Index.
Abbot of Folly in France, [334]
—— of Unreason in Scotland, [331]
Abdera, human scapegoats at, [254]
Abeghian, Manuk, quoted, [107] sq.
Abjuration, form of, imposed on Jewish converts, [393]
Abonsam, an evil spirit on the Gold Coast, [132]
Abrahams, Israel, [393] n. 2
Abruzzi, Epiphany in the, [167] n. 2
Absalom, his intercourse with his father's concubines, [368]
Absrot, village of Bohemia, [161]
Abstinence as a charm to promote the growth of the seed, [347] sqq.
Abyssinian festival of Mascal or the Cross, [133] sq.
Accusations of ritual murders brought against the Jews, [394] sqq.
Acilisena, in Armenia, the worship of Anaitis at, [369] n. 1
Acosta, J. de, quoted, [275] sq., [277]
Adaklu, Mount, in West Africa, [135] sq., [206] sq.
Adam and Eve, [259] n. 3
Adar, a Jewish month, [361], [394], [397], [398], [415]
Adonis at Alexandria, [390];
annual death and resurrection of, [398];
his marriage with Ishtar (Aphrodite), [401].
See also [Tammuz]
—— and Aphrodite, [386]
Aegisthus and Agamemnon, [19]
Aesculapius at Epidaurus, [47]
Africa, Northern, cairns in, [21];
popular cure for toothache in, [62];
South, dread of demons in, [77] sq.;
tribes of, their expulsion of demons, [110] sq.;
West, demons in, [74] sqq.
Agamemnon and Aegisthus, [19]
Agathias on Sandes, [389]
Agni, creation of the great god, [410]
Agnus castus, used in ceremony of beating, [252], [257]
Agricultural year, expulsions of demons timed to coincide with seasons of the, [225]
Agrippa, King of Judaea, his mockery at Alexandria, [418]
Ague, popular cures for, [56], [57] sq.;
Suffolk cure for, [68]
Ahasuerus, King, [397], [401];
the Hebrew equivalent of Xerxes, [360]
Ait Sadden, the, of Morocco, [182]
—— Warain, a Berber tribe, [178]
Aitan, a goddess, [173]
Akamba, the, of British East Africa, riddles among the, [122] n.
Akikuyu of East Africa, [32]
Alaska, the Esquimaux of, [124]
Albania, expulsion of Kore on Easter Eve in, [157]
Albanian custom of beating men and beasts in March, [266]
Albanians of the Caucasus, their use of human scapegoats, [218]
Albîrûnî, Arab historian, [393]
Alençon, the Boy Bishop at, [337] n. 1
Alexandria, Adonis at, [390];
mockery of King Agrippa at, [418]
Alexandrian calendar, [395] n. 1
Alfoors of Central Celebes, riddles among the, [122] n.
—— of Halmahera, their expulsion of the devil, [112]
Algeria, [31];
popular cure in, [60]
All Souls' College, Oxford, the Boy Bishop at, [337]
Allallu bird beloved by Ishtar, [371]
Allhallow Even, [332]
Almora, in Kumaon, [197]
Altars, bloodless, [307]
Ambarvalia, the, [359]
Amboyna, belief in spirits in, [85];
disease-transference in, [187]
Ameretât, a Persian archangel, [373] n. 1
America, Indian tribes of North-Western, their masked dances, [375] sqq.
Amoor, Gilyaks of the, [101]
Amshaspands, Persian archangels, [373] n. 1
Amulets against demons, [95]
Anacan, a month of the Gallic calendar, [343]
Anadates, at Zela, [373] n. 1
Anaitis, a Persian goddess, [355], [368], [369], [370], [389], [402] n. 1, [421] n. 1
Ancestral spirits, propitiation of, [86]
Ancona, sarcophagus of St. Dasius at, [310]
Andalusia, [173]
Anderson, J. D., [176] n. 3
Anderson, Miss, of Barskimming, [169] n. 2
Andree-Eysn, Mrs., quoted, [245] sq.
Animals, transference of evil to, [31] sqq.;
as scapegoats, [31] sqq., [190] sqq., [208] sqq., [216] sq.;
guardian spirits of, [98];
prayed to, [236];
dances taught by, [237];
imitated in dances, [376], [377], [381], [382]
Aninga, aquatic plant in Brazil, [264]
Annam, [33];
demon of cholera sent away on a raft from, [190];
explanation of human mortality in, [303]
Anthesteria, Athenian festival of the dead, [152] sq.
Anthesterion, an Athenian month, [352]
Antibes, Holy Innocents' Day at, [336] sq.
Antinmas, [167]
Antiquity, human scapegoats in classical, [229] sqq.
Antoninus, Marcus, plague in his reign, [64]
Ants, jealousy transferred to, [33];
stinging people with, [263]
Anu, Babylonian god, visit of Ishtar to, [399] n. 1
Apachitas, heaps of stones, [9]
Aphrodite and Adonis, [386]
Aphrodite, the Oriental, [369] n. 1
Apis, sacred Egyptian bull, [217]
Apollo, temple of, at the Lover's Leap, [254]
—— and Artemis, cake with twelve knobs offered to, [351] n. 3
April, Siamese festival of the dead in, [150]
Arab cure for melancholy, [4]
Arabia, [33]
Arabs, their custom as to widows, [35];
their custom in regard to murder, [63];
beat camels to deliver them from jinn, [260];
of Morocco, their custom at the Great Feast, [265]
dances for the crops in, [236]
Araucanians, the, of South America, [12]
Arawaks of British Guiana, their explanation of human mortality, [302] sq.
Arcadian custom of beating Pan's image, [256]
Arch to shut out plague, [5];
creeping through, as a cure, [55]
Arches made over paths at expulsion of demons, [113], [120] sq.
Arctic regions, ceremonies at the reappearance of the sun in the, [124] sq., [125] n. 1
Ardennes, the King of the Bean in the, [314];
the Eve of Epiphany in the, [317]
Argentina, [9]
Argus, the murder of, [24]
Aricia, [305];
the priest of, [273];
King of the Wood at, [409]
Arician grove, the, [274], [305]
—— priesthood, [305]
Aries, the constellation, the sun in, [361] n. 1, [403]
Armenia, the worship of Anaitis in, [369] n. 1
Armenians, their belief in demons, [107] sq.
Arrows, invisible, of demons, [101], [126]
Artaxerxes II., his promotion of the worship of Anaitis, [370]
Artemisia laciniata, garlands of, [284]
Aru Archipelago, [121] n. 3
Arval Brothers, the college of the, at Rome, [230], [232], [238]
Aryan custom of counting by nights instead of days, [326] n. 2
—— languages, names for moon and month in, [325]
—— peoples, their correction of the lunar year, [342]
Aryans of the Vedic age, [324];
Ascalon, Derceto at, [370] n. 1
Ascension Day, cures on Eve of, [54];
annual expulsion of the devil on, [214] sq.;
ceremony at Rouen on, [215] sq.;
bells rung to make flax grow on, [247] sq.
Ash-tree in popular cure, [57]
Ashantee, annual period of license in, [226] n. 1
Ashtaroth, [366]
Ashurbanapal and Sardanapalus, [387] sq.
Asia, Saturnalia in Western, [354] sqq.
Asia Minor, use of human scapegoats by the Greeks of, [255]
Asongtata, an annual ceremony, [208]
Aspen in popular cure, [57]
Ass in cure for scorpion's bite, [49] sq.;
introduced into church at Festival of Fools, [335] sq.;
triumphal ride of a buffoon on an, [402] sq.
Assam, the Kacharis of, [93];
the Lushais of, [94];
the Khasis of, [173];
the Nagas of, [177];
the Garos of, [208] sq.
Assembly of the gods at the New Year in Babylon, [356]
Assimilation of human victims to trees, [257], [259] n. 3
Assyria, Ashurbanapal, king of, [387] sq.
Assyrian monarchs, conquerors of Babylonia, [356]
Assyrians, the ancient, their belief in demons, [102]
Astarte or Ishtar, a great Babylonian goddess, [365].
See also [Ishtar]
—— and Semiramis, [369] sqq.
Aston, W. G., quoted, [213] n. 1
Aswang, an evil spirit, exorcism of, [260]
Athenians, their use of human scapegoats, [253] sq.;
their mode of reckoning a day, [326] n. 2;
their religious dramas, [384]
Athens, Cronus and the Cronia at, [351] sq.
Atkhans, the, of Aleutian Islands, [3]
Atlas, Berbers of the Great, [178]
Atlatatonan, Mexican goddess of lepers, [292];
woman annually sacrificed in the character of, [292]
Atonement, the Jewish Day of, [210]
Attis and Cybele, [386]
Aubrey, John, on sin-eating, [43] sq.
Aucas, the, of South America, [12]
Australia, Central, [2]
——, demons in, [74];
annual expulsion of ghosts in, [123] sq.
Austria, cure of warts in, [48]
Autumn, ceremony of the Esquimaux in late, [125]
Autun, the Festival of Fools at, [335]
Avestad in Sweden, [20]
Axim, on the Gold Coast, [131]
Aymara Indians, their remedy for plague, [193]
Azazel, [210] n. 4
Aztecs, their custom of sacrificing human representatives of gods, [275];
their five supplementary days, [339]
Azur, the month of March, [403]
Baal, human sacrifices to, [353], [354]
Babalawo, priest, [212]
Babar Archipelago, [8];
sickness expelled in a boat from the, [187]
Baboons sent by evil spirits, [110] sq.
Baby, effigy of, used to fertilize women, [245], [249]
Babylon, festival of the Sacaea at, [354] sqq.
Babylonia, belief in demons in ancient, [102] sq.;
conquered by Assyria, [356];
the feast of Purim in, [393]
Babylonian calendar, [398] n. 2
Bacchanalia, Purim a Jewish, [363]
Badagas, the, of the Neilgherry Hills, [36]
Badi, performer at a ceremony, [197]
Baffin Land, the Esquimaux of, [125]
Baganda, the, of Central Africa, [4], [7], [17] sq., [27], [32];
human scapegoats among the, [42]
Bahima, the, of the Uganda Protectorate, [6], [32]
Baiga, aboriginal priest, [27]
Bali, belief in demons in, [86];
periodical expulsion of demons in, [140]
Ball, games of, played as a magical ceremony, [179] sq.;
in Normandy, [183] sq.
Balolo, a sea-slug, [141]
Bamboo-rat sacrificed for riddance of evils, [208] sq.
Bananas, mode of fertilizing, [264];
the cause of human mortality, [303]
Bangkok, [150]
Banishment of evil spirits, [86]
Banks' Islands, [9]
Banks' Islanders, their story of the origin of death, [304]
Banmanas of Senegambia, their custom at the death of an infant, [261] sq.
Banquets in honour of the spirits of disease, [119]
Bantu tribes, [77]
Barabbas and Christ, [417] sqq.
Baraka, blessed influence, [265]
Barat, a ceremony performed in Kumaon, [196]
Barito, river in Borneo, [87]
Baron, S., quoted, [148]
Barwan, river, [123]
Bassa tribe, of the Cameroons, [120]
Bassus, Roman officer, [309]
Basutos, the, [30] n. 2
Batchelor, Rev. J., [261]
Baton of Sinope, [350]
Battas or Bataks of Sumatra, [34];
their belief in demons, [87] sq.;
their use of human scapegoats, [213]
Battle, annual, among boys in Tumleo, [143]
Bavaria, mode of reckoning the Twelve Days in, [327]
——, Rhenish, [56]
Bavarian cure for fever, [49]
Bawenda, the, [30] n. 2
Bean, the King of the, [313] sqq.;
the Queen of the, [313], [315]
—— clan, the, [27]
Beans thrown about the house at the expulsion of demons, [143] sq.;
thrown about the house at the expulsion of ghosts, [155]
“Beardless One, the Ride of the,” [402] sq.
Beating as a mode of purification, [262]
—— human scapegoats, [196], [252], [255], [256] sq., [272] sq.
—— people as a mode of conveying good qualities, [262] sqq.;
with skins of sacrificial victims, [265];
with green boughs, [270] sqq.
—— persons, animals, or things to deliver them from demons and ghosts, [259] sqq.
Beating the air to drive away demons or [pg 428] ghosts, [109], [111], [115], [122], [131], [152], [156], [234]
Beauce and Perche, in France, [57], [62]
Beauvais, the Festival of Fools at, [335] sq.
Bechuana king, cure of, [31] sq.
Bedriacum, the battle of, [416]
Befana at Rome and elsewhere, [167]
Behar, [37] n. 4
Bekes, in Hungary, mode of fertilizing women in, [264]
Bel, a Babylonian deity, [389]
Belethus, J., [270] n.
Belgium, the King of the Bean in, [313]
Bella Coola Indians of N. W. America, their masked dances, [376] n. 2
Bells on animal used as scapegoat, [37];
rung to expel demons, [117];
rung as a protection against witches, [157], [158], [159], [161], [165], [166];
used in the expulsion of evils, [196], [200];
used at the expulsion of demons, [214], [246] sq., [251];
worn by dancers, [242], [243], [246] sqq., [250] sq.;
rung to make grass and flax grow, [247] sq.;
golden, worn by human representatives of gods in Mexico, [278], [280], [284]
Benin, time of the “grand devils” in, [131] sq.
Bergell in the Grisons, [247]
Berkhampstead, cure for ague in, [57] sq.
Berosus, Babylonian historian, [355], [358], [359]
Besisi of the Malay Peninsula, their carnival at rice-harvest, [226] n. 1
Bethlehem, the star of, [330]
Bevan, Professor A. A., [367] n. 2
Beverley minster, the Boy Bishop at, [337]
Bhars of India, [190]
Bhootan, cairns in, [26]
Bhotiyas of Juhar, their use of a scapegoat, [209]
Biajas of Borneo, their expulsion of evils, [200]
Biggar, “Burning out the Old Year” at, [165]
Bikol, in Luzon, [260]
Bilaspur, [44]
Bilda in Algeria, [60]
Birch, sprigs of, a protection against witches, [162];
used to beat people with at Easter and Christmas, [269], [270]
—— -trees in popular cure for gout, [56] sq.
Bird-chief of the Sea Dyaks, [383], [384]
Birds as scapegoats, [35] sq., [51] sq.
Bishop, the Boy, on Holy Innocents' Day, [336] sqq.
—— of Innocents, [333]
Bishop, Mrs., quoted, [99] sq.
Bismarck Archipelago, the Melanesians of the, their belief in demons, [83]
Bithynia and Pontus, rapid spread of Christianity in, [420] sq.
Biyars of N. W. India, [230] n. 7
Black animals as scapegoats, [190], [192], [193]
—— god and white god among the Slavs, [92]
Black and white in relation to human scapegoats, [220], [253], [257], [272]
—— Mountains in S. France, [166]
Blankenheim in the Eifel, the King of the Bean at, [313]
Blood, fatigue let out with, [12];
of children used to knead a paste, [129];
of pigs used in purificatory rites, [262];
drawn from ears as penance, [292]
Bloodless altars, [307]
Blows to drive away ghosts, [260] sqq.
Boars, evil spirits transferred to, [31]
Boas, Franz, quoted, [375] sq.
Bocage of Normandy, games of ball in the, [183] sq.;
mode of forecasting the weather in, [323];
Eve of Twelfth Night in the, [316] sq.
Bock, C., quoted, [97]
Bogle, George, envoy to Tibet, [203]
Bohemia, “Easter Smacks” in, [268], [269];
the Three Kings of Twelfth Day in, [330]
——, the Germans of Western, their custom at Christmas, [270];
Twelfth Day among, [331]
Bohemian cures for fever, [49], [51], [55] sq., [58], [59], [63];
remedy for jaundice, [52]
Böhmerwald Mountains, [159]
Bolang Mongondo in Celebes, [85] sq., [121] n. 3
Bolbe in Macedonia, lake of, [142] n. 1
Bolivia, [9];
Boloki, the, of the Upper Congo, their fear of demons, [76] sq.
Bonfires, leaping over, [156];
on the Eve of Twelfth Day, [316] sqq.
Book of the Dead, the Egyptian, [103]
Borneo, the Dyaks of, [14], [383];
belief in demons in, [87];
the Kayans of, [154] n., [236], [382] sq.;
sickness expelled in a ship from, [187];
the Biajas and Dusuns of, [200]
Bourlet, A., quoted, [97] sqq.
Boy Bishop on Holy Innocents' Day, [336] sqq.
Brahmanism, vestiges of, under Mohammedanism, [90] n. 1
Brahmans, sacrificial custom of the, [25];
as human scapegoats, [42] sq., [44] sq.;
their theory of sacrifice, [410] sq.
Branches, fatigue transferred to, [8];
sickness transferred to, [186]
Brandenburg, Mark of, cure for headache and giddiness in, [52], [53];
cure for toothache in, [60]
Bras Basah, a village on the Perak river, [199]
Brass instrument sounded to frighten away demons, [147]
Brazil, Indians of North-Western, [236];
custom of, [264];
their masked dances, [381]
Breadalbane, use of a scapegoat in, [209]
“Brethren of the Ploughed Fields,” [232]
Bride, the last, privilege of, [183]
Brittany, custom of sticking pins into a saint's image in, [70];
riddles in, [121] sq., n.;
forecasting the weather in, [323] sq.
Brooms used to sweep misfortune out of house, [5]
Broomsticks, witches ride on, [162]
Brown, Dr. George, quoted, [142] n. 1
Bruguière, Mgr., quoted, [97], [150] sq.
Brunnen, Twelfth Night at, [165]
Buchanan, Francis, quoted, [175] sq.
Buckthorn chewed to keep off ghosts, [153];
as a charm against witchcraft, [153] n. 1, [163];
used to beat cattle, [266]
Buddha, transmigrations of, [41];
in relation to spirits, [97];
offerings to, [150]
Buddhism in Burma, [95] sq.;
the pope of, [223]
Buddhist Lent, the, [349] sq.
—— monk, ceremony at the funeral of a, [175]
—— priests expel demons, [116]
Buddhists of Ceylon, [90] n. 1;
nominal, [97]
Budge, E. A. Wallis, quoted, [103] sq.
Buffalo calf, sins of dead transferred to a, [36] sq.
—— dance to ensure a supply of buffaloes, [171]
Buffaloes as scapegoats, [190], [191]
Buffooneries at the Festival of Fools, [335] sq.
Bukaua, the, of German New Guinea, their belief in demons, [83] sq.
Bulgarian cure for fever, [55]
Bulgarians, their way of keeping off ghosts, [153] n. 1
Bulls as scapegoats in ancient Egypt, [216] sq.
Bunyoro, in Central Africa, [195]
Burial of infants, [45]
Burkitt, Professor F. C., [420] n. 1
Burlesques of ecclesiastical ritual, [336] sq.
Burma, belief in demons in, [95] sq.;
expulsion of demons in, [116] sq.;
the tug-of-war in, [175] sq.
Burmese Lent, [349] sq.
“Burning the Old Year,” [230] n. 7;
at Biggar, [165]
—— of Sandan and Hercules, [388] sqq.
—— witches alive, [19], [319];
on May Day in the Tyrol, [158] sq.;
on Walpurgis Night in Bohemia;
[161], in Silesia and Saxony, [163]
Buru, demons of sickness expelled in a proa from, [186]
Burying the evil spirit, [110]
Bushes, ailments transferred to, [54], [56]
Butterflies, annual expulsion of, [159] n. 1
Butterfly dance, [381]
Caffres of South Africa, [11], [30], [31]
Cairns to which every passer-by adds a stone, [9] sqq.;
near shrines of saints, [21];
offerings at, [26] sqq.
See also [Heaps]
Cairo, cure for toothache and headache at, [63]
Cake on Twelfth Night used to determine the King, [313] sqq.;
put on horn of ox, [318] sq.;
offered to Cronus, [351]
Cakes, special, at New Year, [149] sq.;
with twelve knobs offered to gods, [351] n. 3
Calabar, Old, biennial expulsion of demons at, [203] sq.
—— River, [28]
Calabria, annual expulsion of witches in, [157]
Calendar of the Mayas of Yucatan, [171];
of the primitive Aryans, [325];
of the Celts of Gaul, [342] sqq.;
the Coligny, [342] sqq.;
the Alexandrian, [395] n. 1;
the Babylonian, [398] n. 2
Calicut, ceremonies at sowing in, [235]
California, the Pomos of, [170] sq.
Cambodia, annual expulsion of demons in, [149];
palace of the Kings of Cambodia purged of devils, [172]
Cambridge, Lord of Misrule at, [330]
Camel, plague transferred to, [33]
Camels infested by jinn, [260]
Cameroons, the, of West Africa, [120]
Candlemas, dances at, [238]
Candles, twelve, on Twelfth Night, [321] sq.;
burnt at the Feast of Purim, [394]
Cannibal banquets, [279] n. 1, [283], [298]
Canton, the province of, [144]
Caprification, the artificial fertilization of fig-trees, [257]
Caprificus, the wild fig-tree, [258]
Car Nicobar, annual expulsion of devils in, [201] sq.
Carabas and Barabbas, [418] sq.
Carmona in Andalusia, [173]
Carnival, bell-ringing processions at the, [247];
Senseless Thursday in, [248];
in relation to the Saturnalia, [312], [345] sqq.
—— and Purim, [394]
“Carrying out Death,” [227] sq., [230], [252]
Casablanca in Morocco, [21]
Caspar, Melchior, and Balthasar, the Three Kings of Twelfth Day, [329] sqq.
Castilian peasants, their dances in May, [280]
Casting the skin supposed to be a mode of renewing youth, [302] sqq.
Cattle exposed to attacks of witches, [162];
beaten to do them good, [266] sq.
Caucasus, the Albanians of the, [218]
Caunians of Asia Minor, their expulsion of foreign gods, [116]
Cecrops, first king of Attica, [351]
Cedar-bark ornaments worn in dances, [376]
Celebes, Bolang Mongondo in, [85], [121];
Minahassa in, [111] sq.
——, Central, [34], [122] n., [265]
Celts, their mode of forecasting the weather of the year, [323] sq.;
of Gaul, their calendar, [342] sqq.
Ceram, sicknesses expelled in a ship from, [185]
Ceylon, fear of demons in, [94] sq.
Chaeronea, the “expulsion of hunger” at, [252]
Chain used to expel demons, [260]
Chains clanked as a protection against witches, [163];
clanked in masquerade, [244]
Chaldeans, magic of, [64]
Chalking up crosses as a protection against witches, [162] sq.
Chamar caste, [196]
Chamba in India, [45]
Chambers, E. K., quoted, [336] n. 1
Chameleon, ceremony at killing a, [28]
Chariots, epidemics sent away in toy, [193] sq.
Cheremiss of Russia, their expulsion of Satan, [156]
Cherokee Indians, annual expulsion of evils among the, [128]
Cheshire, cure for thrush in, [50];
cure for warts in, [57]
Chickens as scapegoats, [190]
Chicomecohuatl, Mexican goddess of maize, [286] n. 1, [291], [292];
girl annually sacrificed in the character of, [292] sqq.
Childermas (Holy Innocents' Day), [336]
Children personating spirits, [139]
China, the Miotse of, [4];
belief in demons in, [98];
men possessed by spirits in, [117];
the Mossos of, [139];
the Shans of Southern, [141];
annual expulsion of demons in, [145] sqq.
——, aboriginal tribes of, their use of a human scapegoat, [196];
their annual destruction of evils, [202]
Chinese festival of new fire, [359]
Chins of Burma, their way of keeping off cholera, [123]
Chirouba, festival in Manapur, [40]
Chirus of Assam, [177] n. 3
Chitral, devil-driving in, [137]
Chittagong, [63] n. 4
—— Hill Tracts, the Chukmas of the, [174]
Choerilus, historian, [388] n. 1
Cholera sent away in animal scapegoats, [190], [191] sq.
——, demon of, [172];
sent away on a raft, [190]
——, goddess of, [194]
Cholula, a city of Mexico, [281]
Chota Nagpur in India, [19];
annual expulsion of disease in, [139]
Christ, the crucifixion of, [412] sqq.
Christian festivals, the great, timed by the Church to coincide with old pagan festivals, [328]
Christianity, Latin, its tolerance of rustic paganism, [346]
Christmas, custom of young men and women beating each other at, [270];
an old midwinter festival of the sun-god, [328]
—— Day, Mexican festival on, [287];
Old (Twelfth Night), [321]
—— Eve, witches active on, [160]
Chukmas, the tug-of-war among the, [174]
Church bells a protection against witchcraft, [157], [158]
Churn-dashers ridden by witches, [160]
Chwolsohn, D., on the worship of Haman, [366] n. 1
Ciallos, intercalary month of Gallic calendar, [343]
Cilicia, Tarsus in, [388], [389], [391]
Cingalese, the tug-of-war among the, [181];
devil-dancers, [38]
Cinteotl or Centeotl, Mexican goddess of maize, [286] n. 1, [290]
Circumcision Day, [334]
Clangour of metal used to dispel demons, [233]
Clanking chains as a protection against witches, [163]
Clark, J. V. H., [209]
Clarke, E. D., quoted, [20] sq.
Clashing of metal instruments a protection against witchcraft, [158];
used to dispel demons, [233]
Clavigero, historian of Mexico, [286] n. 1
Clippings of nails in popular cures, [57], [58]
Clowns in processions, [244] sq.
Cochinchina, mode of disposing of ghosts in, [62]
Cock, disease transferred to a white, [187];
white, as scapegoat, [210] n. 4
Cocks as scapegoats, [191] sq.
Coligny calendar of Gaul, [342] sqq.
Columella on caprification, [258]
Comana, sacred harlots at, [370] n. 1;
worship of Ma at, [421] n. 1
Comitium, dances of the Salii in the, [232]
Communion by means of stones, [21] sq.
Concubines of a king taken by his successor, [368]
Condé in Normandy, [183]
Confession of sins, [31], [36], [127]
Conflicts, annual, at the New Year, old intention of, [184]
Congrégation de Notre Dame at Paris, [337]
Consumption, cure for, [51]
Cook, A. B., [246] n. 2
Cook, Captain James, [80]
Cootchie, a demon, [110]
Cora Indians of Mexico, their dance at sowing, [238];
their dramatic dances, [381]
Coran, the, [62]
traps for demons in, [61] sq.;
belief in demons in, [99] sq.;
spirit of disease expelled in, [119];
annual expulsion of demons in, [147];
the tug-of-war in, [177] sq.
Coreans, their annual ceremonies for the riddance of evils, [202] sq.
Corn festivals of the Cora Indians, [381]
—— -ears, wreath of, as badge of priestly office, [232]
—— -sieve beaten at ceremony, [145]
Cornel-tree in popular remedy, [55]
Cornouaille in Brittany, [323]
“Corpse-praying priest,” [45]
Corpses devoured by members of Secret Societies, [377]
Cos, custom of Greek peasants in, [266]
Cosmogonies, primitive, perhaps influenced by human sacrifices, [409] sqq.
Cosquin, E., on the book of Esther, [367] n. 3
Coughs transferred to animals, [51], [52]
Couppé, Mgr., quoted, [82]
Crabs change their skin, [303]
Crackers ignited to expel demons, [117], [146] sq.
Creation of the world, legends of, influenced by human sacrifices, [409] sqq.
Creator beheaded, [410];
sacrifices himself daily to create the world afresh, [411]
Creeping through an arch as a cure, [55]
Cretan festival of Hermes, [350]
Crimes, sticks or stones piled on the scene of, [13] sqq.
Criminals sacrificed, [354], [396] sq., [408]
Croatia, Good Friday custom in, [268]
Croesus on the pyre, [391]
Cronia, a Greek festival resembling the Saturnalia, [351];
at Olympia, [352] sq.
Cronion, a Greek month, [351] n. 2
Cronus and the Cronia, [351] sq.;
and the Golden Age, [353];
and human sacrifice, [353] sq., [397]
Cross-roads, [6], [7], [10], [24];
offerings at, [140];
ceremonies at, [144], [159], [161], [196];
witches at, [162]
Crosses painted with tar as charms against ghosts and vampyres, [153] n. 1;
chalked on doors as protection against witchcraft, [160], [162] sq.;
white, made by the King of the Bean, [314]
Crow as scapegoat, [193]
Crucifixion of Christ, [412] sqq.
Cumont, Franz, [309], [393] n. 1
Cuzco, its scenery, [128] sq.
Cybele and Attis, [386]
Cyrus and Croesus, [391]
Dahomey, Porto Novo in, [205]
Dalton, E. T., quoted, [92] sq.
Dance at cairns, [29];
the buffalo dance to ensure a supply of buffaloes, [171];
to cause the grass to grow, [238]
Dancers personate spirits, [375]
Dances of the witches, [162];
of the Salii, [232];
to promote the growth of the crops, [232] sqq., [347];
at sowing, [234] sqq.;
taught by animals, [237];
solemn Mexican, [280], [284], [286], [287], [288], [289];
of Castilian peasants in May, [280];
of salt-makers in Mexico, [284];
to make hemp grow tall, [315];
as dramatic performances of myths, [375] sqq.;
bestowed on men by spirits, [375];
in imitation of animals, [376], [377], [381], [382]
Dances, masked, to promote fertility, [236];
of savages, [374] sqq.;
to ensure good crops, [382]
Dancing to obtain the favour of the gods, [236]
Dandaki, King, [41]
“Dark” moon and “light” moon, [140], [141] n. 1
Darwin, Sir Francis, [153] n. 1
Dasius, martyrdom of St., [308] sqq.
Dassera festival in Nepaul, [226] n. 1
Date palm, artificial fertilization of the, [272] sq.
Davies, T. Witton, [360] n. 2
Dead, disembodied souls of the, dreaded, [77];
worship of the, [97];
ghosts of the, periodically expelled, [123] sq.;
souls of the, received by their relations once a year, [150] sqq.
——, spirits of the, in the Philippine Islands, [82];
in Timor, [85]
Death, the funeral of, [205];
the ceremony of carrying out, [227] sq., [230], [252];
savage tales of the origin of, [302] sqq.
Debang monastery at Lhasa, [218]
December, annual expulsion of demons in, [145];
custom of the heathen of Harran in, [263] sq.;
the Saturnalia held in, [306], [307], [345]
Decle, L., [11] n. 1
De Goeje, M. J., [24] n. 1
Deified men, sacrifices of, [409]
Delaware Indians, their remedies for sins, [263]
Demonophobia in India, [91]
See also [Propitiation]
Demons bunged up, [61] sq.;
omnipresence of, [72] sqq.;
propitiation of, [93], [94], [96], [100];
religious purification intended to ward off, [104];
cause sickness, failure of crops, etc., [109] sqq.;
of cholera, [116], [117], [123];
men disguised as, [170] sq., [172], [173];
decoyed by a pig, [200], [201];
conjured into images, [171], [172], [173], [203], [204], [205];
put to flight by clangour of metal, [233];
banned by masks, [246];
exorcised by bells, [246] sq., [251].
De Mortival, Roger, [338]
Derceto, the fish goddess of Ascalon, [370] n. 1
De Ricci, S., [343] n.
Deslawen, village of Bohemia, [161]
Devil driven away by paper kites, [4]
Devil-driving in Chitral, [137]
Devils personated by men, [235].
See [Demons]
Devonshire, cure for cough in, [51]
Dharmi or Dharmesh, the Supreme God of the Oraons, [92] sq.
Dice used in divination, [220];
played at festivals, [350]
Dieri tribe of Central Australia, their expulsion of a demon, [110]
Dinkas, their use of cows as scapegoats, [193]
Dio Chrysostom on the Sacaea, [368];
his account of the treatment of the mock king of the Sacaea, [414]
Dionysiac festival of the opening of the wine jars, [351] sq.
Dionysus and the drama, [384]
Disease transferred to other people, [6] sq.;
transferred to tree, [7];
caused by ghosts, [85];
annual expulsion of, [139];
sent away in little ships, [185] sqq.
Dittmar, C. von, quoted, [100] sq.
Divination on Twelfth Night, [316]
Divine animals as scapegoats, [216] sq., [226] sq.
—— men as scapegoats, [217] sqq., [226] sq.
Dog, sickness transferred to, [33];
as scapegoat, [51], [208] sq.;
sacrifice of white, [127]
Dog-demon of epilepsy, [69] n.
Doreh in Dutch New Guinea, the tug-of-war at, [178]
Doubs, Montagne de, [316]
Douglas, Alexander, victim of witchcraft, [39]
Doutté, E., [22] n. 2
Doves of Astarte, the sacred, [370] n. 1
Dracaena terminalis, its leaves used to beat the sick, [265]
Dramas, sacred, as magical rites, [373] sqq.
Dravidian tribes of N. India, their cure for epilepsy, [259] sq.
Dreams, festival of, among the Iroquois, [127]
Dreikönigstag, Twelfth Day, [329]
“Driving out the Witches,” [162]
Drowo, gods, [74]
Drums beaten to expel demons, [111], [113], [116], [120], [126], [146], [204]
Dubrowitschi, a Russian village, [173]
Duck as scapegoat, [50]
Dudilaa, a spirit who lives in the sun, [186]
Dumannos, a month of the Gallic calendar, [343]
Duran, Diego, Spanish historian of Mexico, [295] n. 1, [297], [300] n. 1
Durostorum in Moesia, celebration of the Saturnalia at, [309]
Dussaud, René, [22] n. 2
Dusuns of Borneo, their annual expulsion of evils, [200] sq.
Dyak priestesses, [5];
transference of evil, [5];
mode of neutralizing bad omens, [39]
Dyaks, their “lying heaps,” [14];
their Head Feast, [383]
Dying god as scapegoat, [227]
Eabani, Babylonian hero, [398] sq.
Ears, blood drawn from, as penance, [292]
Earth, the Mistress of the, [85]
—— -god, [28];
the Egyptian, [341]
Earthman, the, [61]
East, the Wise Men of the, [330] sq.
—— Indian Islands, [2]
—— Indies, the tug-of-war in the, [177]
Easter an old vernal festival of the vegetation-god, [328]
—— eggs, [269]
—— Eve in Albania, expulsion of Kore on, [157]
—— Monday, “Easter Smacks” on, [268]
“—— Smacks” in Germany and Austria, [268] sq.
—— Sunday, ceremony on the Eve of, [207] sq.
—— Tuesday, “Easter Smacks” on, [268]
Eastertide, expulsion of evils at, in Calabria, [157]
Eck, R. van, quoted, [86]
Edward VI., his Lord of Misrule, [332], [334]
Effigies, disease transferred to, [7];
demons conjured into, [204], [205];
substituted for human victims, [408]
Effigy of baby used to fertilize women, [245], [249]
Eggs, red Easter, [269]
Egypt, mode of laying ghosts in, [63];
modern, belief in the jinn in, [104];
Isis and Osiris in, [386]
Egyptians, the ancient, their belief in spirits, [103] sq.;
their use of bulls as scapegoats, [216] sq.;
the five supplementary days of their year, [340] sq.
Eifel, the King of the Bean in the, [313]
Eight days, feast and license of, before expulsion of demons, [131]
Ekoi, the, of West Africa, [28]
Elamite deities in opposition to Babylonian deities, [366];
inscriptions, [367]
Elamites, the hereditary foes of the Babylonians, [366]
Elaphebolion, an Athenian month, [351]
Elaphius, an Elean month, [352]
Elder brother, the sin of marrying before an, [3]
Elgon, Mount, [246]
Elis, law of, [352] n. 2
Ellis, W., quoted, [80]
Embodied evils, expulsion of, [170] sqq.
Emetics as remedies for sins, [263]
Endle, S., quoted, [93]
England, cure of warts in, [48];
the King of the Bean in, [313];
the Boy Bishop in, [337] sq.
Enigmas, ceremonial use of, [121] n. 3.
See [Riddles]
Entlebuch in Switzerland, expulsion of Posterli at, [214]
Epidaurus, Aesculapius at, [47]
Epidemics attributed to demons, [111] sqq.;
kept off by means of a plough, [172] sq.;
sent away in toy chariots, [193] sq.
Epilepsy, cure for, [2], [331];
Highland treatment of, [68] n. 2;
Roman cure for, [68];
Hindoo cure for, [69] n.;
cured by beating, [260].
See also [Falling Sickness]
Epiphany, annual expulsion of the powers of evil at, [165] sqq.;
the King of the Bean on, [313] sqq.
See also [Twelfth Night]
Eponyms, annual, as scapegoats, [39] sqq.
Equinox, the vernal, festival of Cronus at, [352];
Persian marriages at the, [406] n. 3
Equos, a Gallic month, [343] n.
Erech, Babylonian city, Ishtar at, [398], [399]
Erz-gebirge, the Saxon, [271]
Esagila, temple at Babylon, [356]
Esquimaux of Labrador, their fear of demons, [79] sq.;
of Point Barrow, their expulsion of Luña, [124] sq.;
of Baffin Land, their expulsion of Sedna, [125] sq.;
the Central, the tug-of-war among the, [174];
of Bering Strait, their masquerades, [379] sq.
Esther, fast of, [397] sq.;
the story of, acted as a comedy at Purim, [364]
——, the book of, its date and purpose, [360];
its Persian colouring, [362], [401];
duplication of the personages in, [400] sq.;
the personages unmasked, [405] sqq.
—— and Mordecai equivalent to Ishtar and Marduk, [405];
the duplicates of Vashti and Haman, [406]
—— and Vashti, temporary queens, [401]
Esthonian mode of transferring bad luck to trees, [54];
expulsion of the devil, [173]
Eton College, Boy Bishop at, [338]
Euhemerism, [385]
Euripides, [19]
Europe, transference of evil in, [47] sqq.;
annual expulsion of demons and witches in, [155] sqq.;
annual expulsion of evils in, [207] sqq.;
masquerades in modern, [251] sq.
European folk-custom of “carrying out Death,” [227] sq.
Eve and Adam, [259] n. 3
Evening Star, the goddess of the, [369] n. 1
Evessen, in Brunswick, [60]
Evil, the transference of, [1] sqq.;
transferred to other people, [5] sqq.;
transferred to sticks and stones, [8] sqq.;
transferred to animals, [31] sqq.;
transferred to men, [38] sqq.;
transference of, in Europe, [47] sqq.
—— spirits, banishment of, [86].
See [Demons]
Evil-Merodach, Babylonian king, [367] n. 2
Evils transferred to trees, [54] sqq.;
nailed into trees, walls, etc., [59] sqq.;
occasional expulsion of, [109] sqq., [185] sqq.;
periodic expulsion of, [123] sqq., [198] sqq.;
expulsion of embodied, [170] sqq.;
expulsion of, in a material vehicle, [185] sqq.
See also [Expulsion]
Ewe, white-footed, as scapegoat, [192] sq.
Ewe-speaking negroes of the Slave Coast, [74]
Excommunication of human scapegoat, [254]
Execution by stoning, [24] n. 2
Exeter, the Boy Bishop at, [337]
Exorcising spirits at sowing the seed, [235]
Exorcism of devils in Morocco, [63];
annual, of the evil spirit in Japan, [143] sq.;
Nicobarese ceremony of, [262]
Expiation for sin, [39]
Expulsion of evils, [109] sqq.;
the direct or immediate and the indirect or mediate, [109], [224];
occasional, [109] sqq., [185] sqq.;
periodic, [123] sqq., [198] sqq.;
of embodied evils, [170] sqq.;
of evils in a material vehicle, [185] sqq.;
annual, of demons and witches in Europe, [155] sqq.;
of Trows in Shetland, [168] sq.;
of hunger at Chaeronea, [252];
of winter, ceremony of the, [404] sq.
Faditras among the Malagasy, [33] sq.
Faiths of the world, the great, their little influence on common men, [89]
Falling sickness, cure for, [52], [330].
See also [Epilepsy]
Fans, the, of West Africa, [30] n. 2
“Fast of Esther” before Purim, [397] sq.
Fatigue transferred to stones or sticks, [8] sqq.;
let out with blood, [12]
Fawckner, Captain James, quoted, [131] sq.
Fear as a source of religion, [93]
Feast, the Great, in Morocco, [180], [182], [265]
—— of Lanterns in Japan, [151] sq.
February and March, the season of the spring sowing in Italy, [346]
Ferghana in Turkestan, [184]
Ferrers, George, a Lord of Misrule, [332]
Fertility of the ground, magical ceremony to promote the, [177]
Fertilization, artificial, of fig-trees, [257] sqq., [272] sq.;
of the date palm, [272]
Fertilizing virtue attributed to certain sticks, [264]
“Festival of dreams” among the Iroquois, [127]
—— of the Flaying of Men, Mexican, [296] sqq.
—— of Fools in France, [334] sqq.;
in Germany, Bohemia, and England, [336] n. 1
—— of the Innocents, [336] sqq.
Festivals, the great Christian, timed by the Church to coincide with old pagan festivals, [328]
Fête des Fous in France, [334] sqq.
—— des Rois, Twelfth Day, [329]
Fever, remedy for, [38];
Roman cure for, [47];
popular cures for, [47], [49], [51], [53], [55], [56], [58], [59], [63];
driven away by firing guns, etc., [121]
Fielding, H., quoted, [349] sq.
Fiends burnt in fire, [320]
Fig, the wild, human scapegoats beaten with branches of, [255]
Fig-tree, sacred, [61]
—— -trees artificially fertilized, [257] sqq., [272] sq.;
personated by human victims, [257]
Fights, annual, at the New Year, old intention of, [184]
Figs, black and white, worn by human scapegoats, [253], [257], [272]
Fiji, [15];
annual ceremony at appearance of sea-slug in, [141] sq.
Fir used to beat people with at Christmas, [270], [271]
—— -trees in popular cure, [56]
Fire, Mexican god of, [300];
human sacrifices to, [300] sqq.;
to burn witches, [319]
—— new, at New Year, [209];
Chinese festival of the, [359]
—— sacred, of King of Uganda, [195];
kindled by friction, [391] n. 4
—— -spirit, annual expulsion of the, [141]
Fires extinguished during ceremony, [172];
ceremonial, on Eve of Twelfth Day, [316] sqq.;
to burn fiends, [320].
See also [Bonfires]
Five days' duration of mock king's reign, [407] n. 1
—— days' reign of mock king at the Sacaea, [355], [357];
of Semiramis, [369]
Flax, giddiness transferred to, [53];
bells rung to make flax grow, [247] sq.
Flaying of Men, Mexican festival of the, [296] sqq.
Flemish cure for ague, [56]
Flight from the demons of disease, [122] sq.
Flint, holed, a protection against witches, [162]
Flood, the great, [399] n. 1
Flowers, the goddess of, [278]
Flying Spirits, the, at Lhasa, [197] sq.
Food set out for ghosts, [154]
Fools in processions of maskers, [243]
——, festival of, in France, [334] sqq.;
in Germany, Bohemia, and England, [336] n. 1
Football, suggested origin of, [184]
Fords, offerings and prayers at, [27] sq.
Formosa, [33]
Forty days, man treated as a god during, [281];
man personating god during, [297]
—— nights of mourning for Persephone, [348]
Foucart, G., quoted, [341] n. 1
Fountains Abbey, [338]
Fowler, W. Warde, [67] n. 2, [229] n. 1
Fowls as scapegoats, [31], [33], [36], [52] sq.
France, cure of warts in, [48];
cure for toothache in, [59];
the King of the [pg 435] Bean in, [313] sqq.;
Festival of Fools in, [334] sqq.
Franche-Comté, the King of the Bean in, [313];
bonfires on the Eve of Twelfth Night in, [316];
the Three Kings of Twelfth Day in, [330];
Lent in, [348] n. 1
Frankenwald Mountains, [160]
Frankfort, the feast of Purim at, [394]
Fratres Arvales, [232]
“French and English” or the “Tug-of-war” as a religious or magical rite, [174] sqq.
French cure for fever, [55]
Fresh and green, beating people, [270] sq.
Frogs, malady transferred to, [50], [53]
Fruit-trees, fire applied to, on Eve of Twelfth Night, [317]
Fruitful tree, use of stick cut from a, [264]
Fumigation with juniper and rue as a precaution against witches, [158]
Funeral, relations whipped at a, [260] sq.
—— of Death, [205]
—— ceremony in Uganda, [45] n. 2;
of a Buddhist monk, [175]
Furrow drawn round village as protection against epidemic, [172]
Gallas, their mode of expelling fever, [121];
annual period of license among the, [226] n. 1;
their story of the origin of death, [304]
Gallows-hill, witches at, [162]
Gambling allowed during three days of the year, [150]
Games of ball played to produce rain or dry weather, [179] sq.
Garcilasso de la Vega, [130] n. 1
Garos of Assam, their annual use of a scapegoat, [208] sq.
Gatto, in Benin, [131]
Gaul, the Celts of, their calendar, [342] sqq.
Gazelle Peninsula in New Britain, [82], [303]
Ge-lug-pa, a Lamaist sect, [94]
Geraestius, a Greek month, [350]
Gerard, E., quoted, [106] sq.
Germany, cure for toothache in, [59];
the King of the Bean in, [313]
Ghansyam Deo, a deity of the Gonds, [217]
Ghats, the Eastern, use of scapegoats in the, [191]
Ghosts of suicides feared, [17] sq.;
impregnation of women by, [18];
shut up in wood, [60] sq.;
modes of laying, [63];
diseases caused by, [85];
of the dead periodically expelled, [123] sq.;
Roman festival of, in May, [154] sq.;
driven off by blows, [260] sqq.
Giddiness, cure for, [53]
Gilgamesh, the epic of, [371], [398] sq.;
his name formerly read as Izdubar, [372] n. 1;
a Babylonian hero, beloved by the goddess Ishtar, [371] sq., [398] sq.
Gilgamus, a Babylonian king, [372] n. 1
Gilgenburg in Masuren, [269]
Gilyaks of the Amoor, their belief in demons, [101] sq.
Glamorganshire, cure for warts in, [53]
Glen Mor, in Islay, [62]
Gloucester, the Boy Bishop at, [337]
Gloucestershire, Eve of Twelfth Day in, [318], [321]
Goat's Marsh at Rome, [258]
Goats, evil transferred to, [31], [32];
as scapegoats, [190], [191], [192]
Gobi, the desert of, [13]
God, killing the, [1];
the black and the white, [92];
dying, as scapegoat, [227];
the killing of the, in Mexico, [275] sqq.;
resurrection of the, [400]
Gods and goddesses represented by living men and women, [385] sq.
——, Mexican, burn themselves to create the sun, [410];
Mother of the, [289];
woman annually sacrificed in the character of the Mother of the, [289] sq.
—— shut up in wood, [61];
of the Maoris, [81];
of the Pelew Islanders, [81] sq.;
personated by priests, [287];
represented in masquerades, [377]
Goitre, popular cure for, [54]
Gold Coast of West Africa, expulsion of demons on the, [120], [131] sqq.
Golden Age, the, [353], [386];
the reign of Saturn, [306], [344]
Golden bells worn by human representatives of gods in Mexico, [278], [280], [284]
Gomes, E. H., on the head-feast of the Sea Dyaks, [384] n. 1
Gonds of India, human scapegoats among the, [217] sq.
Gongs beaten to expel demons, [113], [117], [147]
Good Friday, [214];
expulsion of witches in Silesia on, [157];
cattle beaten on, [266];
custom of beating each other with rods on, [268]
Goudie, Mr. Gilbert, [169] n. 2
Gour-deziou, “Supplementary Days,” in Brittany, [324]
Gout, popular cures for, [56] sq.
Graetz, H., [395] n. 1
Gran Chaco, Indians of the, [122], [262]
Grass to grow, dances to cause the, [238];
bells rung to cause the, [247]
Grasshoppers, sacrifice of, [35]
“Grass-ringers,” [247]
Graubünden (the Grisons), [239]
Graves, heaps of sticks or stones on, [15] sqq.
Great Bassam in Guinea, exorcism of evil spirit at, [120]
—— Feast, the, in Morocco, [180], [182], [265]
“—— Purification,” Japanese ceremony, [213] n. 1
Greece, ancient, custom of stone-throwing in, [24] sq.;
human scapegoats in, [252] sqq.;
Saturnalia in, [350] sqq.
Greek use of swallows as scapegoats, [35];
of laurel in purification, [262]
Greek women, their mourning for Persephone, [349]
Greeks, the ancient, their cure for love, [3]
—— of Asia Minor, their use of human scapegoats, [255]
Green boughs, custom of beating young people with, at Christmas, [270]
Grisons, masquerades in the, [239]
Groot, J. J. M. de, quoted, [99]
Grove, the Arician, [305]
Grub in the Grisons, masquerade at, [239]
Grubb, W. Barbrooke, quoted, [78] sq.
Grünberg in Silesia, [163]
Guardian spirits of animals, [98]
Guatemala, [10];
Indians of, [26]
Guaycurus, Indian nation, their ceremony at appearance of the Pleiades, [262]
Gudea, king of Southern Babylonia, [356]
Guessing dreams, [127]
Guiana, British, the Arawaks of, [302]
——, French, the Roocooyen Indians of, [181], [263];
their fear of demons, [78] sq.
Guinea, annual expulsion of the devil in, [131]
——, French, [235]
—— negroes, [31]
Guns fired to expel demons, [116] sq., [119], [120], [121], [125], [132], [133], [137], [147], [148], [149], [150], [203], [204], [221] n. 1;
against witches, [160], [161], [164]
Gypsies, annual ceremony performed by the, [207] sq.
Hagen, B., quoted, [87] sq.
Hair of patient inserted in oak, [57] sq.
Hak-Ka, the, a native race in the province of Canton, [144]
Halberstadt in Thüringen, annual ceremony at, [214]
Hall in the Tyrol, [248]
Halmahera, the Alfoors of, [112];
ceremonies at a funeral in, [260] sq.
Haman, effigies of, burnt at Purim, [392] sqq.
—— and Mordecai, [364] sqq.;
as temporary kings, [400] sq.
—— and Vashti the duplicates of Mordecai and Vashti, [406]
Haman, a god worshipped by the heathen of Harran, [366] n. 1
Hâmân-Sûr, a name for Purim, [393]
Hammedatha, father of Haman, [373] n. 1
Hammer, sick people struck with a, [259] n. 4
Hands of deity, ceremony of grasping the, [356]
Hantoes, spirits, [87]
Hare as scapegoat, [50] sq.
Harlots, sacred, [370], [371], [372];
at Comana, [421] n. 1
Harpooning a spirit, [126]
Harran, the heathen of, their custom in December, [263] sq.;
their marriage festival of all the gods, [273] n. 1;
worship a god Haman, [366] n. 1
Harrison, Miss J. E., [153] n. 1
Harthoorn, S. E., quoted, [86] sq.
Hartland, E. S., [22] n. 2, [69] n. 1
Harvest, annual expulsion of demons at or after, [137] sq., [225]
Hasselt, J. L. van, quoted, [83]
Hastings, Warren, [203]
Haupt, P., [406] n. 2
Hawk, omens from, [384] n. 1
Hawthorn a charm against ghosts, [153] n. 1
Headache, cure for, [2], [52], [58], [63], [64]
Head-feast of the Sea Dyaks, [383], [384] n. 1
Headman sacred, [177] n. 3
Heaps of stones, sticks, or leaves, to which every passer-by adds, [9] sqq.;
on the scene of crimes, [13] sqq.;
on graves, [15] sqq.;
“lying heaps,” [14]
Hearn, Lafcadio, [144]
Hearts of human victims offered to the sun, [279], [298]
Hebrews, their custom as to leprosy, [35]
Hebron, [21]
Hecatombaeon, an Athenian month, [351]
Hecquard, H., [120]
Heitsi-eibib, Hottentot god or hero, [16]
Hemp, augury as to the height of the, [315];
dances to make hemp grow tall, [315]
Hercules, cake with twelve knobs offered to, [351] n. 3;
identified with Sandan, [388];
his death on a pyre, [391]
—— and Omphale, [389]
Hereford, the Boy Bishop at, [337]
Herefordshire, the sin-eater in, [43];
Eve of Twelfth Day in, [318] sqq.
Hermes, wayside images of, [24];
Cretan festival of, [350]
—— and Argus, [24]
Herodotus on the worship of Ishtar (Astarte), [372]
Hide beaten with rods, [231]
Hierapolis, festival of the Pyre at, [392]
Highlands of Scotland, [20];
the Twelve Days in the, [324]
Hildesheim, bell-ringing at, on Ascension Day, [247] sq.
Himalayan districts of N. W. India, [29]
Hindoo Koosh, expulsion of demons in the, [225]
—— tribes, their annual expulsion of demons after harvest, [137]
Hindoos, transference of evil among the, [38];
their fear of demons, [91] sq.
Hirt, H., [325] n. 3
Hobby-horse to carry away spirit of smallpox, [119]
Hochofen, village of Bohemia, [161]
Hockey played as a ceremony, [174]
Holed flint a protection against witches, [162]
Holy Innocents' Day, [336], [337], [338];
young people beat each other on, [270], [271]
Homoeopathic or imitative magic, [177]
Homogeneity of civilization in prehistoric times in Southern Europe and Western Asia, [409]
Honorius and Theodosius, decree of, [392]
Hood Bay in New Guinea, [84]
Horns blown to expel demons, [111], [117], [204], [214];
to ban witches, [160], [161], [165], [166];
at Penzance on eve of May Day, [163] sq.;
—— of straw worn to keep off demons, [118];
of goat a protection against witches, [162]
Horse sacrificed to Mars, [230];
beloved by Ishtar, [371], [407] n. 2;
beloved by Semiramis, [407] n. 2
—— -shoes a protection against witches, [162]
Horus, the birth of, [341]
Hos of N. E. India, their annual expulsion of demons at harvest, [136] sq.
—— of Togoland, their annual expulsion of evils, [134] sqq., [206] sq.
Hosskirch in Swabia, [323]
Hoyerswerda in Silesia, [163]
Huddler or Huttler in the Tyrol, [248]
Hudel-running in the Tyrol, [248]
Huichol Indians of Mexico, [10], [347] n. 3
Huitzilopochtli, great Mexican god, [280], [300];
young man sacrificed in the character of, [280] sq.;
temple of, [287], [290], [297];
hall of, [294]
Huixtocihuatl, Mexican goddess of Salt, [283];
woman annually sacrificed in the character of, [283] sq.
Human god and goddess, their enforced union, [386] sq.
—— representatives of gods sacrificed in Mexico, [275] sqq.
—— sacrifice, successive mitigations of, [396] sq., [408]
—— sacrifices, their influence on cosmogonical theories, [409] sqq.
—— scapegoats, [38] sqq., [194] sqq., [210] sqq.;
in ancient Rome, [229] sqq.;
in classical antiquity, [229] sqq.;
in ancient Greece, [252] sqq.;
reason for beating the, [256] sq.;
victims, men clad in the skins of, [265] sq.
Hunger, expulsion of, at Chaeronea, [252]
Hurons, their way of expelling sickness, [121]
Husbandman, the Roman, his prayers to Mars, [229]
Huss, John, [336] n. 1
Huttler or Huddler in the Tyrol, [248]
Huzuls, the, of the Carpathians, [32] sq., [35]
Hyginus on the death of Semiramis, [407] n. 2
Hysteria cured by beating, [260]
Identification of girl with Maize Goddess, [295]
Idols, nails knocked into, [69] sq.
Igbodu, a sacred grove, [212]
Igliwa, a Berber tribe, [178]
Ilamatecutli, Mexican goddess, [287];
woman sacrificed in the character of, [287] sq.
Ill Luck embodied in an ascetic, [41];
the casting away of, [144]
Im Thurn, Sir Everard F., quoted, [78]
Images, demons conjured into, [171], [172], [173], [203]
Immestar in Syria, [394]
Immortality, how men lost the boon of, [302] sqq.
Impregnation of women by ghosts, [18]
Inanimate objects, transference of evil to, [1] sqq.
Inao, sacred whittled sticks, [261]
Inauguration of a king in ancient India, [263]
Incas of Peru, their annual expulsion of evils, [128] sqq.
Incense used against witches, [158], [159]
India, fear of demons in, [89] sqq.;
epidemics sent away in toy chariots in, [193] sq.;
Dravidian tribes of Northern, [259];
inauguration of a king in ancient, [263];
the Twelve Days in ancient, [324] sq.;
origin of the drama in, [384] sq.
——, the Central Provinces of, [7];
expulsion of disease in the, [190]
——, the North-Western Provinces of, [61];
the tug-of-war in, [181]
Indian Archipelago, expulsion of diseases in the, [199]
—— tribes of N. W. America, their masked dances, [375] sqq.
Indians, mutual scourgings of South American, [262]
Indo-China, worship of spirits in, [97] sq.
Indra, creation of the great god, [410]
Infant, children whipt at death of an, [261] sq.
Infants, burial of, [45]
Infertility, evil spirits of, [250]
Influenza expelled by scapegoat, [191], [193]
Initiation by spirits, [375]
Innocents, Bishop of, in France, [334];
Festival of the, [336] sqq.
Innocents' Day, [336], [337], [338];
young people beat each other on, [270], [271]
Inspired men in China, [117]
Intercalary month, [342] sqq.
—— period of five days, [407] n. 1
—— periods, customs and superstitions attaching to, [328] sq.;
deemed unlucky, [339] sqq.
Intercalation, rudimentary, to equate lunar and solar years, [325] sqq.
Interregnum on intercalary days, [328] sq.
Inversion of social ranks at the Saturnalia and kindred festivals, [308], [350], [407]
Ireland, Twelfth Night in, [321] sq.
Iroquois, their “festival of dreams,” [127];
their use of scapegoats, [209] sq., [233]
Iser Mountains in Silesia, [163]
Iserlohn in Westphalia, [266]
Ishtar, a great Babylonian goddess, [365];
associated with Sirius, [359] n. 1;
at Erech, [398];
her visit to Anu, [399] n. 1;
goddess of fertility in animals, [406] n. 1
See also [Astarte]
—— and Gilgamesh, [371] sq., [398] sq.
—— and Semiramis, [369] sqq.
Isis, the birth of, [341]
—— and Osiris, [386]
Italian cure for fever, [55];
season of sowing in spring, [346]
Italy, cure of warts in, [48]
Izdubar. See [Gilgamesh]
Jackson, Professor Henry, [35] n. 3
Jacobsen, J. Adrian, on the Secret Societies of N. W. America, [377] sqq.
Jalno, temporary ruler at Lhasa, [218], [220], [221], [222]
James, M. R., [395] notes 2 and 3
Jamieson, J., on Trows, [168] n. 1, [169] n. 2
Japan, cure for toothache in, [71];
expulsion of demons in, [118] sq., [143] sq.;
Feast of Lanterns in, [151] sq.;
annual expulsion of evil in, [212] sq.
Jastrow, M., on the epic of Gilgamesh, [399] n. 1
Jataka, the, [41]
Jaundice, cure for, [52]
Java, belief in demons in, [86] sq.;
the Tenggerese of, [184]
Jay, blue, as scapegoat, [51]
Jealousy, cure for, [33]
Jensen, P., [362] n. 1;
his theory of Haman and Vashti as Elamite deities, [366] sq.;
on Anaitis, [369] n. 1;
on the fast of Esther, [398] sq.
Jepur in India, use of scapegoat at, [191]
Jerusalem, the weeping for Tammuz at, [400]
Jewish calendar, New Year's Day of the, [359]
—— converts, form of abjuration used by, [393]
—— Day of Atonement, [210]
—— festival of Purim, [360] sqq.
—— use of scapegoats, [210]
Jews accused of ritual murders, [394] sqq.;
the great deliverance of the, at Purim, [398]
Jinn, belief in the, [104];
infesting camels, [260]
Jochelson, W., quoted, [101]
Johns, Rev. C. H. W., [357] n. 2, [367] notes 2 and 3
Joustra, M., quoted, [88]
Juhar, the Bhotiyas of, [209]
July, the Nonae Caprotinae in, [258]
June, Mexican human sacrifice in, [283]
Jungle Mother, the, [27]
Juniper burned to keep out ghosts, [154] n.;
used to beat people with, [271]
—— berries, fumigation with, as a precaution against witches, [158]
Juno Caprotina, [258]
Jupiter, temple of Capitoline, [66]
Kabyle cure for jealousy, [33]
Kacharis, the, of Assam, their fear of demons, [93]
Kachins of Burma, their belief in demons, [96]
Kai, the, of German New Guinea, [264]
Kalau, demons, [101]
Kaliths, gods of the Pelew Islanders, [81] sq.
Kamtchatka, the tug-of-war in, [178]
Kamtchatkans, their fear of demons, [89]
Kanagra in India, [45]
Kanhar river, [60]
Karens of Burma, their belief in demons, [96]
Karkantzari, fiends or monsters in Macedonia, [320]
Karpathos, a Greek island, [55]
Kasan Government in Russia, the Wotyaks of the, [156]
Kaua Indians of N. W. Brazil, [236];
their masked dances, [381]
Kaumpuli, god of plague, [4]
Kausika Sutra, Indian book of magic, [192]
Kayans, the, of Borneo, [19], [154] n.;
their masked dances, [236], [382] sq.
Keb, the Egyptian Earth-god, [341]
Kei Islands, expulsion of demons in the, [112] sq.
—— river, [11]
Kengtung in Burma, [116]
Kennedy, Prof. A. R. S., quoted, [210] n. 4
Kharwars of N. India, their use of scapegoats, [192]
Khasis of Assam, their annual expulsion of demon of plague, [173]
Khonds, their annual expulsion of demons at seed-time, [138], [234];
their treatment of human victims, [259]
Killing the god, [1];
in Mexico, [275] sqq.
King, temporary, in Siam, [151];
in ancient India, inauguration of a, [263];
assembly for determining the fate of the, [356];
mock or temporary, [403] sq.
—— and Queen of May, [406]
—— of the Bean, [313] sqq.;
at Merton College, Oxford, [332]
—— of the Saturnalia, [308], [311], [312]
—— of the Years at Lhasa, [220], [221]
King's College, Cambridge, Boy Bishop at, [338]
Kings, the Three, on Twelfth Day, [329] sqq.;
magistrates at Olympia called, [352];
marry the wives and concubines of their predecessors, [368]
Kingsley, Mary H., quoted, [74]
Kioga Lake, [246]
Kiriwina, in S. E. New Guinea, [134]
Kirkland, Rev. Mr., [210]
Kitching, A. L., quoted, [246] sq.
Kites, artificial, used to drive away the devil, [4];
paper, flown as scapegoats, [203]
Kleintitschen, P. A., quoted, [82] sq.
Kleptomania, cure for, [34]
Kling or Klieng, a mythical hero of the Dyaks, [383], [384] n. 1
Knives under the threshold, a protection against witches, [162]
Knots tied in branches of trees as remedies, [56] sq.
Knotted thread in magic, [48]
Kobeua Indians of N. W. Brazil, their masked dances, [236], [381]
Kore, expulsion of, on Easter Eve in Albania, [157]
Korkus, the, of India, [7]
Korwas of Mirzapur, their use of scapegoats, [192]
Koryaks, the, of N. E. Asia, their belief in demons, [100] sq.;
expulsion of demons among the, [126] sq.
Kubary, J., quoted, [81] sq.
Kumaon, in N. W. India, [37];
sliding down a rope in, [196] sq.
Kumis, the, of S. E. India, [117]
Kurmis of India, [190]
Kururumany, the Arawak creator, [302]
Kuskokwin River, [380]
Kwakiutl Indians of N. W. America, their masked dances, [376] n. 2, [378]
Labrador, fear of demons in, [79] sq.
Labruguière, in S. France, [166]
Lagarde, on the “Ride of the Beardless One,” [402], [405]
Lakor, island of, [199]
Lama of Tibet, the Grand, [197], [220], [221], [222]
——, the Teshu, [203]
Lamaist sects, [94]
Lanchang, a Malay craft, [187]
Lande-Patry in Normandy, [183]
Lane, E. W., quoted, [104]
Lanterns, feast of, in Japan, [151] sq.
Laos, [29]
Laosians of Siam, their belief in demons, [97]
Last day of the year, annual expulsion of demons on the, [145] sqq.
Latin Christianity, its tolerance of rustic paganism, [346]
Laurel in purification, [262]
Laurels, ceremony of renewing the, [346] n. 1
Lawes, W. G., quoted, [84] sq.
Lead, melted, in cure, [4]
Leafman, the, [61]
Leaping over bonfires, [156]
Leaps to promote the growth of the crops, [232], [238] sqq.
Leaves, disease transferred to, [2];
fatigue transferred to, [8] sqq.;
used to expel demons, [201], [206];
sickness transferred to, [259];
used in exorcism, [262]
Lehmann-Haupt, C. F., [412] n. 1, [415] n. 1
Lehner, Stefan, quoted, [83] sq.
Leith Links, witches burnt on, [165]
Leme, the river, [182]
Lengua Indians, [78]
Lent, ceremony at Halberstadt in, [214];
perhaps derived from an old pagan period of abstinence observed for the growth of the seed, [347] sqq.
—— and the Saturnalia, [345] sqq.
Lenten fast, its origin, [348]
Leobschütz district of Silesia, [268]
Leprosy, Hebrew custom as to, [35];
Mexican goddess of, [292]
Lerwick, ceremony of Up-helly-a' at, [169]
Leti, island of, [199]
Leucadians, their use of human scapegoats, [254]
Lhasa, ceremony of the Tibetan New Year at, [197] sq., [218] sqq.
“Liar's mound, the,” in Borneo, [14]
License, month of general, [148];
periods of, preceding or following the annual expulsion of demons, [225] sq., [306], [328] sq., [343], [344];
granted to slaves at the Saturnalia, [307] sq., [350] sq., [351] sq.
Licentious rites for the fertilization of the ground, [177]
Lichfield, the Boy Bishop at, [337]
Licorice root used to beat people with at Easter, [269]
Liebrecht, F., [392] n. 1
Lienz in the Tyrol, masquerade at, [242], [245]
Lime-tree in popular cure, [59] sq.
Limewood used at expulsion of demons, [156]
Lincoln, the Boy Bishop at, [337]
Lion beloved by Ishtar, [371]
“—— with the Sheepskins,” [265]
Livuans, the, of New Britain, [82]
Livy on the annual custom of knocking a nail, [66];
on the Saturnalia, [345] n. 1
Lizard or snake in annual ceremony for the riddance of evils, [208]
Lizards and serpents supposed to renew their youth by casting their skins, [302] sqq.
Llama, black, as scapegoat, [193]
Loango, practice of knocking nails into idols in, [69] sq.
Lokoala, initiation by spirits, [376]
Lord of the Diamond, [29]
—— of Misrule, [251];
in England, [331] sqq.
Lorraine, King and Queen of the Bean in, [315]
Loth, J., [325] n. 3
Lots cast at Purim, [361] sq.
Louis XIV. as King of the Bean, [313]
Lous, a Babylonian month, [355], [358]
Love, cure for, [3]
Lover's Leap, [254]
Lovers of Semiramis and Ishtar, their sad fate, [371] sq.
Lucian, as to the rites of Hierapolis, [392]
Ludlow in Shropshire, the tug-of-war at, [182]
Lugg, river, [183]
Lules or Tonocotes of the Gran Chaco, their behaviour in an epidemic, [122] sq.
Lumholtz, C., quoted, [10], [347] n. 3
Lunar year equated to solar year by intercalation, [325], [342] sq.
Lusatia, the “Witch-burning” in, [163]
Lushais of Assam, their belief in demons, [94]
Luzon, exorcism in, [260]
Lycaeus, Mount, in Arcadia, human sacrifice on, [353]
Lydia, the burning of kings in, [391]
Lydus, Joannes, [229] n. 1
Ma, goddess worshipped at Comana, [421] n. 1
MacCulloch, J. A., [326] n.
Macdonald, Rev. James, [111] n. 1
Macdonell, Lady Agnes, [164] n. 1
Macedonian superstitions as to the Twelve Days, [320]
Machindranath temple at Lhasa, [219]
Mackenzie, Sheriff David J., [169] n. 2
Macrobius on institution of the Saturnalia, [345] n. 1
Madagascar, [19]
Madis, the, of Central Africa, [217]
Magdalen College, Oxford, the Boy Bishop at, [337]
Magic in ancient India, [91];
and witchcraft, permanence of the belief in, [89];
homoeopathic or imitative, [177], [232], [257]
Magnesia on the Maeander, [397] n. 2
Mahadeva, propitiation of, [197]
Maize, the goddess of the Young, [278];
Mexican goddesses of, [285] sq., [286] n. 1, [290], [291], [292], [294], [295]
Majhwars, Dravidian race of Mirzapur, [36], [60]
Makrîzî, Arabic writer, [393]
Malabar, use of cows as scapegoats in, [216]
Malagasy, faditras among the, [33] sq.
Malay Peninsula, the Besisi of the, [226] n. 1
Malays, their use of birds as scapegoats, [35];
stratification of religious beliefs among the, [90] n. 1
Mallans of India, [190]
Mamurius Veturius in ancient Rome, [229] sqq., [252], [257]
Man-god in China, [117] sq.
Mandan Indians, their annual expulsion of the devil, [171]
Manipur, Rajah of, [39] sq.;
annual eponyms in, [39] sq.
Mannhardt, W., on processions of maskers, [250];
on beating human scapegoats, [255], [272]
Mantras, the, of the Malay Peninsula, their fear of demons, [88] sq.
Maori gods, [81]
Maraves, the, of South Africa, [19]
Marcellus of Bordeaux, [48], [50]
March, annual expulsion of demons in, [149];
annual expulsion of witches in, [157];
annual expulsion of evils in, [199];
ceremony of Mamurius Veturius in, [229], [231];
old Roman year began in, [231], [345];
dances of the Salii in, [232];
bell-ringing procession on the first of, [247];
custom of beating [pg 441] people and cattle in, [266];
marriage festival of all the gods in, [373] n. 1;
festival of the Matronalia in, [346]
Marduk or Merodach, Babylonian god, [356], [357], [399];
as a deliverer from demons, [103];
his ceremonial marriage at New Year, [356];
the votaries of, [372] n. 2
Marjoram a protection against witchcraft, [160]
Mar-na, a Philistine deity, [418] n. 1
Marriage of the god Marduk, [356]
——, mock or real, of human victims, [257] sq.
—— festival of all the gods, [273] n. 1
Mars a god of vegetation, [229] sq.;
the Old, at Rome, [229], [231], [252]
—— Silvanus, [230]
Marsaba, a demon, [109]
Marseilles, human scapegoats at, [253]
Marsh-marigolds a protection against witches, [163]
Martin, Rev. John, quoted, [132] sq.
Martyrdom of St. Dasius, [308] sqq.
Mascal or Festival of the Cross in Abyssinia, [133] sq.
Mashti, supposed name of Elamite goddess, [366] sq.
Mask, two-faced, worn by image of goddess, [287].
See also [Masks]
Masked dances and ceremonies of savages, [374] sqq.;
to promote fertility, [236]
Maskers in the Tyrol and Salzburg, [242] sqq.;
as bestowers of fertility, [249];
supposed to be inspired by the spirits whom they represent, [380], [382], [383]
Masks worn at expulsion of demons, [111], [127], [145], [213];
intended to ban demons, [246];
worn at ceremonies to promote the growth of the crops, [236], [240], [242] sqq., [247], [248] sq.;
worn by the Perchten, [242], [243], [245], [247];
worn by priests who personate gods, [287];
worn in religious dances and performances, [375], [376] n. 2, [378], [379], [380], [382];
burned at end of masquerade, [382];
treated as animate [382]
Masquerades in modern Europe, intention of certain, [251] sq.
Master of the Revels, [333] sq.
Masuren, “Easter Smacks” in, [269]
Mateer, S., quoted, [94]
Mater Dolorosa, the ancient and the modern, [349]
Material vehicles of immaterial things (fear, misfortune, disease, etc.), [1] sqq., [22] n. 2, [23] sqq.
Materialization of prayer, [22] n. 2
Matronalia, festival of the, in March, [346]
Matse negroes of Togoland, [3]
Mawu, Supreme Being of Ewe negroes, [74] sq.
Maxwell, W. E., quoted, [90] n. 1
May, Mexican human sacrifices in, [276], [280];
dances of Castilian peasants in, [280];
the King and Queen of, [406]
—— Day, [359];
Eve of, witches abroad on, [158] sqq.;
in the Tyrol, “Burning out of the Witches” on, [158] sq.;
witches rob cows of milk on, [267]
—— morning, custom of herdsmen on, [266]
Mayas of Yucatan, their annual expulsion of the demon, [171];
their calendar, [171];
their five supplementary days, [340]
Mecca, stone-throwing at, [24]
Mecklenburg, custom on Good Friday in, [266];
mode of reckoning the Twelve Days in, [327]
Medicine-man, need of, [76]
Melanesia, belief in demons in, [82]
Melenik in Macedonia, [320]
Men, evil transferred to, [38] sqq.;
possessed by spirits in China, [117];
divine, as scapegoats, [217] sqq.;
sacrifices of deified, [409]
—— and women forbidden by Mosaic law to interchange dress, [363]
Mengap, a Dyak liturgy, [383]
Merodach or Marduk, Babylonian deity, [356]
Merton College, Oxford, King of the Bean at, [332]
Metageitnion, a Greek month, [354]
Mexican temples, their form, [279]
Mexico, Indians of, [10];
the Cora Indians of, [238], [381];
the Tarahumare Indians of, [236] sq.;
use of skins of human victims in ancient, [265] sq.;
killing the god in, [275] sqq.;
story of the creation of the sun in, [410]
Meyer, Eduard, [349] n. 4
Midsummer Day, [359]
—— Eve, witches active on, [158], [160]
Milan, festival of the Three Kings of Twelfth Day at, [331]
Milk, heifers beaten to make them yield, [266] sq.
Milky juice of wild fig-tree in religious rite, [258]
Mimicry the principle of religious or magical dramas, [374]
Minahassa in Celebes, expulsion of demons in, [111] sq.
Mingoli, spirits of the dead, [77]
Miotse, the, of China, [4]
the Korwas and Pataris of, [192]
Misfortune swept out of house with brooms, [5]
Misrule, the Lord of, [251];
in England, [331] sqq.
Missiles hurled at dangerous ghosts or spirits, [17] sqq.
Mistress of the Earth, [85]
Mitigations of human sacrifice, [396] sq., [408]
Mnevis, sacred Egyptian bull, [217]
Moa, island of, [199]
Mock king, [403] sq.
—— marriage of human victims, [257] sq.
Mockery of Christ, [412] sqq.
Modai, invisible spirits, [93]
Moesia, Durostorum in Lower, [309]
Mogador, [63]
Mohammed and the devil, [24]
Mohammedan custom of raising cairns, [21]
“Moles and Field-mice,” fire ceremony on Eve of Twelfth Night, [317]
Molina, Spanish historian, [130] n. 1
Molonga, a demon, [172]
Mommsen, August, [153] n. 1
Mongol transference of evil, [7] sq.
Monkey sacrificed for riddance of evils, [208] sq.
Montagne du Doubs, [316]
Month during which men disguised as devils go about, [132];
of general license before expulsion of demons, [148];
intercalary, [342] sqq.
—— and moon, names for, in Aryan languages, [325]
Monumbo, the, of German New Guinea, their masked dances, [382]
Moon, bodily ailments transferred to the, [53] sq.;
the waning, [60];
the “dark” and the “light,” [140], [141] n. 1;
temple of the, [218];
hearts of human victims offered to the, [282];
the goddess of the, [341], [381]
—— and month, names for, in Aryan languages, [325]
Moors of Morocco, [31]
Moravia, precautions against witchcraft in, [162];
“Easter Smacks” in, [268], [269]
Mordecai, his triumphal ride in Susa, [403]
—— and Esther equivalent to Marduk and Ishtar, [405];
the duplicates of Haman and Vashti, [406]
—— and Haman, [364] sqq.;
as temporary kings, [400] sq.
Morning Star, personated by a man, [238];
the god of the, [381]
exorcism in, [63];
the tug-of-war in, [178] sq., [182];
custom of beating people in, [265], [266]
Morris-dancers, [250] sq.
Mortality, savage explanations of human, [302] sqq.
Mortlock Islanders, their belief in spirits, [82]
Mosaic law forbids interchange of dress between men and women, [363]
Moses, the tomb of, [21]
Moslem custom of raising cairns, [21]
Mossos of China, their annual expulsion of demons, [139]
Mosul, cure for headache at, [64]
Mother of the Gods, Mexican goddess, [289];
woman annually sacrificed in the character of the, [289] sq.
—— -kin in royal families, [368] n. 1
Moulton, Professor J. H., [325] n. 3, [373] n. 1
Mounds of Semiramis, [370], [371], [373]
Mountain of Parting, [279]
Movers, F. C., on the Sacaea, [368], [387], [388], [391]
Mowat in British New Guinea, [265]
Mrus, the, of Aracan, [12] n. 1
Mule as scapegoat, [50]
Müller, K. O., on Sandan, [389] sq.
Mundaris, the, of N. E. India, their annual saturnalia at harvest, [137]
Munich, annual expulsion of the devil at, [214] sq.
Munzerabad in S. India, [172]
Muota Valley in Switzerland, [166]
Murder, heaps of sticks or stones on scenes of, [15]
Mylitta, Babylonian goddess, [372] n. 2, [390]
Mysore in S. India, [172]
Mysteries as magical ceremonies, [374]
Mythical beings represented by men and women, [385] sq.
Myths in relation to magic, [374];
performed dramatically in dances, [375] sqq.
Nabu, Babylonian god, [358] n.
Nagas of Assam, the tug-of-war among the, [177]
Nahum, the prophet, on Nineveh, [390]
Nahuntí, an Elamite goddess, [369] n. 1
Nailing evils into trees, walls, etc., [59] sqq.
Nails, clippings of, in popular cures, [57], [58];
knocked into trees, walls, etc., as remedy, [59] sqq.;
knocked into idols or fetishes, [69] sq.;
knocked in ground as cure for epilepsy, [330]
Nakiza, the river, [27]
Nat superstition in Burma, [90] n. 1
Nats, spirits in Burma, [175] sq.;
propitiation of, [96]
Navona, Piazza, at Rome, ceremony of Befana on the, [166] sq.
Nebuchadnezzar, his record of the festival of Marduk, [357]
Negritos, religion of the, [82]
Nelson, E. W., on the masquerades of the Esquimaux, [379] sqq.
Nemontemi, the five supplementary days of the Aztec calendar, [339]
Nepaul, Dassera festival in, [226] n. 1
Nephthys, the birth of, [341]
Nettles, whipping with, [263]
Neugramatin in Bohemia, [270]
Neumann, J. B., quoted, [87]
New Britain, the Melanesians of, their belief in demons, [82] sq.;
expulsion of devils in, [109] sq.;
Gazelle Peninsula in, [303]
—— Caledonia, burying the evil spirit in, [110];
mode of promoting growth of taros in, [264]
—— College, Oxford, Boy Bishop at, [338]
—— Guinea, annual expulsion of demons in, [134]
—— Guinea, British, [265];
belief in ghosts in, [84] sq.
—— Guinea, Dutch, [178];
the Papuans of, their belief in demons, [83]
—— Guinea, German, the Yabim of, [188];
the Bukaua of, their belief in demons, [83] sq.;
the Kai of, [264];
the Monumbo of, [382]
—— Hebrideans, their story of the origin of death, [304]
—— yams, ceremonies before eating the, [134] sqq.
—— Year, expulsion of evils at the, [127], [133], [149] sq., [155];
not reckoned from first month, [149] n. 2;
sham fight at the, [184];
ceremony at the Tibetan, [197] sq.;
festival among the Iroquois, [209] sq.;
the Tibetan, [218];
festival at Babylon, [356] sqq.
—— Year's Day in Corea, annual riddance of evil on, [202];
in Tibet, ceremony on, [203];
among the Swahili, [226] n. 1;
young women beat young men on, [271];
of the Jewish calendar, [359]
—— Zealand, human scapegoats in, [39]
Nganga, medicine-man, [76]
Ngoc hoang, his message to men, [303]
Nias, expulsion of demons in, [113] sqq.;
explanation of human mortality in, [303]
Nicaragua, [9]
Nicholas Bishop, [338]
Nicobar Islanders, their belief in demons, [88];
their annual expulsion of demons, [201] sq.
—— Islands, demon of disease sent away in a boat from the, [189] sq.
Nicobarese ceremony of exorcism, [262]
Nights, custom of reckoning by, [326] n. 2
Nineveh, tomb of Sardanapalus at, [388] n. 1;
the burning of Sandan at, [390]
Ninus, Assyrian hero, [391]
Nirriti, goddess of evil, [25]
Nisan, Jewish month, [356], [361], [415]
No, annual expulsion of demons in China, [145] sq.
Noises made to expel demons, [109] sqq., [147]
Nöldeke, Professor Th., on Purim and Esther, [366], [367] n. 1, [368] n.;
on Omanos and Anadates, [373] n. 1
Nonae Caprotinae, Roman celebration of the, [258]
Normandy, the Bocage of, [183] sq., [316], [323]
Northamptonshire cure for cough, [51]
Nortia, Etruscan goddess, [67]
Norwegian sailors, their use of rowan, [267]
Norwich, the Boy Bishop at, [337]
November, annual ceremony in, at catching sea-slug, [143];
expulsion of demons in, [204]
Nut, the Egyptian sky-goddess, [341]
Nyassa, Lake, [10]
Oak and wild olive, pyre of Hercules made of, [391]
—— -trees in popular cures, [57], [60]
Obassi Nsi, earth-god, [28]
October, annual expulsion of demons in, [226] n. 1;
Roman sacrifice of horse in, [230]
Oels, in Silesia, [157]
Oesel, Esthonian island, [14]
Offerings at cairns, [26] sqq.;
to demons, [96]
Oho-harahi, a Japanese ceremony, [213]
Old Christmas Day (Twelfth Night), [321]
Oldenberg, H., quoted, [90] sq.
Oldenburg, popular cures in, [49], [51], [52], [53-58]
Oldfield, H. A., quoted, [226] n. 1
Olive, wild, and oak, pyre of Hercules made of, [391]
—— -tree in popular remedy, [60]
Olympia, festival of Cronus at, [352] sq.
Olynthiac, river, [142] n. 1
Olynthus, tomb of, [143] n.
Omanos at Zela, [373] n. 1
Omens, mode of neutralizing bad, [39]
Omnipresence of demons, [72] sqq.
Omphale and Hercules, [389]
One-eyed buffoon in New Year ceremony, [402]
Onions used to foretell weather of the year, [323]
Onitsha, on the Niger, annual expulsion of evils at, [133];
use of human scapegoats at, [210] sq.
Opening of the Wine-jars, Dionysiac festival of the, [352]
Oraons, the, of Bengal, their belief in demons, [93] sq.;
their use of a human scapegoat, [196]
Orchards, fire applied to, on Eve of Twelfth Day, [317], [319], [320]
Orestes, purification of, [262]
Origin of death, savage tales of the, [302] sqq.
Orinoco, Indians of the, [303]
Orkney Islands, [29];
transference of sickness in the, [49]
Orlagau in Thüringen, [271]
Oscans, the enemies of Rome, [231]
Osiris, the birth of, [341]
—— and Isis, [386]
Ottery St. Mary's, the Boy Bishop at, [337]
Oude, burial of infants in, [45]
“Our Mother among the Water,” Mexican goddess, [278]
Owl represented dramatically as a mystery, [377]
Ox, disease transferred to, [31] sq.
Oxen pledged on Eve of Twelfth Day, [319]
Oxford, Lords of Misrule at, [332]
Pairing dogs, stick that has beaten, [264]
Palm Sunday, Russian custom on, [268]
Pan's image beaten by the Arcadians, [256]
Pancakes to scald fiends on New Year's Eve, [320]
Pandarus, tattoo marks of, [47] sq.
Papa Westray, one of the Orkney Islands, [29]
Papuans, their belief in demons, [83]
Parkinson, R., quoted, [83]
Parti, name of an Elamite deity, [367]
Passover, accusations of murders at, [395] sq.;
the crucifixion of Christ at, [414] sqq.
Patagonians, their remedy for smallpox, [122]
Pataris of Mirzapur, their use of scapegoats, [192]
Pathian, a beneficent spirit, [94]
Paton, L. B., [360] n. 1
Paton, W. R., on human scapegoats in ancient Greece, [257] sq., [259], [272];
on Adam and Eve, [259] n. 3;
on the crucifixion, [413] n. 2
Pauntley, parish of, Eve of Twelfth Day in, [318]
Pawnees, their human sacrifice, [296]
Payne, E. J., [286] n. 1
Peach-tree in popular remedy, [54]
Peaiman, sorcerer, [78]
Peg used to transfer disease to tree, [7]
Pegging ailments into trees, [58] sqq.
Pelew Islanders, their gods, [81] sq.
Peloria, a Thessalian festival resembling the Saturnalia, [350]
Pelorian Zeus, [350]
Pemali, taboo, [39]
Pembrokeshire, cure for warts in, [53]
Penance by drawing blood from ears, [292]
Pennant, Thomas, quoted, [321], [324]
Penzance, horn-blowing at, on the Eve of May Day, [163] sq.
Perak, periodic expulsion of evils in, [198] sqq.;
the rajah of, [198] sq.
Perche and Beauce, in France, [57], [62]
Perchta, Frau, [240] sq.
Perchta's Day, [240], [242], [244]
Perchten, maskers in Salzburg and the Tyrol, [240], [242] sqq.
Percival, R., quoted, [94] sq.
Perham, Rev. J., on the Head-feast of the Sea Dyaks, [383] sq.
Periodic expulsion of evils in a material vehicle, [198] sqq.
Periods of license preceding or following the annual expulsion of demons, [225] sq.
Περίψημα, [255] n. 1
Persephone, mourning for, [348] sq.
Persia, cure for toothache in, [59];
the feast of Purim in, [393]
Persian framework of the book of Esther, [362], [401]
—— kings married the wives of their predecessors, [368] n. 1
—— marriages at the vernal equinox, [406] n. 3
Persians annually expel demons, [145];
the Sacaea celebrated by the, [402]
Peru, Indians of, [3];
Incas of, [128];
Aymara Indians of, [193];
autumn festival in, [262]
Phees (phi), evil spirits, [97]
Philadelphia in Lydia, coin of, [389]
Philippine Islands, spirits of the dead in the, [82]
Philippines, the Tagbanuas of the, [189]
Philo of Alexandria, on the mockery of King Agrippa, [418]
Phocylides, the poet, on Nineveh, [390]
Phrygia, Cybele and Attis in, [386]
Piazza Navona at Rome, Befana on the, [166] sq.
Pig used to decoy demons, [200], [201]
Pig's blood used in purificatory rites, [262]
Pilate and Christ, [416] sq.
Piles of sticks or stones. See [Heaps]
Pillar, fever transferred to a, [53]
Pine-resin burnt as a protection against witches, [164]
Pins stuck into saint's image, [70] sq.
Pinzgau district of Salzburg, [244]
Pitch smeared on doors to keep out ghosts, [153]
Pitchforks ridden by witches, [160], [162]
Pithoria, village in India, [191]
Pitteri Pennu, the god of increase, [138]
Plague transferred to plantain-tree, [4] sq.;
god of, [4];
transferred to camel, [33];
preventive of, [64];
demon of, expelled, [173];
sent away in scapegoat, [193]
Plato on parricide, etc., [24] sq.;
on poets, [35] n. 3;
on sorcery, [47]
Playfair, Major A., quoted, [208] sq.
Pleiades, ceremony at the appearance of the, [262];
observed by savages, [326]
Pliny on cure of warts, [48] n. 2;
on cure for epilepsy, [68]
Pliny's letter to Trajan, [420]
Plough drawn round village to keep off epidemic, [172] sq.
—— Monday, the rites of, [250] sq.
Ploughing, ceremonies at, [235]
Plutarch on “the expulsion of hunger,” [252]
Po Then, a great spirit, [97]
Point Barrow, the Esquimaux of, [124]
Pollution caused by murder, [25]
Polynesia, demons in, [80] sq.
Pomerania, [17]
Pomos of California, their expulsion of devils, [170] sq.
Pongau district of Salzburg, [244]
Pontarlier, Eve of Twelfth Day in, [316]
Pontiff of Zela in Pontus, [370], [372]
Pontus, rapid spread of Christianity in, [420] sq.
Porphyry on demons, [104]
Port Charlotte in Islay, [62]
—— Moresby in New Guinea, [84]
Porto Novo, annual expulsion of demons at, [205]
Poseidon, cake with twelve knobs offered to, [351]
Posterli, expulsion of, [214]
Potala Hill at Lhasa, [197]
Poverty, annual expulsion of, [144] sq.
Powers, Stephen, quoted, [170] sq.
Prajapati, the sacrifice of the creator, [411]
Prayer, the materialization of, [22] n. 2;
at sowing, [138]
Prayers at cairns or heaps of sticks or leaves, [26], [28], [29] sq.
Presteign in Radnorshire, the tug-of-war at, [182] sq.
Priest, the corpse-praying, [45]
Priests personating gods, [287]
Proa, demons of sickness expelled in a, [185] sqq.;
diseases sent away in a, [199] sq.
Processions for the expulsion of demons, [117], [233];
bell-ringing, at the Carnival, [247];
to drive away demons of infertility, [245];
of maskers, W. Mannhardt on, [250]
Procopius, quoted, [125] n. 1
Propertius, [19]
Propitiation of ancestral spirits, [86];
of demons, [93], [94], [96], [100]
Prussia, “Easter Smacks” in, [268]
——, West, [17]
Prussian rulers, formerly burnt, [391]
Public expulsion of evils, [109] sqq.
—— scapegoats, [170] sqq.
Puḫru, “assembly,” [361]
Puithiam, sorcerer, [94]
Puna Indians, [9]
Punjaub, human scapegoats in the, [196]
Puppy, blind, as scapegoat, [50]
Pur in the sense of “lot,” [361]
Purification by bathing or washing, [3] sq.;
by means of stone-throwing, [23] sqq.;
religious, intended to keep off demons, [104] sq.;
the Great, a Japanese ceremony, [213] n. 1;
by beating, [262];
Feast of the, (Candlemas), [332]
—— festival among the Cherokee Indians, [128]
Purim, the Jewish festival of, [360] sqq.;
custom of burning effigies of Haman at, [392] sqq.;
compared to the Carnival, [394];
its relation to Persia, [401] sqq.
Purushu, great primordial giant, [410]
Pyre, traditionary death of Asiatic kings and heroes on a, [387], [388], [389] sqq.;
festival of the, at Hierapolis, [392]
Pythagoras, his saying as to swallows, [35] n. 3
Quauhtitlan, city in Mexico, [301]
Queen of the Bean, [313], [315]
Queensland, tribes of Central, their expulsion of a demon, [172]
Quetzalcoatl, a Mexican god, [281], [300];
man sacrificed in the character of, [281] sq.
“Quickening” heifers with a branch of rowan, [266] sq.
Quixos, Indians of the, [263]
Ra, the Egyptian Sun-god, [341]
Races to ensure good crops, [249]
Radnorshire, [182]
Rafts, evils expelled in, [199], [200] sq.
Rain, charms to produce, [175] sq., [178] sq.;
or drought, games of ball played to produce, [179] sq.;
dances to obtain, [236] sq., [238];
festival to procure, [277];
divinities of the, [381]
—— gods of Mexico, [283]
Rainy season, expulsion of demons at the beginning of the, [225]
Rajah of Manipur, [39] sq.;
of Travancore, [42] sq.;
of Tanjore, [44]
Ramsay, Sir W. M., [421] n. 1
Ranchi, in Chota Nagpur, [139]
Rattles to keep out ghosts, [154] n.
Raven legends among the Esquimaux, [380]
Red thread in popular cure, [55]
—— and yellow paint on human to represent colours of maize, [285]
Reed, W. A., quoted, [82]
Reinach, Salomon, [420] n. 1
Renan, Ernest, [70]
Renewal, annual, of king's power at Babylon, [356], [358]
Resurrection, the divine, in Mexican ritual, [288], [296], [302];
of the dead god, [400]
Revelry at Purim, [363] sq.
Revels, Master of the, [333] sq.
Rhea, wife of Cronus, [351]
Rhodians, their annual sacrifice of a man to Cronus, [353] sq., [397]
Rhys, Sir John, [343] n.;
quoted, [70] sq.
Ribhus, Vedic genii of the seasons, [325]
Rice-harvest, carnival at the, [226] n. 1
Richalm, Abbot, his fear of devils, [105] sq.
Riddles asked at certain seasons or on certain occasions, [120] sq., n.
“Ride of the Beardless One,” a Persian New Year ceremony, [402] sq.
Ridgeway, W., [353] n. 4;
on the origin of Greek tragedy, [384] n. 2
Ridley, Rev. W., quoted, [123] sq.
Riedel, J. G. F., quoted, [85]
Rig Veda, story of creation in the, [410]
Ring suspended in Purim bonfire, [393]
Rings, headache transferred to, [2]
Ritual murder, accusations of, brought against the Jews, [394] sqq.
River of Good Fortune, [28]
Rivers used to sweep away evils, [3] sq., 5;
offerings and prayers to, [27] sq.
Rivros, a month of the Gallic calendar, [343]
Rockhill, W. W., [220] n. 1
Rogations, [277]
Roman cure for fever, [47];
for epilepsy, [68]
—— festival in honour of ghosts, [154] sq.
—— husbandman, his prayers to Mars, [229]
—— seasons of sowing, [232]
—— soldiers, celebration of the Saturnalia by, [308] sq.
Romans, their mode of reckoning a day, [326] n. 2
Rome, the knocking of nails in ancient, [64] sqq.;
Piazza Navona at, [166] sq.;
ancient, human scapegoats in, [229] sqq.;
the Saturnalia at, [307] sq.
Romulus, disappearance of, [258]
Roocooyen Indians of French Guiana, [263];
their tug-of-war, [181]
Roof, dances on the, [315]
Rook, expulsion of devil in island of, [109]
Rope, ceremony of sliding down a, [196] sqq.
Ropes used to keep off demons, [120], [149];
used to exclude ghosts, [152] sq., [154] n.
Roscher, W. H., on the Salii, [231] n. 3
Roscommon, Twelfth Night in, [321] sq.
Rosemary, used to beat people with, [270], [271]
Rouen, ceremony on Ascension Day at, [215] sq.
Roumanians of Transylvania, [16];
their belief in demons, [106] sq.
Rowan-tree, cattle beaten with branches of, on May Day, [266] sq.;
used to keep witches from cows, [267]
Rue, fumigation with, as a precaution against witches, [158]
Rupture, popular cures for, [52], [60]
Russia, the Wotyaks of, [155] sq.
Russian custom on Palm Sunday, [268]
—— villagers, their precautions against epidemics, [172] sq.
Rutuburi, a dance of the Tarahumare Indians, [237]
Sacaea, a Babylonian festival, [354] sqq.;
in relation to Purim, [359] sqq.;
and Zakmuk, [399];
celebrated by the Persians, [402]
Sacred dramas, as magical rites, [373] sqq.
—— harlots, [370], [371], [372]
—— slaves, [370]
Sacrifice, human, successive mitigations of, [396] sq., [408];
the Brahmanical theory of, [410] sq.
Sacrifices, human, their influence on cosmogonical theories, [409] sqq.;
of deified men, [409]
Sacrificial victims, beating people with the skins of, [265]
Sagar in India, use of scapegoat at, [190] sq.
Sahagun, B. de, [276], [280], [300] n. 1, [301] n. 1
“Saining,” a protection against spirits, [168]
St. Barbara's Day, custom of putting rods in pickle on, [270]
St. Dasius, martyrdom of, [308] sqq.
St. Edmund's Day in November, [332]
St. Eustorgius, church of, at Milan, [331]
St. George, Eve of, witches active on the, [158]
St. George's Day among the South Slavs, [54]
St. Guirec, [70]
St. Hiztibouzit, [413] n. 2
St. John the Baptist, [53]
St. John (the Evangelist), festival of, [334]
St. John's Day in Abyssinia, [133]
St. John's wort a protection against witchcraft, [160]
St. Joseph, feast of, [297]
St. Nicholas Day, [337], [338]
St. Paul's, London, the Boy Bishop at [337]
St. Peter's, Canterbury, the Boy Bishop at, [337]
St. Peter's Day (22nd February), ceremony on, [159] n. 1
St. Pierre d'Entremont in Normandy, [183]
St. Romain, the shrine of, at Rouen, [216]
St. Stephen's Day, [333], [334];
custom of beating young women on, [270]
St. Sylvester's Day (New Year's Eve), precautions against witches on, [164] sq.
—— Eve at Trieste, [165]
St. Tecla, [52]
St. Thomas's Eve, witches active on, [160]
Saints, cairns near shrines of, [21];
Salii, the dancing priests of Mars, [231] sqq.
Salisbury, the Boy Bishop at, [337], [338]
Salt, the goddess of, [278], [283]
—— -makers worship the goddess of Salt, [283];
their dance, [284]
Saluting the rising sun, a Syrian custom, [416]
Salzburg, the Perchten in, [240], [242] sqq.
Samon, a month of the Gallic calendar, [343]
Sampson, Agnes, a witch, [38]
Samsi-Adad, king of Assyria, [370] n. 1
Samyas monastery near Lhasa, [220]
San Pellegrino, church of, at Ancona, [310]
Sandan, [368];
legendary or mythical hero of Western Asia, [388] sqq.
Sandes, the Persian Hercules, [389].
See [Sandan]
Santiago Tepehuacan, Indians of, [4], [347]. 4
Sarawak, the Sea Dyaks of, [154]
Sardan or Sandan, the burning of, [389] sq.
Sardanapalus, [368]; the epitaph of, [388]
—— and Ashurbanapal, [387] sq.
Sarn, valley of the, in Salzburg, [245]
Sarum use, service-books of the, [338]
Satan annually expelled by the Wotyaks, [155] sq.;
by the Cheremiss, [156]
Saturn, the Roman god of sowing, [232], [306], [307] n. 1;
his festival the Saturnalia, [306] sqq.;
and the Golden Age, [306], [344], [386];
man put to death in the character of, [309];
dedication of the temple of, [345] n. 1;
the old Italian god of sowing, [346]
Saturnalia among the Hos and Mundaris of N. E. India, [136] sq.;
and kindred festivals, [306] sqq.;
the Roman, [306] sqq.;
as celebrated by Roman soldiers, [308] sq.;
the King of the, [308], [311], [312];
its relation to the Carnival, [312], [345] sqq.;
and Lent, [345] sqq.;
in ancient Greece, [350] sqq.;
in Western Asia, [354] sqq.;
wide prevalence of festivals like the, [407] sqq.
Savages, their regulation of the calendar, [326]
Saxon cure for rupture, [52]
Scapegoat, plantain-tree as a, [5];
decked with women's ornaments, [192];
Jewish use of, [210];
a material vehicle for the expulsion of evils, [224]
Scapegoats, immaterial objects as, [1] sqq.;
animals as, [31] sqq., [190] sqq., [208] sqq.;
birds as, [35] sq.;
human beings as, [38] sqq., [210] sqq.;
public, [170] sqq.;
divine animals as, [216] sq., [226] sq.;
divine men as, [217] sqq., [226] sq.;
in general, [224] sqq.
——, human, [194] sqq.;
in classical antiquity, [229] sqq.;
in ancient Greece, [252] sqq.;
cast into the sea, [254] sq.;
reason for beating the, [256] sq.
“Scaring away the devil” at Penzance on the Eve of May Day, [163] sq.
Scarlet thread in charm against witchcraft, [267]
Schechter, Dr. S., [364] n. 1
Scheil, Father, on Elamite inscriptions, [367] n. 3
Schmeckostern in Germany and Austria, [268] sq.
Schönthal, the abbot of, [105]
Schönwert, village of Bohemia, [161]
Schrader, O., [326] n.
Schuyler, E., [45]
Schwaz, on the Inn, the “grass-ringers” at, [247]
Scorpion's bite, cure for, [49] sq.
Scotch witch, [38] sq.
Scotland, the Highlands of, [20];
cure of warts in, [48];
witches burnt in, [165];
Abbot of Unreason in, [331].
See also [Highlands]
Scourgings, mutual, of South American Indians, [262]
Scythian kings married the wives of their predecessors, [368] n. 1
Scythians, revellers disguised as, [355]
Sea, scapegoats cast into the, [254] sq.
—— Dyaks of Sarawak, their Festival of Departed Spirits, [154]
Sea-god, sacrifice to, [255]
—— -slugs, ceremonies at the annual appearance of, [141] sqq.
Secret Societies in North-Western America, [377] sq.
Sedna, Mistress of the Nether World, among the Esquimaux, [125] sq.
Seed-time, annual expulsion of demons at, [138]
Selangor, demons of disease expelled in a ship from, [187] sq.
Selemnus, the river, [3]
Seler, E., [277]
Seleucia, [64]
Semiramis, mythical and historical, [369] sqq.;
the mounds of, [370], [371], [373], [388] n. 1;
the sad fate of her lovers, [371];
burnt herself on a pyre, [407] n. 2
Sena-speaking people, [7]
Senegambia, [16];
the Banmanas of, [261]
Senseless Thursday in Carnival, [248]
September, expulsion of evils by the Incas of Peru in, [128]
Serpents and lizards supposed to renew their youth by casting their skins, [302] sqq.
Servians, their precaution against vampyres, [153] n. 1
Set, the birth of, [341]
Sham fight at New Year, [184];
as religious rite, [289]
Shaman, function of the, [79] sq.
Shamans, necessity of, [99], [100];
expel demons, [126];
among the Esquimaux, [379], [380]
Shammuramat and Semiramis, [370] n. 1
Shampoo, the fatal, [42]
Shans of Kengtung, their expulsion of demons, [116] sq.;
of Southern China, their annual expulsion of the fire-spirit, [141]
Shawms blown to ban witches, [160]
Sheepskins, people beaten with, [265]
Shepherd beloved by Ishtar, [371]
Shetland Islands, Yule in the, [167] sqq.
Shinto priest, [116]
Ship, sicknesses expelled in a, [185] sqq.;
demons expelled in a, [201] sq.
Shogun's palace in Japan, [144]
“Shooting the Witches,” [164]
Shropshire, [182];
the sin-eater in, [44];
fires on Twelfth Night in, [321]
Shrove Tuesday, the tug-of-war on, [182] sq.;
dances to promote the growth of the crops on, [239], [347]
Siam, the Laosians of, [97];
annual expulsion of demons in, [149] sqq.;
human scapegoats in, [212]
Siamese year of twelve lunar months, [149] n. 2
Sicily, Ascension Day in, [54]
Sickness transferred to animals in Europe, [49] sqq.;
ascribed to demons, [109] sqq.
Sicknesses expelled in a ship, [185] sqq.
Sihanaka, the, of Madagascar, [2]
Sikhim, cairns in, [26];
demonolatry in, [94]
Silence, compulsory, to deceive demons, [132] sq., [140].
Compare [142]
Silesia, expulsion of witches on Good Friday in, [157];
precautions against witches in, [162] sq., [164];
“Easter Smacks” in, [268], [269];
mode of reckoning the Twelve Days in, [327]
Silili, a Babylonian goddess, [371]
Sin-eater, the, [43] sq.
Sin-eating in Wales, [43] sq.
Singalang Burong, a Dyak war-god, [383]
Sins, confession of, [36], [127];
transferred to a buffalo calf, [36] sq.;
transferred vicariously to human beings, [39] sqq.;
of people transferred to animals, [210];
Delaware Indian remedies for, [263]
Sirius associated with Ishtar, [359] n. 1
Situa, annual festival of the Incas, [128]
Siyins, of N. E. India, their belief in demons, [93]
Skin disease, supposed remedy for, [266];
Mexican remedy for, [298]
Skins, creatures that slough their, supposed to renew their youth, [302] sqq.
—— of human victims, worn by men in Mexico, [265] sq., [288], [290], [294] sq., [296] sqq., [301] sq.
—— of sacrificial victims used to beat people, [265]
Sky-goddess, the Egyptian, [341]
Sladen, Colonel, [141]
Slave Coast, [74]
—— women, religious ceremony performed by, [258]
Slaves, license granted to, at the Saturnalia, [307] sq., [350] sq., [351] sq.;
feasted by their masters, [308], [350] sq.;
feasted by their mistresses, [346]
Slavonia, Good Friday custom in, [268]
Slavonic custom of “carrying out Death,” [230]
—— peoples, “Easter Smacks” among the, [268]
—— year, the beginning of the, [228]
Slavs, black god and white god among the, [92]
Sleeman, General Sir William, [191]
Sloth, the animal, imitated by masker, [381]
Sloughing the skin supposed to be a mode of renewing youth, [302] sqq.
Smallpox, cure for, [6];
attributed to a devil, [117], [119], [120], [123];
expelled in a proa, [186]
——, demon of, [172];
sent away in a canoe, [188] sq.
Smell, foul, used to drive demons away, [112]
Smith, W. Robertson, on Semiramis, [369] sq.
Smut in wheat, ceremony to prevent, [318]
Snails as scapegoats, [52], [53]
Snake or lizard in annual ceremony for the riddance of evils, [208]
Snipe as scapegoat, [51]
Social ranks, inversion of, at festivals, [350], [407]
Socrates, church historian, [394]
Sods, freshly cut, a protection against witches, [163]
Soldiers, Roman, celebration of the Saturnalia by, [308] sq.
Solomon Islanders, their expulsion of demons, [116]
—— Islands, [9]
Solstice, the winter, ceremony after the, [127]
Soma, worship of, [90]
Songs, liturgical, revealed by gods, [381]
—— and dances, how they originate, [378] sq.
Sonnenberg, popular cure for gout in, [56]
Soracte, Mount, [311]
Sorcerers as protectors against demons, [94];
exorcise demons, [113]
Soule, a ball contended for in Normandy, [183]
Souls of the dead received once a year by their relations, [150] sqq.
South American Indians, [12], [20]
Sow as scapegoat, [33]
Sowing, prayer at, [138];
expulsion of demons at, [225];
the god of, [232];
dances at, [234] sqq.;
Saturn the god of, [346];
in Italy, season of the spring, [346]
Sown fields, fire applied to, on Eve of Twelfth Night, [316], [318], [321]
Spain, the Boy Bishop in, [338]
Spear, sacred, [218]
Spears used to expel demons, [115], [116]
Spirits, retreat of the army of, [72] sq.;
guardian, [98];
good and evil, personated by children, [139];
Festival of Departed, [154]
Spitting as a mode of transferring evil, [3], [10], [11];
as a mode of transferring disease, [187];
at ceremony for expulsion of evils, [208]
Spittle as a protection against demons, [118]
Spring, rites to ensure the revival of life in, [400]
Squills used to beat human scapegoats, etc., [255] sq.
Star, the Morning, personated by a man, [238];
of Bethlehem, [330]
Steele, Sir Richard, quoted, [333]
Sternberg, L., quoted, [101] sq.
Sticks, fertilizing virtue attributed to certain, [264] sq.
—— and stones, evils transferred to, [8] sqq.;
piled on the scene of crimes, [13] sqq.
See also [Throwing]
Stinging young people with ants and wasps, custom of, [263]
Stone-throwing at Mecca, rite of, [24];
in ancient Greece, [24] sq.
Stones heaped up near shrines of saints, [21];
communion by means of, [21] sq.;
thrown at demons, [131], [146], [152]
—— and sticks, evil transferred to, [8] sqq.;
piled on the scene of crimes, [13] sqq.
See also [Throwing]
Stoning, execution by, [24] n. 2
—— human scapegoats, [253], [254]
Stopfer, maskers in Switzerland, [239]
Stow, John, on Lords of Misrule, quoted, [331] sq.
Strabo, on the Sacaea, [355], [369];
on the worship at Zela, [370] n. 4;
on the sanctuary at Zela, [421] n. 1
Strack, H. L., [395] n. 3
Stratification of religious beliefs among the Malays, [90] n. 1
Straw wrapt round fruit-trees as a protection against evil spirits, [164]
Strehlitz, in Silesia, [157]
Strudeli and Strätteli, [165]
Substitutes in human sacrifice, [396] sq., [408]
Sucla-Tirtha in India, expulsion of sins in, [202]
Suffering, principle of vicarious, [1] sq.
Suffolk cure for ague, [68]
Suicides, ghosts of, feared, [17] sq.
Sukandar river, [60]
Sumatra, the Battas or Bataks of, [87], [213]
Sun, appeal to the, [3];
charm to prevent the sun from setting, [30] n. 2;
reappearance of, in the Arctic regions, ceremonies at, [124] sq., [125] n. 1;
temple of the, at Cuzco, [129];
spirit who lives in the, [186];
hearts of human victims offered to the, [279], [298];
Mexican story of the creation of the, [410];
Syrian custom of saluting the rising, [416]
—— -god, Christmas, an old pagan festival of the, [328];
the Egyptian, [341]
Sunderland, cure for cough in, [52]
Süntevögel or Sunnenvögel, [159] n. 1
Superhuman power supposed to be acquired by actors in sacred dramas, [382], [383]
Supplementary days of the year, [171]
Supreme Being in West Africa, [74] sq.
—— God of the Oraons, [92] sq.
Susa, capital of the Elamites, [366]
Swabia, the “Twelve Lot Days” in, [322]
Swahili, the, of East Africa, their New Year's Day, [226] n. 1
Swallow dance, [381]
Swallows as scapegoats, [35]
Sweeping misfortune out of house with brooms, [5]
—— out the town, annual ceremony of, [135]
Swords used to ward off or expel demons, [113], [118], [119], [120], [123], [203];
carried by mummers, [245]
Aphrodite and Adonis in, [386]
Syro-Macedonian calendar, [358] n. 1
Tagbanuas of the Philippines, their custom of sending spirits of disease away in little ships, [189]
Tahiti, transference of sins in, [45] sq.
Tahitians, the, [80]
Taigonos Peninsula, [126]
Taleins, the, of Burma, their worship of demons, [96]
Talmud, the, on Purim, [363]
Tamanachiers, Indian tribe of the Orinoco, [303]
Tamanawas, dramatic performances of myths, [376], [377]
Tamarisk branches used to beat people ceremonially, [263]
Tammuz, the lover of Ishtar, [371], [373];
annual death and resurrection of, [398];
at Jerusalem, the weeping for, [400].
See also [Adonis]
Tanganyika, Lake, [10]
Tangkhuls of Assam, [177]
Tanjore, Rajah of, [44]
Taoism, [99]
Tar to keep out ghosts and witches, [153] n. 1
—— -barrels burnt, [169]
Tarahumares, the, of Mexico, [10];
their dances for the crops, [236] sqq.
Taros, mode of fertilizing, [264]
Tarsus in Cilicia, Sandan at, [388], [389], [391], [392]
Taupes et Mulots, fire ceremony on Eve of Twelfth Night, [317]
Tavernier, J. B., quoted, [148] n. 1
Taylor, Rev. J. C., quoted, [133], [211]
Taylor, Rev. R., quoted, [81]
Tellemarken in Norway, [14]
Telugu remedy for a fever, [38]
Temple, Sir Richard C., quoted, [88]
Temple, the Inner and the Middle, Lords of Misrule in the, [333]
—— church, Lord of Misrule in the, [333]
Temporary king, [403] sq.;
in Siam, [151]
Tench as scapegoat, [52]
Tenggerese of Java, their sham fight at New Year, [184]
Tepehuanes, the, of Mexico, [10]
Teshu Lama, the, [203]
—— Lumbo in Tibet, [203]
Teso people of Central Africa, their use of bells to exorcise fiends, [246] sq.
Tezcatlipoca, great Mexican god, [276];
young man annually sacrificed in the character of, [276] sqq.
Thales on spirits, [104]
Thargelia, human scapegoats at the festival of the, [254], [255], [256], [257], [259], [272], [273]
Thay, the, of Indo-China, their worship of spirits, [97] sq.
Theal, G. McCall, on fear of demons, [77] sq.
Theckydaw, expulsion of demons, [147] sq.
Then, spirits, [97]
Theodosius and Honorius, decree of, [392]
Theory of sacrifice, the Brahmanical, [410] sq.
Thompson Indians of British Columbia, their charms against ghosts, [154] n.
Thorns, wreaths of, [140]
Thrace, Abdera in, [254]
Thrashing people to do them good, [262] sqq.
See also [Beating] and [Whipping]
Thread, red, in popular cure, [55]
Three Kings on Twelfth Day, [329] sqq.
Threshold protected against witches by knives, [162];
by sods, [163]
Throwing of sticks or stones interpreted as an offering or token of respect, [20] sqq., [25] sqq.;
as a mode of riddance of evil, [23] sqq.
Thule, ceremony in Thule at the annual reappearance of the sun, [125] n. 1
Thunder, the first peal heard in spring, [144];
demon of, exorcised by bells, [246] sq.
Thüringen, expulsion of witches in, [160];
custom of beating people on Holy Innocents' Day in, [271]
Tiamat, mythical Babylonian monster, [410]
Tibet, demonolatry in, [94];
human scapegoats in, [218] sqq.
Tiger-spirits, [199]
Tikopia, island of, [189]
Timbo in French Guinea, [235]
Time, personification of periods of, [230]
Timor, the island of, [8];
belief in the spirits of the dead in, [85]
Timor fecit deos, [93]
Timor-laut Islands, the tug-of-war in the, [176];
demons of sicknesses expelled in a proa from, [185] sq.
Tinchebray in Normandy, [183]
Tjingilli tribe of Central Australia, [2]
Tlacaxipeualiztli, Mexican festival, [296]
Tlaloc, temple of, in Mexico, [284], [292]
Tlemcen in Algeria, [31]
Toad as scapegoat, [193], [206] sq.
Toboongkoo, the, of Central Celebes, riddles among the, [112] n.
Toci, Mexican goddess, [289]
Todas, the, of the Neilgherry Hills, [37]
Togoland, [3]; the Hos of, [134], [206];
the negroes of, their remedy for influenza, [193]
Tokio, annual expulsion of demons at, [213]
Tomb of Moses, [21]
Tonan, Mexican goddess, [287];
woman sacrificed in the character of, [287] sq.
Tonocotes. See [Lules]
Tonquin, demon of sickness expelled in, [119];
annual expulsion of demons in, [147] sq.
Toothache, cure for, [6], [57], [58], [59] sq., [62], [63], [71]
Toradjas, the, of Central Celebes, [34];
their cure by beating, [265]
Torches used in the expulsion of demons, [110], [117], [120], [130], [131], [132], [133] sq., [139], [140], [146], [157], [171];
used in the expulsion of witches, etc., [156], [157], [158], [159], [160], [163], [165], [166];
carried in procession by maskers, [243];
applied to fruit-trees on Eve of Twelfth Night, [316] sq.
Torquemada, J. de, Spanish historian of Mexico, [279] n. 1, [286] n. 1, [300] n. 1
Totec, Mexican god, [297], [298];
personated by a man wearing the skin of a human victim, [300]
Totonacs, their worship of the corn-spirit, [286] n. 1
Tototectin, men clad in skins of human victims, [298]
Toxcatl, fifth month of old Mexican year, [149] n. 2;
Mexican festival, [276]
Trajan, Pliny's letter to, [420]
Transference of evil, [1] sqq.;
to other people, [5] sqq.;
to sticks and stones, [8] sqq.;
to animals, [31] sqq.;
to men, [38] sqq.;
in Europe, [47] sqq.
Transformation of animals into men, [380]
Transylvania, the Roumanians of, [16], [106] sq.
Travancore, Rajah of, [42] sq.;
demon-worship in, [94]
Tree, disease transferred to, [6];
use of stick cut from a fruitful, [264]
Trees, evils transferred to, [52], [54] sqq.
Trieste, St. Sylvester's Eve at, [165]
Trinity, the Batta, [88] n. 1
—— College, Cambridge, Lord of Misrule at, [332]
Trinouxtion, [343] n.
Tripoli, mode of laying ghosts in, [63]
Troezenians, their festival resembling the Saturnalia, [350]
Trows in Shetland, [168] sq.
Trumpets blown to expel demons, [116], [117], [156];
blown at the feast of Purim, [394]
Tsuina, expulsion of demons in Japan, [212] sq.
Tsûl, a Berber tribe, [179]
Tuaran district of British North Borneo, [200]
Tug-of-war as a religious or magical rite, [173] sqq.;
as a charm to produce rain, [175] sq., [178] sq.
Tul-ya's e'en in Shetland, [168]
Tullus Hostilius, [345] n. 1
Tumleo, annual fight in, [142] sq.
Tuna, a spirit, expulsion of, [124] sq.
Tung ak, a powerful spirit, [79], [80]
Turkestan, [45];
Ferghana in, [184]
Turkish tribes of Central Asia, riddles among the, [122] n.
Turner, L. M., quoted, [79] sq.
Tuscan Romagna, the, [167]
Twelfth Day, serious significance of, [315];
the Three Kings on, [329] sqq.
See also Twelfth Night
—— Day, Eve of, [318];
expulsion of witches, etc., on, [166] sq.
—— Night, expulsion of the powers of evil on, [165] sqq.;
dances on, [238];
Perchta's Day, [244];
(Epiphany), the King of the Bean on, [313] sqq.
See also [Twelfth Day]
—— Night, Eve of, [316];
old Mrs. Perchta on, [240], [241];
ceremonial fires on, [316] sqq.
Twelve Days, weather of the twelve months supposed to be determined by the weather of the, [322] sqq.;
in Macedonia, superstitions as to the, [320];
in ancient India, [324] sq.;
accounted a miniature of the year, [324];
in the Highlands of Scotland, [324];
difference of opinion as to the date of the, [324], [327];
probably an old intercalary period at midwinter, [338] sq., [342]
—— Days from Christmas to Twelfth Night (Epiphany), precautions against witches during the, [158] sqq., [164] sqq.
—— Days or Twelve Nights not of Christian origin, [326] sqq.
—— fires on Eve of Twelfth Day, [318] sq., [321] sq.
Two-faced mask worn by image of goddess, [287]
Typhon, the birth of, [341]
Tyre and Sidon, [17]
Tyrol, annual “Burning out of the Witches” in the, [159] sq.;
the Perchten in the, [240], [242] sq.;
Senseless Thursday in the, [248]
Uganda Protectorate, [6], [42];
funeral ceremony in, [45] n, 2;
human scapegoats in, [194] sq.
See also [Baganda]
Unalashka, one of the Aleutian Islands, [16]
Unkareshwar, the goddess of cholera at, [194]
Unreason, Abbot of, in Scotland, [331]
Up-helly-a' in Shetland, [168] sq.
Urquhart, Sir Thomas, quoted, [332]
Usener, H., [167] n. 1, [229] n. 2
Utch Kurgan, in Turkestan, [45]
Vampyres, charms against, [153] n. 1
Vashti and Esther, temporary queens, [401]
—— and Haman the duplicates of Esther and Mordecai, [406]
Vedic times, [3];
cure for consumption in, [51];
the creed of the, [90];
riddles in, [122] n.;
the Aryans of the, [324]
Vegetation, Mars a deity of, [229] sq.;
out-worn deity of, [231];
processions representing spirits of, [250]
—— -god, Easter an old vernal festival of the, [328]
Vehicle, expulsion of evils in a material, [185] sqq., [198] sqq., [224]
Vehicles, material, of immaterial things (fear, misfortune, disease, etc.), [1] sqq., [22] n. 2, [23] sqq.
Venus and Adonis, [406].
See also [Adonis], [Aphrodite]
Verrall, A. W., [391] n. 4
Vicarious suffering, principle of, [1] sq.
Vienne, the Boy Bishop at, [337] n. 1
Vieux-Pont, in Orne, [183] n. 3
Vitzilopochtli, great Mexican god, [280];
young man annually sacrificed in the character of, [280] sq.
Vohumano or Vohu Manah, a Persian archangel, [373] n. 1
Voigtland, cure for toothache in, [59];
belief in witchcraft in, [160];
“Easter Smacks” in, [268];
young people beat each other at Christmas in, [271]
Vosges, cure for toothache in the, [59]
—— Mountains, dances on Twelfth Day in the, [315];
the Three Kings of Twelfth Day in the, [330]
Vulsinii in Etruria, [67]
Wagogo, the, of German East Africa, [6]
Walpurgis Night, witches abroad on, [158] sqq.;
annual expulsion of witches on, [159] sqq.;
dances on, [238]
Warramunga tribe of Central Australia, [2]
Warts, transference of, [48] sq.;
Washamba, the, of German East Africa, [29]
Wasps, stinging people with, [263]
Wassailing on Eve of Twelfth Day, [319]
Wax figures in magic, [47]
Weapons turned against spiritual foes, [233]
Weariness transferred to stones or sticks, [8] sqq.
Weather of the twelve months determined by the weather of the Twelve Days, [322] sqq.
Weber, A., on origin of the Twelve Days, [325] n. 3
Weeks, Rev. John H., quoted, [76] sq.
Weights and measures, false, corrected in time of epidemic, [115]
Weinhold, K., [327] n. 4
Welsh cure for cough, [51]
—— custom of sin-eating, [43] sq.
Wendland, P., on the crucifixion of Christ, [412] sq., [418] n. 1
Wends of Saxony, their precautions against witches, [163]
Westermarck, Dr. Edward, [180]
Westphalia, [266]
Westphalian form of the expulsion of evil, [159] n. 1
Whale represented dramatically as a mystery, [377]
Whipping people to rid them of ghosts, [260] sqq.
Whips used in the expulsion of demons and witches, [156], [159], [160], [161], [165], [214];
White as a colour to repel demons, [115]
—— and black in relation to human scapegoats, [220];
figs worn by human scapegoats, [253], [257], [272]
—— cock, disease transferred to, [187];
as scapegoat, [210] n. 4
—— crosses made by the King of the Bean, [314]
—— dog, sacrifice of, [127];
as scapegoat, [209] sq.
—— god and black god among the Slavs, [92]
—— Nile, the Dinkas of the, [193]
Whitsuntide, [359]
Whydah, the King of, [234]
Widow, bald-headed, in cure, [38]
Widows, cleansing of, [35] sq.
Willcock, Dr. J., [169] n. 2
William of Wykeham, [338]
Williams, Monier, quoted, [91] sq.
Willow used to beat people with at Easter and Christmas, [269], [270]
—— -trees in popular remedies, [56], [58], [59]
Willow-wood used against witches, [160]
Winchester College, Boy Bishop at, [338]
Wind, charm to produce a rainy or dry, [176], [178] sq.
Winnowing-basket beaten at ceremony, [145]
Winter, ceremony at the end of, [124];
dances performed only in, [376];
ceremony of the expulsion of, [404] sq.;
effigies of, destroyed, [408] sq.
—— solstice, ceremony after the, [126]
Witch, fire to burn old, on Twelfth Day, [319]
Witchcraft in Scotland, [38] sq.;
on the Congo, dread of, [77] n. 2;
permanence of the belief in, [89];
in Moravia, precautions against, [162]
Witches burnt alive, [19];
the burning out of the, in the Tyrol, [158] sq.;
in Bohemia, [161];
in Silesia and Saxony, [163];
special precautions against, at certain seasons of the year, [157] sqq.;
annually expelled in Calabria, Silesia, and other parts of Europe, [157] sqq.;
active during the Twelve Days from Christmas to Twelfth Night, [158] sqq.;
shooting the, [164];
driving out the, [164];
burnt in Scotland, [165];
beaten with buckthorn, [266];
rob cows of milk on May Day, [267]
Wives of a king taken by his successor, [368] n. 1
Woman's ornaments, scapegoat decked with, [192]
Women impregnated by ghosts, [18];
fertilized by effigy of a baby, [245], [249];
mode of fertilizing, [264];
put to death in the character of goddesses in Mexico, [283] sqq.
Wood, King of the, at Aricia, [409]
World conceived as animated, [90] sq.;
daily created afresh by the self-sacrifice of the deity, [411]
Worship of the dead, [97];
paid to human representatives of gods in Mexico, [278], [282], [289], [293]
Wotyaks of Russia, annual expulsion of Satan among the, [155] sq.
Wuttke, A., [327] n. 4
Xerxes identified with Ahasuerus, [360]
Xilonen, Mexican goddess of the Young Maize, [285];
woman annually sacrificed in the character of, [285] sq.
Xipe, Mexican god, [297], [298], [299];
statuette of, [291] n. 1;
his festival, [296] sqq.;
his image, [297]
Xixipeme, men clad in skins of human victims, [298], [299]
Yabim of German New Guinea, their custom of sending disease away in a small canoe, [188] sq.
Yams, ceremonies before eating the new, [134]
Year, burning out the Old, [165], [230] n. 7;
the old Roman, began in March, [229];
supposed representatives of the old, [230].
See also New Year
——, lunar, of old Roman calendar, [232];
equated to solar year by intercalation, [325], [342] sq.
——, solar, intercalation of the, [407] n. 1
—— -man, the, in Japan, [144]
Years named after eponymous magistrates, [39] sq.
——, the King of the, [220], [221]
Yellow the royal colour among the Malays, [187]
Yopico, temple in Mexico, [299]
York, the Boy Bishop at, [337], [338]
Yoruba negroes of West Africa, their use of human scapegoats, [211] sq.
Younghusband, Sir Francis, [13]
Youth supposed to be renewed by sloughing of skin, [302] sqq.
Yucatan, the Mayas of, [171], [340]
Yukon River, the Lower, [380]
Yules, the, in Shetland, [168]
Yumari, a dance of the Tarahumare Indians, [237] sq.
Zakmuk or Zagmuk, the Babylonian festival of the New Year, [356] sqq.
—— and the Sacaea, [399]
Zela in Pontus, Anaitis and the Sacaea at, [370], [372], [373], [421] n. 1;
Omanos and Anadates at, [373] n. 1
Zeus, cake with twelve knobs offered to, [351];
an upstart at Olympia, [352];
identified with the Babylonian Bel, [389]
——, Laphystian, associated with human sacrifices, [354]
——, Lycaean, human sacrifices to, [353], [354]
——, Olympian, his temple at Athens, [351]
——, Pelorian, [350]
Zimmern, H., [358] n., [359] n. 1, [361] n. 4, [406] n. 2
Zoganes, a mock king at Babylon, [355], [357], [365], [368], [369], [387], [388], [406]
Zoroaster, [389]
Zündel, G., on demonolatry in West Africa, [74] sqq.
Zuni sacrifice of turtle, [217]