FOOTNOTES.
[1]“Nat. Hist. Ireland;” Birds, i. pp. 176, 177.
[2]“Hist. Brit. Birds,” ii. p. 292.
[3]As to other changes in the fauna and flora which have taken place since Gilbert White’s day in the district of which he wrote, the reader may be referred to the Preface to my edition of the “Natural History of Selborne” recently published.
[4]Cf. More, “Ibis,” 1865, p. 22.
[5]Yarrell, “Hist. Brit. Birds,” 4th ed. vol. i. pp. 427, 442.
[6]Mr. Blake-Knox subsequently corrected his statement, remarking that he had by mistake written second instead of third primary quill. The first primary is so rudimentary as almost to escape observation.
[7]Dr. Bree states that he has occasionally observed the Willow Wren taking currants from his trees.
[8]See Professor Newton’s edition of Yarrell’s “History of British Birds,” vol. i. p. 360.
[9]See Professor Newton’s edition of Yarrell’s “History of British Birds,” vol. i. p. 360.
[10]This specimen was recorded at the time by Dr. Carte in the “Journal of the Royal Dublin Society,” vol. i. p. 440.
[11]Note to his edition of White’s “Selborne,” 1836, p. 141.
[12]See Ellis’s “Specimens of the Early English Poets,” vol. ii. p. 356.
[13]Sir Thos. Browne’s Works, Wilkin’s ed. vol. ii. p. 537.
[14]Cf. “Handbook of British Birds,” p. 106.
[15]“Syst. Uebers. d. Vögel Nord-Ost Afrika’s,” p. 57.
[16]See “List of British Birds, as a Guide to the Ornithology of Cornwall,” 2nd edition, 1869, p. 15.
[17]“The Birds of Shetland,” p. 73.
[18]“Ibis,” 1864, p. 67.
[19]“Ibis,” 1860, p. 231.
[20]Cf. “Ibis,” 1865, p. 25.
[21]This was in Haddingtonshire, by Mr. Hepburn. See “Ibis,” 1865, p. 24.
[22]“Ibis,” 1865, p. 23.
[23]Cf. Newton, P. Z. S., 1866, p. 210.
[24]“Ibis,” 1867, p. 468.
[25]Cf. J. H. Gurney, jun., “Zoologist,” 1871, p. 2521.
[26]“Ibis,” 1860, p. 232.
[27]“Ibis,” 1867, p. 426.
[28]The specific name arundinacea, which is commonly applied to this species, belongs properly to the Great Reed Warbler, the Turdus arundinaceus of Linnæus.
[29]“The Birds of Middlesex,” p. 47.
[30]“Zoologist,” 1865, p. 9729.
[31]Not always, as shown above.
[32]Cf. Yarrell, “Hist. Brit. Birds,” vol. i. pp. 300, 301.
[33]Cf. “Ibis,” 1865, p. 24.
[34]“Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.,” 1847, p. 135.
[35]Cf. Bellamy’s “Nat. Hist. South Devon,” p. 205.
[36]For this abstract of Mr. Knox’s observations, taken from his “Ornithological Rambles in Sussex,” I am indebted to Professor Newton, who has thus ably condensed them in his new edition of Yarrell’s “History of British Birds.”
[37]For some further points of distinction the reader may be referred to “The Birds of Middlesex,” pp. 64, 65.
[38]See Professor Newton’s remarks on “The Ornithology of Iceland,” appended to Baring Gould’s “Iceland; its Scenes and Sagas,” p. 409.
[39]“Ibis,” 1861, p. 6.
[40]“Ibis,” 1860, p. 229.
[41]“Ibis,” 1862, pp. 343, 348; and “Journ. f. Orn.,” 1862, pp. 357, 360.
[42]Cf. “Naumannia,” 1858, p. 425, and “Ibis,” 1862, p. 71.
[43]Cf. A. G. More, in the “Ibis,” 1865, p. 123.
[44]Cf. “Journ. für Orn.,” 1868, pp. 21-37.
[45]“Syst. Nat.,” i. p. 288.
[46]“Consp. Av.,” i. p. 247.
[47]Cf. “Naumannia,” 1858, p. 425.
[48]Capt. Beavan recorded it from Simla (“Ibis,” 1868, p. 79), but Mr. Hume showed this to be an error, the species mistaken for it being A. sordida (“Ibis,” 1869, p. 120).
[49]Cf. Dawson Rowley, “Ibis,” 1863, p. 37, and 1865, p. 113; Bond, “Zoologist,” 1870, pp. 1984 and 2383; and Rodd, “Zoologist,” 1868, p. 1458.
[50]See Bree’s “Birds of Europe,” vol. ii. p. 155.
[51]“Syst. Uebers. d. Vögel N.-O. Afrika’s,” p. 61.
[52]“Birds of South Africa,” p. 148.
[53]“Notes on the Birds of Damara Land,” by the late C. J. Andersson; arranged and edited by J. H. Gurney, 1872, p. 129.
[54]See “The Field” for May 27th, June 8th, and June 24th, 1871.
[55]“Zoologist,” 1863, p. 8444.
[56]“Zoologist,” 1863, p. 8841.
[57]Rodd, “List of the Birds of Cornwall,” 2nd ed. p. 11.
[58]Cf. Hume, “Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal,” 1870, p. 116, and Blanford, “Ibis,” 1870, p. 534.
[59]See his “Ornithology of the Straits of Gibraltar,” p. 224.
[60]“Mag. Nat. Hist.,” vol. iv. p. 413.
[61]“Nat. Hist. Ireland” (Birds), i. p. 377.
[62]“American Ornithology.”
[63]Professor Newton’s Appendix to Baring Gould’s “Iceland,” p. 408.
[64]Gillet, “Ibis,” 1870, p. 306.
[65]Von Schrenck, “Reise in Amurland.”
[66]“A Spring and Summer in Lapland,” p. 281.
[67]Tudbury, “Mag. Nat. Hist.,” vol. v. p. 449.
[68]“Geology and Zoology of Abyssinia,” p. 347.
[69]“The Land of Israel,” p. 105.
[70]“History of British Birds,” vol. ii. p. 251 (3rd ed.)
[71]Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xxiv. p. 277.
[72]“Birds of North America,” p. 313.
[73]Jones’s “Naturalist in Bermudas,” p. 34.
[74]“Wanderings of a Naturalist in India,” p. 49.
[75]See “The Birds of Middlesex,” p. 126.
[76]Thompson, “Nat. Hist. Ireland” (Birds), i. p. 377.
[77]Irving, “Tales of the Alhambra.”
[78]“Mag. Nat. Hist.,” 1834, vol. vii. p. 462.
[79]“Contributions to Ornithology,” 1850, p. 109. It is not included by Herr Müller in his “Bird Fauna of the Faroes.”
[80]“A Spring and Summer in Lapland,” p. 281.
[81]Ayres, “Ibis,” 1863, p. 321.
[82]E. C. Taylor, “Ibis,” 1867, p. 56.
[83]Lord Lilford, “Ibis,” 1860, p. 234.
[84]Tristram, “Ibis,” 1865, p. 77.
[85]In the Grey Phalarope we have a notable instance of a contrary habit. This bird passes through England on its way southward in autumn, but invariably selects some other route on its return northward in spring.
[86]Blyth, “Ibis,” 1866, p. 339.
[87]Blyth, “Ibis,” 1865, p. 45.
[88]See Thompson’s “Nat. Hist. Ireland” (Birds), vol. i. p. 423.
[89]“Birds of Egypt,” p. 174.
[90]“Observations on the Geology and Zoology of Abyssinia,” p. 336.
[91]“The Land of Israel,” p. 250.
[92]Thompson, op. cit.
[93]Mr. Robert Gray of Glasgow has seen it in grass fields, cleverly picking ghost-moths (Hepialus humuli) off the stems, from the points of which these sluggish insects were temptingly hanging. But as a rule, he adds, the Nightjar captures its prey while in flight.
[94]See Atkinson’s “Compendium of Ornithology,” p. 108, and Stanley’s “Familiar History of Birds,” p. 260.
[95]“The Birds of Sherwood Forest,” p. 172.
[96]“The Birds of the West of Scotland,” p. 212.
[97]The late Mr. Blyth thought that the Cuckoo found in Java by Dr. Horsfield was not the Common Cuckoo of Europe, but an allied race (C. canoroides, Müller, optatus, Gould), whose range extends eastward at least to China, and southward to Australia. If so, doubtless the same remark applies to Japan. Cf. “The Ibis,” 1865, p. 31.
[98]“Naumannia,” 1853, p. 307.
[99]On certain facts in the economy of the Cuckoo, “Ibis,” 1865, pp. 178-186.
[100]This species, however, is included in Dr. Thienemann’s list above given.
[101]“The Birds of Middlesex,” 1866, p. 120.
[102]See “Nature,” 18th Nov. and 23rd Dec., 1869, 6th Jan., 7th July, and 18th Aug., 1870.
[103]“Ibis,” 1865, p. 183.
[104]“Hist. Brit. Birds,” vol. iii. p. 128.
[105]It would seem that this account was first published by Mrs. Blackburn, in what she terms “a little versified tale of mine,” entitled “The Pipits,” which appeared in Glasgow in 1872.
[106]Cf. Garland, “Naturalist,” 1852, p. 82.
[107]“Gleanings in Natural History.”
[108]For a notice of this singular habit I am indebted to my friend Mr. H. E. Dresser, who has translated Naumann’s observations on the subject in his beautiful work on the “Birds of Europe.”
[109]Cf. “Zoologist,” 1858, and “Proc. Zool. Soc.,” 1863, p. 264.
[110]Mr. Benzon of Copenhagen informed my friend Mr. Dresser that a short time ago the Hoopoe was by no means rare in Norway, but now that the forests have been cleared of all the old and hollow trees it has entirely vanished from the fauna of his district.
[111]“The Birds of the West of Scotland,” p. 198.
[112]“Nat. Hist. Ireland” (Birds), vol. i. p. 353.
[113]On this point the late Mr. Blyth, writing in the Natural History columns of “The Field,” 17th August, 1872, under the signature “Z.,” remarked that Orioles are amongst the few birds which breed before attaining the mature plumage, and the females acquire this later than the males, being always, however, of a greener shade. He had observed this in O. melanocephalus, O. chinensis, O. tenuirostris, and O. acrorhynchus, but thought that “the old females of O. galbula, and O. kundoo, less frequently attain the male colouring than those of the other species mentioned.”
[114]“The Birds of Damara Land,” p. 136.
[115]“The Birds of Norfolk,” vol. i. p. 360.
[116]“The Birds of the West of Scotland,” p. 223.
[117]“The Birds of Shetland,” p. 152.
[118]Baikie and Heddle, “Fauna Orcadensis,” p. 55, and Gray, op. cit. p. 223.
[119]“Birds of Egypt,” p. 214. See ante, p. 281.
[120]Irby, “Ornithology of the Straits of Gibraltar,” p. 134.
[121]A Landrail caught on Canvey Island, at the mouth of the Thames, lived in confinement on corn and water for a week, when it made its escape.
[122]Jones’s “Naturalist in the Bermudas,” p. 45.
[123]“Storia Naturale degli Uccelli che nidificano in Lombardia,” pt. xxxii. t. 91.
[124]“Bengal Sporting Magazine,” 1842, p. 870.
[125]Out of twenty-four correspondents, thirteen call this bird the Landrail and eleven the Corncrake, and this in various parts of the country, so that neither name can be regarded by any means as local.