INDEX.
PAGE
Aerial creatures not stronger than terrestrial ones, [13]
Aërial flight as distinguished from sub-aquatic flight, [92]
Aëronautics, [209]
Air cells in insects and birds not necessary to flight, [115]
Albatross, flight of, compared to compass set upon gimbals, [199]
Amphibia have larger travelling surfaces than land animals, but less than aërial ones, [8]
Artificial fins, flippers, and wings, how constructed, [14]
Artificial wings, Borelli, [219]
Do. Marey, [226]
Do. Chabrier, [233]
Do. Straus-Durckheim, [233]
Do. how to apply to the air, [245]
Do. nature of forces required to propel, [246]
Artificial wave wing of Pettigrew, [236]
Do. how to construct on insect type, [240]
Do. how to construct to evade the superimposed air during the up stroke, [241]
Do. can create currents and rise upon them, [253]
Do. can be driven at any speed; can make new currents and utilize old ones, [251], [255]
Do. as a propeller and aërial screw, [256]
Do. compound rotation of: the different parts of the wing travel at different speeds, [252]
Do. necessity for supplying root of, with elastic structures, [247]
Artificial compound wave wing of Pettigrew, [242]
Atmospheric pressure, effects of, on limbs, [24]
Axioms, fundamental, [17]
Balancing, how effected in flight, [118]
Balloon, [210]
Bats and birds, lax condition of shoulder-joint in, [190]
Birds, lifting capacity of, [205]
Body and wing reciprocate in flight, and each describes a waved track, [12]
Bones, [21]
Bones of the extremities twisted and spiral, [28], [29]
Bones of wing of bat—spiral configuration of their articular surfaces, [176]
Bones of wing of bird—their articular surfaces, movements, etc., [178]
Borelli’s artificial bird, [220]
Chabrier’s artificial wings, [233]
Elytra or wing cases and membranous wings, [170]
Feathers, primary, secondary, and tertiary, [180]
Fins, flippers, and wings form mobile helices or screws, [14]
Flight, weight necessary to, [3], [4], [110], [111], [112], [113]
Flight the poetry of motion, [6]
Flight the least fatiguing kind of motion, [13]
Flight under water, [90]
Flight of the flying-fish, [98]
Flight, horizontal, in part due to weight of flying mass, [110]
Flight—the regular and irregular, [201]
Flight—how to ascend, descend, and turn, [201]
Flight of birds referrible to muscular exertion and weight, [204]
Fluids, mechanical effects of, on animals immersed in them, [18]
Fluids, resistance of, [18]
Flying machine, Henson, [212]
Do. Stringfellow, [213]
Do. Cayley, [215]
Do. Phillips, [216]
Do. M. de la Landelle, [217]
Do. Borelli, [219]
A flying machine possible, [2], [3]
Forces which propel the wings of insects, bats, and birds, [186], [189]
Fulcra, yielding, [8], [104], [165]
Gravity, the legs move by the force of, [18]
Gravity, centre of, [18]
History of the figure-of-8 theory of walking, swimming, and flying, [15]
Joints, [23]
Kite-like action of the wings, [98]
Kite—how kite formed by wing differs from boy’s kite, [166]
Laws of natural and artificial progression the same, [4], [17]
Legs, moved by the force of gravity, [18]
Lever—the wing one of the third order, [103]
Levers, the three orders of, [19]
Life linked to motion, [3]
Lifting capacity of birds, [205]
Ligaments, [24]
Ligaments, elastic, position and action of, in wing of pheasant, snipe, crested crane, swan, etc., [191]
Ligaments, elastic, more highly differentiated in wings which vibrate quickly, [193]
Locomotion, the active organs of, [24]
Locomotion, the passive organs of, [21]
Locomotion of the horse, [39]
Locomotion of the ostrich, [45]
Locomotion of man, [51]
Marey’s artificial wings, [233]
Membranous wings, [170]
Motion associated with the life and well-being of animals, [1]
Motion not confined to the animal kingdom, [2]
Motion, natural and artificial, [4]
Motion, of uniform, [17]
Motion uniformly varied, [17]
Muscles, their properties, mode of action, etc., [24]
Muscles arranged in longitudinal, transverse, and oblique spiral lines, [28]
Muscles, oblique spiral, necessary for spiral bones and joints, [31]
Muscles take precedence of bones in animal movements, [29]
Muscular cycles, [26]
Muscular waves, [26]
Pendulums, the extremities of animals act as, in walking, [9], [18], [56], [57]
Plane, inclined, as applied to the air, [211]
Pettigrew’s method of constructing and applying artificial wings as contradistinguished from that of Borelli, Chabrier, Durckheim, Marey, etc., [235]
Pettigrew’s wave wing, [236]
Pettigrew’s compound wave wing, [242]
Progression on the land, [37]
Do. on or in the water, [64]
Do. in or through the air, [103]
Quadrupeds walk, fishes swim, and insects, bats, and birds fly, by figure-of-8 movements, [15], [16]
Screws—the wing of the bird and the extremity of the biped and quadruped screws, structurally and functionally, [12]
Screws—difference between those formed by the wings and those employed in navigation, [151]
Sculling action of the wing, [231]
Speed attained by insects, [188]
Speed of wing movements partly accounted for, [120]
Spine, spiral movements of, transferred to the extremities, [33]
Straus-Durckheim’s artificial wings, [233]
Swimming of the fish, whale, porpoise, etc., [66]
Swimming of the seal, sea-bear, and walrus, [74]
Swimming of man, [78]
Swimming of the turtle, triton, crocodile, etc., [89]
Terrestrial animals have smaller travelling surfaces than amphibia, amphibia than fishes, and fishes than insects, bats, and birds, [8]
The travelling surfaces of animals increase as the density of the media traversed decreases, [7], [8]
The travelling surfaces of animals variously modified and adapted to the media on or in which they move, [34]
Walking, swimming, and flying correlated, [5]
Walking of the quadruped, biped, etc., [9], [10], [11]
Wave wing of Pettigrew, [236]
Do. how to construct on insect type, [240]
Do. how to construct to evade the superimposed air during the up stroke, [241]
Do. can be driven at any speed, [251], [255]
Do. can create currents and rise upon them, [253]
Do. can make new currents and utilize existing ones, [251], [255]
Do. as a propeller, [256]
Do. as an aërial screw, [256]
Do. forces required to apply to the air, [245], [246]
Do. necessity for supplying root of, with elastic structures, [247]
Wave wing, compound, [242]
Weight necessary to flight, [110]
Weight contributes to flight, [112]
Weight, momentum, and power to a certain extent synonymous in flight, [114]
Wing of the bird and the extremity of the biped and quadruped are screws, structurally and functionally, [12], [136]
Wing in flight describes figure-of-8 curves, [12]
Wing during its action reverses its planes and describes a figure-of-8 track in space, [140]
Wing when advancing with the body describes looped and waved tracks, [143]
Wing, margins of, thrown into opposite curves during extension and flexion, [146]
Wing, tip of, describes an ellipse, [147]
Wing and body reciprocate in flight, and each describes a wave track, [12]
Wing moves in opposite curves to body, [168]
Wing ascends when body descends, and vice versâ, [159]
Wing during its vibrations produces a cross pulsation, [148]
Wing vibrates unequally with reference to a given line, [150], [231]
Wing, compound rotation of, [149]
Wing a lever of the third order, [103]
Wing acts on yielding fulcra, [8], [104], [165]
Wings, their form, etc., all wings screws, structurally and functionally, [136]
Wing capable of change of form in all its parts, [147]
Wing-area variable and in excess, [124]
Wing-area decreases as the size and weight of the volant animal increases, [132]
Wing, natural, when elevated and depressed must move forwards, [156]
Wing, angles formed by, when in action, [167]
Wing acts as true kite both during down and up strokes, [165]
Wing, traces of design in, [180]
Wing of bird not always opened up to same extent in up stroke, [182]
Wing, flexion of, necessary to flight of birds, [183]
Wing flexed and partly elevated by action of elastic ligaments, [191]
Wing, power of, to what owing, [194]
Wing, effective stroke of, why delivered downwards and forwards, [195]
Wing acts as an elevator, propeller, and sustainer both during extension and flexion, [197]
Wings, points wherein the screws formed by, differ from those in ordinary use, [151]
Wings at all times thoroughly under control, [154]
Wings of insects, consideration of forces which propel, [186]
Wings of bats and birds, consideration of forces which propel, [189]
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