228] Ibid. 103. For further details of this debased military practice, see Adair’s History of American Indians, 245; Kercheval’s History of the Valley of Virginia, 263; Drake’s Biography and History of the Indians, 210, 373; Sullivan’s History of Maine, 251.
[229] Kercheval’s Virginia, 113.
[230] Eschwege’s Brazil, i. 186; Tschudi’s Reisen durch Südamerika, i. 262.
[231] Parkman’s Expedition against Ohio Indians, 1764, 117.
[232] Argensola, Les Isles Molucques, i. 60.
[233] Drake’s Biography and History of the Indians, 489, 490.
[234] R. C. Burton’s City of the Saints, 576; Eyre’s Central Australia, i. 175-9.
[235] Borwick’s Last of the Tasmanians, 58.
[236] Tschudi’s Reisen, ii. 262.
[237] Maccoy’s Baptist Indian Missions, 441; Froebel’s Seven Years in Central America, 272; Wallace’s Travels on the Amazon, 326.
[238] Bancroft’s United States, ii. 383-5; and compare Clarkson’s Life of Penn, chaps. 45 and 46.
[239] Brooke’s Ten Years in Sarawak, i. 74.
[240] Captain Hamilton’s East Indies, in Pinkerton, viii. 514.
[241] W. H. Russell’s My Diary in India, 150.
[242] Annals of the Propagation of the Faith, viii. 280-6.
[243] Caffres and Caffre Missions, 210.
[244] Memorials of Henrietta Robertson, 259, 308, 353.
[245] Ibid. 353.
[246] Colenso and Durnford’s Zulu War, 215.
[247] Holden’s History of Natal, 210, 211.
[248] Moister’s Africa, Past and Present, 310, 311.
[249] Tams’s Visit to Portuguese Possessions, i. 181, ii. 28, 179.
[250] Robertson’s America; Works, vi. 177, 205.
[251] Thomson’s Great Missionaries, 30; Halkett’s Indians of North America, 247, 249, 256.
[252] Le Blant, Inscriptions Chrétiennes, i. 86.
[253] Bingham, Christian Antiquities, i. 486.
[254] Cæsar, De Bello Gallico, vi. 14. ‘Druides a bello abesse consuerunt ... militiæ vacationem habent;’ and Origen, In Celsum, viii. 73, for the Romans.
[255] Vaughan’s Life of Wycliffe, ii. 212-3.
[256] Turner’s England, iv. 458, from Duchesne, Gesta Stephani.
[257] ‘Non filius meus est vel ecclesiæ; ad regis autem voluntatem redimetur, quia potius Martis quam Christi miles judicatur.’
[258] Turner’s England, v. 92.
[259] ‘Sanxit ut nullus in posterum sacerdos in hostem pergeret, nisi duo vel tres episcopi electione cæterorum propter benedictionem populique reconciliationem, et cum illis electi sacerdotes qui bene scirent populis pœnitentias dare, missas celebrare, etc.’ (in Du Cange, ‘Hostis’).
[260] Guicciardini. ‘Prometteva che se i soldati procedevano virilmente, che non accetterebbe la Mirandola con alcuno patto: ma lascierebbe in potestà loro il saccheggiarla.’
[261] Monstrelet, i. 9.
[262] Crichton’s Scandinavia, i. 170.
[263] Mémoires du Fleurange. Petitot, xvi. 253.
[264] See Palmer, Origines Liturgicæ, ii. 362-65, for the form of service.
[265] Petitot, xvi. 229.
[266] Ibid. 135.
[267] Petitot, viii. 55. ‘Feciono venire per tutto il campo un prete parato col corpo di Christo, e in luogo di communicarsi ciascuno prese uno poco di terra, e la si mise in boca.’
[268] Livy, xxxvi. 2.
[269] Robertson, Charles V., note 21. Ryan, History of Effects of Religion on Mankind, 124.
[270] M. J, Schmidt, Histoire des Allemands traduite, etc., iv. 232, 3.
[271] ‘Christianis licet ex mandato magistratus arma portare et justa bella administrare.’
[272] Policy of War a True Defence of Peace, 1543.
[273] Pallas Armata, 369, 1683.
[274] In his treatise Du droit de la guerre.
[275] L’Esprit, i. 562.
[276] Strafgesetzbuch, Jan. 20, 1872, 15, 75, 150.
[277] Fleming’s Volkommene Teutsche Soldat, 96.
[278] Benet’s United States Articles of War, 391.
[279] Grose, ii. 199.
[280] See Turner’s Pallas Armata, 349, for these and similar military tortures.
[281] Crichton’s Scandinavia, i. 168.
[282] Grose, ii. 6.
[283] Sir S. Scott’s History of the British Army, ii. 436.
[284] ii. 16. ‘Omnes autem signarii vel signiferi quamvis pedites loricas minores accipiebant, et galeas ad terrorem hostium ursinis pellibus tectas.’
[285] Scott, ii. 9.
[286] Scott, i. 311.
[287] Said to have been invented about 400 B.C. by Dionysius, tyrant of Syracuse.
[288] Mitchell’s Biographies of Eminent Soldiers, 208, 287.
[289] Compare article 14 of the German Strafgesetzbuch of January 20, 1872.
[290] Nineteenth Century, November 1882: ‘The Present State of the Army.’
[291] De Re Militari, vi. 5.
[292] Bruce’s Military Law (1717), 254.
[293] See Fleming’s Teutsche Soldat, ch. 29.
[294] See the War Articles for 1673, 1749, 1794.
[295] 82.
[296] Quintus Curtius, viii. 2.
[297] Military Law, 163.
[298] 286, 290.
[299] Despatches, iii. 302, June 17, 1809.
[300] Compare also Despatches, iv. 457; v. 583, 704, 5.
[301] China War, 225.
[302] Scott’s British Army, ii. 411.
[303] Wellington’s Despatches, v. 705.
[304] See Windham’s Speech in the House of Commons. April 3, 1806.
[305] Ibid.
[306] P. 122.
[307] Fleming, 109.
[308] Preface to b. iii. ‘Ergo qui desiderat pacem, præparet bellum.’
[309] Lord Wolseley’s Soldier’s Pocket Book, 5.
[310] Arbousset’s Exploratory Tour, 397-9.
[311] Livy, xl. 6.
[312] Iliad, vi. 266-8; and comp. Æneid, ii. 717-20.
[313] Casalis’s Basutos, 258.
[314] Victor Hugo’s L’Ane, 124.
[315] Baillat’s Vie de Descartes, i. 41.
[316] ii. 25, 9, 1. ‘Tanto carnifice detestabiliores quanto pejus est sine causâ quam ex causâ occidere.’
[317] Ibid. 2. ‘Nullum vitæ genus est improbius quam eorum qui sine causæ respectu mercede conducti militant, et quibus ibi fas ubi plurima merces.’ Both the sentiment and the expression are borrowed from Lucan’s Pharsalia, x. 408: ‘Nulla fides pietasque viris qui castra sequuntur Venalesque manus; ibi fas ubi plurima merces.’
[318] 364.
[319] Potter’s Greek Antiquities, ii. 9.
[320] Henry’s Britain, iii. 5, 1; Grose i. 56.
[321] Grose, i. 58.
[322] Ibid., i. 67.
[323] Parliamentary Debates, May 24, 1756.
[324] Sir S. Scott’s British Army, ii. 333.
[325] N. Bacon’s Notes to Selden’s Laws, ii. 60.
[326] Candide, c. xx.
[327] Alison’s Europe, vi. 491.
[328] Life of Sir C. Napier, i. 77.
[329] Military Law, 17.
[330] Keppel’s Life, by T. Keppel, ii. 1.
[331] Indian Expedition, ix.
[332] Livy, 39, 3; 42, 21; 43, 5.
[333] Livy, xlv. 22. ‘Certe quidem vos estis Romani, qui ideo felicia bella vestra esse, quia justa sint, præ vobis fertis, nec tam exitu eorum, quod vincatis, quam principiis quod non sine causâ suscipiatis, gloriamini.’
[334] De Civitate Dei, iv. 4 and 6.
[335] Arbre des Batailles, quoted in Kennedy’s Influence of Christianity on International Law.
[336] Petitot, xvi. 137.
[337] III. 65. ‘Cavendo ne metuant, homines metuendos ultro se efficiunt, et injuriam ab nobis repulsam, tamquam aut facere aut pati necesse sit, injungimus aliis.’
[INDEX.]
- Achæan, curious mode of warfare, [131]
- Alexander II. of Russia, [3], [10]
- Armed neutrality, the, [86]
- Armour, [55], [224]
- Ashantee battle song, [86]
- Balloonists in war, [148]
- Battles, allusions to:
- Agincourt, [201], [262]
- Bouvines, [194]
- Camperdown, [80]
- Crecy, [9], [54]
- Dover, [84]
- Musselborough, [56]
- Navarette, [59]
- Neerwinden, [6]
- Nicopoli, [56]
- Nile, [81]
- Otterbourne, [196]
- Pavia, [141]
- Poitiers, [207]
- Tel-el-Kebir, [253]
- Bearskin hats, [223], [224]
- Becon, Thomas, on military service in the sixteenth century, [208]
- Bishops in war, [35], [52-3], [193-8], [261]
- Blinding of prisoners, [42-3]
- Blockade, effective, [92]
- Bloodhounds used in war, [171-2]
- Bombardment, theory and practice of, [12], [15], [17], [106], [116]
- Bounties for scalps, [156]
- Brigand, meaning of, [57]
- Britons, love for military life, [156]
- Brussels Conference on laws of war, [10], [94], [95], [105], [123], [130], [141-6]-[7-8], [158]
- Bullinger, limits to right of military service, [208], [263]
- Cannons, [5]
- Cannon-shot oath, [130]
- Capitulations, [100-1]
- Chain-shot, [6]
- Chivalry, age of, [32]
- Church, influence of, on war, [52], [185-193], [204-16], [252]
- Churches, destruction of, [48]
- Church parade, [219]
- Cities, fate of, in war:
- Amiens, surprise of, [148]
- Badajoz, storming of, [27]
- Barcelona, siege of, [138]
- Brescia, storming of, [103]
- Calais, siege of, [44]
- Constantine, storming of, [27]
- Copenhagen, bombardment of, [15], [268]
- Dinant, storming of, [102]
- Gaza, storming of, [107]
- Grammont, massacre at, [35]
- Gravelines, massacre at, [36]
- Haarlem, siege of, [97]
- Liège, storming of, [102]
- Limoges, massacre at, [37]
- Londonderry, siege of, [197-8]
- Magdeburg, massacre at, [27], [112]
- Malta, siege of, [97]
- Meaux, surrender of, [45], [101]
- Mirandola, siege of, [197]
- Oudenarde, siege of, [47]
- Pekin, English at, [237]
- Persepolis, burning of, [108]
- Poitiers, massacre at, [34]
- Rome, sack of, [103]
- Rouen, surrender of, [47], [101]
- San Sebastian, storming of, [28]
- Strasburg, bombardment of [15], [17], 106
- Terouanne, destruction of, [137]
- Thebes, sack of, [103]
- Toledo, siege of, [42]
- Tyre, siege of, [108]
- Ulm, surprise of, [149]
- Washington, English in, [16]
- Conference stratagem, [136]
- Conscription, the, [242-8]
- Consecration of banners, [201]
- Contraband, [88]
- Contributions, military, [20], [118]
- Costume, military, [222-3]
- Crossbow, [4], [133]
- Cruelty and courage, [110]
- Custom of war, character of, [186], [210]
- Decimation, story of, [222]
- Declaration of Paris, [73], [78], [86-9]
- Declaration of St. Petersburg, [2], [3], [81]
- Declaration of war, [19], [198]
- Desertion, [230-1]
- Discipline, [7], [218], [234], [236]
- Dress, philosophy of military, [229]
- Duty, [74], [121], [264]
- Embargoes, [89]
- Explosive bullets, [1-2], [81]
- False flag, stratagem of the, [128-130]
- False information in war, [152]
- Fecials, Roman, [271]
- Firearms, feeling against, [5], [226]
- Fireships, [84-5]
- Flogging, [234-5]
- Forged despatches, [151]
- Free Companies, [60], [260]
- Free ships, free goods, [87]
- Fruit-trees, [16], [17], [47], [161]
- Germans, the, in war, [40], [106], [115-9]
- Greek fire, [83-4]
- Grenadiers, [223]
- Hanging in war, [44-7]
- Honour, variable notions of, [155-6], [267]
- Hostages, taking of, revived, [117]
- Innocent III., [206]
- Invention of the bayonet, [6]
- Jomini, Baron, President of Brussels Conference, [95]
- Julius II., story of, [196]
- Jus Angariæ, [90]
- Justice in war, [208], [258-9], [271], [273-80]
- Khonds, theory of war, [203]
- Kidnapping soldiers in Germany, [241]
- Kissing the earth, custom of, [201]
- Lateran Council, Third, [4]
- Laws of war among savages, [159]
- Lent, observation of, in war, [51], [205]
- Leo the Great, [204]
- Letters of marque, [74], [78]
- Letters, military contempt for, [156]
- Limoges, Council of, [203]
- Loha Pennu, an Indian war-god, [203]
- Macedonian warfare, [133]
- Magic, use of, in war, [199]
- Malingering, [231-4]
- Marriage, restrictions on, [218-9]
- Mercenary service, [260-3]
- Military cant, [21], [105-6], [118], [163]
- — vandalism, [16], [48], [163], [237]
- Missionaries, [176-182]
- — failure of, [177]
- — legal control of, 181
- Missionaries, Norwegian, in Zululand, [179]
- Mission stations destroyed, [180]
- Mozley, Canon, on war, [212]
- Musket, [5], [133]
- Mutiny Act, first, [265]
- Names of weapons, [200]
- Neutral ships and property, [86]
- Night attacks, [133]
- Numbers slain in war, [8-10]
- Oath, military, [264-5]
- Oath by cannon-shot, [130]
- Ophthalmia, artificial, [233]
- Palatinate, devastation of the, [17], [267]
- Pay, soldiers’, [239], [261]
- Perfidy, cases of, [135]
- Perjury, cases of, [139]
- Perpetual peace, Von Moltke on, [119]
- Piracy, [67-70], [255]
- Plunder of property at sea, [67-70]
- Plunder of property on land, [61-3], [66], [118]
- Poison, use of, in war, [13], [14], [172-3]
- Poisoning the air, [49]
- Poisoning water, [14], [29]
- Press, influence of, in war, [112], [177], [182], [253]
- Prisoners, treatment of, [17], [18], [40], [85], [99], [113]
- Prisoners, beheaded, [97], [106]
- — blinded, [43]
- — burnt, [103], [111]
- — drowned, [101-2]-[6]
- — hung, [46], [101-3]
- — maimed, [43], [103]
- — massacred, [41], [111]
- — tortured, [194]
- Privateering, [70-9]
- — Lord Nelson on, [77]
- Prizes and prize-money, [70]
- Prize Court, [76]
- Punishments, military, [221-6]
- Purificatory battle rites, [250]
- Pursers on privateers, [76]
- Recruiting, difficulty of, [240]
- — former system of, in France and Germany, [241]
- Red, the military colour, [223]
- Red-hot shot, [5], [83]
- Reprisals, [93-118]
- — savage German, [117-8]
- Right of search, [88]
- Right of wreck, [89]
- Roman warfare, [114], [132], [271-2]
- Sacred buildings in war, [16], [48-9]
- Sea battles, [80], [83]
- Scalping enemies, [170]
- Sentry-go, [229]
- Slavery, influence of its cessation on war, [112]
- Socialism, chief cause of, [245-8]
- Soldiers of mark:
- Alaric, [204]
- Alexander the Great, [107-10], [133]
- Barbarossa, [100]
- Bayard, [6], [57], [149], [151], [165], [201], [226], [273]
- Bertrand du Guesclin, [40-1], [44]
- Black Prince, the, [37], [59]
- Blücher, [16], [17]
- Cæsar, [98], [156], [169], [272]
- Catinat, [145]
- Chandos, Sir John, [55]
- Charles of Anjou, [100]
- Charles the Bold, [111]
- Charles XII. of Sweden, [133], [226]
- Crillon, [22], [73], [243]
- Custine, [145]
- David, king of the Jews, [111], [251]
- David I. of Scotland, [111]
- Des Adretz, [111]
- Edward I., [106]
- Edward III., 44
- Eugene, Prince, [149]
- Feuquières, [97], [138], [149]
- Francis I., [140]
- Francis de Vere, [104]
- Frederick the Great, [16], [142]
- Genseric, [205]
- Godfrey de Bouillon, [100]
- Gustavus Adolphus, [19-20], [22], [221]
- Henri Quatre, [30]
- Henry V., [101]
- Keppel, Admiral, [270]
- Manny, Sir Walter, [44], [57]
- Maurice, Prince, [150]
- Montluc, [107], [121], [133], [137], [145], [156]
- Moltke, [119]
- Orange, Prince of, [152]
- Parma, Prince of, [146]
- Pélissier, [165]
- Peterborough, Lord, [138]
- Pyrrhus, [157]
- Richard I., [111], [195]
- Saxe, Marshal, [226]
- Scipio, [146]
- Sertorius, [143], [145]
- Sully, [30]
- Suwarrow, [238]
- Wellington, Duke of, [20], [236]
- Wolseley, Lord, [143-4], [151], [244]
- Xerxes, [47], [99], [146]
- Spaniards in war, [40], [42], [97], [167-9], [200]
- Spies, [141-8]
- Vattel on, [141]
- Frederick the Great on, [142]
- Lord Wolseley on, [143-4]
- Storming cities, [27], [238]
- Surprises, [148-9]
- Surrender at discretion, [45], [100], [123]
- Ternate, island of, [131]
- Torpedoes, first use of, [5]
- — introduced into European warfare, [85]
- Treatise on Tactics by Leo VI., [83]
- Truce of God, [205]
- War, real character of, [27], [186], [210]
- Wars, abolition of private, [205], [227]
- Weapons, [50]
- Women, imprisoned in war, [38]
- Women and children, slaughter of, [23], [33-8], [117]
- Women as soldiers, [242]
- Writers, &c.:
- Arrian, [109]
- Bluntschli, [127]
- Bynkershoeck, [14], [127]
- Cicero, [114], [126]
- Descartes, [254]
- Dobritzhoffer, [160]
- Emerigon, [73]
- Erasmus, [186], [244]
- Froissart, [23]
- Frontinus, [134]
- Grotius, [14], [17], [23], [126], [187], [256], [258], [273]
- Hallam, [32], [50]
- Hautefeuille, [67]
- Kant, [23], [30]
- Las Casas, [167]
- Molloy, [77]
- Origen, [190]
- Palmerston, Lord, [227]
- Penn, [173]
- Polyænus, [135]
- Quintus Curtius, [109]
- St. Pierre, Abbé, [30]
- Sepulveda, [167]
- Tertullian, [189]
- Turner, Sir James, [259]
- Valin, [73]
- Vattel, [14], [18], [21], [73], [104-5], [139], [141], [266]
- Vauban, [15]
- Victor Hugo, [252]
- Voltaire, [210], [267-8]
- Whewell, [67]
- Wycliffe, [193]
- Zwingli, [263]
Spottiswoode & Co., Printers, New-street Square, London.
Transcriber's notes:
The following is a list of changes made to the original. The first line is the original line, the second the corrected one.
Page 11, footnote:
like England should have been heard an inquiry of which
like England should have been heard at an inquiry of which
Page 78:
which abolished privateering beween the signatory Powers,
which abolished privateering between the signatory Powers,
Page 244:
such an expositon as the following of the relation between
such an exposition as the following of the relation between