NOTES TO CHAPTER 16.
1. Judas Lebbeus Thaddeus.—This Judas (not Iscariot) is designated in the authorized version of Luke 6:16, and Acts 1:13, as "the brother of James." That the words "the brother" are an addition to the original text is indicated by italics. The revised version of these passages reads in each instance "the son of James," with italics of corresponding significance. The original reads "Judas of James." We are uninformed as to which James is referred to, and as to whether the Judas here mentioned was the son, the brother, or some other relative of the unidentified James.
2. The Meaning of "Apostle."—"The title 'Apostle' is likewise one of special significance and sanctity; it has been given of God, and belongs only to those who have been called and ordained as 'special witnesses of the name of Christ in all the world, thus differing from other officers in the Church in the duties of their calling' (Doc. and Cov. 107:23). By derivation the word 'apostle' is the English equivalent of the Greek apostolos, indicating a messenger, an ambassador, or literally 'one who is sent'. It signifies that he who is rightly so called, speaks and acts not of himself, but as the representative of a higher power whence his commission issued; and in this sense the title is that of a servant, rather than that of a superior. Even the Christ, however, is called an Apostle with reference to His ministry in the flesh (Hebrews 3:1), and this appellation is justified by His repeated declaration that He came to earth to do not His own will but that of the Father by whom He was sent.
"Though an apostle is thus seen to be essentially an envoy, or ambassador, his authority is great, as is also the responsibility associated therewith, for he speaks in the name of a power greater than his own—the name of Him whose special witness he is. When one of the Twelve is sent to minister in any stake, mission or other division of the Church, or to labor in regions where no Church organization has been effected, he acts as the representative of the First Presidency, and has the right to use his authority in doing whatever is requisite for the furtherance of the work of God. His duty is to preach the Gospel, administer the ordinances thereof, and set in order the affairs of the Church, wherever he is sent. So great is the sanctity of this special calling, that the title 'Apostle' should not be used lightly as the common or ordinary form of address applied to living men called to this office. The quorum or council of the Twelve Apostles as existent in the Church to-day may better be spoken of as the 'Quorum of the Twelve,' the 'Council of the Twelve,' or simply as the 'Twelve,' than as the 'Twelve Apostles,' except as particular occasion may warrant the use of the more sacred term. It is advized that the title 'Apostle' be not applied as a prefix to the name of any member of the Council of the Twelve; but that such a one be addressed or spoken of as 'Brother ——,' or 'Elder ——,' and when necessary or desirable, as in announcing his presence in a public assembly, an explanatory clause may be added, thus, 'Elder ——, one of the Council of the Twelve,'"—From "The Honor and Dignity of Priesthood," by the author, Improvement Era, Vol. 17, No. 5, pp. 409-410.
3. "Of Alpheus;" or "Son of Alpheus."—In all Bible passages specifying "James son of Alpheus" (Matt. 10:3; Mark 3:18; Luke 6:15; Acts 1:13) the word son has been supplied by the translators, and therefore properly appears in Italics. The phrase in the Greek reads "James of Alpheus." This fact must not be given undue weight in support of the thought that the James spoken of was not the son of Alpheus; for the word son has been similarly added in the translation of other passages, in all of which Italics are used to indicate the words supplied, e.g. "James the son of Zebedee" (Matt. 10:2; see also Mark 3:17). Read in this connection [Note 1] on the opposite page.
FOOTNOTES:
[457] Matt. 10:1-4; Mark 3:13-19; Luke 6:12-16.
[458] Luke 6:12.
[459] Luke 3:13; compare John 15:16; see also Acts 1:22.
[460] John 1:42; compare Matt. 16:18.
[461] Mark 1:16-20; Luke 5:10.
[462] John 1:44; 12:21.
[463] Matt. 8:14; Mark 1:29; Luke 4:38.
[464] Acts 4:13.
[465] John 21:18, 19.
[466] 2 Peter 1:14.
[467] Doc. and Cov. 27:12. Page [768] herein.
[468] Mark 3:17.
[469] Luke 9:54. See also Mark 9:38, for instance of John's impulsive zeal.
[470] Mark 10:35-41; compare Matt. 20:20-24.
[471] Mark 5:37; Luke 8:51.
[472] Matt. 17:1-2; Luke 9:28-29.
[473] Matt. 26:36, 37.
[474] Doc. and Cov. 27:12. Page [768] herein.
[475] Acts 12:1, 2.
[476] John 1:35-40; see page [140].
[477] John 13:23; 19:26; 20:2.
[478] John 13:23, 25.
[479] John 19:25-27.
[480] John 21:7, 21-23.
[481] Doc. and Cov. Sec. 7; compare B. of M., 3 Nephi 28:1-12.
[482] John 1:35-40.
[483] Matt. 4:18, 19.
[484] Mark 13:3.
[485] John 6:8.
[486] John 12:20-22.
[487] Acts 1:13.
[488] John 1:43-45.
[489] John 6:5-7.
[490] John 14:8, 9.
[491] John 1:45-51; see page [141].
[492] John 21:2, 3.
[494] Matt. 10:3.
[495] John 11:16.
[496] John 14:1-7.
[497] John 20:24-29. Page [689] herein.
[498] Acts 1:13. [Note 3], end of chapter.
[499] Acts 12:17; 15:13-21; 21:18; 1 Cor. 15:7; Gal. 1:19; 2:9, 12; and the Epistle of James.
[500] Concerning the James's mentioned in the New Testament, the opinion of Bible scholars is divided, the question being as to whether two or three individuals are indicated. Those who hold that there were three men of this name distinguish them as follows: (1) James the son of Zebedee and brother of John the apostle; all scriptural references to him are explicit; (2) James the son of Alpheus; and (3) James the brother of the Lord (Matt. 13:55; Mark 6:3; Gal. 1:19). If we accept this classification, the references given in the previous footnote on this page apply to James the Lord's brother. Both the Oxford and Bagster Bible "Helps" treat James the son of Alpheus and James the Lord's brother as one person, the expression "son of" being understood in its general sense only (see page [280]). The Bagster designation is: "James II, apostle, son of Alpheus, brother or cousin to Jesus." (See [Note 3], end of chapter.) The Nave "Student's Bible" states (page 1327) that the question as to whether James the Lord's brother "is identical with James the son of Alpheus is one of the most difficult questions in the biographical history of the Gospels." Faussett (in his "Cyclopedia Critical and Expository") supports the contention that but one James is meant; and other acknowledged authorities treat the two as one. For detailed consideration of the subject the reader is referred to special works.
[501] [Note 1], end of chapter.
[502] Acts 1:13; compare Luke 6:15.
[503] John 6:71; 12:4; 13:26.
[504] John 12:6; 13:29.
[505] John 12:1-7; compare Matt. 26:6-13; Mark 14:3-9.
[506] Matt. 27:5; compare Acts 1:18; see also John 17:12; Doc. and Cov. 76; 31-48; 132:27.
[507] Matt. 19:27.
[508] Matt. 10:42; John 21:5; 13:16. compare verse 13; 15:14, 15.
[509] John 15:16.
[511] Doc. and Cov. 18:27-33; 20:38-44; 107:1-9, 23, 24, 39.
[512] Acts 1:15-26.
[513] Heb. 3:1; see Note 2, end of chapter.
[514] Mark 3:14, 15.