CONTENTS.

ANIMAL LOCOMOTION.
INTRODUCTION.
	PAGE
Motion associated with the life and well-being of animals,	[1]
Motion not confined to the animal kingdom; all matter inmotion; natural and artificial motion; the locomotive,steamboat, etc. A flying machine possible,	[2]
Weight necessary to flight,	[3]
The same laws regulate natural and artificial progression,	[4]
Walking, swimming, and flying correlated,	[5]
Flight the poetry of motion,	[6]
Flight a more unstable movement than that of walking andswimming; the travelling surfaces and movements of animalsadapted to the earth, the water, and the air,	[7]
The earth, the water, and the air furnish the fulcra for the leversformed by the travelling surfaces of animals,	[8]
Weight plays an important part in walking, swimming, andflying,	[9]
The extremities of animals in walking act as pendulums, anddescribe figure-of-8 curves,	[9]
In swimming, the body of the fish is thrown into figure-of-8curves,	[10]
The tail of the fish made to vibrate pendulum fashion,	[11]
The tail of the fish, the wing of the bird, and the extremity ofthe biped and quadruped are screws structurally andfunctionally. They describe figure-of-8 and waved tracks,	[12]
The body and wing reciprocate in flight; the body rising whenthe wing is falling, and vice versâ,	[12]
Flight the least fatiguing kind of motion. Aërial creatures notstronger than terrestrial ones,	[13]
Fins, flippers, and wings form mobile helics or screws,	[14]
Artificial fins, flippers, and wings adapted for navigating thewater and air,	[14]
History of the figure-of-8 theory of walking, swimming, andflying,	[15]
Priority of discovery on the part of the Author. Admission tothat effect on the part of Professor Marey,	[16]
Fundamental axioms. Of uniform motion. Motion uniformlyvaried,	[17]
The legs move by the force of gravity. Resistance of fluids.Mechanical effects of fluids on animals immersed in them.Centre of gravity,	[18]
The three orders of lever,	[19]
Passive organs of locomotion. Bones,	[21]
Joints,	[23]
Ligaments. Effects of atmospheric pressure on limbs. Activeorgans of locomotion. Muscles; their properties, arrangement,modes of action, etc.,	[24]
Muscular cycles. Centripetal and centrifugal movements ofmuscles; muscular waves. Muscles arranged in longitudinal,transverse, and oblique spiral lines,	[25]–27
The bones of the extremities twisted and spiral,	[28]
Muscles take precedence of bones in animal movements,	[29]
Oblique spiral muscles necessary for spiral bones and joints,	[31]
The spiral movements of the spine transferred to the extremities,	[33]
The travelling surfaces of animals variously modified andadapted to the media on or in which they move,	[34]–36
PROGRESSION ON THE LAND.
Walking of the Quadruped, Biped, etc.,	[37]
Locomotion of the Horse,	[39]
Locomotion of the Ostrich,	[45]
Locomotion of Man,	[51]
PROGRESSION ON AND IN THE WATER.
Swimming of the Fish, Whale, Porpoise, etc.,	[66]
Swimming of the Seal, Sea-Bear, and Walrus,	[74]
Swimming of Man,	[78]
Swimming of the Turtle, Triton, Crocodile, etc.,	[89]
Flight under water,	[90]
Difference between sub-aquatic and aërial flight,	[92]
Flight of the Flying-fish; the kite-like action of the wings,	[98]
PROGRESSION IN OR THROUGH THE AIR.
The wing a lever of the third order,	[103]
Weight necessary to flight,	[110]
Weight contributes to horizontal flight,	[112]
Weight, momentum and power to a certain extent synonymousin flight,	[114]
Air-cells in insects and birds not necessary to flight,	[115]
How balancing is effected in flight,	[118]
Rapidity of wing movements partly accounted for,	[120]
The wing area variable and in excess,	[124]
The wing area decreases as the size and weight of the volantanimal increases,	[132]
Wings, their form, etc. All wings screws, structurally andfunctionally,	[136]
The wing, during its action, reverses its planes, and describesa figure-of-8 track in space,	[140]
The wing, when advancing with the body, describes a loopedand waved track,	[143]
The margins of the wing, thrown into opposite curves duringextension and flexion,	[146]
The tip of the bat and bird’s wing describes an ellipse,	[147]
The wing capable of change of form in all its parts,	[147]
The wing during its vibration produces a cross pulsation,	[148]
Compound rotation of the wing,	[149]
The wing vibrates unequally with reference to a given line,	[150]
Points wherein the screws formed by the wings differ fromthose in common use,	[151]
The wing at all times thoroughly under control,	[154]
The natural wing when elevated and depressed must move forwards,	[156]
The wing ascends when the body descends, and vice versâ,	[159]
The wing acts upon yielding fulcra,	[165]
The wing acts as a true kite both during the down and upstrokes,	[165]
Where the kite formed by the wing differs from the boy’s kite,	[166]
The angles formed by the wing during its vibrations,	[167]
The body and wings move in opposite curves,	[168]
The Wings of Insects, Bats, and Birds.
Elytra or wing cases and membranous wings; their shape anduses,	[170]
The Wings of Bats.
The bones of the wing of the bat; the spiral configuration oftheir articular surfaces,	[176]
The Wings of Birds.
The bones of the wing of the bird; their articular surfaces,movements, etc.,	[178]
Traces of design in the wing of the bird; the arrangement ofthe primary, secondary, and tertiary feathers, etc.,	[180]
The wing of the bird not always opened up to the same extentin the up stroke,	[182]
Flexion of the wing necessary to the flight of birds,	[183]
Consideration of the forces which propel the wings of insects,	[186]
Speed attained by insects,	[188]
Consideration of the forces which propel the wings of bats andbirds,	[189]
Lax condition of the shoulder-joint in bats and birds,	[190]
The wing flexed and partly elevated by the action of elasticligaments; the nature and position of said ligaments inthe Pheasant, Snipe, Crested Crane, Swan, etc.,	[191]
The elastic ligaments more highly differentiated in wings whichvibrate rapidly,	[193]
Power of the wing, to what owing,	[194]
Reasons why the effective stroke should be delivered downwardsand forwards,	[195]
The wing acts as an elevator, propeller, and sustainer, bothduring extension and flexion,	[197]
Flight divisible into four kinds,	[197]
The flight of the Albatross compared to the movements of acompass set upon gimbals,	[199]
The regular and irregular in flight,	[201]
Mode of ascending, descending, turning, etc.,	[201]
The flight of birds referable to muscular exertion and weight,	[204]
Lifting capacity of birds,	[205]

AËRONAUTICS.
The balloon,	[210]
The inclined plane,	[211]
The aërial screw,	[215]
Artificial wings (Borelli’s views),	[219]
Marey’s views,	[226]
Chabrier’s views,	[233]
Straus-Durckheim’s views,	[233]
The Author’s views; his method of constructing and applyingartificial wings, as contra-distinguished from that of Borelli,Chabrier, Durckheim, and Marey,	[235]
The wave wing of the Author,	[236]
How to construct an artificial wave wing on the insect type,	[240]
How to construct a wave wing which shall evade the superimposedair during the up stroke,	[241]
Compound wave wing of the Author,	[242]
How to apply artificial wings to the air,	[245]
As to the nature of the forces required for propelling artificialwings,	[246]
Necessity for supplying the roots of artificial wings with elasticstructures in imitation of the muscles and elastic ligamentsof flying animals,	[247]
The artificial wave wing can be driven at any speed—it canmake its own currents or utilize existing ones,	[251]
Compound rotation of the artificial wave wing. The differentparts of the wing travel at different speeds,	[252]
How the wave wing creates currents and rises upon them, andhow the air assists in elevating the wing,	[253]
The artificial wing propelled at various degrees of speed duringthe down and up strokes,	[255]
The artificial wave wing as a propeller,	[256]
A new form of aërial screw,	[256]
The aërial wave screw operates upon water,	[257]
The sculling action of the wing,	[231]
Concluding Remarks,	[258]