TABOO AMOUNG THE MAORIS
The power which Maori chiefs possessed of imposing, or at all events of enforcing, a taboo seems not to have been quite so absolute as might perhaps be inferred from the statement in the text.[1] We are told that the power of the taboo mainly depended on the influence of the person who imposed it. If it were put on by a great chief, it would not be broken, but a powerful man often violated the taboo of an inferior. A chief, for example, would frequently lay one of these sacred interdicts on a road or a river, and then nobody would dare to go by either, unless he felt himself strong enough to set the chief's taboo at defiance. The duration of the taboo was arbitrary, and depended on the will of the person who imposed it. Similarly with the extent to which the prohibition applied: sometimes it was limited to a particular object, sometimes it embraced many: sometimes it was laid on a single spot, at other times it covered a whole district.[2]
To render a place taboo a chief had only to tie one of his old garments to a pole and stick it up on the spot which he proposed to make sacred, while at the same time he declared that the prohibited area was part of his own body, such as his backbone, or that it bore the name of one of his ancestors. In the latter case all the persons descended from that particular ancestor were in duty bound to rally to the defence of the chief's taboo, and the more distant the ancestor, and the more numerous his descendants, the greater the number of the champions thus pledged to the support of the family honour. Hence the longer a man's pedigree, the better chance he stood of maintaining his taboo against all comers, for the larger was the troop of adherents whom he enlisted in its defence. Thus chiefs, with family trees which reached backward to the gods, were in a far better position to make good their arbitrary interdicts than mere ordinary mortals, who hardly remembered their grandfathers. In this as in other respects the taboo was essentially an aristocratic institution.[3]
FOOTNOTES
[2] R. Taylor, Te Ika A Maui, or New Zealand and its Inhabitants, Second Edition (London, 1870), p. 168. Compare J. Dumont d'Urville, Voyage autour du Monde et à la recherche de la Pérouse, Histoire du Voyage (Paris, 1832-1833), ii. 530.
[3] R. Taylor, op. cit. p. 169.
INDEX
Abortions, spirits of, dreaded, [49 n.1]
Adam, the Hawaiian, [393]
Adoption among the Marquesans, [339]
Aesculapius, the Hawaiian, [398]
Afiatouca, burial-place, [102], [103]
Agriculture of Maoris, [8 sq.];
of the Tongans, [59 sq.];
Samoan, [164 sqq.];
of the Hervey Islanders, [221 sq.];
of the Society Islanders, [249];
of the Hawaiians, [378 sq.]
Air, gods of the, [277]
Aitu, Samoan gods embodied in visible objects, animals, birds, etc., [182], [201], [207]
Akaanga, a god, spreads a net to catch ghosts, [242], [244]
Akea (Wakea), king of the nether world, [427], [428], [430]
Akua, god, in the Hawaiian dialect, equivalent to atua, [392], [398]
Akuas, spirits, [429]
Alai Valoo, a Tongan god, [74]
Alo Alo, a Tongan god, [71 sq.]
Altars in the Society Islands, [291]
Amable, Father, Catholic missionary, [367]
Ambler, English sailor, [84]
Amusements of the Marquesans, [339 sqq.]
Ancestors worshipped by Maoris, [32 sqq.];
skulls of, brought out at marriages, [288], [311]
Ancestral spirits watch over the living, [33];
do not follow their kinsfolk among strangers, [34];
cause disease, [49];
worshipped by Society Islanders, [300], [315];
guardians of newly wedded pairs, [311]
Angas, G. F., [48 n.1]
Animals, gods in form of, [66], [92 sqq.], [182 sqq.];
deified spirits of men resident in, [227 sq.];
worshipped in Hawaii, [401 sqq.]
Anointing a king of Samoa, [177]
Anuanu, vale of, [376 n.2]
Ao, titles of chiefs in Samoa, [172 sq.]
Apolima, Samoan island, [149], [151]
Apparitions dreaded, [205], [217]
Araia, [241], [242]
Aremauku, starting-place for spirit-land, [239]
Areois, Society of the, [259 sqq.]
Arii taboo, sacred chiefs, [387]
Ariki, sacred chief, [41];
king, [224]
Astronomy of priests, [293]
Atua, the Polynesian word for god or spirit, [35], [36], [37], [41], [42], [44], [46], [64 n.3], [89], [277], [322], [323], [348], [349].
Compare [akua], [eatooa], [etua]
Atuas, consecrated feathers called, [291];
inspired priests called, [294];
great national gods, distinguished from oramatuas tiis, the spirits of dead relatives, [324]
Auraka, a burial cavern, [233], [237], [238], [241]
Avaiki, subterranean region, home of the dead, [238], [239], [241], [243], [244]
Axes or adzes of stone, [61], [180], [233], [251], [335], [382]
Ba-ila, their licence at funerals, [425]
Baessler, A., [221 n.1], [279 n.1], [285], [286], [374]
Baganda, superstition as to twins among the, [270 sq.]
Baldness as penalty of impiety, [95];
the penalty of breach of taboo, [209 sq.]
Baluba, of the Congo, customs as to twins among the, [273]
Banishment of chiefs in Samoa, [176]
Banqueting-halls of the Marquesans, [343 sq.]
Baptism among the Maoris, [16]
Bark-cloth, manufacture of, [61], [168], [222], [251 sq.], [334], [381];
not made in time of mourning, [234 sq.]
Baronga, of S.E. Africa, their superstitions concerning twins, [268 sq.]
Barundi, of E. Africa, customs as to twins among the, [272 sq.]
Bastian, Adolf, on sun-worship, [131 n.]
Bathing after burial, [21];
of king at installation, [255 n.1];
after contact with a corpse, [313]
Bats, goddess incarnate in, [185];
local deity, [196]
Bay of Plenty, [23]
Bennett, F. D., [332 sq.], [359], [360], [372]
Best, Elsdon, [6 n.], [33], [35]
Birds, gods incarnate in, [187 sq.];
sacred, [228];
small land birds formerly oracular, [228];
gods in the form of, [277], [294];
worshipped in Hawaii, [402]
Birth, a man's god determined at, [200 sq.], [223];
ceremonies after a, [288]
Blackened faces in mourning, [231], [235]
Blood of chief sacred, [45 sq.];
human, acceptable offering to deity, [188];
offered to the dead, [209];
of relatives offered to bride at marriage, [289];
of bride's mother offered to bridegroom, [289];
of mourners offered to the dead, [303], [304], [311]
Bolotoo (Boolotoo, Bulotu), fabulous island, residence of Tongan gods and of noble dead, [65], [66], [85], [86], [87], [88], [89 sq.], [92], [93], [98], [135]
Bones of Captain Cook worshipped, [396]
Bones of dead dug up, [21];
painted red, [21];
concealed, [21];
profaned, [21];
festival at removal of, [22];
burned, [23];
of sacrificial victims not broken, [291];
of famous men carried off by enemies, [311];
thrown into volcano, [400];
carried about by relatives, [419 sq.];
hidden to prevent profanation, [420]
Bones of dead chiefs buried in temples (morais), [311];
hidden in caves, [312], [420]
Boolotoo Katoa, a Tongan god, [94]
Borabora, one of the Society Islands, [246], [281], [317]
Bows and arrows, unknown to Maoris, [10];
used by the Society Islanders as an amusement, [252 sq.];
unknown to the Marquesans, [335];
found among the Hawaiians, [383]
Boxing-matches in mourning, [211]
Branch plucked from sacred trees, [255 n.1]
Bread-fruit the staple food of the Society Islanders, [249];
of the Rarotongans, [222];
and of the Marquesans, [333], [334]
Breath of chief sacred, [45]
Brenchley, J. L., [124], [125 n.1]
Brown, Dr. George, [56], [161], [173 n.1], [201], [204], [206 n.1], [212], [213], [214], [216 n.2], [218]
Buffoonery in mourning for the dead, [211]
Burial, Maori modes of, [20 sq.];
in house, [20], [27];
on a stage, [20], [21];
on a tree, [20 sq.];
secret, [21];
and mourning, rites of, in Tonga, [132 sqq.];
by night, [419]
Burial customs in Samoa, [209 sqq.];
in the Hervey Islands, [231 sqq.];
in the Society Islands, [308 sqq.];
in the Marquesas, [356 sqq.];
in the Hawaiian Islands, [418 sqq.]
Burial ground dreaded, [27]
Burial places (morais) of the Marquesans, [357 sq.]
Burying the sins of the dead, [305]
Busoga, superstition as to twins in, [270]
Cabri, J. Baptiste, [371]
Cain, the Hawaiian, [393]
Campbell, A., [385], [412 n.1], [415], [419], [423]
Cannibalism, [26], [62], [158 sq.];
in the Hervey Islands, [221]
Canoe-shaped coffins, [20], [353], [356], [363]
Canoes, Maori, [9];
Tongan, [59];
Marquesan, [337];
provided for the dead to enable them to reach the spirit land, [364 sqq.]
Caterpillars, servants of owl-god, [188]
Caves, bones or bodies of dead deposited in, [22], [232], [233], [237], [312], [320 sq.], [357], [418]
Centipedes, family god in, [188 sq.];
worshipped in Mangaia, [228]
Ceremonies, magical, of Maoris, [13 sq.];
observed at death, [19 sqq.];
to facilitate passage of soul to other world, [24 sqq.], [29];
magical, of Tongans, [67 sq.];
observed for unburied dead, [205 sq.];
of mourning in the Hervey Islands, [234 sqq.];
at the inauguration of a king, [254 sq.], [255 n.1];
over dead Areoi, [261];
after childbirth, [288];
at marriage, [288 sq.];
for the protection of the living against ghosts, [305 sqq.]
See [Rites]
Ceremony of anointing a king of Samoa, [177];
performed by parents of twins to fertilise plantains, [271]
Chiefs descended from the gods, [29];
their souls immortal, [29];
tabooed, [41 sqq.];
physical superiority of, [58 sq.], [377 sq.];
Samoan, [171 sqq.];
deified, [204];
embalmed, [205];
in the Marquesas, [344];
in Hawaii, [384 sq.]
Chiefs' language in Samoa, [173 sqq.]
Chieftainship hereditary in Samoa, [176]
Children sacrificed, [75 sq.], [81 sq.]
Christianity in Tonga Islands, [60]
Circumcision, in the Tonga Islands, [81];
in the Hervey Islands, [223 sq.];
invented by god Rongo, [224]
Civil lords and sacred kings in Mangaia, [224 sq.]
Clans, gods of, in animals or other natural objects, [94], [95 sq.]
Clavel, Dr., [338], [374]
Cockles, god in, [183]; prayers to cockle-god, [188]
Coco-nuts, god in, [183]; offered to the dead, [233]
Coffins shaped like canoes, [20], [353], [356], [363]
Collocot, E. E. V., [65 n.2], [93], [94], [96], [97], [98 n.1], [267 n.2]
Comedies acted in mourning, [236]
Commoners, the question of their souls, [66], [85]
Communistic system in Samoa, [170 sq.]
Confession of sins, [189]
Cook, Captain James, [1], [9], [53], [55], [57], [59], [60], [61 n.2], [63], [81], [86], [100], [102], [103], [104], [105], [111 n.], [117], [123], [128], [129], [132], [246], [248], [249], [251], [257], [258 n.5], [262], [275], [277 n.2] and [4], [279], [280], [282], [283], [293], [297], [304], [310], [314 n.3], [315], [321], [328], [331], [371], [375], [379], [382], [383], [391], [395 sq.], [406], [407], [408]
Cook or Hervey Islands, [219 sq.]
Cooking in ovens of hot stones, [222], [379]
Coral reefs, their formation, [55 sq.]
Corpses, sent adrift on the sea or exposed on stages, [210];
broken in pieces, [362];
flayed, [367 sq.]
Courage seated in liver, [85]
Cousin marriage, [223]
Creation, Hawaiian tradition of the, [393]
Cremation among the Maoris, [23]
Crickets, omens from, [231]
Crimes, Tongan ideas about, [67]
Crook, William P., first missionary to the Marquesas, [328], [349], [361], [372]
Cruise, R. A., [31 n.2]
Curse of Manaia, [12]
Curses, Maori, [15];
Tongan, [67];
of sisters specially dreaded, [207]
Customs observed at the birth of twins, [268 sqq.]
See [Burial customs], [Ceremonies], [Rites]
Cuttings in mourning for the dead, [19], [208 sq.], [231], [302], [309], [311], [353];
in Tonga, [133 sqq.];
intention of the, [145 sq.]
Cuttle-fish, household god in, [184];
omens from, [190];
temple of, [195];
myth of the, [202 sq.];
a god in Mangaia,228;
myth of Maui and the, [275]
Dances at the birth of twins, [270 sqq.];
funeral, [139], [353 sq.];
of widow, [353], [354]
Dancing among the Marquesans, [340 sq.]
Dancing-places of the Marquesans, [340 sq.]
Danger Island, [230]
Darwin, Charles, on coral reefs, [55]
De Sainson, [112]
D'Urville, J. Dumont, [11], [58], [110], [123], [357 n.3], [359 n.3], [373]
Dead, disposal of the bodies of the (Maori), [20 sqq.];
buried in sitting posture, [20];
spirits of, appear in dreams, [31], [91 sq.];
spirits of the dead become gods, [31];
taboo entailed by contact with the, [39],137 sq.;
buried in morais, [117 sqq.], [282 sqq.], [311];
worship of the, in Samoa, [204 sq.];
blood offered to the, [209];
buried with head to the east, [210];
buried with the head to the rising sun, [232];
songs sung in honour of the, [236];
buried in sitting posture, [262];
images of spirits of the, [287 sq.], [313 sq.], [324 sq.];
blood of mourners offered to the, [303], [304], [311];
fear of the spirits of the, [304 sq.];
disposal of the, in the Society Islands, [308 sqq.];
souls of the, in images, [313 sq.];
worship of the, in the Society Islands, [322 sqq.];
assimilated to deities, [327];
disposal of the, among the Marquesans, [356 sqq.];
in the Hawaiian Islands, [418 sqq.];
evocation of the, [370 sq.];
buried in crouching posture, [418].
See [Ghosts]
Dead men deified, [276]
Death, Maori notion as to the cause of, [16];
stories as to the origin of, [16 sqq.], [392];
Maori goddess of, [18];
fate of the soul after, [24 sqq.], [85 sqq.], [213 sqq.], [238 sqq.], [313 sqq.], [363 sqq.], [427 sqq.];
the second, [29];
theories of the Society Islanders concerning, [299 sqq.];
Marquesan contempt for, [352 sq.];
Hawaiian beliefs and customs concerning,417 sqq.
Deaths caused by the anger of the gods or by sorcery, [229];
traced to the agency of gods or sorcerers, [405]
Decadence of magic, [68]
Deification of ancestors, [33], [35];
of kings in their lifetime, [255];
of dead men, [276];
of men after death, [351 sq.], [397];
of animals, [402]
Deified kings, priests, and warriors, [227]
Deified men, [276], [349];
the spirits of,resident in animals, [228]
Deified spirits of chiefs, [204]
Deities, primaeval, personifications of nature, [32], [34]
Deity, Maori conception of, [35 sq.]
Democratic spirit of Samoans, [171], [175]
Desgraz, C., [118], [358], [373]
Despotism in Hawaii, [63]
Dieffenbach, E., [6 n.2], [8 n.], [48 n.1]
Diet of the Samoans, [164 sq.];
of the Hervey Islanders, [222];
of the Society Islanders, [249];
of the Marquesans, [333 sq.];
of the Hawaiians, [378 sq.]
Dirges in the Hervey Islands, [235 sq.]
Disease, caused by souls of ancestors, [49];
and death ascribed to agency of gods, spirits, or ghosts, [206 sq.], [217];
theories of the Society Islanders concerning, [299 sqq.];
of the Marquesans concerning, [325].
See [Sickness]
Disorders, internal, supposed to be caused by entrance of a god into the patient, [351]
District gods, [182], [185]
Divination, in Samoa, [190 sq.];
to detect thieves, [298], [406];
to ascertain the cause of death, [301]
Diviners consulted before battle, [397], [414];
Hawaiian, [404 sq.], [414], [417]
Division of labour among the Samoans, [166 sqq.]
Dogs, sacred, [94];
omens from, [190];
eaten, [379];
sacrificed, [405], [426]
Doobludha, land of dead, [86]
Dramatic performances of the Areois, [259 sq.], [263], [266 n.4]
Dreamers held in repute, [320]
Dreams, Maori theories of, [12];
souls of the dead appear in, [31], [91 sq.];
Samoan theory of, [205];
ideas of the Hervey Islanders concerning, [229];
ideas of the Society Islanders concerning, [297 sq.];
souls of the dead communicate with the living in, [320], [429];
Marquesan ideas about, [352];
revelations to priests in, [405], [429];
Hawaiian ideas about, [417]
Drums, special, beaten after the birth of twins, [271];
accompanying dances, [342], [354]
Du Petit-Thouars, [373]
Duke of York Island, [212]
Earth cleft with axes, as a mourning rite, [235 sq.];
fished up from the sea by Maui, [275]
Earthquakes, Tongan theory of, [72];
caused by Maui, [275]
Eatooas, gods, spirits of the dead, [277 n.4], [300], [322], [391], [392], [402].
See [Atua]
Eclipses, superstitions as to, [287]
Eel-god, [227]
Eels sacred, [95], [182], [184], [185]
Eimeo or Moörea, one of the Society Islands, [246], [266]
Ella, S., [206 n.1], [212]
Ellis, William, [117], [118 n.1], [247], [249], [256 sq.], [262], [265 n.], [267 n.2], [276], [277], [284], [286 n.5], [290 n.3], [292], [295], [298 n.2], [308 n.1], [311], [314 n.1], [315], [319], [323], [327], [401], [409], [410], [411], [419], [424], [426], [430], [431]
Embalmment of the dead, [117], [205];
in Samoa, [210], [213];
in the Society Islands, [309], [310 sqq.];
in the Marquesas, [356 sq.];
in Hawaii, [418]
Erskine, J. E., [114]
Ethical influence of the Tongan religion, [146 sq.]
Etua, a god, [348].
Compare [Atua]
Eua, one of Tonga Islands, [52], [123]
Euhemerism, [69]
Eve, the Hawaiian, [393]
Evocation of the dead, [370 sq.]
Exogamy, Samoan religious system independent of, [201];
in the Hervey Islands, [223]
Exorcisers, [351]
Exorcism practised for the healing of the sick, [206 sq.], [417 sq.]
Expiation for sacrilege, [74 sqq.];
for eating sacred animal, [184], [185]
Eye, spirit or soul thought to reside in, [42], [417];
of human victim presented to king, [292]
Fafa, subterranean abode of the dead, [215]
Fakaofo or Bowditch Island, [394]
Family gods embodied in visible objects, [182 sqq.];
analogous to totems, [200]
Fan or Fang, of West Africa, their superstition about a twin, [269]
Farmer, Sarah S., [57 n.1], [61 n.], [92], [97], [111 n.]
Fasting after a death, [210], [355]
Fate of the soul after death, [213 sqq.], [238 sqq.], [313 sqq.], [363 sqq.], [427 sq.].
Fear of the dead, its humanising influence, [300];
of ghosts, [369 sq.], [419].
See [Ghosts]
Feast of Calabashes, [354]
Feasts, funeral, [144], [355], [362 sq.], [366];
annual, in honour of the gods, [187 sq.]
See [Festivals]
Feathers, sacred red, [254];
gods conjured into, [265];
placed in images of the gods, [290 sq.];
called gods, [291]
Female line, nobility traced in, [75]
Ferry-boat for souls of dead, [26]
Fertilising virtue attributed to twins, [269 sqq.]
Festival, great annual, [289];
called "the ripening of the year," 326 sq.
Festivals, of the Samoans, [188];
of the Marquesans, [341 sq.];
Hawaiian, [414 sqq.]
See [Feasts]
Fiatooka, place of burial and of worship, [103], [104], [105], [109], [116], [120], [132], [133]
Fijian influence in Tonga, [59]
Fingers mutilated in mourning, [19];
sacrificed, [80 sq.]
Finow, king of Tonga, [79], [80], [81], [82], [91], [92], [103], [105], [120], [121], [135], [136], [137], [139], [140];
obsequies of, [135 sqq.]
Finow the Second, king of Fiji, [135]
Fire, Polynesian knowledge of, [56 sq.];
kindled by friction of wood, [181];
robbed by Ti'iti'i from Mafuie, [203];
kept up in house after a death, [209], [212];
first brought to men by Maui, [226], [239];
hidden in wood by Mauike, [238];
stick and groove method of kindling, invented by Maui, [275], [335];
stolen by Maui, [350];
first given to men by Maui, [396]
Fires not kindled near house of death, [355];
extinguished during periods of strict taboo, [389]
First-born sons, sacrifice of, [89]
First-fruits, offerings of, in Tonga, [122];
in the Society Islands, [257];
of taro presented to eel-god, [188]
Fish, sacrifices of, [257], [291];
human victims called fish, [292];
worshipped, [402];
offered to shark god, [402]
Fish hooks made out of bones of dead, [21], [23], [311 sq.]
Fishing, modes of, [252], [337], [379]
Flax cultivated by Maoris, [9]
Flaying the dead, custom of, [367 sq.]
Flood, tradition of a great, [393], [394]
Flying-foxes, gods in, [96];
incarnations of war-god, omens from, [190]
Fono, representative assembly, parliament, [159], [179]
Food buried with the dead, [24], [232];
not to be touched by tabooed person with his hands, [38], [44], [45], [137], [138], [209], [312];
not eaten in a house so long as a corpse is in it, [209];
offered at tomb, [362]
Footprints in magic, [15]
Forbes, Dr. Charles, [12]
Forster, George, [262], [283], [287 n.], [397], [314], [331]
Forster, J. R., [117 n.1], [278 n.1], [287 n.], [314], [323 n.1]
Foundation sacrifices, [292]
Fowls bred and eaten, [379]
Freycinet, L. de, [423], [427]
Friendly Islands. See [Tonga]
Funeral dances, [139], [353 sq.];
feasts, [144], [355], [362 sq.], [366]
Funeral games in Tonga, [140], [144];
in the Hervey Islands, [235 sq.]
Funeral rites in the Hervey Islands, [231 sqq.]
Futtafaihe or Fatafehi, family name of the Tuitongas, [108], [109]
Fytoca, grave, burial-place, [67], [82], [102], [103], [137], [139], [141]
G——, Father Mathias, [373]
Games, funeral, in honour of the dead, [140], [144], [235];
athletic, at religious festivals, [188]
Garment, evil magic wrought through, [67]
Gerland, G., [266 n.4]
Ghost personated by priest or kinsman, [306 sqq.]
Ghosts, fear of, [27], [31], [304 sq.], [320 sq.], [369 sq.], [419 sq.];
their passage to nether world, [27 sq.];
live on sweet potatoes, [30];
slaying the, [234];
journeying with the sun, [239 sqq.];
caught in nets, [242], [244];
eaten by Miru, [242];
driven away by force of arms, [355];
food offered to, [355], [356]
Gill, W. W., [221 n.1], [225 n.1], [227], [228 n.1], [237], [238]
Girdle, sacred, of kings, [254]
God, patron, determined at birth, [200 sq.], [223]
"God-boxes," inspired priests, [228 sq.]
Godless, the Samoans called, [181 sq.]
Gods, chiefs and priests descended from the, [29];
confused with spirits of the dead, [31];
the great Polynesian, [35 n.];
of the Maoris, [36 sq.];
of the Tongans, [64 sqq.];
souls of dead men as, [64 sq.], [66], [69], [70], [84], [91];
men descended from, [66];
omens sent by, [67];
in form of animals, [66], [92 sqq.], [182 sqq.];
the primary or non-human, of Tonga, [68 sqq.];
national and tribal, of Tonga, [93 sq.];
temples of, in Tonga, [73 sqq.], [99 sqq.];
worship of, [79 sqq.];
annual feasts in honour of, [187 sq.];
tame, [191];
vegetable, [192];
totemic, [202];
high gods, [202 sqq.];
the life of the, [238];
punished, [257];
born of Night (Po), [258], [277];
of the sea, [276 sq.];
of the air, [277];
worship of the gods in the Society Islands, [277 sqq.];
the causes of disease and death, [299], [351];
Hawaiian, two classes of, [397]
Government, monarchical and aristocratic, of the Tongans, [62 sq.];
democratic, of Samoans, [171 sqq.];
of the Society Islands, [253];
in the Marquesas, [344 sq.];
in the Hawaiian Islands, [383 sq.]
Grandfather, soul of, reborn in grandchild, [368 sq.]
Grange, Jérôme, [60 n.5], [113 sq.]
Grasshoppers, souls of dead children in, [318]
Graves, sacred, [99];
in relation to temples, [99 sqq.];
of Tongan kings, [103], [105];
prayers at, [121], [217];
of great chiefs religiously revered, [120];
enclosed with stones, [211];
in Society Islands, [309];
in Hawaii, [418].
See [Tombs]
Guardian deity, how obtained, [398]
Gudgeon, W. E., [41], [42 n.1], [48 n.1]
Guillemard, F. H. H., [132]
Haamonga, megalithic monument in Tonga, [125], [126]
Haapai (Haabai), one of the Tonga Islands, [52], [95], [126]
Haddon, A. C., [6 n.2]
Hahunga, Maori festival, [22]
Hair cut in mourning, [19], [303 sq.], [420]sq.;
ceremonies at cutting the, [44 sq.];
used in evil magic, [300], [325], [405];
offered by mourners to the dead, [303], [304];
sacrificed to volcano, [400]
Hale, Horatio, [6 n.2], [63], [214]
Hands tabooed, [38], [45], [137], [138], [209], [312], [404]
Happahs (Happas), a tribe of Marquesans, [364], [365]
Harepo, sacred recorder, [296], [298]
Harris, J. Rendel, [267 n.1]
Havaiki, subterranean region of the dead, [363]. Compare [Avaiki]
Hawaii, [375], [376], [378], [394], [400], [406], [409], [410], [411], [413], [426], [429]
Hawaiian or Sandwich Islands, [375 sqq.]
Hawaiians or Sandwich Islanders, [377 sqq.]
Hawaiki, original home of Maoris, [5 sq.], [29], [155]
Head, sanctity of the, [44], [212], [388]
Heads of dead dried and preserved, [23 sq.];
of chiefs cut off and buried separately, [212];
of children moulded, [224];
of pigs attached to biers, [355];
of slain enemies kept as trophies, [362]
Heart the special seat of the soul, [85]
Heaven, ascent of souls to, [24 sqq.], [29]
"Heavenly family," gods incarnate in animals, [228]
Hebrew prophets, Renan on the, [147]
Heiau, temple, [409], [410], [411], [412 n.1], [418]
Herero, of S.W. Africa, customs as to twins among the, [273 sq.]
Herons sacred, [95];
omens from, [190];
superstition about, [277 n.2]
Hervey, Philip, [123], [125 n.1], [127]
Hervey or Cook Islands, [219 sq.]
Hervey Islanders, [220 sqq.]
Heva, ceremony observed after a death, [306]
Higgolayo, god of the dead, [86]
Hikuleo, god of the dead, [88 sq.], [90]
Hina (O-Heena), a goddess, perhaps of the moon, [266], [267], [287]
Hine-nui-te-po, the Maori goddess of death, [17 sq.]
Hiro, god of thieves, [326]
Hivaoa (Dominica), one of the Marquesas Islands, [328], [337], [364]
Hogs, sacrificed, [79];
to volcano, [399].
See [Pigs]
Holiness and uncleanness blent in taboo, [173]
Honolulu, [376 n.2]
Hos of Togo, customs as to twins among the, [271 sq.]
Hotooas (atuas), gods, [64]
Houmis, a tribe of Marquesans, [347]
House, dead buried in, [20], [27], [418];
dying people removed from the, [39];
abandoned after a death, [356]
Houses, Maori, [8];
Samoan, [163 sq.];
in the Society Islands, [250];
of the Marquesans, [335 sqq.];
of the Hawaiians, [380 sq.]
Huahine, one of the Society Islands, [117], [246], [280], [283], [284], [289], [293], [326]
Human sacrifices at burials, [24];
to the sun, tradition of, [158];
not offered by Samoans, [158];
at making king's girdle, [254];
offered to Oro, [258 sq.];
in the Society Islands, [291 sq.];
offered to living men, [349 sq.];
at deification of men, [351 sq.];
at the death of chiefs and priests, [365 sqq.], [421 sq.];
to sharks, [402 sq.];
in Hawaii, [413 sq.], [421 sq.], [425 sq.]
Hunchbacks thought to be favourites of spirits, [153]
Hurricanes in Samoa, [153 sq.]
Idols, Hawaiian, [412 sq.] See [Images]
Ifi tree, [74], [121], [133], [137]
Image of basket-work, [275 sq.];
wooden, of deified man, [398]
Images of the gods, [290], [391 sq.];
in which the souls of the dead were supposed to lodge, [287 sq.], [313 sq.], [324 sq.];
carried to battle, [397];
spirits conjured into, [398];
of the gods, Hawaiian, [411 sqq.]
Immortality, belief in, its effect on the Maoris, [51];
restricted to chiefs and their ministers, [85];
of the human soul, [313]. See [Soul]
Incantations, Maori, [13 sqq.];
of sorcerers, [325];
Hawaiian, [405], [417]
Incarnation of gods in animals, [182 sqq.]
Inconsistency of savage thought, [84], [90 sq.]
Indonesians, [3]
Infanticide, in Polynesia, [157];
among the Areois, [263]
Infants, souls of dead, cause disease, [49], [299]
Inspiration by drinking kava, [75], [77 sqq.];
by souls of dead, [91];
of Samoan priests, [194];
of priests, in the Society Islands, [293 sqq.];
of men by deities, [351]
Inspired men, [350 sqq.]
Iron in Tonga, [61 n.2]
Iron tools among the Hawaiians, [382]
Irrigation practised by Maoris, [9];
artificial, in Hawaii, [378 sq.]
Jarves, J. J., [383 n.2], [425]
Jaw-bones of human victims hung in temple, [258]
Jumping-off stone of souls of the dead, [214], [215].
See [Leaping-off place]
Jupiter, the planet, emblem of deified chiefs, [204];
the shrine of a god, [228]
Justice, administration of, in Samoa, [159 sq.]
Kahuna, priest, [417]
Kaili. See [Tairi]
Kamehameha (Tamehameha), king of Hawaii, [384], [388], [389], [400], [409], [415], [420], [422], [425], [427], [430], [431]
Kanaloa, a great Hawaiian deity, [392], [393], [394], [395]
Kane, a great Hawaiian deity, [392], [393], [394], [395], [398]
Kaonohiokala, "eye-ball of the sun," a Hawaiian god, [431]
Kapihe, a priest, [430], [431]
Kapu, taboo, in Hawaiian dialect, [387]
Karakakooa Bay in Hawaii, [391]
Karakias, prayers or spells (Maori), [32], [39]
Kauai, one of the Sandwich Islands, [375]
Kava as source of inspiration, [75], [78], [229];
offered to the gods, [79], [187];
offered to whales, [93];
offered at graves, [121], [205];
drunk by the Marquesans, [334];
by the Hawaiians, [380]
Keolakuhonua, the first woman, [393]
Kilauea, volcano in Hawaii, [375], [399], [401]
King, Captain, [378], [379], [385 sq.], [391], [402], [408], [410]
King, of Samoa, [176 sq.];
customs observed on the death of a king in Hawaii, [420 sqq.]
"King of Fiji," a Samoan family god, [192]
Kingfisher sacred, [93];
superstition about, [277 n.2]
Kingfishers, incarnations of war-god, omens from, [190];
gods of families, villages, or districts, embodied in, [193];
consulted oracularly, [196]
Kings, two, in Tonga, one civil, the other religious, [62 sq.];
the priests or mouthpieces of a god, [224];
sacred, in the Hervey Islands, [224 sq.];
primary and secondary, in Mangaia, [225];
as gods or descended from gods in the Society Islands, [253 sq.];
as high-priests, [253], [255];
in Hawaii, [383 sq.]
Kingship, double, [63]
Kitchen, dying chief carried into the, [82]
Koreamoku, a deified man, [398]
Kotzebue, O. von, [385 n.4], [388 sq.], [416]
Kpelle, of Liberia, their superstitions about twins, [269], [274]
Krusenstern, A. J. von, [346], [348], [362], [371], [372]
Ku, a great Hawaiian deity, [392], [393]
Kuahairo, a Hawaiian god, [431]
Kumuhonua, the first man, [393]
La Pérouse, [149]
Labillardière, [81]
Langsdorff, G. H. von, [118], [341], [351 n.2], [371], [372]
Language, Polynesian, [2];
special form of, used in speaking of chiefs, [173 sqq.]
Leaping-off place for souls of dead, [27], [241].
See [Jumping-off stone]
Leeward Islands, [246], [319]
Lifuka (Lefooga), one of the Tonga Islands, [52], [73], [109]
Lightning, omens from, [191]
Lipolipo, king of Hawaii, [389 sq.], [427]
Lisiansky, U., [338], [366 sq.], [368 sq.], [371], [372], [411], [412], [414], [421], [422], [423]
Litany chanted after a death, [355]
Liturgies, in the Society Islands, [296]
Liturgy, ancient Hawaiian, [394]
Liver, the seat of courage, [85];
a disease of, attributed to breach of taboo, [76 sq.];
of pig a god, [98]
Lizard, the tempter in the form of a, [393]
Lizards feared as causes of disease, [50];
gods in, [66], [92], [94], [96], [182], [227], [228];
omens from, [190]
Lono (Rono), a great Hawaiian deity, the equivalent of Rongo, [392], [393], [395];
Captain Cook identified with, [396]
Lord of Mangaia, [224]
Lucifer, the Hawaiian, [393]
Macahity, a Hawaiian festival, [414 sqq.]
Mafanga, burial-place of chiefs in Tongataboo, [120], [121]
Mafuie, god of earthquakes, [203]
Magic, among the Maoris, [13 sqq.];
among the Tongans, [68];
black, not practised in Samoa, [161];
in the Society Islands, [300], [325 sq.];
in Hawaii, [405] sq.
See [Sorcerers]
Magicians (Maori), [13 sqq.]
Mahoike, god of the infernal regions, original possessor of fire, [350]
Mahoui, a god, apparently identical with Maui, [266 n.4], [286 n.5]
Maitea, one of the Society Islands, [246]
Malays, how related to the Polynesians, [2 sqq.]
Man, the creation of, [393]
Mana, [42]
Manaia, [13], [23]
Mangaia, one of the Hervey Islands, [219], [220], [221], [222], [224], [225], [228], [232], [233], [237], [238], [239], [240], [244]
Manona, Samoan island, [149]
Manua, group of Samoan islands, [149], [155], [158], [162], [215]
Maoris, [5 sqq.];
their culture, [8 sqq.];
beliefs concerning the souls of the living, [10 sqq.];
beliefs concerning the souls of the dead, [19 sqq.];
their notion as to the cause of death, [16];
their story of the origin of death, [16 sqq.];
mourning, [19 sq.];
disposal of the dead, [20 sqq.];
their conception of deity, [35 sq.];
taboo among the, [37 sqq.], [432]
Mapuhanui, a Marquesan god, [368]
Marae. See [Morai]
Marae, a sacred grove, [225 n.3], [240], [241]
Marai. See [Morai]
Marchand, Captain E., [358 n.6], [371]
Marcuse, A., [393]
Mariner, William, [62], [64], [67], [70], [71], [73], [74], [75], [76], [78 sq.], [80], [82], [83], [86], [90], [91], [92], [93], [97], [98 n.], [99], [102], [103], [110 n.1], [127], [135], [136], [138], [141], [142], [143]
Marquesan islanders, [331 sqq.]
Marquesas Islands, [328 sqq.];
morais (marais) in the, [116 sqq.]
Marriage rites, [288 sq.], [311]
Martin, John, [64]
Maruiwi, primitive inhabitants of New Zealand, [8]
Mask worn by an actor personifying a ghost, [306]
Masons in Tonga, [127]
Matabooles, minister of Tongan nobles, [65], [66], [74], [85], [76], [77], [79], [85], [87], [121], [136], [139]
Mateialona, Governor of Haapai, [126]
Mats, fine Samoan, [168 sq.];
Hawaiian, [381 sq.]
Maui, mythical Polynesian hero, [266 n.4];
his contest with the goddess of death, [16 sqq.];
said to have drawn up the Tongan Islands on a fish-hook, [72];
puts god Hikuleo in durance, [88];
said to have brought great stones from Uea, [125];
a kind of Polynesian Hercules, [126];
brought fire to men, [226], [239];
his exploits, [275], [287 n.], [396];
his image, [275 sq.];
steals fire from Mahoike, [350]
Maui one of the Sandwich Islands, [375], [429]
Maui Atalanga, mythical first owner of fire, [57]
Maui Kijikiji, the Polynesian Prometheus, [57]
Mauike, the fire-god, [226], [238], [239]
Mauna Kea, mountain in Hawaii, [376]
Mauna Loa, volcano in Hawaii, [375], [376]
Mausoleum of the kings of Hawaii, [426]
Medicine, the Hawaiian god of, [398]
Megalithic monuments of the Tooitongas, [119];
in the Pacific, Dr. Rivers's theory as to, [119];
of the Tongans, [123];
in Lefooga (Lifuka), [128 sq.];
their supposed relation to sun-worship, [266 n.4];
in the Marquesas, [360 sq.]
Megalithic tombs, [119], [123], [132]
Meinicke, C. E., [118 n.2]
Melanesian blood, admixture of, in the Hervey Islands, [221]
Melanesian type, [6];
population of New Zealand, [6 sq.]
Melanesian totemism, [218]
Melanesians, now related to Polynesians, [2 sq.];
magic among the, [161];
sham-fights at funerals among the, [212]
Melville, Hermann, [330], [332], [333], [338], [354], [357 n.3], [360 sq.], [361 sq.], [373]
Men deified in their lifetime, [349];
deified after death, [351 sq.], [397]
Metals unknown to the Polynesians, [61], [222], [250], [335]
Metempsychosis, theory that Melanesian totemism has been developed out of, [218]
Milu (Miru), king of the nether world, [427], [428], [429], [430].
See [Miru]
Milu (Miru), a rebel spirit, [392]
Minstrels, wandering, in the Marquesas, [342]
Miru, king of the nether world, [427];
goddess of hell or of the dead, [428 n.1];
the Hades of the Sandwich Islanders, [431].
See [Milu]
Miru, an infernal hag, devours ghosts, [242]
Moerenhout, J. A., [118], [263 n.2], [264 n.3], [266 n.4], [284], [286 n.5], [297], [308 n.1]
Monarchy, absolute, in Hawaii, [383]
Mooa, old capital of Tongataboo, [106],
[108], [111], [112]
Mooas, middle-class in Tonga, [66], [85]
Moomooe (Moomooi), king of Tonga, [83], [91], [108], [133], [141], [145]
Moon, family god in, [192];
tradition of sacrifice to the, [394];
festival of the new, [414]
Moon-goddess, [267], [287 n.]
Mo'ooi (Maui), Tongan god, [72]
Morai (marai, marae), burial-place, temple, [103], [116], [117], [118], [119];
dead buried in, [117 sqq.], [282 sqq.];
in the Society Islands, [278 sq.].
Morais, bones of dead chiefs buried in, [311];
burial-places, [357 sq.], [361 sq.];
mummies deposited in, [357];
in Hawaii, [391], [406 sqq.];
dead chiefs buried in, [407 sq.]
Morality reinforced by superstitious terrors, [83];
not influenced by religion, [318]
Mortality of souls of commoners, [66], [85]
Motoro, a great god in the Hervey Islands, [241]
Mourning for death of divine owl, [186 sq.]
Mourning customs of Maoris, [19 sq.];
in Tonga, [132 sqq.];
in Samoa, [208 sq.];
in the Hervey Islands, [231];
among the Society Islands, [301 sqq.];
of the Marquesans, [353 sqq.];
in Hawaii, [420 sqq.]
Mouth and nostrils of dying stopped to prevent the escape of the soul, [352]
Mueu, a female demon of death, [235]
Mukasa, great god of the Baganda, [270]
Mullets sacred, [95], [184]
Mummies kept in the house or deposited in a morai, [357]
Muru, a god, spreads a net to catch ghosts, [244]
Mythology of the Society Islanders, [257 sq.], [277];
of the Marquesans, [348 sqq.]
Nails, parings of, used in evil magic, [325], [405]
Names of relatives changed after a death, [233];
of kings sacred, [254];
new, given at admission to the Society of the Areois, [261];
exchange of, [339]
Namuka, one of the Tonga Islands, [52]
Nature, personifications of, [32], [34];
worship of, [93]
Necromancy among the Maoris, [30 sq.]
Negritoes, [3]
Net to catch ghosts, [242], [244]
New Zealand, the Maoris of, [5 sqq.];
Melanesian population of, [6 sq.]
Neyra, Alvaro Mendana de, [328]
Ngati-apa, a Maori tribe, [23]
Nicholas, J. L., [16 n.3]
Night, or the primaeval darkness (Po), [258], [276], [277], [298 n.1], [305], [315], [323], [393], [397], [427];
burials by, [419]
Nightmare caused by a ghost, [419]
Noa, common, [38], [39], [40];
general, as opposed to taboo, sacred, [388]
Noah, the Hawaiian, [393], [394]
Nobility traced in female line in Tonga, [75]
Nobles, souls of dead, as gods, [64], [66], [84], [91]
North Cape of New Zealand, place of departure for souls of the dead, [27], [28], [30]
Nukahiva, one of the Marquesas Islands, [328], [337], [350], [352], [360], [361], [364], [368], [371], [372]
Nuu, the Hawaiian Noah, [393], [394]
O-Heena, a goddess, [287 n.]
See [Hina]
O-rongo, in Mangaia, [225]
Oahu, one of the Sandwich Islands, [375], [376 n.2], [385], [395], [411], [429]
Obsequies of kings and chiefs in Tonga, [133 sqq.];
of the Tooitongas, [140 sqq.];
of Samoan chiefs, [211 sq.];
of chiefs, in the Society Islands, [303]
Octopus, god in, [95], [96], [183]
Offerings to gods, [79];
to Samoan deities, [187], [188], [189];
to priests, [195];
to the dead, [311];
of food at tombs, [362];
to volcanic goddess, [401].
See [Sacrifices]
Omens sent by gods, [67];
from sacred birds, animals, or fish, [189 sq.];
from sacrificial victims, clouds, and rainbow, [397], [414]
Opoa, metropolis of idolatry in the Society Islands, [255], [258], [259], [289]
Oracles delivered by priests, [295];
given by priests in the name of gods, [404]
Oramatuas or oromatuas, worshipful spirits of departed relatives, [277], [299], [323 sq.];
sacred feathers called, [291]
Origin of Samoan gods of families, villages, and districts, [200 sqq.]
Oro, war-god in the Society Islands, [255], [255 n.1], [258], [259], [261], [263], [265], [266], [289], [295], [315], [326]
Orono, head of a priestly order in Hawaii, [391]
Orotetefa, patron deity of the Areoi Society, [263], [265], [267]
Ovens, souls of dead in, [26 sq.];
of hot stones, [222], [379]
Owl god, festival of, [188];
kept tame, [191]
Owls sacred, [95], [182];
mourning for dead, [186 sq.];
omens from, [190]
Pantheon recruited by dead men, [98]
Papa, goddess of earth, [34 n.2];
wife of Vatea, [226]
Papatea, mythical island, [158]
Papo, Samoan war-god, [186]
Paradise of the Society Islanders, [319], [327]
Parliamentary form of government in Samoa, [179 sq.]
Pas, Maori forts, [8 n.3]
Pele, goddess of the volcano Kilauea in Hawaii, [399 sqq.]
Personifications of nature, [32], [34];
of ghost by an actor, [306]
Pied fantail in Maori story of origin of death, [18 sq.]
Pigeons, divine, [184];
kept tame, [191]
Pigs' liver a god, [96]
Pigs offered to the dead, [231];
sacrificed, [264], [265], [291];
for recovery of sick, [351];
to the dead, [368].
See [Hogs]
Planets, the shrine of a god, [228]
Pleiades, emblems of deified chiefs, [204]
Po, region of departed souls (Maori), [27]
Po, Night or the primaeval darkness, the abode of the gods and of the dead, [258], [277], [298 n.1], [305], [308], [315], [316], [317], [323], [393], [397], [427]
Pollution caused by death, [312 sq.], [427]
Polack, J. S., [7 n.1]
Polyandry among the Marquesans, [337 sq.]
Polygamy in the Hervey Islands, [223]
Polynesians, [1 sqq.];
their origin and language, [2 sqq.];
mode of life, [4];
dispersal from Savaii (Hawaiki), [6], [154 sq.];
or from Tonga, [56];
their knowledge of fire, [56 sq.];
ignorant of metals, [61], [250]
Polytheism developed out of totemism, [94]
Porpoises, gods in, [66], [92]
Porter, Captain David, [330], [332], [344 n.1], [350], [353], [357 n.3], [362], [364 sq.], [372]
Pottery unknown to the Samoans, [181]
Prayers to the gods, [79];
to the dead, [121];
to animal gods, [182];
for temporal benefits, [189];
before going to war, [189];
for the dying, [208];
offered to souls of dead relatives at their graves, [217];
rhythmical and ancient, [225];
offered to kings, [255];
of the Society Islanders, [257];
for the recovery of the sick, [257], [398];
to Oro, [261];
liturgical, [295 sq.];
over the dead, [310];
for the dead, [318];
at temples, [327];
before battle, [397]
"Praying people," sorcerers, [229]
Presents brought to dying people, [207 sq.]
Priestess claiming to personify goddess, [401]
Priests practise enchantments, [13 sq.];
descended from the gods, [29];
their souls immortal, [29];
summon up spirits of dead, [31];
Tongan, their inspiration, [77 sqq.];
Samoan, [192 sq.];
inspired, [194];
consulted as to cause of sickness, [207];
inspired, called "god-boxes," 228 sq.;
speaking in name of gods, [258], [293 sqq.];
of shark gods, [276];
in the Society Islands, [292 sqq.];
inspired by sharks, [403];
Hawaiian, [404]
Property buried with the dead, [20], [140 sq.], [211], [232 sq.];
private, in relation to taboo, [47 sq.];
rights of, in Samoa, [169 sqq.]
Prostitution, general, of women at the death of a great chief, [423]
Pukapuka, Danger Island, [230]
Pulotu, Samoan name for abode of the dead and of the gods, [204], [205], [214], [216], [217].
Compare [Bolotoo]
Punishments in Samoa, [159 sq.]
Purification of king at installation, [255 n.1];
of land after defilement, [287 sq.];
after contact with the dead, [210], [313];
of the souls of the dead, [316]
Pyramidal tombs, [115]
Pyramidical temples of Tahiti and the Marquesas, [119]
Pyramids, stepped or terraced, [116], [117], [278 sqq.];
of stone, stepped or terraced, in Hawaii, [408 sqq.]
Quiros, Fernandez de, [246]
Ra, the sun-god, caught by Maui in nooses, [226]
Radiguet, M., [338], [341], [357 n.1], [358], [373]
Raiatea, one of the Society Islands, [246], [255], [258], [259], [266], [289], [315], [317], [318], [319]
Rail-bird sacred, [95];
omens from, [190]
Rainbow worshipped, [93], [182];
omens from, [191], [397];
emblem of deified chiefs, [204 sq.];
superstitions about, [267], [269]
Rangatira, gentleman, [43], [44];
landowners, [224]
Rangi, god of sky, [34 n.2]
Rarotonga, one of the Hervey Islands, [219], [221], [222], [224], [226], [228], [232], [243], [244]
Raupa, a burial cave, [237]
Recorders, sacred, [295 sq.], [298]
Red, bones of dead painted, [21];
tabooed, [227];
feathers regarded as divine, [290 sq.]
Red Cave, [239], [240]
Reincarnation of the dead, [368 sq.]
Reinga, leaping-off place of souls (Maori), [27]
Religion of Maoris concentrated on worship of dead kinsfolk, [34];
homogeneity of Polynesian, [35 n.];
the Tongan, [64 sqq.];
ethical influence of the Tongan, [146 sq.];
of the Samoans, [181 sqq.];
of the Hervey Islanders, [225 sqq.];
early stage of, [226];
of the Society Islanders, [256 sqq.];
without influence on morality, [318];
of the Marquesans, [348 sqq.];
of the Hawaiians, [390 sqq.]
Remy, J., [412 n.1], [415 n.1]
Renan, Ernest, on the Hebrew prophets, [147]
Respect for chiefs in Samoa, [171 sqq.]
Resurrection of the dead, Hawaiian notions about the, [430 sq.]
Rewards, posthumous, no belief in, [67], [146]
Rhodesia, Northern, belief as to mother of twins in, [269]
Rib of the first man, the first woman created out of the, [393 sq.]
Rites, of burial and mourning in Tonga, [132 sqq.];
funeral, in the Hervey Islands, [231 sqq.];
religious, of the Society Islanders, [257];
of purification, [288].
See [Ceremonies]
River of the Water of Life (Maori), [28];
in the nether world, [216]
Rivers, W. H. R., [4 n.1], [119], [124 n.1], [128], [202], [218], [266 n.4]
Roberts, E., [371]
Rohutu, the abode of the dead, [319 sq.], [327]
Rongo, god of peace and agriculture, [35 n.];
a great Polynesian god, [224], [225], [226], [392], [395];
his sacred stream and grove, [240], [241];
god, inventor of circumcision, [224]
Rono, a great Hawaiian god, [404], [416].
See [Lono]
Roscoe, J., [271]
Routledge, S. and K., [279 n.1]
Ruahatu, a sea-god, [276]
Sā-le-Fe'e, the Samoan Tartarus, [216]
Sacredness of chiefs, [172 sqq.]
Sacrifice of children, [75 sq.], [81 sq.];
of hogs, [79];
of fingers, [80];
of first-born sons, [89];
as magical, [83];
of pigs to the dead, [368];
of hogs to volcano, [399]
Sacrifices in the Society Islands, [291 sq.];
of pigs for the recovery of the sick, [351].
See [Human sacrifices]
Sacrilege, [67];
its expiation, [74 sqq.], [183 sqq.]
Samoa, general name for the group of islands, [148];
original seat of Polynesian race, [154]
Samoan Islands, [148 sqq.];
volcanic activity in, [151 sq.];
climate, [152 sqq.]
Samoan Islanders, their appearance and character, [156 sqq.];
houses, agriculture, and industries, [163 sqq.];
rights of property, [169 sqq.];
government, [171 sqq.];
religion, [181 sqq.]
Samoan worship of natural objects, [93], [96 sq.];
of animals and other natural objects developed out of totemism, [200 sqq.], [218]
Sanctity of kings in the Society Islands, [253 sq.];
of priest of Tani (Tane), [293]
Sanctuaries for criminals, [282]
Sandwich or Hawaiian Islands, [375 sqq.]
Sandwich Islanders, [377 sqq.];
their four chief gods, [35 n.]
Saturnalia at the death of a king or high chief in Hawaii, [421 sqq.]
Savage thought inconsistent, [84], [90 sq.]
Savages not addicted to sun-worship, [131]
Savaii, one of the Samoan islands, centre of Polynesian dispersion, [6], [148 sq.], [150 sq.], [154 sq.], [192],
[195], [202], [215]
Saveasiuleo, the king of the lower regions, [216 sq.]
Scalps of slain foes taken, [162]
Sea, gods of the, [276 sq.]
Sea eels sacred, [93], [94], [185]
Sea gull sacred, [93]
Sea-snake as god, [185]
Sea-urchin, family god in, [183]
Second death, [29]
Secret burial, [21]
Semites sacrifice first-born sons, [89]
Serfdom, alleged, in Hawaii, [385]
Shadow, soul associated with, [205 sq.]
Sham fights at obsequies of Samoan chiefs, [211], [212];
at Melanesian funerals, [212];
after a death, [234], [235], [236], [303]
Shark-gods, [227], [276]
Shark's teeth, omens from, [191]
Sharks as ministers of justice, [77];
gods in, [96], [182];
sacred, [93];
still-born children turned into, [398], [403];
worshipped in Hawaii, [402 sqq.]
Shells (Murex namoces) in which the souls of the dead were supposed to lodge, [325]
Shortland, E., [6 n.2]
Sick people carried to temple, [195]
Sickness supposed to be caused by evil spirits, [417].
See [Disease]
Sinnet tenanted by a god, [228]
Sins of the dead buried in a hole, [305]
Sisters, curses of, specially dreaded, [207]
Skins of the dead preserved as relics, [367]
Skulls of dead kept in houses, [118];
of ancestors kept in temple or house, [288], [311];
of dead rulers worshipped, [324];
of dead hidden in caves, [357]
Sky raised by Maui, [226], [275]
Slaves killed to accompany their dead lords, [24];
in the Society Islands, [253]
"Slaying the ghosts," 234
Smith, E. W. and Dale, A. M., [425]
Smith, S. Percy, [155]
Snakes, water, gods in, [66], [92]
Sneezing, Hervey Islanders' theory of, [229]
Social ranks in Samoa, [171 sqq.];
in Rarotonga, [224];
in the Society Islands, [253];
among the Marquesans, [344];
in Hawaii, [383 sqq.]
Society Islanders, [248 sqq.]
Society Islands, [246 sqq.]
Songs in honour of the dead, [236].
See [Dirges]
Sorcerers (Maori), [13 sqq.];
disease and death ascribed to arts of, [300], [325 sq.];
Hawaiian, [405].
See [Magic]
Soul, Maori ideas concerning the, [10 sqq.];
as shadow, [11];
as breath, [11];
departure of soul from body, [12 sqq.];
its fate after death, [24 sqq.], [66], [86 sqq.], [213 sqq.], [238 sqq.], [313 sq.], [427 sqq.];
survival of, [24];
ascent to heaven, [24 sqq.], [29];
Tongan theory of, [66], [84 sqq.];
Samoan belief concerning the, [205 sq.];
associated with shadow, [205 sq.];
of the same shape as body, [205];
belief of the Society Islanders concerning the, [297 sqq.];
beliefs of the Hervey Islanders concerning the, [229 sqq.];
beliefs of the Marquesans concerning the, [352];
Hawaiian beliefs concerning the, [417]
Souls of commoners mortal, [29];
souls of chiefs and priests immortal, [29];
of the dead appear in dreams, [31], [91 sq.];
of ancestors cause disease, [49];
of dead infants cause disease, [49], [299];
of dead nobles as gods, [64 sq.], [66], [84], [91];
of dead men as gods, [64], [66], [69], [85], [91], [351 sq.], [397];
of Tongan commoners mortal, [66], [85];
caught in traps, [230 sq.];
leaping-place of, [27], [241];
ascribed to animals, trees, and stones, [297];
of the dead eaten by the gods, [315], [427];
of children supposed to transmigrate into sharks, [403]
Spells (Maori), [13 sqq.]
Spencer, Herbert, his theory that temples are derived from tombs, [100]
Spirit world, Maori ideas of, [29 sq.]
Spirits of the dead become gods, [31 sq.];
threatened, [208].
See [Gods], [Souls]
Spittle used in magic, [15], [300], [325], [405];
collected to prevent its use in magic, [405 sq.]
Stair, J. B., [152], [173 n.1], [203 n.2], [206 n.1]
Star, shooting, worshipped, [93]
Stars observed by the Samoans, [161]
Sterndale, H. B., [197], [198], [199]
Stewart, C. S., [157 n.7], [337 sq.], [340 sq.], [344 n.1], [348 sq.], [349 sq.], [358], [372], [377], [424]
Stick-and-groove mode of kindling fire, [181]
Stilts, racing or combating on, [339 sq.]
Stinging ray fish, divine, [184], [185];
taboo to some Marquesans, [347]
Stone-cutting in Tonga, craft of, [127]
Stone monuments in Samoa, [197 sqq.]
Stone temple, ruins of, in Samoa, [196 sq.]
Stone tools and weapons, [10], [61], [180], [250 sq.], [335], [382];
in Tonga, [61];
in Samoa, [180]
Stonehenge, trilithons at, [123], [129], [130]
Stones worshipped, [182], [187];
piled on graves to prevent the dead from rising, [232]
Succession of eldest sons at their birth, [255 sq.]
Sugar-cane cultivated, [379]
Suicides, their fate after death, [363]
Sun, supposed secret worship of the, in the Pacific, [119];
Stonehenge supposed by some to be a temple of the, [130];
Tongans not worshippers of the, [131];
tradition of human sacrifices to, [158];
not worshipped in Samoa, [192];
ghosts journeying with the, [239 sqq.];
caught and stopped by Maui, [275], [287 n.], [396];
not worshipped by the Society Islanders, [286];
souls of the dead gather in the, [320]
Sun god caught by Maui, [226];
supposed worship of, [266], [286 n.5]
Sun worship, savages not addicted to, [131]
"Sun-dried gods," title applied to embalmed bodies of chiefs, [205]
Superstitious terrors reinforce morality, [83]
Taaroa (Taroa), a great god, [255 n.1], [258], [266], [267], [276], [287 n.];
supreme god of Polynesia, [290].
Compare [Tanaroa], [Tangaloa], [Tangaroa]
Taboo (tapu) among the Maoris, [32], [34], [37 sqq.], [432];
contracted by contact with the dead, [39], [209];
of sacred chiefs, [41 sqq.];
its effect in confirming the rights of private property, [47 sq.];
ultimate sanction of, [49];
supposed effects of breaking a, [76 sq.];
consequent on touching a dead body, [137 sq.];
comprises ideas of holiness and uncleanness, [173];
signified by white cloth, [344];
in the Marquesas, [345 sqq.];
a definition of, [348];
in Hawaii, [387 sqq.];
breaches of, punished with death, [389];
abolished in Hawaii, [389 sq.];
rigour of, [416];
an aristocratic institution, [432]
Tabooed priest, [404]
Taboos imposed by chiefs, [175], [432]
Tahaa, one of the Society Islands, [246], [258]
Tahiti, [246], [247], [255], [266], [279], [282], [283], [314], [321];
morais in, [116 sqq.], [279 sqq.]
Tahowa, priest, [293]
Tahuata (Santa Christina), one of the Marquesas, [349], [359], [360], [364], [367]
Taipii (Typee), valley of, in Nukahiva, [360], [365]
Taipiis or Typees, a tribe of Nukahiva, [330], [332], [365], [373]
Tairi (Kaili), the national war-god of Hawaii, [396], [397], [404], [411]
Takalaua, a Tooitonga, [108]
Tali-y-Toobo, Tongan god of royal family, [70], [73], [77], [79], [121]
Tame gods, [191]
Tamehameha, king of Hawaii, [384], [423].
See [Kamehameha]
Tanaroa, Tangaroa, Tagaloa, Taaroa, dialectically different names of a great Polynesian god, [258], [392]
Tane (Tani), a great Polynesian god, [35 n.], [241], [258], [280], [284], [293], [392], [394], [397]
Tane-kio, a god, enshrined in the planets Venus and Jupiter, [228]
Tangaloa, god, drew up Tonga Islands on a fishing-hook, [65], [72 sq.];
god of artificers, [72];
puts god Hikuleo in durance, [88];
ancestor of Tui-ta-tui, [127];
temple of, [196];
principal god of Samoans, the creator, [202 sq.];
said to have fished up the islands, [202], [203]
Tangaroa, god of ocean, [35 n.];
a great god, brother of Rongo, [226]
Tapu. See [Taboo]
Taro the staple food of the Samoans, [165];
of the Mangaians, [222];
and of the Hawaiians, [378]
Tattooing, not applied to the Tooitonga, [81];
nor to the sacred kings of Mangaia, [224];
as a punishment in Samoa, [160];
of the Marquesan islanders, [331 sq.];
marks of, removed from corpse, [368];
of the Hawaiians, [378];
of the tongue in mourning, [421]
Tauas, inspired men, [350 sq.]
Tauata (Santa Christina), one of the Marquesas Islands, [337]
Taylor, R., [7 n.1], [32 n.1], [n.2], [36], [42]
Tee, teehee, tii, spirit of the dead, guardian spirit, [313], [322], [323 n.1]
Teeth, loss of, penalty for breach of taboo, [209 sq.];
knocked out in mourning, [231], [420], [423], [424]
Tekuraaki, a god, incarnate in the woodpecker, [228]
Temple, dead Areois buried in, [261];
bones of human victims buried in, [292];
bones of dead chiefs buried in, [311]
Temples of the gods in Tonga, [73 sqq.], [99 sqq.];
and graves, question of, [99 sqq.];
and tombs, [99 sqq.];
Samoan, [194 sqq.];
in the Society Islands, [278 sqq.];
dedicated to sharks, [402], [403];
Hawaiian, [406 sqq.]
Theft, ordeal for detection of, [77]
Thieves, Hiro the god of, [326];
divination to detect, [406]
Thunder and lightning, no Tongan god of, [71];
Tongan idea concerning, [90]
Thunder-god kept in captivity, [191 sq.]
Thomas, Rev. John, [57 n.1], [111 n.]
Thomson, A. S., [6 n.2]
Thomson, Sir Basil, [87 n.1], [106], [107], [115], [116], [124], [125], [126], [127], [128], [129]
Tiaio, a god of the Hervey Islanders, [227]
Tiaraboo (Tiarroboo, Tairaboo), the southern peninsula of Tahiti, [257], [283]
Tiburones, a mythical paradise, [352], [364]
Ti'iti'i, hero, robs Mafuie of fire, [203]
Tii, a worshipful spirit of the dead, [324].
Compare [Tee]
Tiki, the god of the dead, [231], [232]
Tiki, a heroine, [239];
warder of the land of the dead, [244 sq.]
Tiki, a Marquesan god, [343], [350 n.4]
Timatekore, a god of the Hervey Islanders, [226]
Tofua, Tongan island, [96]
Togo, in West Africa, [271]
Tohunga, Maori priest, [16 n.3]
Tombs, megalithic, of the Tooitongas, [99 sqq.], [105 sqq.], [119], [123], [132];
and temples, [99 sqq.]
Tonga or Friendly Islands, [52 sqq.]
Tonga Islanders, [57 sqq.];
their religion, [64 sqq.];
their national and tribal gods, [93 sq.]
Tongataboo, [52], [86], [94], [106], [111], [112], [113], [114], [119], [120], [123]
Tonga-iti, a god in the Hervey Islands, [227]
Tooas (tuas), Tongan commoners, [66], [85], [86], [87]
Toobo Toty, a Tongan god, [71]
Toogoo Ahoo, king of Tonga, [81]
Tooi fooa Bolotoo, a Tongan god, [70 sq.]
Tooitonga, sacred chief or king of Tonga, [62], [66], [73], [81], [82], [94], [106], [107], [108], [110], [115], [116], [117], [120], [121], [122], [123], [126], [127], [144], [145];
tombs of the Tooitongas, [105 sqq.];
obsequies of the, [140 sqq.]
Tooi-tonga-fafine, sister of the Tooitonga, [110]
Totemic gods of Samoa, [202]
Totemism, Tongan polytheism developed out of, [94];
Samoan worship of animals developed out of, [200 sqq.], [218];
theory that it has been developed out of metempsychosis, [218];
relics of, in the Hervey Islands, [227 sq.];
traces of, among the Marquesans, [347];
relics of, in Hawaii, [402]
Trade guilds among the Samoans, [167 sq.]
Transmigration of souls not believed in by the Samoans, [218];
of souls of children into sharks, [403]
Traps set for souls, [230]
Tree, family god in, [192];
on which ghosts perch, [241]
Trees, dead deposited on, [20 sq.];
tenanted by gods, [228];
sacred, [281 sq.];
worshipped, [402]
Tregear, E., [6 n.2], [126 n.2], [392]
Tribes or clans among the Hervey Islanders, [223]
Trilithon in Tongataboo, [123 sqq.]
Trilithons at Stonehenge, [123], [129], [130]
Trinity, the Hawaiian, [392]
Triton-shell, god in, [228]
Tropic-bird sacred, [93]
Tu, Maori war-god, [35 n.];
a great Polynesian deity, [392]
Tuaraatai, a sea god in the Society Islands, [276]
Tufoa, volcanic island, [53]
Tui-ta-tui, a Tooitonga, [127], [128]
Tulafales, householders or gentry in Samoa, [176], [177], [178], [179], [180]
Tuoro, in Rarotonga, the meeting-place of ghosts,
[243], [244]
Turnbull, J., [262]
Turner, Dr. George, [183 n.1], [203 n.2], [206 n.1], [212], [213]
Turtles, family god in, [183 sq.]
Tutuila, Samoan island, [149], [175], [176], [180], [215]
Twins, divine, [226];
heavenly, [267];
customs and superstitions concerning, [267 sqq.];
thought able to influence the weather, [267 sq.];
fertilising power ascribed to, [269 sqq.];
divine Hawaiian, [394]
Tyerman and Bennet, [260], [281], [283], [295], [315], [386]
Tylor, E. B., [3 n.3]
Typee. See [Taipii]
Typees or Taipiis, a tribe of Nukahiva, [330], [332] 365, [375]
Uea (Wallis Island), [125]
Uganda, human sacrifice in, [84]
Uhane, soul, [417]
Ui, a heroine, beloved by the sun, [158]
Uli, a Hawaiian god, [405]
Umi, king of Hawaii, [411], [413]
Unburied dead, Samoan ceremonies for, [205 sq.]
Uncleanness, and holiness blent in taboo, [173];
caused by contact with a corpse, [312 sq.], [427]
Underworld, home of the souls of the dead, [27]
Upolu, Samoan island, [149], [152], [155], [162], [185], [196], [202], [214], [215]
Upu, a Marquesan goddess of the dead, [367], [368]
Uriwera, a Maori people, [15]
Urutetefa, patron deity of the Areoi Society, [263], [265], [267]
Utakea, a god incarnate in the woodpecker, [228]
Vatea, a primary god, [226]
Vavau, a Tongan island, [52], [53], [73]
Veachi, sacred personage in Tonga, [66]
Veeson, George, [86]
Vegetable gods in Samoa, [192]
Ventriloquism, [370]
Venus, the planet, the shrine of a god, [228]
Vergnes, P. E. Eyriaud des, [374]
Village gods, [182], [185]
Villages, Samoan, self-governing, [178 sq.]
Vincendon-Dumoulin, [118], [358], [373]
Virtue, Tongan ideas of, [66 sq.], [146 sq.]
Volcanic activity in Tonga Islands, [53 sqq.];
in Samoa, [151];
in Hawaii, [375]
Volcano, goddess of, in Hawaii, [399 sqq.];
offerings to, [399 sq.]
Wahi taboo, sacred place, temple, [387 sq.]
Wahine ariki, [40]
Waimate Plains in New Zealand, [23]
Wakea. See [Akea]
Wallis Island (Uea), [125]
Wallis rediscovers Society Islands, [246]
War gods, Samoan, [186], [188], [189 sq.]
War-gods, images of, carried to battle, [397]
Warriors tabooed, [40 sq.]
Warriors, fate of souls of dead, [242 sq.], [244 sq.]
Water of Life, River of the, [28];
in the nether world, [216]
Weaving practised by Maoris, [9]
West, Thomas, [114]
Whale, soul of dead priest in a, [369]
Whales worshipped, [93]
Whattas, altars, [391], [392]
White cloth as mark of taboo, [344];
flags as marks of property, [386]
Widowers tabooed, [39]
Widows killed to accompany their dead husbands, [24];
tabooed, [39];
strangled and buried with their husbands, [145];
dances of, [353], [354]
Wilkes, Charles (Commodore), [57], [61 n.], [87], [89 n.1], [90], [155 n.1], [384 sq.], [411]
Williams, John, [80], [157 n.7], [158], [181], [185], [221], [231]
Wilson, James, [264 n.5]
Winds imprisoned by two gods, [277]
Windward Islands, [246]
Wiro, evil spirit, [27]
Woman, the first, created out of a rib of the first man, [393 sq.]
Women well treated by Tongans, [61 sq.];
well treated by the Samoans, [157];
excluded from temples, [288 sq.];
forbidden to eat with men, [381];
forbidden to partake of sacrifices, [388]
Woodpecker, gods incarnate in the, [228]
Worms, souls of the dead in the shape of, [29]
Worship of ancestors among the Maoris, [32 sqq.];
of the Tongan gods, [79 sqq.];
of nature, [93];
of the dead tends to encroach on the worship of the high gods, [97 sq.];
of animals and other natural objects in Samoa, [182 sqq.], [200 sqq.];
of the dead in Samoa, [204 sq.];
of the dead, elements of the, [205];
of the sun, supposed, [266], [286 n.5];
of the dead in the Society Islands, [322 sqq.];
of animals in Hawaii, [401 sqq.]
See [Religion]
Wrestling matches as funeral rite, [140], [144], [211];
at obsequies of chiefs, [303]
Wrestling and boxing matches at obsequies of Samoan chiefs, [211];
in honour of Lono (Rono), [395], [416]
Yam festival in Tonga, [71 sq.]
Yams, new, offered at grave, [122]
Young, John, [422 sq.]
Zulu superstition as to twins, [270]