Index.
Aachen, effigy burnt at, i. 120, ii. [25]
Aargau, Swiss canton, of, Lenten fire-custom in, i. 119;
superstition as to oak-mistletoe in, ii. [82];
mistletoe called “thunder-besom” in, [85], [301];
birth-trees in, [165]
Abeghian, Manuk, on creeping through cleft trees in Armenia, ii. [172]
Abensberg in Bavaria, burning the Easter Man at, i. 144
Abeokuta, use of bull-roarers at, ii. [229] n.
Aber, the Lake of, in Upper Austria, ii. [189]
Aberdeenshire, custom at reaping the last corn in, i. 12;
need-fire in, 296;
holed rock used by childless women in, ii. [187]
Aberfeldy, Hallowe'en fires near, i. 232
Aborigines of Victoria, their custom as to emu fat, i. 13
Abougit, Father X., S.J., on the ceremony of the new fire at Jerusalem, i. 130
Abruzzi, new Easter fire in the, i. 122;
water consecrated at Easter in the, 122 sqq.;
Midsummer rites of fire and water in the, 209 sq.
Acacia, the heart in the flower of the, ii. [135] sq.
Acarnanian story of Prince Sunless, i. 21
Achern, St. John's fires at, i. 168
Achterneed, in Ross-shire, Beltane cakes at, i. 153
Acireale, in Sicily, Midsummer fires at, i. 210
Adder stones, i. 15
Addison, Joseph, on witchcraft in Switzerland, ii. [42] n. 2
Adonis and Aphrodite, ii. [294] sq.
Aelst, Peter van, painter, ii. [36]
Aeneas and the Golden Bough, ii. [285], [293] sq.
Africa, girls secluded at puberty in, i. 22 sqq.;
dread and seclusion of women at menstruation in, 79 sqq.;
birth-trees in, ii. [160] sqq.;
use of bull-roarers in, [229] n., [232]
——, British Central, the Anyanja of, i. 81
——, British East, i. 81;
ceremony of new fire in, 135 sq.;
the Nandi of, ii. [229] n.;
the Akikuyu of, [262] sq.
——, East, ceremony of the new fire in, i. 135;
the Swahili of, ii. [160]
——, German East, the Wajagga of, ii. [160];
the Washamba of, [183];
the Bondeis of, [263];
the Wadoe of, [312]
——, German South-West, the Ovambo of, ii. [183]
——, North, Midsummer fires in, i. 213 sqq.
——, South, the Thonga of, ii. [297]
——, West, theory of an external soul embodied in an animal prevalent in, ii. [200] sqq.;
ritual of death and resurrection at initiation in, [251] sqq.
African stories of the external soul, ii. [148] sqq.;
Balders, [312] sqq.
Afterbirth buried under a tree, ii. [160] sq., [162], [163], [164], [165];
of child animated by a ghost and sympathetically connected with a banana-tree, [162];
regarded as brother or sister of child, [162] n. 2;
regarded as a second child, [162] n. 2;
regarded as a guardian spirit, [223] n. 2;
and navel-string regarded as guardian angels of the man, ii. [162] n. 2
Agaric growing on birch-trees, superstitions as to, i. 148
Aglu, New year fires at, i. 217
Air thought to be poisoned at eclipses, i. 162 n.
Aisne, Midsummer fires in the department of, i. 187
Aix, squibs at Midsummer in, i. 193;
Midsummer king at, i. 194, ii. [25];
bathing at Midsummer in, [216]
Agni, Hindoo deity, i. 99 n. 2;
Ague, Midsummer bonfires deemed a cure for, i. 162;
leaps across the Midsummer bonfires thought to be a preventive of, 174
Agweh, on the Slave Coast, custom of widows at, ii. [18] sq.
Ahlen, in Munsterland, i. 247
Ahriman, the devil of the Persians, i. 95
Aht or Nootka Indians of Vancouver Island, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 43 sq.
Ahura Mazda, the supreme being of the Persians, i. 95
Ain, Lenten fires in the department of, i. 114
Ainos of Japan, their mourning caps, i. 20;
their use of mugwort in exorcism, ii. [60];
their veneration for mistletoe, [79]
A-Kamba of British East Africa, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 23
Akikuyu of British East Africa, their dread of menstruous women, i. 81;
ritual of the new birth among the, ii. [262] sq.
Aladdin and the Wonderful Lamp, Roman version of, ii. [105]
Alaska, seclusion of girls at puberty among the Indians of, i. 45 sq.;
the Esquimaux of, ii. [155]
Alastir and the Bare-Stripping Hangman, Argyleshire story of, ii. [129] sq.
Albania, Midsummer fires in, i. 212;
the Yule log in, 264
Albanian story of the external soul, ii. [104] n. 3
Albert Nyanza, the Wakondyo of the, ii. [162] sq.
Albino head of secret society on the Lower Congo, ii. [251]
Alders free from mistletoe, ii. [315]
Alfoors or Toradjas of Celebes, their custom at the smelting of iron, ii. [154];
their doctrine of the plurality of souls, [222]
Algeria, Midsummer fires in, i. 213
Alice Springs in Central Australia, ii. [238]
Allan, John Hay, on the Hays of Errol, ii. [283]
Allandur temple, at St. Thomas's Mount, Madras, ii. [8]
All-healer, name applied to mistletoe, ii. [77], [79], [82]
All Saints' Day, omens on, i. 240;
the first of November, 225;
bonfires on, 246;
sheep passed through a hoop on, ii. [184]
All Souls, Feast of, i. 223 sq., 225 n. 3
Almond-trees, mistletoe on, ii. [316]
A-Louyi, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 28 n. 5
Alsace, Midsummer fires in, i. 169;
cats burnt in Easter bonfires in, ii. [40]
Althenneberg, in Bavaria, Easter fires at, i. 143 sq.
Altmark, Easter bonfires in, i. 140, 142
Alum burnt at Midsummer, i. 214
Alungu, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 24 sq.
Alur, a tribe of the Upper Nile, i. 64
Alvarado, Pedro de, Spanish general, ii. [214]
Amadhlozi, ancestral spirits in serpent form, ii. [211] n. 2
Amambwe, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 24 sq.
Amatongo, plural of itongo, ii. [302] n.
Amazon, ordeals of young men among the Indians of the, i. 62 sq.
Ambamba, in West Africa, death, resurrection, and the new birth in, ii. [256]
Amboyna, hair of criminals cut in, ii. [158]
Ambras, Midsummer customs at, i. 173
America, Central, the Mosquito territory in, i. 86
America, North, Indians of, not allowed to sit on bare ground in war, i. 5;
seclusion of girls at puberty among the Indians of, 41 sqq.;
dread and seclusion of menstruous women among the Indians of, 87 sqq.;
stories of the external soul among the Indians of, ii. [151] sq.;
religious associations among the Indian tribes of, [267] sqq.
——, South, seclusion of girls at puberty among the Indians of, i. 56 sqq.;
effigies of Judas burnt at Easter in, 128;
Midsummer fires in, 212 sq.
Ammerland, in Oldenburg, cart-wheel used as charm against witchcraft in, i. 345 n. 3
Amphitryo besieges Taphos, ii. [103]
Amulets, rings and bracelets as, i. 92;
as soul-boxes, ii. [155];
degenerate into ornaments, [156] n. 2
Ancestor, wooden image of, ii. [155]
Ancestors, worship of, in Fiji, ii. [243] sq.
Ancestral spirits incarnate in serpents, ii. [211]
Anderson, Miss, of Barskimming, i. 171 n. 3
Andes, the Peruvian, effigies of Judas burnt at Easter in the, i. 128
Andjra, a district of Morocco, i. 17;
Midsummer fires in the, 213 sq.;
Midsummer rites of water in, 216;
animals bathed at Midsummer in, ii. [31]
Andreas, parish of, in the Isle of Man, i. 224, 305, 307 n. 1
Angass, the, of Northern Nigeria, their belief in external human souls lodged in animals, ii. [210]
Angel, need-fire revealed by an, i. 287
—— -man, effigy of, burnt at Midsummer, i. 167
Angelus bell, the, i. 110, ii. [47]
Angoniland, British Central Africa, customs as to girls at puberty in, i. 25 sq.;
customs as to salt in, 27
Angus, superstitious remedy for the “quarter-ill” in, i. 296 n. 1
Anhalt, Easter bonfires in, i. 140
Animal, bewitched, or part of it, burnt to compel the witch to appear, i. 303, 305, 307 sq., 321 sq.;
sickness transferred to, ii. [181];
and man, sympathetic relation between, [272] sq.
Animal familiars of wizards and witches, ii. [196] sq., [201] sq.
Animals burnt alive as a sacrifice in England, Wales, and Scotland, i. 300 sqq.;
witches transformed into, 315 sqq., ii. [311] sq.;
bewitched, buried alive, i. 324 sqq.;
live, burnt at Spring and Midsummer festivals, ii. [38] sqq.;
the animals perhaps deemed embodiments of witches, [41] sq., [43] sq.;
the language of, learned by means of fern-seed, [66] n.;
external soul in, [196] sqq.;
magical transformation of men into animals, [207];
helpful, in fairy tales. See [Helpful]
Ankenmilch bohren, to make the need-fire, i. 270 n.
Ankole, in Central Africa, i. 80
Annam, dread of menstruous women in, i. 85;
use of wormwood to avert demons in, ii. [61] n. 1
Anpu and Bata, ancient Egyptian story of, ii. [134] sqq.
Anthemis nobilis, camomile, gathered at Midsummer, ii. [63]
Ant-hill, insane people buried in an, i. 64
Ants employed to sting girls at puberty, i. 61;
to sting young men, i. 62 sq.
Antonius Mountain, in Thuringia, Christmas bonfire on the, i. 265 sq.
Antwerp, wicker giants at, ii. [35] sq.
Anula tribe of Northern Australia, their rites of initiation, ii. [235]
Anyanja of British Central Africa, their dread of menstruous women, i. 81 sq.
Apaches, i. 21;
use of bull-roarers among the, ii, [230] n.
Apala cured by Indra in the Rigveda, ii. [192]
Ape, a Batta totem, ii. [223]
Aphrodite and Adonis, ii. [294] sq.
Apollo, identified with the Celtic Grannus, i. 112
—— Soranus, ii. [14], [15] n. 3
Apollo's temple at Cumae, i. 99
Apple, divination by the sliced, i. 238;
and candle, biting at, 241, 242, 243, 245
Apple-tree as life-index of boy, ii. [165]
—— -trees, torches thrown at, i. 108;
mistletoe on, ii. [315], [316] n. 5
Apples, dipping for, at Hallowe'en, i. 237, 239, 241, 242, 243, 245
Apricot-trees, mistletoe on, ii. [316]
April, the twenty-seventh of, in popular superstitions of Morocco, i. 17 sq.;
ceremony of the new fire in, 136 sq., ii. [3];
Chinese festival of fire in, [3]
Arab women in Morocco, their superstitions as to plants at Midsummer, ii. [51]
Arabia, tree-spirits in snake form in, ii. [44] n. 1
Arabian, modern, story of the external soul, ii. [137] sq.
Arabian Nights, story of the external soul in the, ii. [137]
Arabs of Morocco, their Midsummer customs, i. 214
Aran, in the valley of the Garonne, Midsummer fires at, i. 193
Arch, child after an illness passed under an, ii. [192];
young men at initiation passed under a leafy, [193];
triumphal, suggested origin of the, [195]
Archer (Tirant), effigy of, ii. [36]
Arches, novices at initiation passed under arches in Australia, ii. [193] n. 1
Archways, passing under, as a means of escaping evil spirits or sickness, ii. [179] sqq.
Ardennes, the Belgian, bonfires on the first Sunday of Lent in the, i. 107 sq.;
the French, Lenten fires and customs in the, 109 sq.;
Midsummer fires in the, 188;
the Yule log in the, 253;
cats burnt alive in Lenten bonfires, ii. [40]
Argo, tree of which the ship was made, ii. [94] n. 1
Argyleshire stories of the external soul, ii. [127] sqq.
Argyrus, temple of Hercules at, i. 99 n. 3
Aricia, the priest of, and the Golden Bough, i. 1;
the priest of Diana at, perhaps a personified Jupiter, ii. [302] sq.
Arician grove, the Midsummer festival of fire in the, ii. [285];
the priest of the, a personification of an oak-spirit, [285]
Ariminum, triumphal arch of Augustus at, ii. [194] n. 4
Arizona and New Mexico, use of bull-roarers in, ii. [230] n., [231]
Arks, sacred, of the Cherokees, i. 11 sq.
Armenia, were-wolves in, i. 316;
sick people creep through cleft trees in, ii. [173]
Armenian church, bonfires at Candlemas in the, i. 131
—— idea of the sun as a wheel, i. 334 n. 1
Arms of youths punctured to make them good hunters, i. 58
Arnstadt, witches burnt at, i. 6
Arran, the need-fire in, i. 293
Arrows used as a love-charm, i. 14
Artemis Perasia, at Castabala in Cappadocia, ii. [14]
Artemisia absinthium, wormwood, ii. [58] n. 3, [61] n. 1
—— vulgaris, mugwort, gathered at Midsummer, ii. [58] sqq.
Artois, mugwort at Midsummer in, ii. [59]
Arunta of Central Australia, their sacred pole, i. 7;
their dread of women at menstruation, 77;
legend that the ancestors kept their spirits in their churinga, ii. [218] n. 3;
rites of initiation among the, [233] sq.;
initiation of medicine-men among the, [238]
Aryan god of the thunder and the oak, i. 265
—— peoples, stories of the external soul among, ii. [97] sqq.
Aryans of Europe, importance of the Midsummer festival among the, ii. [40];
the oak the chief sacred tree of the, [89] sq.
Ascension Day, parasitic rowan should be cut on, ii. [281]
Asceticism not primitive, i. 65
Ash Wednesday, effigy burnt on, i. 120
Ash-trees, children passed through cleft ash-trees as a cure for rupture or rickets, ii. [168] sqq.
Ashes in divination, i. 243, 244, 245.
See also [Sticks, Charred]
—— of bonfires put in fowls' nests, i. 112, 338;
increase fertility of fields, 141, 337;
make cattle thrive, 141, 338;
placed in a person's shoes, 156;
administered to cattle to make them fat, ii. [4]
—— of dead, disposal of the, i. 11
—— of Easter bonfire mixed with seed at sowing, i. 121
—— of Hallowe'en fires scattered, i. 233
—— of holy fires a protection against demons, ii. [8], [17]
—— of Midsummer fires strewed on fields to fertilize them, i. 170, 190, 203;
a protection against conflagration, 174, 196;
a protection against lightning, 187, 188;
a protection against thunder, 190;
put by people in their shoes, 191 sq.;
a cure for consumption, 194 sq.;
rubbed by people on their hair or bodies, 213, 214, 215;
good for the eyes, 214
Ashes of the need-fire strewn on fields to protect the crops against vermin, i. 274;
used as a medicine, 286
—— of New Year's fire used to rub sore eyes, i. 218
—— of Yule log strewed on fields, i. 250;
used to heal swollen glands, 251
Ashur, Arab New Year's Day, i. 217, 218
Asia Minor, the Celts in, ii. [89];
cure for possession by an evil spirit in, [186];
creeping through rifted rocks in, [189]
Aspen, mistletoe on, ii. [315]
Aspidium filix mas, the male fern, superstitions as to, ii. [66] sq.
Ass, child passed under an, as a cure for whooping-cough, ii. [192] n. 1
Assam, the Khasis of, ii. [146];
the Lushais of, [185] sq.
Assiga, tribe of South Nigeria, ii. [204]
Associations, religious, among the Indian tribes of North America, ii. [267] sqq.
Assyrian ritual, use of golden axe in, ii. [80] n. 3
Aston, W. G., quoted, i. 137 sq.;
on the fire-walk in Japan, ii. [10] n. 1
Astral spirit of a witch, i. 317
Atai, external soul in the Mota language, ii. [197] sq.
Ath, in Hainaut, procession of giants at, ii. [36]
Athboy, in County Meath, i. 139
Athena, priestess of, uses a white umbrella, i. 20 n. 1
Athenians offer cakes to Cronus, i. 153 n. 3
Athens, ceremony of the new fire at Easter in, i. 130
Athis, in Normandy, Christmas bonfires at, i. 266
Athos, Mount, mistletoe at, ii. [319], [320] n.
Atrae, city in Mesopotamia, i. 82
Aubrey, John, on the Midsummer fires, i. 197
Aufkirchen in Bavaria, burning the Easter Man at, i. 144
August, procession of wicker giants in, ii. [36]
——, first of, Festival of the Cross on the, i. 220
—— the eighteenth, feast of Florus and Laurus, i. 220
—— the sixth, festival of St. Estapin, ii. [188]
Augustus, triumphal arch of Augustus at Ariminum, ii. [195] n. 4
Aunis, wonderful herbs gathered on St. John's Eve in, ii. [45];
St. John's wort in, [55];
vervain gathered at Midsummer in, [62] n. 4;
four-leaved clover at Midsummer in, [63]
—— and Saintonge, Midsummer fires in, i. 192
Aurora, in the New Hebrides, tamaniu in, ii. [198]
Australia, dread and seclusion of women at menstruation in, i. 76 sqq.;
passing under an arch as a rite of initiation in, ii. [193] n. 1;
initiation of young men in, [227], [233] sqq.;
use of bull-roarers in, [228] n. 2
——, Central, pointing sticks or bones in, i. 14 n. 3;
its desert nature, ii. [230] n. 2
——, South-Eastern, sex totems among the natives of, ii. [214] sqq.
Australian languages, words for fire and wood in, ii. [296]
Austria, Midsummer fires in, i. 172 sqq.;
the Yule log among the Servians of, 262 sqq.;
need-fire in Upper, 279;
fern-seed at Midsummer in, ii. [65];
mistletoe used to prevent nightmare in, [85]
Autumn fires, i. 220 sqq.
Auvergne, Lenten fires in, i. 111 sq.;
story of a were-wolf in, 308 sq.
Ave Maria bell, ii. [47]
Avernus, Lake, and the Golden Bough, ii. [285] n. 2
Awa-nkonde, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 28
“Awasungu, the house of the,” i. 28
Awka in South Nigeria, i. 4
Azemmur, in Morocco, Midsummer fires at, i. 214
Azores, bonfires and divination on Midsummer Eve in the, i. 208 sq.;
fern-seed at Midsummer in the, ii. [66]
Aztecs, their punishment of witches and wizards, ii. [159]
Baal and Beltane, i. 149 n. 1, 150 n. 1, 157
Babine Lake in British Columbia, i. 47
Backache at reaping, leaps over the Midsummer bonfire thought to be a preventive of, i. 165, 168, 189, 344 sq.;
set down to witchcraft, 343 n., 345;
at harvest, mugwort a protection against, ii. [59];
creeping through a holed stone to prevent backache at harvest, [189]
Badache, double-axe, Midsummer King of the, i. 194
Badagas of the Neilgherry Hills, their fire-walk, ii. [8] sq.
Baden, Lenten fire-custom in, i. 117;
Easter bonfires in, 145;
Midsummer fires in, 167 sqq.
Badham Court oak, in Gloucestershire, ii. [316]
Badnyak, Yule log, i. 259, 263
Badnyi Dan, Christmas Eve, i. 258, 263
Bag, souls of persons deposited in a, ii. [142], [153], [155]
Baganda, children live apart from their parents among the, i. 23 n. 2;
seclusion of girls at puberty among the, 23 sq.;
superstition as to women who do not menstruate, 24;
abstain from salt in certain cases, 27 sq.;
their dread of menstruous women, 80 sq.;
their beliefs and customs concerning the afterbirth, ii. [162].
See also [Uganda]
Bahaus or Kayans of Central Borneo, i. 4 sq.
Bahima of Central Africa, their dread of menstruous women, i. 80
Bahr-el-Ghazal province, ceremony of the new fire in the, i. 134 sq.
Bakairi, the, of Brazil, call bull-roarers “thunder and lightning,” ii. [231] sq.
Baking-forks, witches ride on, ii. [73], [74]
Bakuba or Bushongo of the Congo, i. 4
Balder, his body burnt, i. 102;
worshipped in Norway, 104;
camomile sacred to, ii. [63];
burnt at Midsummer, [87];
Midsummer sacred to, [87];
a tree-spirit or deity of vegetation, [88] sq.;
interpreted as a mistletoe-bearing oak, [93] sq.;
his invulnerability, [94];
why Balder was thought to shine, [293]
—— and the mistletoe, i. 101 sq., ii. [76] sqq., [302];
his life or death in the mistletoe, [279], [283];
perhaps a real man deified, [314] sq.
——, the myth of, i. 101 sqq.;
reproduced in the Midsummer festival of Scandinavia, ii. [87];
perhaps dramatized in ritual, [88];
Indian parallel to, [280];
African parallels to, [312] sqq.
Balder's Balefires, name formerly given to Midsummer bonfires in Sweden, i. 172, ii. [87]
—— Grove, i. 104, ii. [315]
Balders-brâ, Balder's eyelashes, a name for camomile, ii. [63]
Bâle, Lenten fire-custom in the canton of, i. 119
Balefires, Balder's, at Midsummer in Sweden, i. 172
Bali, filing of teeth in, i. 68 n. 2;
birth-trees in, ii. [164]
Balkan Peninsula, need-fire in the, i. 281
Ball, game of, played to determine the King of Summer, i. 195
Ballyvadlea, in Tipperary, woman burnt as a witch at, i. 323 sq.
Balnagown loch, in Lismore, i. 316
Balong of the Cameroons, their external souls in animals, ii. [203]
Balquhidder, hill of the fires at, i. 149;
Hallowe'en bonfires at, 232
Balum, New Guinea word signifying bull-roarer, ghost, and mythical monster, ii. [242]
Banana-tree, afterbirth of child buried under a, ii. [162], [163], [164]
Bancroft, H. H., on the external souls of the Zapotecs, ii. [212]
Banivas of the Orinoco, their scourging of girls at puberty, i. 66 sqq.
Baraka, blessed or magical virtue, i. 216, 218, ii. [51]
Barclay, Sheriff, on Hallowe'en fires, i. 232
Bardney bumpkin, on witch as hare, i. 318
Bare-Stripping Hangman, Argyleshire story of the, ii. [129] sq.
Barker, W. G. M. Jones, on need-fire in Yorkshire, i. 286 sq.
Barley plant, external soul of prince in a, ii. [102]
Ba-Ronga, the, of South Africa, their story of a clan whose external souls were in a cat, ii. [150] sq.
Barotse or Marotse of the Zambesi, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 28, 29
Barren cattle driven through fire, i. 203, 338
—— women hope to conceive through fertilizing influence of vegetables, ii. [51]
Barricading the road against a ghostly pursuer, ii. [176]
Barsana, in North India, Holi bonfires at, ii. [2], [5]
Bartle Bay, in British New Guinea, festival of the wild mango tree at, i. 7 sqq.
Basque hunter transformed into bear, ii. [226], [270]
—— story of the external soul, ii. [139]
Bastar, province of India, treatment of witches in, ii. [159]
Bastian, Adolph, on rites of initiation in West Africa, ii. [256] sq.
Basutos, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 31
Bata and Anpu, ancient Egyptian story of, ii. [134] sqq.
Bathing in the sea at Easter, i. 123;
at Midsummer, 208, 210, 216, ii. [29] sq.;
thought to be dangerous on Midsummer Day, [26] sq.
Bats, the lives of men in, ii. [215] sq., [217];
called men's “brothers,” [215], [216], [218]
Battas, their doctrine of the plurality of souls, ii. [223];
their totemic system, [224] sqq.
Battel, Andrew, on the colour of negro children at birth, ii. [251] n. 1
Bavaria, Easter bonfires in, i. 143 sq.;
belief as to eclipses in, 162;
Midsummer fires in, 164 sqq.;
leaf-clad mummer at Midsummer in, ii. [26];
the divining-rod in, [67] sq.;
creeping through a holed stone or narrow opening in, [188] sq.
——, Upper, use of mistletoe in, ii. [85] n. 4
Bavarian peasants, their belief as to hazel, ii. [69] n.
Bavili, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 31
Beal-fires on Midsummer Eve in Yorkshire, i. 198
Bean, King of the, i. 153 n. 1
Beans, divination by, i. 209
Bear, external soul of warrior in a, ii. [151];
Basque hunter transformed into, [226], [270];
simulated transformation of novice into a, [274] sq.
—— clan, ii. [271], [272] n. 1
—— -dance of man who pretends to be a bear, ii. [274]
Bear's skin, Lapp women shoot blindfold at a, ii. [280] n.
Bearers to carry royal personages, i. 3 sq.
Beating girls at puberty, i. 61, 66 sq.;
as a form of purification, 61, 64 sqq.
Beauce, festival of torches in, i. 113;
story of a were-wolf in, 309
—— and Perche, Midsummer fires in, i. 188
Beaver clan, ii. [272]
Bechuana belief as to sympathetic relation of man to wounded crocodile, ii. [210] sq.
Bee, external soul of an ogre in a, ii. [101]
Beech or fir used to make the Yule log, i. 249
—— -tree burnt in Lenten bonfire, i. 115 sq.
Beeches, struck by lightning, proportion of, ii. [298] sq.;
free from mistletoe, [315]
Bees thought to be killed by menstruous women, i. 96;
ashes of bonfires used to cure ailments of, 142
Beetle, external soul in a, ii. [138], [140]
Begetting novices anew at initiation, pretence of, ii. [248]
Behar, the fire-walk in, ii. [5]
Beifuss, German name for mugwort, ii. [60] n. 6
Bel, the fires of, i. 147, 157, 158 sq.
Beleth, John, his Rationale Divinorum Officiorum quoted, i. 161 n. 2
Belford, in Northumberland, the Yule log at, i. 256
Belgium, Lenten fires in, i. 107 sq.;
Midsummer fires in, 194 sq.;
the Yule log in, 249;
bathing on Midsummer Day in, ii. [30];
divination by flowers on Midsummer Eve in, [53];
mugwort gathered on St. John's Day or Eve in, [59] sq.;
vervain gathered on St. John's Day in, [62];
four-leaved clover at Midsummer in, [63];
the witches' Sabbath in, [73]
Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 46;
custom of mourners among the, ii. [174]
Belli-Paaro society in West Africa, rites of initiation in the, ii. [257] sqq.
Bellochroy, i. 290
Bells worn by priest in exorcism, i. 5;
on his legs, ii. [8]
——, church, silenced in Holy Week, i. 123, 125 n. 1;
rung on Midsummer Eve, ii. [47] sq.;
rung to drive away witches, [73]
Beltane, popularly derived from Baal, i. 149 n. 1, 150 n. 1;
the need-fire at, 293;
the Yellow Day of, 293;
sheep passed through a hoop at, ii. [184]
—— and Hallowe'en the two chief fire-festivals of the British Celts, ii. [40] sq.
—— cakes, i. 148 sq., 150, 152, 153, 154, 155
—— carline, i. 148, 153
—— Eve (the Eve of May Day), a witching time, i. 295
—— fire, pretence of throwing a man into the, i. 148, ii. [25];
kindled by the friction of oak-wood, i. 148, 155, ii. [91]
—— fires, i. 146 sqq.;
in Wales, 155 sq.;
in Ireland, 157 sq.;
in Nottinghamshire, 157
Benametapa, the king of, in East Africa, i. 135
Bengal, seclusion of girls at puberty in, i. 68;
the Oraons of, ii. [311]
Bengalee stories of the external soul, ii. [101] sq., [102]
Beni Ahsen, a tribe in Morocco, ii. [31];
their Midsummer fires, i. 215 sq.
—— Mgild, a Berber tribe of Morocco, their Midsummer fires, i. 215
—— Snous, the, of Morocco, their Midsummer rites, i. 216
Bent, J. Theodore, on passing sick children through a cleft oak, ii. [172]
Berber belief as to water at Midsummer, ii. [31]
—— tale, milk-tie in a, ii. [138] n. 1
Berbers of North Africa, their Midsummer customs, i. 213 sqq., 219
Bergen, Midsummer bonfires at, i. 171
Bering Strait, the Esquimaux of, i. 91
Berleburg, in Westphalia, the Yule log at, i. 248
Berlin, the divining-rod at, ii. [68]
Bern, Midsummer fires in the canton of, i. 172;
the Yule log in the canton of, 249;
witches put to death in the canton of, ii. [42] n. 2
Berry, Lenten fire custom in, i. 115;
Midsummer fires in, 189;
the Yule log in, 251 sq.;
four-leaved clover at Midsummer in, ii. [63]
Besoms, blazing, flung aloft to make the corn grow high, i. 340;
used to drive away witches, ii. [74]
Bethlehem, new Easter fire carried to, i. 130 n.
“Between the two Beltane fires,” i. 149
Beul, fire of, need-fire, i. 293
Bevan, Professor A. A., i. 83 n. 1
Beverley, on the initiatory rites of the Virginian Indians, ii. [266] sq.
Bewitched animals burnt alive, i. 300 sqq.;
buried alive, 324 sqq.
—— cow, mugwort applied to, ii. [59]
—— things burnt to compel the witch to appear, i. 322
Bhils of India, torture of witches among the, ii. [159]
Bhuiyars of Mirzapur, their dread of menstrual pollution, i. 84
Bhuiyas, a Dravidian tribe, fire-walk among the, ii. [5] sq.
Bhut, demon, ii. [312]
Bidasari and the golden fish, Malay story of, ii. [147] sq., [220]
Bilqula. See [Bella Coola]
Binbinga tribe of Northern Australia, their rites of initiation, ii. [234] sq.;
initiation of medicine-man in the, [239]
Binding up a cleft stick or tree a mode of barricading the road against a ghostly pursuer, ii. [176]
Bir, a tribal hero, ii. [6]
Birch used to kindle need-fire, i. 291
—— and plane, fire made by the friction of, i. 220
——, branches of, on Midsummer Day, i. 177, 196;
a protection against witchcraft, ii. [185]
—— trees set up at Midsummer, i. 177;
used to keep off witches, ii. [20] n.;
mistletoe on, [315]
Bird, disease transferred to, ii. [187];
brings first fire to earth, [295]
Bird-lime made from mistletoe, ii. [317]
Birds, external souls in, ii. [104], [111], [119], [142], [144], [150];
carry seed of mistletoe, [316]
Birseck, Lenten fires at, i. 119
Birth, the new, of novices at initiation, ii. [247], [251], [256], [257], [261]
Birth-names of Central American Indians, ii. [214] n. 1
—— -trees in Africa, ii. [160] sqq.;
in Europe, [165]
Birthday of the Sun at the winter solstice, i. 246
Bisection of the year, Celtic, i. 223
Black Corrie of Ben Breck, the giant of, in an Argyleshire tale, ii. [129] sq.
—— Forest, Midsummer fires in the, i. 168
—— Isle, Ross-shire, i. 301
—— poplars, mistletoe on, ii. [316], [318] n. 6
—— spauld, a disease of cattle, cure for, i. 325
—— three-legged horse ridden by witches, ii. [74]
Blackening girls at puberty, i. 41, 60
Blemishes, physical, transferred to witches, i. 160 n. 1
Blindness of Hother, ii. [279] n. 4
Block, the Yule, i. 247
Blocksberg, the resort of witches, i. 171;
the Mount of the Witches, ii. [74]
Blood, girls at puberty forbidden to see, i. 46;
disastrous effect of seeing menstruous, 77;
drawn from women who do not menstruate, 81
—— -brotherhood between men and animals among the Fans, ii. [201], [226] n. 1
—— -covenant between men and animals, ii. [201], [214], [226] n. 1
——, human, used in rain-making ceremonies, ii. [232] sq.
——, menstruous, dread of, i. 76;
deemed fatal to cattle, 80;
miraculous virtue attributed to, 82 sq.;
medicinal application of, 98 n. 1
—— of St. John found on St. John's wort and other plants at Midsummer, ii. [56], [57]
—— of sheep poured on image of god as a sin-offering, i. 82
Boa-constrictors, kings at death turn into, ii. [212] n.
Boas, Dr. Franz, on seclusion of Shuswap girls at puberty, i. 53;
on customs observed by mourners among the Bella Coola Indians, ii. [174];
on initiation into the wolf society of the Nootka Indians, [270] sq.;
on the relation between clans and secret societies, [273] n. 1
Boar's skin, shoes of, worn by a king at inauguration, i. 4
Boars, familiar spirits of wizards in, ii. [196] sq.;
lives of persons bound up with those of, [201], [203], [205];
external human souls in, [207]
Bocage of Normandy, Midsummer fires in the, i. 185;
the Yule log in the, 252;
torchlight processions on Christmas Eve in the, 266
Body-without-soul in a Ligurian story, ii. [107];
in a German story, [116] sq.;
in a Breton story, [132] sq.;
in a Basque story, [139]
Boeotian festival of the Great Daedala, ii. [77] n. 1
Bogota, rigorous training of the heir to the throne of, i. 19
Bohemia, water and fire consecrated at Easter in, i. 123 sq.;
bonfires on May Day in, 159;
Midsummer fires in, 173 sqq.;
need-fire in, 278 sq.;
charm to make corn grow high in, 340;
offering to water-spirits on Midsummer Eve in, ii. [28];
simples gathered on St. John's Night in, [49];
divination by means of flowers on Midsummer Eve in, [52] sq.;
mugwort at Midsummer in, [59];
elder-flowers gathered at Midsummer in, [64];
wild thyme gathered on Midsummer Day in, [64];
fern-seed at Midsummer in, [66];
“thunder besoms” in, [85];
fern-seed on St. John's Day in, [287], [288]
Bohemian poachers, their use of vervain, ii. [62];
their use of seeds of fir-cones, [64]
—— story of the external soul, ii. [110]
Bohus, Midsummer fires in, i. 172
Boidès, bonfires, i. 111 n. 1
Boiling bewitched animal or part of it to compel witch to appear, i. 321 sq., 323
—— milk, omens drawn from, ii. [8]
—— resin, ordeal of, i. 311
Boils, crawling under a bramble as a cure for, ii. [180]
Bolivia, the Chiriguanos of, i. 56;
the Yuracares of, 57 sq.;
fires on St. John's Eve in, 213;
La Paz in, ii. [50]
Boloki of the Upper Congo, birth-plants among the, ii. [161] sq.;
use of bull-roarers among the, [229] n.
Bondeis of German East Africa, rites of initiation among the, ii. [263] sq.
Bone used to point with in sorcery, i. 14;
incident of, in folk-tales, 73 n. 3;
of bird (eagle or swan), women at menstruation obliged to drink out of, 45, 48, 49, 50, 73 n. 3, 90, 92
Bones burnt in the Easter bonfires, i. 142;
burnt in Midsummer fires, 203
—— of dead husbands carried by their widows, i. 91 n. 4
Bonfire Day in County Leitrim, i. 203
Bonfires supposed to protect against conflagrations, i. 107, 108;
protect [pg 329] houses against lightning and conflagration, 344;
lit by the persons last married, 107, 109;
a protection against witchcraft, 108, 109, 154;
a protection against sickness, 108, 109;
a protection against sorcery, 156;
quickening and fertilizing influence of, 336 sqq.;
omens of marriage drawn from, 338 sq.;
protect fields against hail, 344;
at festivals in India, ii. [1] sqq.
See also [Fires]
Bonfires, Midsummer, intended to drive away dragons, i. 161;
protect cattle against witchcraft, 188;
thought to ensure good crops, 188, 336
Boniface, Archbishop of Mainz, i. 270
Bonnach stone in a Celtic story, ii. [126]
Bordes, bonfires, i. 111 n. 1, 113
Borlase, William, on Midsummer fires in Cornwall, i. 199
Borneo, festivals in, i. 13;
seclusion of girls at puberty in, 35 sq.;
birth-custom in, ii. [154] sq.;
trees and plants as life-indices in, [164] sq.;
creeping through a cleft stick after a funeral in, [175] sq.;
giving the slip to an evil spirit in, [179] sq.
——, the Dyaks of, i. 5, ii. [222]
——, the Kayans of, i. 4 sq.
Bororo of Brazil, their use of bull-roarers, ii. [230] n.
Borrow, witches come to, i. 322, 323, ii. [73]
Bosnia, need-fire in, i. 286;
life-trees of children in, ii. [165]
Bossuet, Bishop, on the Midsummer bonfires, i. 182
Bottesford, in Lincolnshire, mistletoe deemed a remedy for epilepsy at, ii. [83]
Bottle, external soul of queen in a, ii. [138]
Bougainville, use of bull-roarers in, ii. [229] n.
Bough, the Golden, ii. [279] sqq.;
and the priest of Aricia, i. 1;
a branch of mistletoe, ii. [284] sqq., [315] sqq.
See also [Golden Bough]
Boulia district of Queensland, i. 14
Bourbonnais, mistletoe a remedy for epilepsy in, ii. [83]
Bourdifailles, bonfires, i. 111 n. 1
Bourke, Captain J. G., on the bull-roarer, ii. [231]
Bowels, novice at initiation supplied by spirits with a new set of, ii. [235] sqq.
Bowes, in Yorkshire, need-fire at, i. 287
Box, external soul of king in a, ii. [102], [149];
external soul of cannibal in a, [117]
Boxes or arks, sacred, i. 11 sq.
Box-tree, external soul of giant in a, ii. [133]
Boxwood blessed on Palm Sunday, i. 184, ii. [47]
Boy and girl produce need-fire by friction of wood, i. 281
Boys at initiation thought to be swallowed by wizards, ii. [233]
Brabant, Midsummer fires in, i. 194;
St. Peter's bonfires in, 195;
wicker giants in, ii. [35]
Bracelets as amulets, i. 92
Braemar Highlanders, their Hallowe'en fires, i. 233 sq.
Brahman, the Hindoo creator, i. 95
Brahman called “twice born,” ii. [276]
—— boys forbidden to see the sun, i. 68 n. 2
—— student, his observances at end of his studentship, i. 20
Brahmanic ritual at inauguration of a king, i. 4
Bramble, crawling under a, as a cure for whooping-cough, etc., ii. [180]
Brand, John, on the Yule log, i. 247, 255
Brandenburg, simples culled at Midsummer in, ii. [48]
Brandons, the Sunday of the, i. 110;
torches carried about fields and streets, 111 n. 1
Brands of Midsummer fires a protection against lightning, conflagration, and spells, i. 183;
a protection against thunder, 191;
lighted, carried round cattle, 341
Braunrode in the Harz Mountains, Easter fires at, i. 142
Brazier, walking through a lighted, ii. [3] sqq.
Brazil, the Guaranis of, i. 56;
seclusion of girls at puberty among the Indians of, 56, 59 sq.;
the Uaupes of, 61;
ordeals undergone by young men among the Indians of, 62 sq.;
effigies of Judas burnt at Easter in, 128;
fires of St. John in, 213;
the Caripunas of, ii. [230];
the Bororo of, [230] n.;
the Nahuqua of, [230];
the Bakairi of, [231]
Bread, reverence for, i. 13
Breadalbane, i. 149;
treatment of mad cow in, 326
Breadfruit-tree planted over navel-string of child, ii. [163]
“Breath, scoring above the,” cutting a witch on the forehead, i. 315 n. 2
Breitenbrunn, the “Charcoal Man” at, ii. [26] n. 2
Brekinjska, in Slavonia, need-fire at, i. 282
Bresse, Midsummer bonfires in, i. 189
Brest, Midsummer fire-custom at, i. 184
Breteuil, canton of, Midsummer fires in the, i. 187
Breton belief that women can be impregnated by the moon, i. 76
—— stories of the external soul, ii. [132] sq.
Brezina, in Slavonia, need-fire at, i. 282
Briar-thorn, divination by, i. 242
Bri-bri Indians of Costa Rica, seclusion of women at menstruation among the, i. 86
Bride not allowed to tread the earth, i. 5;
last married, made to leap over bonfire, ii. [22]
—— and bridegroom, mock, at bonfires, i. 109 sq.
Bride, parish of, in the Isle of Man, i. 306, 307 n. 1
Bridegroom not to touch the ground with his feet, i. 5
Brie, Isle de France, effigy of giant burnt on Midsummer Eve at, ii. [38]
Brihaspati, Hindoo deity, i. 99 n. 2
Briony, wreaths of, at Midsummer, i. 210
Brisbane River in Queensland, use of bull-roarers on the, ii. [233] sqq.
British Columbia, seclusion of girls at puberty among the Indians of, i. 46 sqq.;
dread and seclusion of menstruous women among the Indians of, 89 sq.;
the Kwakiutl of, ii. [186];
Koskimo Indians of, [229];
rites of initiation among the Indians of, [270] sqq.;
the Thompson Indians of, [297];
the Shuswap Indians of, [297] n. 3
Brittany, Midsummer fires in, i. 183 sqq.;
stones thrown into the Midsummer fires in, 240;
the Yule log in, 253;
mistletoe hung over doors of stables and byres in, ii. [287];
fern-seed used by treasure-seekers in, [288]
Brochs, prehistoric ruins, i. 291
Brocken, in the Harz mountains, associated with witches, i. 160 n. 1, 171 n. 3
Broom, a protective against witchcraft, i. 210
“Brother” and “sister,” titles given by men and women to their sex totems, ii. [215], [216], [218]
Brotherhood of the Green Wolf at Jumièges in Normandy, i. 185 sq.
Brothers, ancient Egyptian story of the Two, ii. [134] sqq.
Brown, Dr. George, quoted, i. 32 sqq.;
on external soul in Melanesia, ii. [199]
Brughe, John, his cure for bewitched cattle, i. 324 sq.
Brund (or brand), the Christmas, the Yule log, i. 257
Brunswick, belief as to menstruous women in, i. 96;
Easter bonfires in, 140;
need-fire in, 277 sq.
Buchan, Hallowe'en fires in, i. 232 sq.
Bûche de Noël, the Yule log, i. 249
Buddha and the crocodile, Indian story, ii. [102] n. 4
Buffalo, external souls of a clan in a, ii. [151];
a Batta totem, [223]
—— clan in Uganda, i. 3
Buffaloes, external human souls in, ii. [207], [208]
Bühl, St. John's fires at, i. 168
Bukaua, the, of New Guinea, girls at puberty secluded among the, i. 35;
their rites of initiation, ii. [239] sqq.
Bu-ku-rú, ceremonial uncleanness, i. 65 n. 1, 86
Buléon, Mgr., quoted by Father H. Trilles, ii. [202] n. 1
Bulgaria, the Yule log in, i. 264 n. 1;
need-fire in, 281, 285;
simples and flowers culled on St. John's Day in, ii. [50];
creeping through an arch of vines as a cure in, [180];
creeping under the root of a willow as a cure for whooping-cough in, [180] sq.
——, Simeon, prince of, ii. [156] sq.
Bullet blessed by St. Hubert used to shoot witches with, i. 315 sq.
Bullock, bewitched, burnt to cause the witch to appear, i. 303
Bull-roarers swung, i. 133;
sounded at initiation of lads, ii. [227], [228] sqq., [233] sqq., [240], [241];
used as magical instruments to make rain, [230] sqq.;
sounded at festivals of the dead, [230] n.;
made from trees struck by lightning, [231];
sounded to make the wind blow, [232];
called “thunder and lightning,” [232];
sounded to promote the growth of the crops, [232];
originally magical instruments for making thunder, wind, and rain, [233];
not to be seen by women, [234], [235], [242];
called by name which means a ghost or spirit of the dead, [242];
called by the same name as the monster who swallows lads at initiation, [242];
kept in men's club-house, [242];
named after dead men, [242] n. 1
——, sound of, thought to resemble thunder, ii. [228] sqq.;
supposed to increase the food supply, [230];
supposed to be the voice of a spirit, [233], [234], [235]
Burchard, Bishop of Worms, his condemnation of a heathen practice, ii. [191]
Bures, bonfires, i. 110 n. 1, 111 n. 1
Burford, in Oxfordshire, Midsummer giant and dragon at, ii. [37]
Burghead, the burning of the Clavie at, i. 266 sq.;
the old rampart at, 267 sq.
Burgundy, Firebrand Sunday in, i. 114;
the Yule log in, 254
Burma, the Karens of, ii. [157]
Burne, Miss F. C., and Jackson, Miss G. F., on the fear of witchcraft in Shropshire, i. 342 n. 4
Burning the witches on May Day, i. 157, 159, 160;
of effigies in the Midsummer fires, 195;
of the witches in the Hallowe'en fires, 232 sq.;
of the Clavie at Burghead, 266 sq.;
of a bewitched animal or part of it to cause the witch to appear, 303, 305, 307 sq., 321 sq.;
of human beings in the fires, ii. [21] sqq.;
of live animals at spring and Midsummer festivals, [38] sqq.;
the animals perhaps deemed embodiments of witches, [41] sq., [43] sq.;
of human victims annually, [286] n. 2
—— discs thrown into the air, i. 116 sq., 119, 143, 165, 166, 168 sq., 172
—— the Easter Man, i. 144
“—— the Old Wife (Old Woman),” i. 116, 120
“—— the Witches,” i. 116, 118 sq., 154;
a popular name for the fires of the festivals, ii. [43]
—— wheels rolled down hill, i. 116, 117 sq., 119, 141, 143, 161, 162 sq., 163 sq., 166, 173, 174, 201, 328, 334, 337 sq.;
rolled over fields at Midsummer to fertilize them, 191, 340 sq.;
perhaps intended to burn witches, 345
Burns, Robert, i. 207;
on Hallowe'en, 234
Burnt sacrifices to stay cattle-plague in England, Wales, and Scotland, i. 300 sqq.
Burs, a preservative against witchcraft, i. 177
Burying bewitched animals alive, i. 324 sqq.
—— girls at puberty in the ground, i. 38 sqq.
Bushmen, their dread of menstruous women, i. 79;
their way of warming up the star Sirius, 332 sq.
Bushongo, royal persons among the, not allowed to set foot on the ground, i. 4;
use of bull-roarers among the, ii. [229];
rites of initiation among the, [264] sqq.
Butter thought to be improved by the Midsummer fires, i. 180;
bewitched, burnt at a cross-road, 322
“—— -churning,” Swiss expression for kindling a need-fire, i. 279
Byron, Lord, and the oak, ii. [166]
Cabbages, divination by, at Hallowe'en, i. 242.
See also [Kail]
Caesar on the fortification walls of the Gauls, i. 267;
on human sacrifices among the Celts of Gaul, ii. [32]
Caesarea. See Everek
Caffre villages, women's tracks at, i. 80
Caffres of South Africa, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 30;
use of bull-roarers among the, ii. [229] n., [232]
Cages, girls at puberty confined in, i. 32 sqq., 44, 45
Cailleach beal-tine, the Beltane carline, i. 148
Cairnshee, in Kincardineshire, Midsummer fires on, i. 206
Caithness, need-fire in, i. 290 sqq.
Cake, St. Michael's, i. 149, 154 n. 3;
salt, divination by, 238 sq.;
the Yule or Christmas, 257, 259, 261
Cakes, Hallowe'en, i. 238, 241, 245;
Beltane, 148 sq., 150, 152, 153, 154, 155;
divination by, 242, 243
Calabar, soul of chief in sacred grove at, ii. [161];
negroes of, their belief in external or bush souls lodged in animals, [204] sqq., [220], [222] n. 5;
the fattening-house for girls in, [259]
Calabria, holy water at Easter in, i. 123
Calamities, almost all, set down to witchcraft, ii. [19] sq.
Calendar, change in the Chinese, i. 137;
Mohammedan, 216 sq., 218 sq.;
the Julian, used by Mohammedans, 218 sq.;
the reform of, in relation to floral superstitions, ii. [55] n. 1
Calendars, conflict of, i. 218
Calendeau, calignau, the Yule-log, i. 250
Calf burnt alive to stop a murrain, i. 300 sq.
California, seclusion of girls at puberty among the Indians of, i. 41 sqq.;
ordeals among the Indians of, 64;
the Senal Indians of, ii. [295];
the Maidu Indians of, [295], [298]
Callander, the parish of, Beltane fires in, i. 150 sqq.;
Hallowe'en fires in, 231
Calves burnt to stop disease in the herds, i. 301, 306
Calymnos, a Greek island, superstition as to menstruous women in, i. 96 sq.;
Midsummer fires in, 212
Cambodia, seclusion of girls at puberty in, i. 70;
ritual at cutting a parasitic orchid in, ii. [81]
Cambodian or Siamese story of the external soul, ii. [102]
Cambridgeshire, witch as cat in, i. 317
Cambus o' May, near Ballater, holed stone at, ii. [187]
Cameroons, life of person bound up with tree in the, ii. [161];
theory of the external soul in, [200], [202] sq.
Camomile (Anthemis nobilis) burnt in Midsummer fire, i. 213;
sacred to Balder, ii. [63];
gathered at Midsummer, [63]
Campbell, Rev. J. G., on deiseal, i. 151 n.
Campbell, Rev. John, on Coranna customs, ii. [192], [192] n. 1
Campo di Giove, in the Abruzzi, Easter candles at, i. 122
Candle, the Easter or Paschal, i. 121, 122, 125;
divination by the flame of a, 229;
the Yule or Christmas, 255, 256, 260;
external soul in a, ii. [125] sq.
—— and apple, biting at, i. 241, 242, 243, 245
Candlemas in the Armenian church, bonfires at, i. 131;
the Yule log at, 256 n.
—— candles, i. 264 n. 4
Candles used to keep off witches, i. 245
Canopus and Sirius in Bushman lore, i. 333
Capart, Jean, on palettes found in Egyptian tombs, ii. [155] n. 3
Cape York Peninsula in Queensland, i. 37, 38
Caper-spurge (Euphorbia lathyris) identified with mythical springwort, ii. [69]
Capital of column, external soul in, ii. [156] sq.
Capitol at Rome, the oak of Jupiter on the, ii. [89]
Cappadocia, the fire-walk at Castabala in, ii. [14]
Capri, feast of the Nativity of the Virgin in, i. 220 sq.
Capricorn, time when the sun enters the tropic of, ii. [1]
Caps worn in mourning, i. 20
Cardiganshire, Hallowe'en in, i. 226
Caribs, their theory of the plurality of souls, ii. [221]
Carinthia, new fire at Easter in, i. 124
Caripunas Indians of Brazil, use of bull-roarers among the, ii. [230] n.
Carmichael, Alexander, on need-fire, i. 293 sqq.;
on snake stones, ii. [311]
Carn Brea, in Cornwall, Midsummer fires on, i. 199
Carnarvonshire, the cutty black sow in, i. 240
Carnival, effigy burnt at end of, i. 120;
wicker giants at the, ii. [35]
Carnmoor, in Mull, need-fire kindled on, i. 289 sq.
Carnwarth, in Cornwall, Midsummer fires at, i. 199
Caroline Islands, traditionary origin of fire in the, ii. [295]
Carpathian Mountains, Midsummer fires on the, i. 175;
need-fire in the, 281;
the Huzuls of the, ii. [49]
Carrier Indians of North-Western America, funeral custom of the, i. 11;
their dread and seclusion of menstruous women, 91 sqq.;
their honorific totems, ii. [273] sqq.
Carver, Captain Jonathan, his description of the rite of death and resurrection, ii. [267] sq.
Casablanca, Midsummer fires at, i. 214
Cashmeer stories of the external soul, ii. [100] sq., [138] n. 1
Caspar, Balthasar, and Melchior, the Three Holy Kings, ii. [68]
Cassel, in France, wicker giants on Shrove Tuesday at, ii. [35]
Cassowaries, men disguised as, in Duk-duk ceremonies, ii. [247]
Castabala, in Cappadocia, the fire-walk at, ii. [14]
Castiglione a Casauria, Midsummer customs at, i. 210
Castle Ditches, in the Vale of Glamorgan, bonfires at, i. 156
Castres, in Southern France, ii. [187]
Cat, a representative of the devil, ii. [40];
story of a clan whose souls were all in one, [150] sq.;
a Batta totem, [223].
See also [Cats]
Caterpillars, bonfires as a protection against, i. 114
Catholic Church, its consecration of the Midsummer festival to St. John the Baptist, i. 181
Cato on a Roman cure for dislocation, ii. [177]
Cats burnt in bonfires, i. 109, ii. [39] sq.;
perhaps burnt as witches, [41];
witches changed into, i. 315 n. 1, 317, 318, 319 sq., ii. [311] sq.
Cattle sacrificed at holy oak, i. 181;
protected against sorcery by sprigs of mullein, 190;
fire carried round, 201, 206;
driven out to pasture in spring and back in autumn, 223;
acquire the gift of speech on Christmas Eve, 254;
driven through the need-fire, 270 sqq.;
killed by fairy darts, 303;
lighted brands carried round, 341;
thought to benefit by festivals of fire, ii. [4], [7];
fumigated with smoke of Midsummer herbs, [53]
—— and sheep driven through, round, or between bonfires, i. 108, 109, 141, 154, 157, 158, 159, 165, 175, 176, 179, 185, 188, 192, 202, 203, 204, 301, ii. [8], [9], [11] sq., [13]
—— disease, the Midsummer fires a protection against, i. 176;
attributed to witchcraft, 302 sq., 343
—— -plague, need-fire kindled as a remedy for, i. 270 sqq.;
sacrifice of an animal to stay a, 300 sqq.
—— -rearing tribes of South Africa, their dread of menstruous women, i. 79 sq.
Cave, initiation of medicine-men by spirits in a, ii. [237] sqq.
—— of Cruachan, the “Hell-gate of Ireland,” i. 226
Cedar-bark, red, used in ceremonies of a secret society, ii. [271]
Celebes, Macassar in, i. 14;
souls of persons removed for safety from their bodies in, ii. [153] sq.
——, Central, the Toradjas of, i. 311 sqq.
——, Southern, birth-trees in, ii. [164]
Celibacy of the Vestal Virgins, i. 138 n. 5
Celtic bisection of the year, i. 223
—— population, their superstition as to Snake Stones, i. 15
—— stories of the external soul, ii. [126] sqq.
Celts, their two great fire-festivals on the Eve of May Day and Hallowe'en, i. 222, 224;
the oak worshipped by the, ii. [89]
——, the British, their chief fire-festivals, Beltane and Hallowe'en, ii. [40] sq.
—— of Brittany, their use of mistletoe, ii. [320]
—— of Gaul, their human sacrifices, ii. [32] sq.;
the victims perhaps witches and wizards, [41] sq.;
W. Mannhardt's theory, [43]
—— of Ireland, their new fire on Hallowe'en, i. 139
—— of northern Italy, ii. [320]
Celts (prehistoric implements) called “thunderbolts,” i. 14 sq.
Central Provinces of India, cure for fever in the, ii. [190]
Ceos, Greek island of, sick children passed through a cleft oak in, ii. [172]
Ceram, seclusion of girls at puberty in, i. 36;
belief that strength of young people is in their hair in, ii. [158];
rites of initiation to the Kakian association in, [249] sqq.
Ceremony, magical, to ensure fertility of women, i. 23 sq., 31
Cetraro in Calabria, Easter custom at, i. 123
Ceylon, the king of, and his external soul, ii. [102]
Chaco, the Gran, i. 58;
marriage custom of Indians of the, i. 75;
Indians of the, i. 98 n. 1
——, the Paraguayan, i. 56
Chadwick, Professor H. M., i. 103 n.
Chaka, Zulu king, ii. [212] n.
Chalk, white, bodies of newly initiated lads coated with, ii. [241]
Chambers, E. K., on the Celtic bisection of the year, i. 223
“Charcoal Man” at Midsummer, ii. [26] n. 2
Charente Inférieure, department of, St. John's fires in the, i. 192
Chariot, patient drawn through the yoke of a, ii. [192]
Chariots used by sacred persons, i. 4 n. 1
Charlemagne, i. 270
Chaste young men kindle need-fire, i. 273
Chastity associated with abstinence from salt, i. 27 sq.
Château-Tierry, Midsummer fires at, i. 187 sq.
Chatham Islands, birth-trees in the, ii. [165]
Chavandes, bonfires, i. 109 n. 2
Cheadle, in Staffordshire, the Yule log at, i. 256
Cheese, the Beltane, kept as a charm against the bewitching of milk-produce, i. 154
Chêne-Doré, “the gilded oak,” in Perche, ii. [287] n. 1
Chepstow oak, in Gloucestershire, ii. [316]
Cheremiss of the Volga, their Midsummer festival, i. 181
Cherokees, their sacred arks, i. 11 sq.;
their ideas as to trees struck by lightning, ii. [296] sq.
Cherry-tree wood used for Yule log, i. 250
—— -trees, torches thrown at, i. 108
Chervil-seed burnt in Midsummer fire, i. 213
Chesnitsa, Christmas cake, i. 261
Chester, Midsummer giants at, ii. [37]
Chevannes, bonfires, i. 111 n. 1
Cheyenne Indians, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 54 sq.
—— women secluded at menstruation, i. 89
Chiaromonte, Midsummer custom at, i. 210
Chibisa, an African chief, ii. [314]
Chicha, a native intoxicant, i. 57, 58
Chicory, the white flower of, opens all locks, ii. [71]
Chief's daughter, ceremonies observed by her at puberty, i. 30, 43
Chikumbu, a Yao chief, ii. [314]
Chilblains, the Yule log a preventive of, i. 250
Childbirth, customs observed by women after, i. 20
Childless couples leap over bonfires to procure offspring, i. 214, 338
Childless women creep through a holed stone, ii. [187]
Children live apart from their parents among the Baganda, i. 23 n. 2;
born feet foremost, curative power attributed to, 295;
passed across the Midsummer fires, 182, 189 sq., 192, 203;
passed through holes in ground or turf to cure them, ii. [190] sq.
Chillingworth, Thomas, passed through a cleft ash-tree for rupture, ii. [168] sq.
Chimney, witches fly up the, ii. [74]
—— -piece, divination by names on, i. 237
China, were-wolves in, i. 310 sq.;
annual ceremony of the new fire in, 136 sq., ii. [3];
use of fire to bar ghosts in, [17] sq.;
spirits of plants in snake form in, [44] n. 1;
use of mugwort in, [60]
Chinese festival of fire, ii. [3] sqq.;
story of the external soul, [145] sq.;
theories as to the human soul, [221]
Chinook Indians, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 43
Chippeway Indians, their dread and seclusion of menstruous women, i. 90 sq.
Chiquites Indians of Paraguay, their theory of sickness, ii. [226] n. 1
Chirbury, in Shropshire, the Yule log at, i. 257
Chiriguanos of Bolivia, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 56
Choctaw women secluded at menstruation, i. 88
Chopping-knife, soul of woman in childbirth transferred for safety to a, ii. [153] sq.
Chota Nagpur, the fire-walk in, ii. [5]
Chouquet, in Normandy, the Green Wolf at, i. 185
Christbrand, the Yule log, i. 248
Christenburg Crags, in Northumberland, Midsummer fires at, i. 198
Christian Church, its treatment of witches, ii. [42]
Christklotz, the Yule log, i. 248
Christmas, an old pagan festival of the sun, i. 246, 331 sq.;
new fire made by the friction of wood at, 264;
mistletoe gathered at, ii. [291]
—— cake, i. 257, 259, 261
—— candle, the, i. 255, 256, 260
—— Eve, cattle acquire the gift of speech on, i. 254;
trees fumigated with wild thyme on, ii. [64];
the fern blooms at, [66];
witches dreaded on, [73];
sick children passed through cleft trees on, [172]
—— night, fern-seed blooms on, ii. [289]
—— pig, i. 259
—— visiter, the, i. 261 sq., 263, 264
Church, the Christian, its treatment of witches, ii. [42]
—— bells on Midsummer Eve, custom as to ringing, ii. [47] sq.;
rung to drive away witches, [73]
Churches used as places of divination at Hallowe'en, i. 229
Churinga, sacred sticks and stones of the Arunta, ii. [218] n. 3, [234]
Chu-Tu-shi, a Chinese were-tiger, i. 310 sq.
Ciotat, Midsummer rites of fire and water at, i. 194
Circumambulating fields with lighted torches, i. 233 sq.
Circumcision, custom at, among the Washamba, ii. [183];
of lads at initiation in Australia, [227] sq., [233], [234], [235];
in New Guinea, [240] sq.;
in Fiji, [243] sq.;
in Rook, [246];
custom of, on the Lower Congo, [251], [255] n. 1
Clach-nathrach, serpent stone, ii. [311]
Clam shell, sacred, of the Omahas, i. 11
Clan of the Cat, ii. [150] sq.
Clappers, used instead of church bells in Holy Week, i. 125;
wooden, used in China, 137
Classificatory system of relationship, ii. [234] n. 1, [314] n. 4
Claudius, the emperor, i. 15
Clavie, the burning of the, at Burghead, i. 266 sq.
Clay plastered on girls at puberty, i. 31;
white, bodies of novices at initiation smeared with, ii. [255] n. 1, [259]
Cleary, Bridget, burnt as a witch in Tipperary, i. 323 sq.
——, Michael, burns his wife as a witch, i. 323 sq.
Clee, in Lincolnshire, the Yule log at, i. 257
—— Hills, in Shropshire, fear of witchcraft in the, i. 342 n. 4
Cleft stick, passage through a, in connexion with puberty and circumcision, ii. [183] sq.
Climacteris scandens, women's “sister” among the Kulin, ii. [216]
Clodd, Edward, on the external soul, ii. [96] n. 1
Clog, the Yule, i. 247
Clonmel, trial for witch-burning at, i. 324
Clover, four-leaved, a counter-charm for witchcraft, i. 316;
found at Midsummer, ii. [62] sq.
Clue of yarn, divination by a, i. 235, 240, 241, 243
Coal, magical, that turns to gold at Midsummer, ii. [60] sq.
Coast Murring tribe of New South Wales, the drama of resurrection exhibited to novices at initiation in the, ii. [235] sqq.
Cobern, effigy burnt at, i. 120
Coblentz, i. 248
Coccus Polonica and St. John's blood, ii. [56]
Cock, effigy of, in bonfire, i. iii;
a black, used as counter-charm to witchcraft, 321;
white, burnt in Midsummer bonfire, ii. [40];
external soul of ogre in a, [100];
killed on harvest-field, [280] n.;
red, killed to cure person struck by lightning, [298] n. 2
—— or hen, striking blindfold at a, ii. [279] n. 4
Cock's blood poured on divining-rod, ii. [282]
Cockchafer, external soul in a golden, ii. [140]
Cockchafers, witches as, i. 322
Coco-nut, soul of child deposited in a, i. 154 sq.
—— palm planted over navel-string and afterbirth of child, ii. [161], [163], compare [164];
attracts lightning, [299] n. 2
Codrington, Dr. R. H., on the Melanesian conception of the external soul, ii. [197] sq.
Coel Coeth, Hallowe'en bonfire, i. 239
Cohen, S. S., i. 128 n. 1
Coil, sick children passed through a, ii. [185] sq.
Cold food, festival of the, in China, i. 137
Cole, Lieut.-Colonel H. W. G., on a custom of the Lushais, ii. [185] sq.
Colic, popular remedies for, i. 17;
leaping over bonfires as a preventive of, 107, 195 sq., 344;
attributed to witchcraft, 344
Coll, the Hole Stone in the island of, ii. [187]
Colleda, an old Servian goddess, i. 259
Cologne, St. John's fourteen Midsummer victims at, ii. [27]
Colombia, the Goajiras of, i. 34 n. 1;
Guacheta in, 74
Combe d'Ain, i. 114
Comminges, Midsummer fires in, i. 192 sq.
Community, welfare of, bound up with the life of the divine king, i. 1 sq.;
purified in the persons of its representatives, ii. [24]
Condé, in Normandy, i. 266
Conductivity, electric, of various kinds of wood, ii. [299] n. 2
Conflagrations, bonfires supposed to protect against, i. 107, 108, 140, 142, 344;
brands of Midsummer bonfires thought to be a protection against, 165, 174, 183, 188, 196;
the Yule log a protection against, 248 sq., 250, 255, 256, 258;
Midsummer flowers a protection against, ii. [48];
mountain arnica a protection against, [58];
oak-mistletoe a protection against, [85]
Conflict of calendars, solar and lunar, i. 218
Congo, seclusion of girls at puberty on the Lower, i. 31;
birth-trees on the, 161 sq.;
theory of the external soul on the, ii. [200];
use of bull-roarers on the, [229]
——, the French, the Fans of, ii. [161]
——, the Lower, rites of initiation on the, ii. [251] sqq.
Connaught, Midsummer fires in, i. 203;
cave of Cruachan in, 226;
palace of the kings of, ii. [127]
Connemara, Midsummer fires in, i. 203
Constance, the Lake of, ii. [26]
Constantinople, column at, ii. [157]
Consumption, ashes of the Midsummer fires a cure for, i. 194 sq.;
transferred to bird, ii. [187]
Consumptive patients passed through holes in stones or rocks, ii. [186] sq.
Continence as preparation for walking through fire, ii. [3]
Conty, Lenten fires at, i. 113
Conway, Professor R. S., on the etymology of Soranus, ii. [15] n. 1
Cook, A. B., on the oak of Errol, ii. [284] n. 1
Cook, menstruous women not allowed to, i. 80, 82, 84, 90
Copper needle, story of man who could only be killed by a, ii. [314]
Corannas, a Hottentot people, children after an illness passed under an arch among the, ii. [192]
Cords tied tightly round the bodies of girls at puberty, i. 92 n. 1
Corea, custom observed after childbirth by women in, i. 20;
use of torches to ensure good crops in, 340
Cormac, on Beltane fires, i. 157
Cor-mass, procession of wicker giants at Dunkirk, ii. [34]
Corn, charm to make the corn grow tall, i. 18;
thrown on the man who brings in the Yule log, 260, 262, 264;
blazing besoms flung aloft to make the corn grow high, 340
—— -spirit in last standing corn, i. 12;
human representatives of, put to death, ii. [25];
in animal shape, [43]
Cornel-tree wood used to kindle need-fire, i. 286
Cornwall, Snake Stones in, i. 15, 16 n. 1;
Midsummer fires in, 199 sq.;
burnt sacrifices to stay cattle-disease in, 300 sq.;
holed stone through which people used to creep in, ii. [187]
Corpse, priest of Earth forbidden to see a, i. 4
Corpus Christi Day, processions on, i. 165
Corrèze and Creuse, departments of, St. John's fires in the, i. 190
Corsica, Midsummer fires in, i. 209
Cos, effigies of Judas burnt at Easter in, i. 130;
Midsummer fires in, 212
Cosquin, E., on helpful animals and external souls in folk-tales, ii. [133] n. 1
Cosse de Nau, the Yule log, i. 251
Costa Rica, Indians of, their customs in fasts, i. 20;
ceremonial uncleanness among the, 65 n. 1;
the Bri-bri Indians of, 86;
the Guatusos of, ii. [230] n.
Coudreau, H., quoted, i. 63 sq.
Coulommiers, in France, notion as to mistletoe at, ii. [316] n. 1
Counter-charm for witchcraft, “scoring above the breath,” i. 316 n. 2
Couples married within the year obliged to dance by torchlight, i. 115, 339
Coventry, Midsummer giants at, ii. [37]
Cows, witches steal milk from, i. 343;
mistletoe given to, ii. [86];
milked through a hole in a branch or a “witch's nest,” [185]
Crackers burnt to frighten ghosts, ii. [17], [18]
Cracow, Midsummer fires in the district of, i. 175
Cream, ceremony for thickening, i. 262
Creek Indians, their dread of menstruous women, i. 88
Creeping through a tunnel as a remedy for an epidemic, i. 283 sq.;
through cleft trees as cure for various maladies, ii. [170] sqq.;
through narrow openings in order to escape ghostly pursuers, [177] sqq.
Creuse and Corrèze, departments of, St. John's fires in the, i. 190
Criminals shorn to make them confess, ii. [158] sq.
Croatia, Midsummer fires in, i. 178
Croats of Istria, their belief as to the activity of witches on Midsummer Eve, ii. [75]
Crocodile, a Batta totem, ii. [223]
Crocodiles, fat of, i. 14;
lives of persons bound up with those of, ii. [201], [202], [206], [209];
external human souls in, [207], [209]
Cronus, cakes offered to, i. 153 n. 3
Crops supposed to be spoiled by menstruous women, i. 79, 96;
leaping over bonfires to ensure good, 107;
Midsummer fires thought to ensure good, 188, 336;
torches swung by eunuchs to ensure good, 340;
bull-roarers sounded to promote the growth of the, ii. [232]
Cross River natives, their lives bound up with those of certain animals, ii. [202] sq., [204]
—— -roads, ceremonies at, i. 24;
witches at, 160 n. 1;
Midsummer fires lighted at, 172, 191;
divination at, 229;
bewitched things burnt at, 322
Crosses chalked up to protect houses and cattle-stalls against witches, i. 160 n. 1, ii. [74]
Crow, hooded, sacrifice to, i. 152
Crowdie, a dish of milk and meal, i. 237
Crown or garland of flowers in Midsummer bonfire, i. 184, 185, 188, 192;
of Roses, festival of the, 195.
See also [Flowers]
Cruachan, the herdsman or king of, Argyleshire story of, ii. [127] sqq.;
in Connaught, the cave of, i. 226
Cryptocerus atratus, F., stinging ants, i. 62
Cuissard, Ch., on Midsummer fires, i. 182 sq.
Cumae, the Sibyl at, i. 99
Cumanus, inquisitor, ii. [158]
Cumberland, Midsummer fires in, i. 197
Cups, special, used by girls at puberty, i. 50, 53
Curative powers ascribed to persons born feet foremost, i. 295
Cures, popular, prescribed by Marcellus of Bordeaux, i. 17
Cursing a mist in Switzerland, i. 280
Cuzco, ceremony of the new fire in, i. 132
Cycle of thirty years (Druidical), ii. [77]
Cycles of sixty years (Boeotian, Indian, and Tibetan), ii. [77] n. 1
Cythnos, Greek island, sickly children pushed through a hole in a rock in, ii. [189]
Czechs cull simples at Midsummer, ii. [49]
Dacotas or Sioux, ritual of death and resurrection among the, ii. [268] sq.
Daedala, Boeotian festival of the Great, ii. [77] n. 1
Dairy, mistletoe used to make the dairy thrive, ii. [86]
Daizan, king of Atrae, i. 83
Dalhousie Castle, the Edgewell Tree at, ii. [166]
Dalmatia, the Yule log in, i. 263
Dalyell, J. G., on Beltane, i. 149 n. 1
Damun, in German New Guinea, ceremony of initiation at, ii. [193]
Danae, the story of, i. 73 sq.
Dance at Sipi in Northern India, i. 12;
of young women at puberty, ii. [183];
in the grave at initiation, [237];
in honour of the big or grey wolf, [276] n. 2
Dances of fasting men and women at festival, i. 8 sq.;
of Duk-duk society, 11;
of girls at puberty, 28, 29, 30, 37, 42, 50, 58, 59;
round bonfires, 108, 109, 110, 111, 114, 116, 120, 131, 142, 145, 148, 153 sq., 159, 166, 172, 173, 175, 178, 182, 183, 185, 187, 188, 189, 191, 193, 194, 195, 198, 246, ii. [2], [39];
masked, bull-roarers used at, [230] n.;
of novices at initiation, [258], [259]
Dancing with the fairies at Hallowe'en, i. 227
Dandelions gathered at Midsummer, ii. [49]
Danger apprehended from the sexual relation, ii. [277] sq.
Dangers thought to attend women at menstruation, i. 94
Danish stories of the external soul, ii. [120] sqq.
—— story of a girl who was forbidden to see the sun, i. 70 sqq.
Danserosse or danseresse, a stone, i. 110
Danube, worship of Grannus on the, i. 112
Danzig, the immortal lady of, i. 100
Daphne gnidium gathered at Midsummer, ii. [51]
Dapper, O., on ritual of death and resurrection at initiation in the Belli-Paaro society, ii. [257] sqq.
Daramulun, a mythical being who instituted and superintends the initiation of lads in Australia, ii. [228], [233], [237];
his voice heard in the sound of the bull-roarer, [228].
See also [Thrumalun] and [Thuremlin]
“Darding Knife,” pretence of death and resurrection at initiation to the, ii. [274] sq.
Darling River, the Ualaroi of the, ii. [233]
Darma Rajah, Hindoo god, ii. [6]
Darowen, in Wales, Midsummer fires at, i. 201
Darwin, Charles, on the cooling of the sun, ii. [307]
Darwin, Sir Francis, on the Golden Bough, ii. [318], [319] n. 3
Dashers of churns, witches ride on, ii. [73] sq.
Date of Chinese festival changed, i. 137
Dathi, king of Ireland, and his Druid, i. 228 sq.
Davies, J. Ceredig, as to witches in Wales, i. 321 n. 2
Dawn of the Day, prayers to the, i. 50 sq., 53;
prayer of adolescent girl to the, 98 n. 1
Dawson, James, on sex totems in Victoria, ii. [216]
Dead, festival of the, i. 223 sq., 225 sq.;
souls of the, sit round the Midsummer fire, 183, 184;
sacrifice of reindeer to the, ii. [178];
incarnate in serpents, [211] sq.;
bull-roarers sounded at festivals of the, [230] n.;
first-fruits offered to the souls of the, [243]
“Death, carrying out,” i. 119;
“the burying of,” 119;
effigies of, burnt in spring fires, ii. [21] sq.;
customs observed by mourners after a death in order to escape from the ghost, [174] sqq.;
identified with the sun, [174] n. 1
Death and resurrection, ritual of, ii. [225] sqq.;
in Australia, [227] sqq.;
in New Guinea, [239] sqq.;
in Fiji, [243] sqq.;
in Rook, [246];
in New Britain, [246] sq.;
in Ceram, [249] sqq.;
in Africa, [251] sqq.;
in North America, [266] sqq.;
traces of it elsewhere, [276] sq.
Debregeasia velutina, used to kindle fire by friction, ii. [8]
December, the last day of, Hogmanay, i. 266;
the twenty-first, St. Thomas's Day, 266
Decle, L., quoted, i. 4 n. 1
Dee, holed stone used by childless women in the Aberdeenshire, ii. [187]
Deer and the family of Lachlin, superstition concerning, ii. [284]
Deffingin, in Swabia, Midsummer bonfires at, i. 166 sq.
Dehon, P., on witches as cats among the Oraons, ii. [312]
Deiseal, deisheal, dessil, the right-hand turn, in the Highlands of Scotland, i. 150 n. 1, 154
Delagoa Bay, the Thonga of, i. 29
Delaware Indians, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 54
Delivery, charms to ensure women an easy, i. 49, 50 sq., 52;
women creep through a rifted rock to obtain an easy, ii. [189]
Delmenhorst, in Oldenburg, Easter fires at, i. 142
Delos, new fire brought from, i. 136
Delphi, perpetual fire at, ii. [91] n. 7;
the picture of Orpheus at, [294];
Stheni, near, [317]
Demeter, the torches of, i. 340 n. 1;
serpents in the worship of, ii. [44] n.
Demnat, in the Atlas, New Year rites at, i. 217, 218
Demon supposed to attack girls at puberty, i. 67 sq.;
festival of fire instituted to ban a, ii. [3]
Demons attack women at puberty and childbirth, i. 24 n. 2;
expelled at the New Year, 134 sq.;
abroad on Midsummer Eve, 172;
ashes of holy [pg 338] fires a protection against, ii. [8], [17];
vervain a protection against, [62];
guard treasures, [65].
See also [Evil Spirits]
Déné or Tinneh Indians, their dread and seclusion of menstruous women, i. 91 sqq.;
the Western, tattooing among the, 98 n. 1
See also [Tinneh]
Denham Tracts, on need-fire in Yorkshire, i. 287 sq.
Denmark, fires on St. John's Eve in, i. 171;
passing sick children through a hole in the ground in, 190, 191;
children passed through a cleft oak as a cure for rupture or rickets in, ii. [170], [172]
Dessil. See [Deiseal]
Deux-Sèvres, department of, Midsummer fires in the, i. 191;
fires on All Saints' Day in the, 245 sq.
Devil, the, seen on Midsummer Eve, i. 208
Devil's bit, St. John's wort, ii. [55] n. 2
Devils, ghosts, and hobgoblins abroad on Midsummer Eve, i. 202
Devonshire, need-fire in, i. 288;
animals burnt alive as a sacrifice in, 302;
belief in witchcraft in, 302;
crawling under a bramble as a cure for whooping-cough in, ii. [180]
Dew, rolling in the, at Midsummer, i. 208, with n. 1;
at Midsummer a protection against witchcraft, ii. [74]
Diana and Juno, ii. [302] n. 2
Diana, priest of, at Nemi, ii. [315]
Diana's Mirror, the Lake of Nemi, ii. [303]
Dieri of Central Australia, their dread of women at menstruation, i. 77;
use of bull-roarers among the, ii. [229] sq., [232];
bleed themselves to make rain, [232]
Dijon, Lenten fires at, i, 114
Dingle, church of St. Brandon near, ii. [190]
Diodorus Siculus, on the human sacrifices of the Celts, ii. [32]
Dioscorides on mistletoe, ii. [318] n. 1
Dipping for apples at Hallowe'en, i. 237, 239, 241, 242, 245
Discs, burning, thrown into the air, i. 116 sq., 119, 143, 165, 166, 168 sq., 172, 328, 334;
burning, perhaps directed at witches, 345
Disease, walking through fire as a remedy for, ii. [7];
conceived as something physical that can be stripped off the patient and left behind, [172]
Diseases of cattle ascribed to witchcraft, i. 343
Dish, external soul of warlock in a, ii. [141]
Dishes, special, used by girls at puberty, i. 47, 49
Dislocation, Roman cure for, ii. [177]
Divination on St. John's Night (Midsummer Eve), i. 173, ii. [46] n. 3, [50], [52] sqq., [61], [64], [67] sqq.;
at Midsummer in Spain and the Azores, i. 208 sq.;
at Hallowe'en, 225, 228 sqq.;
by stones at Hallowe'en fires, 230 sq., 239, 240;
by stolen kail, 234 sq., 241;
by clue of yarn, 235, 240, 241, 243;
by hemp seed, 235, 241, 245;
by winnowing-basket, 236;
by thrown shoe, 236;
by wet shirt, 236, 241;
by white of eggs, 236 sq., 238;
by apples in water, 237;
by a ring, 237;
by names on chimney-piece, 237;
by three plates or basins, 237 sq., 240, 244;
by nuts in fire, 237, 239, 241, 242, 245;
by salt cake, or salt herring, 238 sq.;
by the sliced apple, 238;
by eavesdropping, 238, 243, 244;
by knife, 241;
by briar-thorn, 242;
by melted lead, 242;
by cabbages, 242;
by cake at Hallowe'en, 242, 243;
by ashes, 243, 244, 245;
by salt, 244;
by raking a rick, 247;
magic dwindles into, 336.
See also [Divining-rod]
Divine personages not allowed to touch the ground with their feet, i. 2 sqq.;
not allowed to see the sun, 18 sqq.;
suspended for safety between heaven and earth, 98 sq.
Divining-rod cut on Midsummer Eve, ii. [67] sqq.;
made of hazel, [67] sq., [291] n. 3;
made of mistletoe in Sweden, [69], [291];
made of four sorts of wood, [69];
made of willow, [69] n.;
made out of a parasitic rowan, [281] sq.
Divisibility of life, doctrine of the, ii. [221]
Dobischwald, in Silesia, need-fire at, i. 278
Dodona, Zeus and his sacred oak at, ii. [49] sq.
Dog not allowed to enter priest's house, i. 4;
beaten to ensure woman's fertility, 69;
charm against the bite of a mad, ii. [56];
a Batta totem, [223]
—— Star, or Sirius, supposed by the ancients to cause the heat of summer, i. 332
Dolac, need-fire at, i. 286
Dolmen, sick children passed through a hole in a, ii. [188]
Dommartin, Lenten fires at, i. 109
Door, separate, for girls at puberty, i. 43, 44
Doorie, hill of, at Burghead, i. 267
Doors, separate, used by menstruous women, i. 84
Doorway, creeping through narrow opening in, as a cure, ii. [181] sq.
Dosadhs, an Indian caste, the fire-walk among the, ii. [5]
Dosuma, king of, not allowed to touch the ground, i. 3
Douay, procession of the giants at, ii. [33] sq.
Double-axe, Midsummer king of the, i. 194
Dourgne, in Southern France, crawling through holed stones near, ii. [187] sq.
Dove, the ceremony of the fiery, at Easter in Florence, i. 126;
a Batta totem, ii. [223]
Doves, external soul of magicians in, ii. [104];
Aeneas led by doves to the Golden Bough, [285], [316] n. 1
Dragon at Midsummer, effigy of, ii. [37];
external soul of a queen in a, [105];
of the water-mill, Servian story of the, [111] sqq.
Dragons driven away by smoke of Midsummer bonfires, i. 161;
St. Peter's fires lighted to drive away, 195
Draguignan, in the department of Var, Midsummer fires at, i. 193
Draupadi, the heroine of the Mahabharata, ii. [7]
Dread and seclusion of menstruous women, i. 76 sqq.;
dread of witchcraft in Europe, 342
Dream, guardian spirit or animal acquired in a, ii. [256] sq.
Dreaming on flowers on Midsummer Eve, i. 175
Dreams, oracular, i. 238, 242;
of love on Midsummer Eve, ii. [52], [54];
prophetic, on the bloom of the oak, [292];
prophetic, on mistletoe, [293]
Driving away the witches on Walpurgis Night, i. 160;
at Midsummer, 170, 171
Drobede (Draupadi), the heroine of the epic Mahabharata, ii. [7]
Drömling district, in Hanover, need-fire in, i. 277
Drought attributed to misconduct of young girls, i. 31
Druid, etymology of the word, i. 76 n. 1
Druidical custom of burning live animals, ii. [38];
the animals perhaps deemed embodiments of witches, [41] sq., [43] sq.;
festivals, so-called, of the Scotch Highlanders, i. 147, 206
—— sacrifices, W. Mannhardt's theory of the, ii. [43]
Druidism, so-called, remains of, i. 233, 241;
and the Christian Church in relation to witchcraft, ii. [42]
Druid's Glass, the, i. 16; prediction, the, 229
Druids' Hill, the, i. 229
Druids, their superstition as to “serpents' eggs,” i. 15;
their human sacrifices, ii. [32] sq.;
in relation to the Midsummer festival, [33] sqq., [45];
their worship of the mistletoe and the oak, [76] sq., [301];
their cycle of thirty years, [77];
catch the mistletoe in a white cloth, [293]
—— of Ireland, i. 157
Drynemetum, “the temple of the oak,” ii. [89]
Duck baked alive as a sacrifice in Suffolk, i. 304
Duck's egg, external soul in a, ii. [109] sq., [115] sq., [116], [119] sq., [120], [126], [130], [132]
Duk-duk, secret society of New Britain, i. 11, ii. [246] sq.
Duke of York Island, ii. [199] n. 2;
Duk-duk society in, [247];
exogamous classes in, [248] n.
Duke Town, on the Calabar River, ii. [209]
Dukkala, New Year customs in, i. 218
Dumbartonshire, Hallowe'en in, i. 237 n. 5
Dunbeath, in Caithness, i. 291
Dunkeld, i. 232
Dunkirk, procession of giants on Midsummer Day at, ii. [34] sq.
Durandus, G. (W. Durantis), his Rationale Divinorum Officiorum, i. 161
Durham, Easter candle in the cathedral of, i. 122 n.
Durris, parish of, Kincardineshire, Midsummer fires in the, i. 206 sq.
Dusk of the Evening, prayers to the, i. 53
Düsseldorf, Shrove Tuesday custom in the district of, i. 120
Dutch names for mistletoe, ii. [319] n. 1
Dwarf-elder at Midsummer detects witchcraft, ii. [64]
Dyaks of Borneo, trees and plants as life indices among the, ii. [164] sq.;
their doctrine of the plurality of souls, [222];
of Landak and Tajan, marriage custom of the, i. 5;
birth-trees among the, ii. [164];
of Pinoeh, their custom at a birth, ii. [154] sq.
Eagle, sacrifice to, i. 152
—— bone, used to drink out of, i. 45
—— clan, ii. [271], [272] n. 1
—— -hawk, external soul of medicine-man in, ii. [199]
—— -spirits and buried treasures, i. 218
Earth, taboos observed by the priest of, in Southern Nigeria, i. 4;
prayers to, 50;
and heaven, between, 1 sqq.
Easter, fern-seed blooms at, ii. [292] n. 2
—— candle, i. 121, 122, 125
—— ceremonies in the New World, i. 127 sq.
—— eggs, i. 108, 143, 144
—— Eve, new fire on, i. 121, 124, 126, 158;
the fern blooms at, ii. [66]
—— fires, i. 120 sqq.
—— Man, burning the, i. 144
—— Monday, fire-custom on, i. 143
—— Mountains, bonfires on, i. 140, 141
—— Saturday, new fire on, i. 121, 122, 124, 127, 128, 130;
the divining-rod baptized on, ii. [69]
—— Sunday, red eggs on, i. 122
Eavesdropping, divination by, i. 238, 243, 244
Echternach in Luxemburg, Lenten fire-custom at, i. 116
Eclipses attributed to monster biting the sun or moon, i. 70;
air thought to be poisoned at, 162 n.;
thought to be caused by a monster attacking the luminary, 162 n.
Edda, the prose, story of Balder in, i. 101;
the poetic, story of Balder in, 102
Eddesse, in Hanover, need-fire at, i. 275 sq.
Edersleben, Midsummer fire-custom at, i. 169
Edgewell Tree, oak at castle of Dalhousie, ii. [166], [284]
Effect, supposed, of killing a totem animal, ii. [220]
Effigies burnt in bonfires, i. 106, 107, 116, 118 sq., 119 sq., 121, 122, 159, 167;
of Judas burnt at Easter, 121, 127 sq., 130 sq.;
burnt in the Midsummer fires, 172 sq., 195;
of witches burnt in the fires, 342, ii. [19], [43];
of human beings burnt in the fires, [21] sqq.;
of giants burnt in the summer fires, [38]
Effigy of absent friend cut in a tree, ii. [159] sq.
Efik, a tribe of Calabar, their belief in external or bush souls, ii. [206]
Egede, Hans, on impregnation by the moon, i. 76
Egg broken in water, divination by means of, i. 208 sq.
Eggs, charm to ensure plenty of, i. 112, 338;
begged for at Midsummer, 169;
divination by white of, 236 sq., 238;
external souls of fairy beings in, ii. [106] sqq., [110], [125], [132] sq., [140] sq.
——, Easter, i. 108, 122, 143, 144
Egypt, the Flight into, ii. [69] n.;
deified kings of, their souls deposited during life in portrait statues, [157]
Egyptian, ancient, story of the external soul, ii. [134] sqq.
—— doctrine of the ka or external soul, ii. [157] n. 2
—— tombs, plaques or palettes of schist in, ii. [155]
Egyptians, human sacrifices among the, ii. [286] n. 2
Eifel Mountains, Lenten fires in the, i. 115 sq., 336 sq.;
Cobern in the, 120;
St. John's fires in the, 169;
the Yule log in the, 248;
Midsummer flowers in the, ii. [48]
Eighty-one (nine times nine), men make need-fire, i. 289, 294, 295
Eket, in North Calabar, ii. [209]
Ekoi, a tribe of Calabar, their belief in external or bush souls, ii. [206] sqq.
Elangela, external soul in Fan language, ii. [201], [226] n. 1
Elbe, the river, dangerous on Midsummer Day, ii. [26]
Elder-flowers gathered at Midsummer, ii. [64]
Elecampane in a popular remedy, i. 17
Electric conductivity of various kinds of wood, ii. [299] n. 2
Elephant hunters, custom of, i. 5
Elephants, lives of persons bound up with those of, ii. [202], [203];
external human souls in, [207]
Elgin, medical use of mistletoe in, ii. [84]
Elk clan of the Omaha Indians, i. 11
Elm wood used to kindle need-fire, i. 299
Embers of bonfires planted in fields, i. 117, 121;
stuck in cabbage gardens, 174, 175;
promote growth of crops, 337.
See also [Ashes] and [Sticks, charred]
—— of Midsummer fires a protection against conflagration, i. 188;
a protection against lightning, 190
Emily plain of Central Australia, ii. [238]
Emmenthal, in Switzerland, superstition as to Midsummer Day in the, ii. [27];
use of orpine at Midsummer in the, [62] n.
Emu fat not allowed to touch the ground, i. 13
—— -wren, called men's “brother” among the Kurnai, ii. [215] n. 1, [216], [218]
Encounter Bay tribe in South Australia, their dread of women at menstruation, i. 76
Energy, sanctity and uncleanness, different forms of the same mysterious, i. 97 sq.
England, belief as to menstruous women in, i. 96 n. 1;
Midsummer fires in, 196 sqq.;
the Yule log in, 255 sqq.;
the need-fire in, 286 sqq.;
Midsummer giants in, ii. [36] sqq.;
divination by orpine at Midsummer in, [61];
fern-seed [pg 341] at Midsummer in, [65];
the north of, mistletoe used to make the dairy thrive in, [85] sq.;
birth-trees in, [165];
children passed through cleft ash-trees as a cure for rupture or rickets in, [168] sqq.;
oak-mistletoe in, [316]
English cure for whooping-cough, rheumatism, and boils, ii. [180]
Ensival, bonfires at, i. 108
Entrails, external soul in, ii. [146] sq., [152]
Epic of Kings, Firdusi's, i. 104
Epidemic, creeping through a tunnel as a remedy for an, i. 283 sq.
Epilepsy, yellow mullein a protection against, ii. [63];
mistletoe a cure for, [78], [83], [84]
Épinal, Lenten fires at, i. 109
Eriskay, fairies at Hallowe'en in, i. 226;
salt cake at Hallowe'en in, 238 sq.
Errol, the Hays of, their fate bound up with oak-mistletoe, ii. [283] sq.
Escouvion or Scouvion, the Great and the Little, i. 108
Esquimaux, their superstition as to various meats, i. 13 sq.;
seclusion of girls at puberty among the, 55;
ceremony of the new fire among the, 134;
their custom at eclipses, 162 n.
—— of Alaska, child's soul deposited in a bag among the, ii. [155]
—— of Bering Strait, their belief as to menstruous women, i. 91
Esthonia, bathing at Midsummer in, ii. [29];
flowers gathered for divination and magic at Midsummer in, [53] sq.
Esthonians, Midsummer fires among the, i. 179 sq.;
of Oesel cull St. John's herbs on St. John's Day, ii. [49]
Eteobutads as umbrella-bearers at the festival of Scira, i. 20 n. 1
Eton, Midsummer fires at, i. 197
Eunuchs perform a ceremony for the fertility of the fields, i. 340
Euphorbia lathyris, caper-spurge, ii. [69]
Euripides, his play on Meleager, ii. [103] n. 2
Europe, superstitions as to menstruous women in, i. 96 sq.;
the fire-festivals of, 106 sqq.;
great dread of witchcraft in, 342;
birth-trees in, ii. [165];
belief in, that strength of witches and wizards is in their hair, [158]
Eurydice, Orpheus and, ii. [294]
Eve of Samhain (Hallowe'en) in Ireland, i. 139
Everek (Caesarea), in Asia Minor, creeping through a rifted rock at, ii. [189]
Evil eye, protection against, i. 17
—— spirit, mode of cure for possession by an, ii. [186]
Evil spirits driven away at the New Year, i. 134 sq.;
kept off by fire, 282, 285 sq.;
St. John's herbs a protection against, ii. [49];
kept off by flowers gathered at Midsummer, [53] sq.;
creeping through cleft trees to escape the pursuit of, [173] sqq.
See also [Demons]
Ewe negroes, their dread of menstruous women, i. 82
Exogamous classes in Duke of York island, ii. [248] n.
Exorcizing vermin with torches, i. 340
Exorcism of evil spirits, i. 5;
and ordeals, 66;
at Easter, 123;
use of St. John's wort in, ii. [55];
use of mugwort in, [60];
by vervain, [62] n. 4
Expulsion of demons, annual, i. 135
External soul in folk-tales, ii. [95] sqq.;
in folk-custom, [153] sqq.;
in inanimate things, [153] sqq.;
in plants, [159] sqq.;
in animals, [196] sqq.;
kept in totem, [220] sqq.
See also Souls, External
Extinction of common fires before the kindling of the need-fire, i. 271, 272, 273, 274, 275, 276, 277 sq., 279, 283, 285, 288, 289, 289 sq., 291, 291 sq., 292, 294, 297, 298 sq.;
ceremonial, of fires, ii. [297] sq.
Eye, the evil, cast on cattle, i. 302, 303;
oleander a protection against the, ii. [51]
Eyes, looking through flowers at the Midsummer fire, thought to be good for the, i. 162, 163, 165 sq., 171, 174 sq., 344;
ashes or smoke of Midsummer fire supposed to benefit the, 214 sq.;
sore, attributed to witchcraft, 344;
mugwort a protection against sore, ii. [59];
of newly initiated lads closed, [241]
Eyre, E. J., on menstruous women in Australia, i. 77
“Faery dairts” thought to kill cattle, i. 303
Failles, bonfires, i. 111 n. 1
Fair, great, at Uisnech in County Meath, i. 158
Fairies let loose at Hallowe'en, i. 224 sqq.;
carry off men's wives, 227;
at Hallowe'en, dancing with the, 227;
thought to kill cattle by their darts, 303;
active on Hallowe'en and May Day, ii. [184] n. 4, [185]
Fairy changelings, i. 151 n.;
mistletoe a protection against, ii. [283]
Falcon stone, at Errol, in Perthshire, ii. [283]
Falkenstein chapel of St. Wolfgang, creeping through a rifted rock near the, ii. [189]
Falling sickness, mistletoe a remedy for, ii. [83], [84]
Famenne in Namur, Lenten fires in, i. 108
Familiar spirits of wizards in boars, ii. [196] sq.
Fans of the French Congo, birth-trees among the, ii. [161]
—— of the Gaboon, their theory of the external soul, ii. [200] sqq., [226] n. 1;
guardian spirits acquired in dreams among the, [257]
—— of West Africa, custom at end of mourning among the, ii. [18]
Fast at puberty, ii. [222] n. 5
Fasting of girls at puberty, i. 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 66;
of women at menstruation, 93, 94;
as preparation for gathering magical plants, ii. [45], [55] n. 1, [58]
—— men and women at a dancing festival, i. 8 sqq.
Fasts imposed on heirs to thrones in South America, i. 19;
rules observed in, 20
Fat of emu not allowed to touch the ground, i. 13;
of crocodiles and snakes as unguent, 14
Fattening-house for girls in Calabar, ii. [259]
Feast of Florus and Lauras on August 18th, i. 220;
of the Nativity of the Virgin, 220 sq.;
of All Souls, 223 sq., 225 n. 3
Fechenots, fechenottes, Valentines, i. 110
Feet foremost, children born, curative power attributed to, i. 295
Fen-hall, i. 102
Ferintosh district, in Scotland, i. 227
Fern in a popular remedy, i. 17;
the male (Aspidium filix mas), superstitions as 10, ii. [66] sq.
—— owl or goatsucker, sex totem of women, ii. [217]
—— -seed gathered on Midsummer Eve, magical properties ascribed to, ii. [65] sqq.;
blooms on Midsummer Eve, [287];
blooms on Christmas Night, [288] sq.;
reveals treasures in the earth, [287] sqq.;
brought by Satan on Christmas night, [289];
gathered at the solstices, Midsummer Eve and Christmas, [290] sq.;
procured by shooting at the sun on Midsummer Day, [291];
blooms at Easter, [292] n. 2
Feronia, Italian goddess, ii. [14]
Ferrara, synod of, denounces practice of gathering fern-seed, ii. [66] n.
Fertility of women, magical ceremony to ensure, i. 23 sq., 31;
of fields, processions with lighted torches to ensure the, 233 sq.;
of the land supposed to depend on the number of human beings sacrificed, ii. [32], [33], [42] sq.
Fertilization of mango trees, ceremony for the, i. 10
Fertilizing fields with ashes of Midsummer fires, i. 170
Festival of the cold food in China, i. 137;
Chinese, shifted in the calendar, 137;
of the Cross on August 1st, 220;
of the Dead, 223 sq., 225 sq.
Fetish, the great, in West Africa, ii. [256]
Fever, leaping over the Midsummer bonfires as a preventive of, i. 166, 173, 194;
Midsummer fires a protection against, 190;
need-fire kindled to prevent, 297;
cure for, in India, ii. [190]
Fey, devoted, i. 231
Fez, Midsummer custom at, i. 216, ii. [31]
Field-mice, burning torches as a protection against, i. 114, 115
—— and moles driven away by torches, ii. [340]
Fields, cultivated, menstruous women not allowed to enter, i. 79;
protected against insects by menstruous women, 98 n. 1;
processions with torches through, 107 sq., 110 sqq., 113 sqq., 179, 339 sq.;
protected against witches, 121;
made fruitful by bonfires, 140;
fertilized by ashes of Midsummer fires, 170;
fertilized by burning wheel rolled over them, 191, 340 sq.;
protected against hail by bonfires, 344
Fig-trees, charm to benefit, i. 18; sacred among the Fans, ii. [161]
Fights between men and women about their sex totems, ii. [215], [217]
Figo, bonfire, i. 111
Fiji, brides tattooed in, i. 34 n. 1;
the fire-walk in, ii. [10] sq.;
birth-trees in, [163];
the drama of death and resurrection exhibited to novices at initiation in, [243] sqq.
Filey, in Yorkshire, the Yule log and candle at, i. 256
Finchra, mountain in Rum, ii. [284]
Fingan Eve in the Isle of Man, i. 266
Finistère, bonfires on St. John's Day in, i. 183
Finland, Midsummer fires in, i. 180 sq.;
fir-tree as life-index in, ii. [165] sq.
Finsch Harbour in German New Guinea, ii. [239]
Fir-branches, prayers to, i. 51;
at Midsummer, 177;
Midsummer mummers clad in, ii. [25] sq.
—— -cones, seeds of, gathered on St. John's Day, ii. [64]
—— -tree as life-index, ii. [165] sq.;
mistletoe on fir-trees, [315], [316]
—— -wood used to kindle need-fire, i. 278, 282
—— or beech used to make the Yule log, i. 249
Firdusi's Epic of Kings, i. 104
Fire, girls at puberty forbidden to see or go near, i. 29, 45, 46;
menstruous women not allowed to touch or see, 84, 85;
extinguished at menstruation, 87;
in fire-festivals, different possible explanations of its use, 112 sq.;
made by flints or by flint and steel, 121, 124, 126, 127, 145, 146, 159;
made by a burning-glass, 121, 127;
made by a metal mirror, 132, 137, 138 n. 5;
made by the friction of wood, 132, 133, 135, 136, 137, 138, 144 sq., 148, 155, 169 sq., 175, 177, 179, 220, 264, 270 sqq., 335 sq., ii. [8], [90], [295];
not to be blown up with breath, i. 133;
year called a fire, 137;
thought to grow weak with age, 137;
pretence of throwing a man into, 148, 186, ii. [25];
carried round houses, corn, cattle, and women after child-bearing, [151] n.;
used to drive away witches and demons at Midsummer, [170];
as a protection against evil spirits, [282], [285] sq.;
made by means of a wheel, [335] sq., ii. [91];
as a destructive and purificatory agent, i. 341;
used as a charm to produce sunshine, 341 sq.;
employed as a barrier against ghosts, ii. [17] sqq.;
as a purificatory agency, [19];
used to burn or ban witches, [19] sq.;
extinguished by mistletoe, [78], [84] sq., [293];
of oak-wood used to detect a murderer, [92] n. 4;
life of man bound up with a, [157];
perpetual, of oak-wood, [285] sq.;
conceived by savages as a property stored like sap in trees, [295];
primitive ideas as to the origin of, [295] sq.
——, living, made by friction of wood, i. 220
——, new, kindled on Easter Saturday, i. 121 sqq.;
festivals of new, 131 sqq.;
made by the friction of wood at Christmas, 264
“—— of heaven,” term applied to Midsummer bonfire, i. 334, 335
—— -drill used to kindle need-fire, i. 292
Fire-festivals of Europe, i. 106 sqq.;
interpretation of the, 328 sqq., ii. [15] sqq.;
at the solstices, i. 331 sq.;
solar theory of the, 331 sqq.;
purificatory theory of the, 341 sqq.;
regarded as a protection against witchcraft, 342;
the purificatory theory of the, more probable than the solar theory, 346;
elsewhere than in Europe, ii. [1] sqq.;
in China, [3] sqq.;
in Japan, [9] sq.;
in Fiji, [10] sq.;
in Tahiti, the Marquesas Islands, and Trinidad, [11];
in Africa, [11] sqq.;
in classical antiquity in Cappadocia and Italy, [14] sq.;
their relation to Druidism, [33] sqq., [45]
Fire-god, Armenian, i. 131 n. 3;
of the Iroquois, prayers to the, 299 sq.
—— -walk, the, ii. [1] sqq.;
a remedy for disease, [7];
the meaning of the, [15] sqq.
Firebrand, external soul of Meleager in a, ii. [103]
Firebrands, the Sunday of the, i. 110, 114
Fires extinguished as preliminary to obtaining new fire, i. 5;
annually extinguished and relit, 132 sqq.;
to burn the witches on the Eve of May Day (Walpurgis Night), 159 sq.;
autumn, 220 sqq.;
the need-fire, 269 sqq.;
extinguished before the lighting of the need-fire, 270, 271, 272, 273, 274, 275, 276, 277 sq., 279, 283, 285, 288, 289 sq., 291, 291 sq., 292, 294, 297, 298 sq.;
of the fire-festivals explained as sun-charms, 329, 331 sqq.;
explained as purificatory, 329 sq., 341 sqq.;
the burning of human beings in the, ii. [21] sqq.;
perpetual, fed with oak-wood, [91];
with pinewood, [91] n. 7;
the solstitial, perhaps sun-charms, [292];
extinguished and relighted from a flame kindled by lightning, [297] sq.
See also [Fire], [Bonfires]
——, the Beltane, i. 146 sqq.
——, the Easter, i. 120 sqq.
——, Hallowe'en, i. 222 sq., 230 sqq.
——, the Lenten, i. 106 sqq.
——, Midsummer, i. 160 sqq.;
a protection against witches, 180;
supposed to stop rain, 188, 336;
supposed to be a preventive of backache in reaping, 189, 344 sq.;
a protection against fever, 190
——, Midwinter, i. 246 sqq.
—— of St. John in France, i. 183, 188, 189, 190, 192, 193
—— on the Eve of Twelfth Day, i. 107
First-born lamb, wool of, used as cure for colic, i. 17
—— sons make need-fire, i. 294;
special magical virtue attributed to, 295
First-fruits offered to the souls of the dead, ii. [243]
Fish frightened or killed by proximity of menstruous women, i. 77, 93;
external soul in a, ii. [99] sq., [122] sq.;
golden, external soul of girl in a, [147] sq.;
lives of people bound up with, [200], [202], [204], [209]
Fisheries supposed to be spoiled by menstruous women, i. 77, 78, 90 sq., 93
Fison, Rev. Lorimer, on Fijian religion, ii. [244] n. 1, 2, 3, [246] n. 1
Fittleworth, in Sussex, cleft ash-trees used for the cure of rupture at, ii. [169] sq.
Flames of bonfires, omens drawn from, i. 159, 165, 336
Flanders, Midsummer fires in, i. 194;
the Yule log in, 249;
wicker giants in, ii. [35]
Flax, leaping over bonfires to make the flax grow tall, i. 119;
charms to make flax grow tall, 165, 166, 173, 174, 176, 180
—— crop, omens of the, drawn from Midsummer bonfires, i. 165
—— seed sown in direction of flames of bonfire, i. 140, 337
Fleabane as a cure for headache, i. 17
Fleas, leaping over Midsummer fires to get rid of, i. 211, 212, 217
Flight into Egypt, the, ii. [69] n.
Flints, fire kindled by, i. 121, 124, 126, 127, 145, 146, 159
Floor, sitting on the, at Christmas, i. 261
Florence, ceremony of the new fire at Easter in, i. 126 sq.
Florus and Laurus, feast of, on August 18th, i. 220
Flowers thrown on bonfire, ii. [8];
external souls in, [117] sq.
See also [Crown]
—— and herbs cast into the Midsummer bonfires, i. 162, 163, 172, 173
—— at Midsummer thrown on roofs as a protection against lightning, i. 169;
festival of, 177 sq.;
as talismans, 183;
in fires, 184, 188, 190;
wreaths of, hung over doors and windows, 201;
placed on mouths of wells, ii. [28];
divination from, [50]
—— on Midsummer Eve, blessed by St. John, i. 171;
the magic flowers of Midsummer Eve, ii. [45] sqq.;
used in divination, [52] sq.;
used to dream upon, [52], [54]
Flutes, sacred, played at initiation, ii. [241]
Fly River, in British New Guinea, ii. [232]
“Flying-rowan” (parasitic rowan), superstitions in regard to, ii. [281];
used to make a divining-rod, [281] sq.
Foam of the sea, the demon Namuci killed by the, ii. [280];
the totem of a clan in India, [281]
Fo-Kien, province of China, festival of fire in, ii. [3] sqq.
Folgareit, in the Tyrol, Midsummer custom at, ii. [47]
Folk-custom, external soul in, ii. [153] sqq.
—— -tales, the external soul in, ii. [95] sqq.
Follies of Dunkirk, ii. [34] sq.
Food, sacred, not allowed to touch the ground, i. 13 sq.;
girls at puberty not allowed to handle, 23, 28, 36, 40 sq., 42
Foods, forbidden, i. 4, 7, 19, 36 sq., 38, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 47, 48, 49, 54, 56, 57, 58, 68, 77, 78, 94
“Fool's Stone” in ashes of Midsummer fire, i. 195
Forbidden thing of clan, ii. [313]
Forchheim, in Bavaria, the burning of Judas at Easter in, i. 143
Foreskins of young men offered to ancestral spirits in Fiji, ii. [243] sq.
Forespeaking men and cattle, i. 303
Forgetfulness of the past after initiation, ii. [238], [254], [256], [258], [259], [266] sq.
Forked shape of divining-rod, ii. [67] n. 3
“Forlorn fire,” need-fire, i. 292
Foulères, bonfires, i. 111 n. 1
Foulkes, Captain, quoted, ii. [210]
Four kinds of wood used to make the divining-rod, ii. [69], [291]
Fourdin, E., on the procession of the giants at Ath, ii. [36] n. 2
Four-leaved clover, a counter-charm for witchcraft, i. 316;
at Midsummer useful for magic, ii. [62] sq.
Fowler, W. Warde, on Midsummer custom, i. 206 n. 2;
on sexta luna, ii. [77] n. 1;
on the ceremony of passing under the yoke, [195] n. 4;
on the oak and the thunder-god, [298], [299] n. 2, [300]
Fowls' nests, ashes of bonfires put in, i, 112, 338
Fox prayed to spare lambs, i. 152
Foxes burnt in Midsummer fires, ii. [39], [41];
witches turn into, [41]
Foxwell, Ernest, on the fire-walk in Japan, ii. [10] n. 1
Fraas, F., on the various sorts of mistletoe known to the ancients, ii. [318]
Frampton-on-Severn in Gloucestershire, ii. [316]
France, Lenten fires in, i. 109 sqq.;
Midsummer fires in, 181 sqq.;
fires on All Saints' Day in, 245 sq.;
the Yule log in, 249 sqq.;
wonderful herbs gathered on St. John's Eve (Midsummer Eve) in, ii. [45] sqq.;
mugwort (herb of St. John) at Midsummer in, [58] sq.;
fern-seed at Midsummer in, [65];
judicial treatment of sorcerers in, [158];
birth-trees in, [165];
children passed through a cleft oak as a cure for rupture or rickets in, [170].
See also [French]
Franche-Comté, Lenten fires in, i. 110 sq.;
fires of St. John in, 189;
the Yule log in, 254
Franken, Middle, fire custom at Easter in, i. 143
Frankenstein, precautions against witches in, ii. [20] n.
Fraser Lake in British Columbia, i. 47
Freiburg, in Switzerland, Lenten fires in, i. 119;
fern and treasure on St. John's Night in, ii. [288]
Freising, in Bavaria, creeping through a narrow opening in the cathedral of, ii. [189]
French cure for whooping-cough, ii. [192] n. 1
—— Islands, use of bull-roarers in, ii. [229] n.
—— peasants, their superstition as to a virgin and a flame, i. 137 n.
Friction of wood, fire made by the, i. 132, 133, 135, 136, 137, 138, 144 sq., 148, 155, 169 sq., 175, 177, 179, 220, 264, 270 sqq., 335 sq., ii. [8];
the most primitive mode of making fire, [90], [295]
“Friendly Society of the Spirit” among the Naudowessies, ii. [267]
Frigg or Frigga, the goddess, and Balder, i. 101, 102
Fringes worn over the eyes by girls at puberty, i. 47, 48
Fruit-trees threatened, i. 114;
Midsummer fires lit under, 215;
shaken at Christmas to make them bear fruit, 248;
fumigated with smoke of need-fire, 280;
fertilized by burning torches, 340
Fuga daemonum, St. John's wort, ii. [55]
Fulda, the Lord of the Wells at, ii. [28]
Fumigating crops with smoke of bonfires, i. 201, 337
—— sheep and cattle, ii. [12], [13]
Fumigation of pastures at Midsummer to drive away witches and demons, i. 170;
of fruit-trees, nets, and cattle with smoke of need-fire, 280;
of byres with juniper, 296;
of trees with wild thyme on Christmas Eve, ii. [64]
Fünen, in Denmark, cure for childish ailments at, ii. [191]
Funeral, customs observed by mourners after a funeral in order to escape from the ghost, ii. [174] sqq.
—— ceremony among the Michemis, i. 5
Furnace, walking through a fiery, ii. [3] sqq.
Furness, W. H., on passing under an archway, ii. [179] sq., 180 n. 1
Gabb, W. M., on ceremonial uncleanness, i. 65 n. 1
Gablonz, in Bohemia, Midsummer bed of flowers at, ii. [57]
Gaboon, birth-trees in the, ii. [160];
theory of the external soul in, [200] sq.
Gacko, need-fire at, i. 286
Gaidoz, H., on the custom of passing sick people through cleft trees, ii. [171]
Gage, Thomas, on naguals among the Indians of Guatemala, ii. [213]
Gaj, in Slavonia, need-fire at, i. 282
Galatian senate met in Drynemetum, “the temple of the oak,” ii. [89]
Galatians kept their old Celtic speech, ii. [89] n. 2
Galela, dread of women at menstruation in, i. 79
Galelareese of Halmahera, their rites of initiation, ii. [248]
Gallic Councils, their prohibition of carrying torches, i. 199
Gallows Hill, magical plants gathered on the, ii. [57]
—— -rope used to kindle need-fire, i. 277
Gandersheim, in Brunswick, need-fire at, i. 277
Gap, in the High Alps, cats roasted alive in the Midsummer fire at, ii. [39] sq.
Gardner, Mrs. E. A., i. 131 n. 1
Garlands of flowers placed on wells at Midsummer, ii. [28];
thrown on trees, a form of divination, [53]
Garlic roasted at Midsummer fires, i. 193
Garonne, Midsummer fires in the valley of the, i. 193
Gatschet, A. S., on the Toukawe Indians, ii. [276] n. 2
Gaul, “serpents' eggs” in ancient, i. 15;
human sacrifices in ancient, ii. [32] sq.
Gauls, their fortification walls, i. 267 sq.
Gazelle Peninsula, New Britain, the Ingniet society in the, ii. [156]
Gem, external soul of magician in a, ii. [105] sq.;
external soul of giant in a, [130]
Geneva, Midsummer fires in the canton of, i. 172
Genius, the Roman, ii. [212] n.
Geranium burnt in Midsummer fire, i. 213
Gerhausen, i. 166
German stories of the external soul, ii. [116] sqq.
Germans, human sacrifices offered by the ancient, ii. [28] n. 1;
the oak sacred among the, [89]
Germany, Lenten fires in, i. 115 sq.;
Easter bonfires in, 140 sqq.;
custom at eclipses in, 162 n.;
the Midsummer fires in, 163 sqq.;
the Yule log in, 247 sqq.;
belief in the transformation of witches into animals in, 321 n. 2;
colic, sore eyes, and stiffness of the [pg 346] back attributed to witchcraft in, 344 sq.;
mugwort at Midsummer in, ii. [59];
orpine gathered at Midsummer in, [62] n.;
fern-seed at Midsummer in, [65];
mistletoe a remedy for epilepsy in, [83];
the need-fire kindled by the friction of oak in, [91];
oak-wood used to make up cottage fires on Midsummer Day in, [91] sq.;
birth-trees in, [165];
children passed through a cleft oak as a cure for rupture in, [170] sqq.
Gestr and the spae-wives, Icelandic story of, ii. [125] sq.
Gewar, King of Norway, i. 103
Ghost, oracular, in a cave, ii. [312] sq.
Ghosts extracted from wooden posts, i. 8;
fire used to get rid of, ii. [17] sqq.;
mugwort a protection against, [59];
kept off by thorn bushes, [174] sq.;
creeping through cleft sticks to escape from, [174] sqq.
Giant who had no heart in his body, stories of the, ii. [96] sqq., [119] sq.;
mythical, supposed to kill and resuscitate lads at initiation, [243]
Giant-fennel burnt in Midsummer fire, i. 213
Giants of wicker-work at popular festivals in Europe, ii. [33] sqq.;
burnt in the summer bonfires, [38]
Giggenhausen, in Bavaria, burning the Easter Man at, i. 144
Gion shrine in Japan, i. 138
Gippsland, the Kurnai of, ii. [216]
Giraldus Cambrensis on transformation of witches into hares, i. 315 n. 1
Girdle of wolf's hide worn by were-wolves, i. 310 n. 1;
of St. John, mugwort, ii. [59]
Girdles of mugwort worn on St. John's Day or Eve as preservative against backache, sore eyes, ghosts, magic, and sickness, ii. [59]
Girkshausen, in Westphalia, the Yule log at, i. 248
Girl at puberty said to be wounded by a snake, i. 56;
to be swallowed by a serpent, 57
—— and boy produce need-fire by friction of wood, 281
Girls at puberty, secluded, i. 22 sqq.;
not allowed to touch the ground, 22, 33, 35, 36, 60;
not allowed to see the sun, 22, 35, 36, 37, 41, 44, 46, 47, 68;
not allowed to handle food, 23, 28, 36, 40 sq., 42; half buried in ground, 38 sqq.;
not allowed to scratch themselves with their fingers, 38, 39, 41, 42, 44, 47, 50, 53, 92;
not allowed to lie down, 44;
gashed on back, breast, and belly, 60;
stung by ants, 61;
beaten severely, 61, 66 sq.;
supposed to be attacked by a demon, 67 sq.;
not to see the sky, 69;
forbidden to break bones of hares, 73 n. 3
Gisors, crawling through a holed stone near, ii. [188]
Givoy agon, living fire, made by the friction of wood, i. 220
Glamorgan, the Vale of, Beltane and Midsummer fires in the, i. 154;
Midsummer fires in, 201, 338
Glands, ashes of Yule log used to cure swollen, i. 251
Glanvil, Joseph, on a witch in the form of a cat, i. 317
Glass, the Magician's or Druid's, i. 16
Glatz, precautions against witches on Walpurgis Night in, ii. [20] n.
Glawi, in the Atlas, New Year fires at, i. 217
Glencuaich, the hawk of, in a Celtic tale, ii. [127] sqq.
Glenorchy, the Beltane cake in, i. 149
“Glory, the Hand of,” mandragora, ii. [316]
Gloucestershire, mistletoe growing on oaks in, ii. [316]
Gnabaia, a spirit who swallows and disgorges lads at initiation, ii. [235]
Gnid-eld, need-fire, i. 280
Goajiras of Colombia, their seclusion of girls at puberty, i. 34 n. 1
Goatsucker or fern owl, sex totem of women, ii. [217]
God, Aryan, of the thunder and the oak, i. 265
—— on Earth, title of supreme chief of the Bushongo, ii. [264]
Godolphin, in Cornwall, Midsummer fires on, i. 199
Gold, the flower of chicory to be cut with, ii. [71];
root of marsh mallow to be dug with, [80] n. 3;
buried, revealed by mistletoe and fern-seed, [287] sqq., [291]
—— coin, magic plant to be dug up with a, ii. [57].
See also [Golden]
Golden axe, sacred tamarisk touched with, ii. [80] n. 3
Golden Bough, the, ii. [279] sqq.;
and the priest of Aricia, i. 1;
a branch of mistletoe, ii. [284] sqq., [315] sqq.;
Virgil's account of the, [284] sq., [286], [293] sq., [315] sqq.;
origin of the name, [286] sqq.
—— fish, girl's external soul in a, ii. [147] sq., [220]
—— knife, horse slain in sacrifice with a, ii. [80] n. 3
—— ring, half a hero's strength in a, ii. [143]
—— sickle, mistletoe cut by Druids with a, ii. [77], [88];
sacred olive at Olympia cut with a, [80] n. 3
Golden sword and golden arrow, external soul of a hero in a, ii. [145]
Goldie, Rev. Hugh, on the ukpong or external soul in Calabar, ii. [206]
Goliath, effigy of, ii. [36]
Goluan, Midsummer, i. 199
Good Friday, Judas driven out of church on, i. 146;
the divining-rod cut on, ii. [68] n. 4;
sick children passed through cleft trees on, [172]
Goodrich-Freer, A., quoted, i. 154 n. 3
Googe, Barnabe, i. 124
Gooseberry bushes, wild, custom as to, ii. [48]
Gorillas, lives of persons bound up with those of, ii. [202]
Görz, belief as to witches at Midsummer about, ii. [75]
Grain Coast, West Africa, initiation of girls on the, ii. [259]
Grammont, in Belgium, festival of the “Crown of Roses” at, i. 195;
the Yule log at, 249
Granada (South America), youthful rulers secluded in, i. 19
Grand Halleux, bonfires at, i. 107
Grannas-mias, torches, i. 111
Granno, invocation of, i. 111 sq.
Granno-mio, a torch, i. 111
Grannus, a Celtic deity, identified with Apollo, i. 111 sq.
Grant, the great laird of, not exempt from witchcraft, i. 342 n. 4
Grass, ceremony to make grass plentiful, i. 136
Gratz, puppet burned on St. John's Eve at, i. 173
Grave, dance at initiation in, ii. [237]
Great Man, who created the world and comes down in the form of lightning, ii. [298]
Greece, Midsummer fires in, i. 211 sq.;
mistletoe in, ii. [316], [317]
Greek belief as to menstruous women, i. 98 n. 1
—— Church, ritual of the new fire at Easter in the, i. 128 sq.
—— stories of girls who were forbidden to see the sun, i. 72 sqq.;
of the external soul, ii. [103] sqq.
Greeks deemed sacred the places which were struck by lightning, ii. [299]
Green Wolf, Brotherhood of the, ii. [15] n.;
at Jumièges in Normandy, i. 185 sq., ii. [25], [88]
Greenlanders, their notion that women can conceive by the moon, i. 75 sq.
Gregor, Rev. Walter, ii. [284] n. 1;
on virtue of children born feet foremost, i. 295 n. 3;
on the “quarter-ill,” 296 n. 1;
on the bewitching of cattle, 303
Greig, James S., ii. [187] n. 3
Greta, river in Yorkshire, i. 287
Grey, Sir George, on the kobong or totem, ii. [219] sq.
Grimm, J., on need-fire, i. 270 n., 272 sq.;
on the relation of the Midsummer fires to Balder, ii. [87] n. 6;
on the sanctity of the oak, [89];
on the oak and lightning, [300]
Grisons, threatening a mist in the, i. 280
Grizzly Bear clan, ii. [274]
Groot, J. J. M. de, on mugwort in China, ii. [60]
Grottkau, precautions against witches in, ii. [20] n.
Ground, sacred persons not allowed to set foot on, i. 2 sqq.;
not to sit on bare, 4, 5, 12;
girls at puberty not allowed to touch the, 22, 33, 35, 36, 60;
magical plants not to touch the, ii. [51];
mistletoe not allowed to touch the, [280]
Grouse clan, ii. [273]
Grove, Miss Florence, on withered mistletoe, ii. [287] n. 1
Grove, Balder's, i. 104, ii. [315];
sacred grove of Nemi, [315];
soul of chief in sacred, [161].
See also [Arician]
Grubb, Rev. W. B., i. 57 n. 1
Grün, in Bohemia, mountain arnica gathered at Midsummer at, ii. [58] n. 1
Guacheta in Colombia, i. 74
Guaranis of Brazil, their seclusion of girls at puberty, i. 56
Guaraunos of the Orinoco, uncleanness of menstruous women among the, i. 85 sq.
Guardian angels, afterbirth and navel-string regarded as a man's, ii. [162] n. 2
—— spirit, afterbirth and seed regarded as, ii. [223] n. 2;
acquired in a dream, [256] sq.
Guatemala, the nagual or external soul among the Indians of, ii. [212] sq.
Guatusos of Costa Rica, use of bull-roarers among the, ii. [230] n.
Guayquiries of the Orinoco, their beliefs as to menstruous women, i. 85
Guelphs, the oak of the, ii. [166]
Guiana, British, the Macusis of, i. 60;
ordeals undergone by young men among the Indians of, 63 sq.
——, French, the Wayanas of, i. 63
Guizing at Christmas in Lerwick, i. 268 sq.
Guleesh and the fairies at Hallowe'en, i. 277 sq.
Gunn, David, kindles need-fire, i. 291
Guns fired to drive away witches, ii. [74]
Gwalior, Holi fires in, ii. [2]
Hadji Mohammad shoots a were-wolf, i. 312 sq.
Haida Indians of Queen Charlotte Islands, girls at puberty secluded among the, i. 44 sq.
Hail, bonfires thought to protect fields against, i. 344;
ceremonies to avert, 144, 145;
Midsummer fires a protection against, 176;
mountain arnica a protection against, ii. [57] sq.
—— and thunderstorms caused by witches, i. 344
Hainan, island, i. 137
Hainaut, province of Belgium, fire customs in, i. 108;
procession of giants in, ii. [36]
Hair, unguent for, i. 14;
prohibition to cut, 28;
of girls at puberty shaved, 31, 56, 57, 59;
Hindoo ritual of cutting a child's, 99 n. 2;
of the Virgin or St. John looked for in ashes of Midsummer fire, 182 sq., 190, 191;
external soul in, ii. [103] sq., [148];
strength of people bound up with their, [158] sq.;
of criminals, witches, and wizards shorn to make them confess, [158] sq.;
of children tied to trees, [165];
of novices cut at initiation, [245], [251]
—— and nails of child buried under a tree, ii. [161]
Hairy Stone, the, at Midsummer, i. 212
Halberstadt district, need-fire in the, i. 273
Hall, C. F., among the Esquimaux, i. 13, 134
——, Rev. G. R., quoted, i. 198
Hallowe'en, new fire at, in Ireland, i. 139;
an old Celtic festival of New Year, 224 sqq.;
divination at, 225, 228 sqq.;
witches, hobgoblins, and fairies let loose at, 226 sqq., 245;
witches and fairies active on, ii. [184] n. 4, [185]
—— and Beltane, the two chief fire festivals of the British Celts, ii. [40] sq.
—— cakes, i. 238, 241, 245
—— fires, i. 222 sq., 230 sqq.;
in Wales, 156
Halmahera, rites of initiation in, ii. [248]
Haltwhistle, in Northumberland, burnt sacrifice at, i. 301
Hamilton, Gavin, quoted, i. 47 sq.
Hammocks, girls at puberty hung up in, i. 56, 59, 60, 61, 66
“Hand of Glory,” mandragora, ii. [316]
Hannibal despoils the shrine on Soracte, ii. [15]
Hanover, the need-fire in, i. 275;
Easter bonfires in, 140;
custom on St. John's Day about, ii. [56]
Hare, pastern bone of a, in a popular remedy, i. 17
Hares, witches in the form of, i. 157;
witches changed into, 315 n. 1, 316 sqq., ii. [41]
Hares and witches in Yorkshire, ii. [197]
Hareskin Tinneh, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 48
Harris, Slope of Big Stones in, i. 227
Hartland, E. S., on the life-token, ii. [119] n.
Haruvarus, degenerate Brahmans, their fire-walk, ii. [9]
Harz district, Easter bonfires in the, i. 140;
Midsummer fires in the, 169
—— Mountains, Easter fires in the, i. 142;
need-fire in the, 276;
springwort in the, ii. [69] sqq.
Hats, special, worn by girls at puberty, i. 45, 46, 47, 92.
See also [Hoods]
Hausa story of the external soul, ii. [148] sq.
Hawaiians, the New Year of the, ii. [244]
Hawkweed gathered at Midsummer, ii. [57]
Hawthorn, mistletoe on, ii. [315], [316]
Haxthausen, A. von, i. 181
Hays of Errol, their fate bound up with an oak-tree and the mistletoe growing on it, ii. [283] sq.
Hazebrouch, in France, wicker giants on Shrove Tuesday at, ii. [35]
Hazel, the divining-rod made of, ii. [67] sq.;
never struck by lightning, [69] n.
—— rods to drive cattle with, i. 204
Headache, cure for, i. 17;
mugwort a protection against, ii. [59]
Headdress, special, worn by girls at first menstruation, i. 92
Headless Hugh, Highland story of, ii. [130] sq.
—— horsemen in India, ii. [131] n. 1
Heads or faces of menstruous women covered, i. 22, 24, 25, 29, 31, 44 sq., 48 sq., 55, 90
Hearne, Samuel, quoted, i. 90 sq.
Heart of bewitched animal burnt or boiled to compel the witch to appear, i. 321 sq.
Hearts of diseased cattle cut out and hung up as a remedy, i. 269 n. 1, 325
Heaven, the Queen of, ii. [303]
—— and earth, between, i. 1 sqq., 98 sq.
Hector, first chief of Lochbuy, ii. [131] n. 1
Heiberg, Sigurd K., i. 171 n. 3
Heifer sacrificed at kindling need-fire, i. 290
Helensburgh, in Dumbartonshire, Hallowe'en at, i. 237 n. 5
“Hell-gate of Ireland,” i. 226
Helmsdale, in Sutherland, need-fire at, i. 295
Helpful animals in fairy tales, ii. [107], [117], [120], [127] sqq., [130], [132], [133], [139] n. 2, [140] sq., [149]
Hemlock branch, external soul of ogress in a, ii. [152]
Hemlock branches, passing through a ring of, in time of sickness, ii. [186]
—— stone in Nottinghamshire, i. 157
Hemorrhoids, root of orpine a cure for, ii. [62] n.
Hemp, how to make hemp grow tall, i. 109;
leaping over the Midsummer bonfire to make the hemp grow tall, 166, 168
—— seed, divination by, i. 235, 241, 245
Hen and chickens imitated by a woman and her children at Christmas, i. 260
Henderson, William, on need-fire, i. 288 sq.;
on a remedy for cattle-disease, 296 n. 1;
on burnt sacrifice of ox, 301
Hen's egg, external soul of giant in a, ii. [140] sq.
Henshaw, Richard, on external or bush souls in Calabar, ii. [205] sq.
Hephaestus worshipped in Lemnos, i. 138
Herb, a magic, gathered at Hallowe'en, i. 228
—— of St. John, mugwort, ii. [58]
Herbs thrown across the Midsummer fires, i. 182, 201;
wonderful, gathered on St. John's Eve or Day, ii. [45] sqq.;
of St. John, wonderful virtues ascribed to, [46]
—— and flowers cast into the Midsummer bonfires, i. 162, 163, 172, 173
Hercules at Argyrus, temple of, i. 99 n. 3
Herdsmen dread witches and wolves, i. 343
Herefordshire, Midsummer fires in, i. 199;
the Yule log in, 257 sq.
Herndon, W. L., quoted, i. 62 n. 3
Hernia, cure for, i. 98 n. 1
Herodias, cursed by Slavonian peasants, i. 345
Herrera, A. de, on naguals among the Indians of Honduras, ii. [213] sq.
Herrick, Robert, on the Yule log, i. 255
Herring, salt, divination by, i. 239
Herzegovina, the Yule log in, i. 263;
need-fire in, 288
Hesse, Lenten fire-custom in, i. 118;
Easter fires in, 140;
wells decked with flowers on Midsummer Day in, ii. [28]
Hewitt, J. N. B., on need-fire of the Iroquois, i. 299 sq.
Hiaina district of Morocco, ii. [51]
Hidatsa Indians, their theory of the plurality of souls, ii. [221] sq.
Hieracium pilosella, mouse-ear hawk-weed, gathered at Midsummer, ii. [57]
Higgins, Rev. J. C., i. 207 n. 2
High Alps, department of the, Midsummer fires in the, ii. [39] sq.
High Priest, the Fijian, ii. [245]
Highland story of Headless Hugh, ii. [130] sq.
Highlanders of Scotland, their medicinal applications of menstruous blood, i. 98 n. 1;
their belief in the power of witches to destroy cattle, 343 n. 1;
their belief concerning snake stones, ii. [311]
Highlands of Scotland, snake stones in the, i. 16;
Beltane fires in the, 146 sqq.;
divination at Hallowe'en in the, 229, 234 sqq.;
need-fire and Beltane fire kindled by the friction of oak in the, ii. [91]
Hildesheim, Easter rites of fire and water at, i. 124;
Easter bonfires at, 141;
the need-fire at, 272 sq.;
hawk-weed gathered on Midsummer Day at, ii. [57]
Hill of the Fires in the Highlands of Scotland, i. 149
—— of Ward, in County Meath, i. 139
Himalayan districts, mistletoe in the, ii. [316]
Hindoo maidens secluded at puberty, i. 68
—— marriage custom, i. 75
—— ritual, abstinence from salt in, i. 27;
as to cutting a child's hair, 99 n. 2
—— stories of the external soul, ii. [97] sqq.
—— use of menstruous fluid, i. 98 n. 1
—— women, their restrictions at menstruation, i. 84
Hindoos of Southern India, their Pongol festival, ii. [1];
of the Punjaub, their custom of passing unlucky children through narrow openings, [190]
Hippopotamus, external soul of chief in, ii. [200];
lives of persons bound up with those of hippopotamuses, [201], [202], [205], [209]
Hirpi Sorani, their fire-walk, ii. [14] sq.
Hlubi chief, his external soul in a pair of ox-horns, ii. [156]
Hoare, Sir Richard Colt, on Hallowe'en in Wales, i. 239
Hogg, Alexander, i. 206
Hogmanay, the last day of the year, i. 224, 266
Hohenstaufen Mountains in Wurtemberg, Midsummer fires in the, i. 166
Hole in tongue of medicine-man, ii. [238], [239]
Holed stones which people creep through as a cure, ii. [187] sqq.
Holes in rocks or stones, sick people passed through, ii. [186] sqq.
Holi, a festival of Northern India, ii. [2] sq.
Holiness or taboo conceived as a dangerous physical substance which needs to be insulated, i. 6 sq.
Holland, Easter fires in, i. 145
Hollantide Eve (Hallowe'en) in the Isle of Man, i. 244
Hollertau, Bavaria, Easter fires in the, i. 122
Hollis, A. C., ii. [262] n. 2
Holly-tree, children passed through a cleft, ii. [169] n. 2
Holm-oak, the Golden Bough growing on a, ii. [285]
Holy Apostles, church of the, at Florence, i. 126
—— Land, fire flints brought from the, i. 126
—— of Holies, the Fijian, ii. [244], [245]
—— Sepulchre, church of the, at Jerusalem, ceremony of the new fire in the, i. 128 sq.
Homesteads protected by bonfires against lightning and conflagration, i. 344
Homoeopathic or imitative magic, i. 49, 133, ii. [287]
Homoeopathy, magical, ii. [177]
Homolje mountains in Servia, i. 282
Honduras, the nagual or external soul among the Indians of, ii. [213] sq., [226] n. 1
Honorific totems of the Carrier Indians, ii. [273] sqq.
Hoods worn by women after childbirth, i. 20;
worn by girls at puberty, 44 sq., 48 sq., 55;
worn by women at menstruation, 90.
See also [Hats]
Hoop, crawling through a, as a cure or preventive of disease, ii. [184];
of rowan-tree, sheep forced through a, [184]
Hoopoe brings the mythical springwort, ii. [70] n. 2
Horatius purified for the murder of his sister, ii. [194]
Hornbeam, mistletoe on, ii. [315]
Horse, the White, effigy carried through Midsummer fire, i. 203 sq.;
witch in the shape of a, 319
—— sacrifice in ancient India, ii. [80] n. 3
Horse's head thrown into Midsummer fire, ii. [40]
Horse-chestnut, mistletoe on, ii. [315]
Horses used by sacred persons, i. 4 n. 1;
not to be touched or ridden by menstruous women, 88 sq., 96;
driven through the need-fire, 276, 297
Hos, the, of Togoland (West Africa), their dread of menstruous women, i. 82
Hose, Dr. Charles, on creeping through a cleft stick after a funeral, ii. [175] sq.
—— and W. McDougall, on the ngarong or secret helper of the Ibans, ii. [224] n. 1
Hother, Hodr, or Hod, the blind god, and Balder, i. 101 sqq., ii. [279] n. 4
Hottentots drive their sheep through fire, ii. [11] sqq.
House-communities of the Servians, i. 259 n. 1
Houses protected by bonfires against lightning and conflagration, i. 344;
made fast against witches on Midsummer Eve, ii. [73]
“—— of the soul” in Isaiah, ii. [155] n. 3
Housman, Professor A. E., on the feast of the Nativity of the Virgin, i. 220 sq.
Houstry, in Caithness, need-fire at, i. 291 sq.
Howitt, A. W., on seclusion of menstruous women, i. 78;
on killing a totem animal, ii. [220] n. 2;
on secrecy of totem names, [225] n.;
on the drama of resurrection at initiation, [235] sqq.
Howitt, Miss E. B., ii. [226] n. 1
Howth, the western promontory of, Midsummer fire on, i. 204
—— Castle, life-tree of the St. Lawrence family at, ii. [166]
Huahine, one of the Tahitian islands, ii. [11] n. 3
Hudson Bay Territory, the Chippeways of, i. 90
Hughes, Miss E. P., on the fire-walk in Japan, ii. [10] n. 1
Human beings burnt in the fires, ii. [21] sqq.
—— divinities put to death, i. 1 sq.
—— sacrifices at fire-festivals, i. 106;
traces of, 146, 148, 150 sqq., 186, ii. [31];
offered by the ancient Germans, ii. [28] n. 1;
among the Celts of Gaul, [32] sq.;
the victims perhaps witches and wizards, [41] sqq.;
Mannhardt's theory, [43]
—— victims annually burnt, ii. [286] n. 2
Hungarian story of the external soul, ii. [140]
Hungary, Midsummer fires in, i. 178 sq.
Hunt, Holman, his picture of the new fire at Jerusalem, i. 130 n.
Hunt, Robert, on burnt sacrifices, i. 303
Hunters avoid girls at puberty, i. 44, 46;
luck of, spoiled by menstruous women, 87, 89, 90, 91, 94
Huon Gulf in German New Guinea, ii. [239]
Hupa Indians of California, seclusion of girls among the, i. 42
Hurons of Canada, custom of their women at menstruation, i. 88 n. 1
Huskanaw, initiatory ceremony of the Virginian Indians, ii. [266]
Hut burnt at Midsummer, i. 215 sq.
Hutchinson, W., quoted, i. 197 n. 4
Huts, special, for menstruous women, i. 79, 82, 85 sqq.
Huzuls of the Carpathians kindle new fire at Christmas, i. 264;
gather simples on St. John's Night, ii. [49]
Hyaenas, men turned into, i. 313
Hypericum perforatum, St. John's wort, gathered at Midsummer, ii. [54] sqq.
See also [St. John's Wort]
Hyphear, a kind of mistletoe, ii. [317], [318]
Hyrrockin, a giantess, i. 102
Ibans of Borneo, their ngarong or secret helper, ii. [224] n. 1
Ibos of the Niger delta, their belief in external human souls lodged in animals, ii. [203] sq.
Ibrahim Pasha, i. 129
Icelandic stories of the external soul, ii. [123] sqq.
Icolmkill, the hill of the fires in, i. 149
Ideler, L., on the Arab year before Mohammed, i. 217 n. 1
Idhlozi, ancestral spirit in serpent form, ii. [211]
Iglulik, Esquimaux of, i. 134
Ilmenau, witches burnt at, i. 6
Iluvans of Malabar, marriage custom of, i. 5
Image of god carried through fire, ii. [4];
reason for carrying over a fire, [24]
Images, colossal, filled with human victims and burnt, ii. [32] sq.
Imitative magic, i. 329, ii. [231]
Immortality, the burdensome gift of, i. 99 sq.;
of the soul, experimental demonstration of the, ii. [276]
Immortelles, wreaths of, on Midsummer Day, i. 177
Implements, magical, not allowed to touch the ground, i. 14 sq.
Impregnation of women by the sun, i. 74 sq.;
by the moon, 75 sq.
“—— rite” at Hindoo marriages, i. 75
Inauguration of a king in Brahmanic ritual, i. 4
Inca, fast of the future, i. 19
Incas of Peru, their ceremony of the new fire, i. 132
Incantation recited at kindling need-fire, i. 290
Inconsistency and vagueness of primitive thought, ii. [301] sq.
India, seclusion of girls at puberty in, i. 68 sqq.;
fire-festivals in, ii. [1] sqq.;
sixty years' cycle in, [77] n. 1;
the horse-sacrifice in ancient, [80] n. 3;
torture of suspected witches in, [159];
ancient, traditional cure of skin disease in, [192];
Loranthus in, [317]
Indian Archipelago, birth-custom in the, ii. [155]
—— legend parallel to Balder myth, ii. [280]
Indians of Costa Rica, their customs in fasts, i. 20
—— of Granada seclude their future rulers, i. 19
Indians of North America, not allowed to sit on bare ground in war, i. 5;
seclusion of girls among the, 41 sqq.;
imitate lightning by torches, 340 n. 1;
rites of initiation into religious associations among the, ii. [267] sqq.
“Index of Superstitions,” i. 270
Indra and Apala, in the Rigveda, ii. [192]
—— and the demon Namuci, Indian legend of, ii. [280]
Indrapoora, story of the daughter of a merchant of, ii. [147]
Infants tabooed, i. 5, 20
Ingleborough in Yorkshire, i. 288
Ingleton, in Yorkshire, need-fire at, i. 288
Ingniet or Ingiet, a secret society of New Britain, ii. [156]
Initiation, rites in German New Guinea, ii. [193];
at puberty, pretence of killing the novice and bringing him to life again during, [225] sqq.;
in Australia, [227], [233] sqq.;
in New Guinea, [239] sqq.;
in Fiji, [243] sqq.;
in Rook, [246];
in New Britain, [246] sq.;
in Halmahera, [248];
in Fiji apparently intended to introduce the novices to the worshipful spirits of the dead, [246];
in Ceram, [249] sqq.;
in Africa, [251] sqq.;
in North America, [266] sqq.
—— of young men, bull-roarers sounded at the, ii. [227] sqq., [233] sqq.;
of a medicine-man in Australia, [237] sqq.
Inn, effigies burnt at Midsummer in the valley of the river, i. 172 sq.
Innerste, river, i. 124
Innuits (Esquimaux), i. 14
Insanity, burying in an ant-hill as a cure for, i. 64
Inspired men walk through fire unharmed, ii. [5] sq.
Insulation of women at menstruation, i. 97
Interpretation of the fire-festivals, i. 328 sqq., ii. [15] sqq.
Inverness-shire, Beltane cakes in, i. 153
Invulnerability conferred by a species of mistletoe, ii. [79] sq.;
conferred by decoction of a parasitic orchid, [81];
of Balder, [94];
attained through blood-brotherhood with animal, [201];
thought to be attained through initiation, [275] sq., [276] n. 1
Invulnerable warlock or giant, stories of the, ii. [97] sqq.
Ipswich witches, i. 304 sq.
Iran, marriage custom in, i. 75
Ireland, the Druid's Glass in, i. 16;
new fire at Hallowe'en in, 139, 225;
Beltane fires in, 157 sq.;
Midsummer fires in, 201 sqq.;
fairies at Hallowe'en [pg 352] in, 226 sq.;
Hallowe'en customs in, 241 sq.;
witches as hares in, 315 n. 1;
bathing at Midsummer in, ii. [29];
cure for whooping-cough in, [192] n. 1
Irish story of the external soul, ii. [132]
Iron not to be used in digging fern root, ii. [65];
mistletoe gathered without the use of, [78];
not to be used in cutting certain plants, [81] n.;
custom observed by the Toradjas at the working of, [154]
Iron-wort, bunches of, held in the smoke of the Midsummer fires, i. 179
Iroquois, ceremony of the new fire among the, i. 133 sq.;
need-fire among the, 299 sq.
Isaiah, “houses of the soul” in, ii. [155] n. 3
Isfendiyar and Rustem, i. 104 sq., 314
Island, need-fire kindled in an, i. 290 sq., 291 sq.
Isle de France, Midsummer giant burnt in, ii. [38]
—— of Man, Beltane fires in the, i. 157.
See [Man, Isle of]
Istria, the Croats of, ii. [75]
Italian stories of the external soul, ii. [105], sqq.;
ancient practice of passing conquered enemies under a yoke, [193] sq.
Italians, the oak the chief sacred tree among the ancient, ii. [89]
Italy, birth-trees in, ii. [165];
Itongo, plural amatongo, ii. [202] n.
Ivory Coast, totemism among the Siena of the, ii. [220] n. 2
Ivy to dream on, i. 242
Ixia, a kind of mistletoe, ii. [317], [318]
Jablanica, need-fire at, i. 286
Jack-in-the-Green, ii. [37]
Jaffa, new Easter fire carried to, i. 130 n.
Jakkaneri, in the Neilgherry Hills, the fire-walk at, ii. [9]
James, M. R., on the Sibyl's Wish, i. 100 n.
James and Philip, the Apostles, feast of, i. 158
Jamieson, J., on the “quarter-ill,” i. 296 n. 1
January, the Holi festival in, ii. [1];
the fire-walk in, [8]
—— the sixth, the nativity of Christ on, i. 246
Janus and Jupiter, ii. [302] n. 2
Japan, the Ainos of, i. 20, ii. [60];
the fire-walk in, [9] sq.
Japanese ceremony of new fire, i. 137 sq.
Java, birth-trees in, ii. [161] n. 1
Jebel Bela mountain, in the Sudan, i. 313
Jerusalem, ceremony of the new fire, at Easter in, i. 128 sq.
Jeugny, the forest of, ii. [316]
Jevons, Dr. F. B., on the Roman genius, ii. [212] n.
Jewitt, John R., on ritual of mimic death among the Nootka Indians, ii. [270]
Johanniswurzel, the male fern, ii. [66]
Johnstone, Rev. A., quoted, i. 233
Jônee, joanne, jouanne, the Midsummer fire (the fire of St. John), i. 189
Joyce, P. W., on driving cattle through fires, i. 159 n. 2;
on the bisection of the Celtic year, 223 n. 2
Judas, effigies of, burnt in Easter fires, i. 121, 127 sq., 130 sq., 143, 146, ii. [23];
driven out of church on Good Friday, i. 146
—— candle, i. 122 n.
—— fire at Easter, i. 123, 144
Julian calendar used by Mohammedans, i. 218 sq.
July, procession of giants at Douay in, ii. [33]
—— the twenty-fifth, St. James's Day, flower of chicory cut on, ii. [71]
Jumièges, in Normandy, Brotherhood of the Green Wolf at, i. 185 sq., ii. [25]
Jumping over a wife, significance of, i. 23
June, the fifteenth of, St. Vitus's Day, i. 335
—— the fire-walk in, ii. [6]
Juniper burnt in need-fire, i. 288;
used to fumigate byres, 296
Juno and Diana, ii. [302] n. 2
Jupiter represented by an oak-tree on the Capitol, ii. [89];
perhaps personified by the King of the Wood, the priest of Diana at Nemi, [302] sq.;
Jupiter and Janus, [302] n. 2
——, cycle of sixty years based on the sidereal revolution of the planet, ii. [77] n. 1
Jura, fire-custom at Lent in the, i. 114
—— Mountains, Midsummer bonfires in the, i. 188 sq.;
the Yule log in the, 249
Jurby, parish of, in the Isle of Man, i. 305
Jutland, sick children and cattle passed through holes in turf in, ii. [191];
superstitions about a parasitic rowan in, [281]
Ka, external soul or double in ancient Egypt, ii. [157] n. 2
Kabadi, a district of British New Guinea, i. 35
Kabenau river, in German New Guinea, ii. [193]
Kabyle tale, milk-tie in a, ii. [138] n. 1;
the external soul in a, [139]
Kahma, in Burma, annual extinction of fires in, i. 136
Kai of New Guinea, their seclusion of women at menstruation, i. 79;
their use of a cleft stick as a cure, ii. [182];
their rites of initiation, [239] sqq.
Kail, divination by stolen, i. 234 sq.
Kakian association in Ceram, rites of initiation in the, ii. [249] sqq.
Kalmuck story of the external soul, ii. [142]
Kamenagora in Croatia, Midsummer fires at, i. 178
Kamtchatkans, their purification after a death, ii. [178]
Kanna district, Northern Nigeria, ii. [210]
Kappiliyans of Madura, their seclusion of girls at puberty, i. 69
Karens of Burma, their custom at childbirth, ii. [157]
Kasai River, ii. [264]
Katajalina, a spirit who eats up boys at initiation and restores them to life, ii. [234]
Katrine, Loch, i. 231
Kauffmann, Professor F., i. 102 n. 1, 103 n.;
on the external soul, ii. [97] n.
Kaupole, a Midsummer pole in Eastern Prussia, ii. [49]
Kawars, of India, their cure for fever, ii. [190]
Kaya-Kaya or Tugeri of Dutch New Guinea, their use of bull-roarers, ii. [242]
Kayans or Bahaus of Central Borneo, i. 4 sq.;
custom observed by them after a funeral, ii. [175] sq.;
their way of giving the slip to a demon, [179]
Keating, Geoffrey, Irish historian, quoted, i. 139;
on the Beltane fires, 158
Keating, W. H., quoted, i. 89
Kei Islands, birth-custom in the, ii. [155]
Keitele, Lake, in Finland, ii. [165]
Kemble, J. M., on need-fire, i. 288
Kerry, Midsummer fires in, i. 203
Kersavondblok, the Yule log, i. 249
Kersmismot, the Yule log, i. 249
Khambu caste in Sikkhim, their custom after a funeral, ii. [18]
Kharwars of Mirzapur, their dread of menstruous women, i. 84
Khasis of Assam, story of the external soul told by the, i. 146 sq.
Khnumu, Egyptian god, fashions a wife for Bata, ii. [135]
Khonds, human sacrifices among the, ii. [286] n. 2
Kia blacks of Queensland, their treatment of girls at puberty, i. 39
Kidd, Dudley, on external souls of chiefs, ii. [156] n. 2
Kildare, Midsummer fires in, i. 203
Kilkenny, Midsummer fires in, i. 203
Killin, the hill of the fires at, i. 149
Killing a totem animal, ii. [220]
—— the novice and bringing him to life again at initiation, pretence of, ii. [225]
King, nominal, chosen at Midsummer, i. 194, ii. [25];
presides at summer bonfire, [38]
—— and Queen of Roses, i. 195
—— of the Bean, i. 153 n. 3
—— of Summer chosen on St. Peter's Day, i. 195
—— of the Wood at Nemi put to death, i. 2;
in the Arician grove a personification of an oak-spirit, ii. [285];
the priest of Diana at Aricia, perhaps personified Jupiter, [302] sq.
See also [Kings]
Kingaru, clan of the Wadoe, ii. [313]
Kings, sacred or divine, put to death, i. 1 sq.;
subject to taboos, 2
—— and priests, their sanctity analogous to the uncleanness of women at menstruation, i. 97 sq.
—— of Uganda, their life bound up with barkcloth trees, ii. [160]
Kings, The Epic of, i. 104
Kingsley, Miss Mary H., on external or bush souls, ii. [204] sq.;
on rites of initiation in West Africa, [259]
Kingussie, in Inverness-shire, Beltane cakes at, i. 153
Kinship created by the milk-tie, ii. [138] n. 1
Kirchmeyer, Thomas, author of Regnum Papisticum, i. 124, 125 n. 1;
his account of Midsummer customs, 162 sq.
Kirghiz story of girl who might not see the sun, i. 74
Kirk Andreas, in the Isle of Man, i. 306
Kirkmichael, in Perthshire, Beltane fires and cakes at, i. 153
Kirton Lindsey, in Lincolnshire, i. 318;
medical use of mistletoe at, ii. [84]
Kitching, Rev. A. L., on cure for lightning stroke, ii. [298] n. 2
Kiwai, island off New Guinea, use of bull-roarers in, ii. [232]
Kiziba, to the west of Victoria Nyanza, theory of the afterbirth in, ii. [162] n. 2
Kloo, in the Queen Charlotte Islands, i. 45
Knawel, St. John's blood on root of, ii. [56]
Knife, divination by, i. 241;
soul of child bound up with, ii. [157];
“Darding Knife,” honorific totem of the Carrier Indians, [273], [274] sq.
Kobong, totem, in Western Australia, ii. [219] sq.
Köhler, Joh., lights need-fire and burnt as a witch, i. 270 sq.
Köhler, Reinhold, on the external soul in folk-tales, ii. [97] n.
Kolelo, in East Africa, ii. [313]
Konz on the Moselle, custom of rolling a burning wheel down hill at, i. 118, 163 sq., 337 sq.
Kooboos of Sumatra, their theory of the afterbirth and navel-string, ii. [162] n. 2
Koppenwal, church of St. Corona at, ii. [188] sq.
Koran, passage of, used as a charm, i. 18
Koryaks, their festivals of the dead and subsequent purification, ii. [178];
their custom in time of pestilence, [179]
Koshchei the Deathless, Russian story of, ii. [108] sqq.
Koskimo Indians of British Columbia, use of bull-roarers among the, ii. [229] n.
Kreemer, J., on the Looboos of Sumatra, ii. [182] sq.
Kroeber, A. L., quoted, i. 41 sq.
Kruijt, A. C., on Toradja custom as to the working of iron, ii. [154] n. 3
Kuga, an evil spirit, i. 282
Kuhn, Adalbert, on need-fire, i. 273;
on Midsummer fire, 335;
on the divining-rod, ii. [67]
Kühnau, R., on precautions against witches in Silesia, ii. [20] n.
Kukunjevac, in Slavonia, need-fire at, i. 282
Kulin nation of South-Eastern Australia, sex totems in the, ii. [216]
—— tribe of Victoria, ii. [226] n. 1
Kumaon, in North-West India, the Holi festival in, ii. [2]
Kupalo, image of, burnt or thrown into stream on St. John's Night, i. 176;
effigy of, carried across fire and thrown into water, ii. [5], [23]
Kupalo's Night, Midsummer Eve, i. 175, 176
Kurnai, a tribe of Gippsland, sex totems and fights concerning them among the, ii. [215] n. 1, [216]
Küstendil, in Bulgaria, need-fire at, i. 281
Kwakiutl, Indians of British Columbia, their story of an ogress whose life was in a hemlock branch, ii. [152];
pass through a hemlock ring in time of epidemic, [186]
Kylenagranagh, the hill of, in Ireland, i. 324
La Manche, in Normandy, Lenten fire-custom in, i. 115
La Paz, in Bolivia, Midsummer fires at, i. 213;
Midsummer flowers at, ii. [50] sq.
Lacaune, belief as to mistletoe at, ii. [83]
Lachlan River, in Australia, ii. [233]
Lachlins of Rum and deer, superstition concerning, ii. [284]
Ladyday, ii. [282]
Lahn, the Yule log in the valley of the, i. 248
Lamb burnt alive to save the rest of the flock, i. 301
Lammas, the first of August, superstitious practice at, i. 98 n. 1
Lamoa, gods in Poso, ii. [154]
Lancashire, Hallowe'en customs in, i. 244 sq.
Landak, district of Dutch Borneo, i. 5, ii. [164]
Lanercost, Chronicle of, i. 286
Lang, Andrew, on the fire-walk, ii. [2] n. 1;
on the bull-roarer, [228] n. 2
Language of animals learned by means of fern-seed, ii. [66] n.
L'ánṣăra (El Anṣarah), Midsummer Day in North Africa, i. 213, 214 n.
Lanyon, in Cornwall, holed stone near, ii. [187]
Laon, Midsummer fires near, i. 187
Laos, custom of elephant hunters in, i. 5;
the natives of, their doctrine of the plurality of souls, ii. [222]
Lapps, their rule as to menstruous women, i. 91;
their story of the external soul, ii. [140] sq.;
their custom of shooting arrows at skin of dead bear, [280] n.
Larkspur, looking at Midsummer bonfires through bunches of, i. 163, 165 sq.
Larrakeeyah tribe of South Australia, their treatment of girls at puberty, i. 38
Laurus and Florus, feast of, on August 18th, i. 220
Lausitz, Midsummer fires in, i. 170;
marriage oaks in, ii. [165]
Lawgivers, ancient, on the uncleanness of women at menstruation, i. 95 sq.
Lead, melted, divination by, i. 242
Leaf-clad mummer on Midsummer Day, ii. [25] sq.
Leaping over bonfires to ensure good crops, i. 107;
as a preventive of colic, 107, 195 sq., 344;
to make the flax grow tall, 119, 165, 166, 166 sq., 168, 173, 174, 337;
to ensure a happy marriage, 107, 108;
to ensure a plentiful harvest, 155, 156;
to be free from backache at reaping, 165, 168;
as a preventive of fever, 166, 173, 194;
for luck, 171, 189;
in order to be free from ague, 174;
in order to marry and have many children, 204, 338 sq.;
as cure of sickness, 214;
to procure offspring, 214, 338;
over ashes of fire as remedy for skin diseases, ii. [2];
after a burial to escape the ghost, [18];
a panacea for almost all ills, [20];
as a protection against witchcraft, [40]
Leaping of women over the Midsummer bonfires to ensure an easy delivery, i. 194, 339
Leaps of lovers over the Midsummer bonfires, i. 165, 166, 168, 174
Leather, Mrs. Ella Mary, on the Yule log, i. 257 sq.
Lebanon, peasants of the, their dread of menstruous women, i. 83 sq.
Lech, Midsummer fires in the valley of the, i. 166
Lechrain, the divining rod in, ii. [68]
Lecky, W. E. H., on the treatment of magic and witchcraft by the Christian Church, ii. [42] n. 2
Lee, the laird of, his “cureing stane,” i. 325
Leeting the witches, i. 245
Legends of persons who could not die, i. 99 sq.
Legs and thighs of diseased cattle cut off and hung up as a remedy, i. 296 n. 1, 325
Leine, river, i. 124
Leinster, Midsummer fires in, i. 203
Leitrim, Midsummer fires in County, i. 203;
divination at Hallowe'en in, 242;
need-fire in, 297;
witch as hare in, 318
Lemnos, worship of Hephaestus in, i. 138
Lemon, external souls of ogres in a, ii. [102]
Lengua Indians of the Paraguayan Chaco, i. 75 n. 2;
seclusion of girls at puberty among the, 56;
masquerade of boys among, 57 n. 1
Lent, the first Sunday in, fire-festival on, i. 107 sqq.;
bonfires on, 107 sqq.
Lenten fires, i. 106 sqq.
Lenz, H. O., on ancient names for mistletoe, ii. [318]
Leobschütz, in Silesia, Midsummer fires at, i. 170
Leonard, Major A. G., on souls of people in animals, ii. [206] n. 2
Leopard the commonest familiar of Fan wizards, ii. [202]
Leopards, lives of persons bound up with those of, ii. [201], [202], [203], [204], [205], [206];
external human souls in, [207]
Lerwick, Christmas guizing at, i. 268 sq.;
procession with lighted tar-barrels on Christmas Eve at, 268;
celebration of Up-helly-a' at, 269 n. 1
Lesachthal (Carinthia), new fire at Easter in the, i. 124
Lesbos, fires on St. John's Eve in, i. 211 sq.
Leslie, David, on Caffre belief as to spirits of the dead incarnate in serpents, ii. [211] n. 2, [212] n.
L'Étoile, Lenten fires at, i. 113
Lettermore Island, Midsummer fires in, i. 203
Letts of Russia, Midsummer fires among the, i. 177 sq.;
gather aromatic plants on Midsummer Day, ii. [50]
Lewis, Professor W. J., i. 127 n. 1
Lewis, island of, custom of fiery circle in the, i. 151 n.;
need-fire in the, 293
Lexicon Mythologicum, author of, on the Golden Bough, ii. [284] n. 3
Lhwyd, Edward, on snake stones, i. 16 n. 1
License, annual period of, i. 135;
at Midsummer festival, 180, 339
Liège, Lenten fires near, i. 108
Lierre, in Belgium, the witches' Sabbath at, ii. [73]
Life of community bound up with life of divine king, i. 1 sq.;
the water of, ii. [114] sq.;
of woman bound up with ornament, [156];
of a man bound up with the capital of a column, [156] sq.;
of a man bound up with fire in hut, [157];
of child bound up with knife, [157];
of children bound up with trees, [160] sqq.;
the divisibility of, [221].
See also [Soul]
—— -indices, trees and plants as, ii. [160] sqq.
—— -tokens in fairy tales, ii. [118] n. 1
—— -tree of the Manchu dynasty at Peking, ii. [167] sq.
—— -trees of kings of Uganda, ii. [160]
Ligho, a heathen deity of the Letts, i. 177, 178 n. 1
Light, girls at puberty not allowed to see the, i. 57;
external soul of witch in a, ii. [116]
Lightning, charred sticks of Easter fire used as a talisman against, i. 121, 124, 140 sq., 145, 146;
the Easter candle a talisman against, 122;
brands of the Midsummer bonfires a protection against, 166 n. 1, 183;
flowers thrown on roofs at Midsummer as a protection against, 169;
charred sticks of bonfires a protection against, 174, 187, 188, 190;
ashes of Midsummer fires a protection against, 187, 188, 190;
torches interpreted as imitations [pg 356] of, 340 n. 1;
bonfires a protection against, 344;
a magical coal a protection against, ii. [61];
pine-tree struck by, used to make bull-roarer, [231];
superstitions about trees struck by, [296] sqq.;
thought to be caused by a great bird, [297];
strikes oaks oftener than any other tree of the European forests, [298] sq.;
regarded as a god descending out of heaven, [298];
mode of treating persons who have been struck by, [298] n. 2;
places struck by lightning enclosed and deemed sacred, [299].
See also [Thunder]
Lightning and thunder, the Yule log a protection against, i. 248, 249, 250, 252, 253, 254, 258, 264;
mountain arnica a protection against, ii. [57] sq.
Lillooet Indians of British Columbia, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 52 sq.
Limburg, processions, with torches in, i. 107 sq.;
Midsummer fires in, 194;
the Yule log in, 249
Lime-kiln in divination, i. 235, 243
—— -tree, the bloom of the, gathered at Midsummer, ii. [49];
mistletoe on limes, [315], [316]
—— -wood used to kindle need-fire, i. 281, 283, 286
Lincolnshire, the Yule log in, i. 257;
witches as cats and hares in, 318;
calf buried to stop a murrain in, 326;
mistletoe a remedy for epilepsy and St. Vitus's dance in, ii. 83 sq.
Lindenbrog, on need-fire, i. 335 n. 1
Lint seed, divination by, i. 235
Liongo, an African Samson, ii. [314]
Lion, the sun in the sign of the, ii. [66] sq.
Lismore, witch as hare in, i. 316 sq.
Lithuania, Midsummer fires in, i. 176;
sanctuary at Romove in, ii. [91]
Lithuanians, their custom before first ploughing in spring, i. 18;
their worship of the oak, ii. [89];
their story of the external soul, [113] sqq.
Lives of a family bound up with a fish, ii. [200];
with a cat, [150] sq.
Living fire made by friction of wood, i. 220;
the need-fire, 281, 286
Livonia, story of a were-wolf in, i. 308
Livonians cull simples on Midsummer Day, ii. [49] sq.
Lizard, external soul in, ii. [199] n. 1;
sex totem in the Port Lincoln tribe of South Australia, [216];
said to have divided the sexes in the human species, [216]
Loaf thrown into river Neckar on St. John's Day, ii. [28]
Loango, rule as to infants in, i. 5;
girls secluded at puberty in, 22
Loch Katrine, i. 231
—— Tay, i. 232
Lock and key in a charm, i. 283
Locks opened by springwort, ii. [70];
and by the white flower of chicory, [71];
mistletoe a master-key to open all, [85]
Locust, a Batta totem, ii. [223]
Log, the Yule, i. 247 sqq.
Logierait, in Perthshire, Beltane festival in, i. 152 sq.;
Hallowe'en fires in, 231 sq.
Loiret, Lenten fires in the department of, i. 114
Loki and Balder, i. 101 sq.
Lokoja on the Niger, ii. [209]
Lombardy, belief as to the “oil of St. John” on St. John's Morning in, ii. [82] sq.
London, the immortal girl of, i. 99;
Midsummer fires in, 196 sq.
Longridge Fell, leeting the witches at, i. 245
Looboos of Sumatra creep through a cleft rattan to escape a demon, ii. [182] sq.
Looking at bonfires through mugwort a protection against headache and sore eyes, ii. [59]
Loranthus europaeus, a species of mistletoe, ii. [315], [317] sqq.;
called “oak mistletoe” (visco quercino) in Italy, [317]
—— vestitus, in India, ii. [317]
Lord of the Wells at Midsummer, ii. [28]
Lorne, the Beltane cake in, i. 149
Lorraine, Midsummer fires in, i. 169;
the Yule log in, 253;
Midsummer customs in, ii. [47]
Loudoun, in Ayrshire, i. 207
Louis XIV. at Midsummer bonfire in Paris, ii. [39]
Love-charm of arrows, i. 14
Lovers leap over the Midsummer bonfires, i. 165, 166, 168, 174
Low Countries, the Yule log in the, i. 249
Lowell, Percival, his fire-walk, ii. [10] n. 1
Lübeck, church of St. Mary at, i. 100
Lucerne, Lenten fire-custom in the canton of, i. 118 sq.;
bathing at Midsummer in, ii. [30]
Luchon, in the Pyrenees, serpents burnt alive at the Midsummer festival in, ii. [38] sq., [43]
Lucian, on the Platonic doctrine of the soul, ii. [221] n. 1
Luck, leaping over the Midsummer fires for good, i. 171, 189
Luckiness of the right hand, i. 151
Lunar calendar of Mohammedans, i. 216 sq., 218 sq.
Lungs or liver of bewitched animal burnt or boiled to compel the witch to appear, i. 321 sq.
Lushais of Assam, sick children passed through a coil among the, ii. [185] sq.
Lussac, in Poitou, Midsummer fires at, i. 191
Luther, Martin, burnt in effigy at Midsummer, i. 167, 172 sq., ii. [23]
Luxemburg, “Burning the Witch” in, ii. [116]
Lythrum salicaria, purple loosestrife, gathered at Midsummer, ii. [65]
Mabuiag, seclusion of girls at puberty in, i. 36 sq.;
dread and seclusion of women at menstruation in, 78 sq.;
girls at puberty in, 92 n. 1;
belief as to a species of mistletoe in, ii. [79]
Mac Crauford, the great arch witch, i. 293
Macassar in Celebes, magical unguent in, i. 14
Macdonald, Rev. James, on the story of Headless Hugh, ii. [131] n. 1;
on external soul in South Africa, [156]
Macdonell, A. A., on Agni, ii. [296]
McDougall, W., and C. Hose, on creeping through a cleft stick after a funeral, ii. [176] n. 1
Macedonia, Midsummer fires among the Greeks of, i. 212;
bonfires on August 1st in, 220;
need-fire among the Serbs of Western, 281;
St. John's flower at Midsummer in, ii. [50]
Macedonian peasantry burn effigies of Judas at Easter, i. 131
McGregor, A. W., on the rite of new birth among the Akikuyu, ii. [263]
Mackay, Alexander, on need-fire, i. 294 sq.
Mackays, sept of the “descendants of the seal,” ii. [131] sq.
Mackenzie, E., on need-fire, i. 288
Mackenzie, Sheriff David J., i. 268 n. 1
Macphail, John, on need-fire, i. 293 sq.
Macusis of British Guiana, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 60
Madangs of Borneo, custom observed by them after a funeral, ii. [175] sq.
Madern, parish of, Cornwall, holed stone in, ii. [187]
Madonie Mountains, in Sicily, Midsummer fires on the, i. 210
Madras Presidency, the fire-walk in the, ii. [6]
Madura, the Kappiliyans of, i. 69;
the Parivarams of, 69
Maeseyck, processions with torches at, i. 107 sq.
Magic, homoeopathic or imitative, i. 49, 133, 329, ii. [231], [287];
dwindles into divination, i. 336;
movement of thought from magic through religion to science, ii. [304] sq.
Magic and ghosts, mugwort a protection against, ii. [59]
—— and science, different views of natural order postulated by the two, ii. [305] sq.
—— flowers of Midsummer Eve, ii. [45] sqq.
Magical bone in sorcery, i. 14
—— implements not allowed to touch the ground, i. 14 sq.
—— influence of medicine-bag, ii. [268]
—— virtues of plants at Midsummer apparently derived from the sun, ii. [71] sq.
Magician's apprentice, Danish story of the, ii. [121] sqq.
—— Glass, the, i. 16
Magyars, Midsummer fires among the, i. 178 sq.;
stories of the external soul among the, ii. [139] sq.
Mahabharata, Draupadi and her five husbands in the, ii. [7]
“Maiden-flax” at Midsummer, ii. [48]
Maidu Indians of California, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 42;
their notion as to fire in trees, ii. [295];
their idea of lightning, [298]
Maimonides, on the seclusion of menstruous women, i. 83
Makalanga, a Bantu tribe, i. 135 n. 2
Makral, “the witch,” i. 107
Malabar, the Iluvans of, i. 5;
the Tiyans of, 68
Malassi, a fetish in West Africa, ii. [256]
Malay belief as to sympathetic relation between man and animal, ii. [197]
—— story of the external soul, ii. [147] sq.
Malayo-Siamese families of the Patani States, their custom as to the afterbirth, ii. [163] sq.
Malays of the Peninsula, their doctrine of the plurality of souls, ii. [222]
Male and female souls in Chinese philosophy, ii. [221]
Malkin Tower, witches at the, i. 245
Malta, fires on St. John's Eve in, i. 210 sq.
Malurus cyaneus, superb warbler, women's “sister,” among the Kurnai, ii. [216]
Man and animal, sympathetic relation between, ii. [272] sq.
Man, the Isle of, Midsummer fires in, i. 201, 337;
old New Year's Day in, 224 sq.;
Hallowe'en customs in, 243 sq.;
bonfires on St. Thomas's Day in, 266;
cattle burnt alive to stop a murrain in, 325 sqq.;
mugwort gathered on Midsummer Eve in, ii. [59].
See also [Isle of Man]
Manchu dynasty, the life-tree of the, ii. [167] sq.
Mandragora, “the hand of glory,” ii. [316]
Mang'anje woman, her external soul, ii. [157]
Mango tree, festival of wild, i. 7 sqq.;
ceremony for the fertilization of the, 10
Manitoo, personal totem, ii. [273] n. 1
Mannhardt, W., on fire-customs, i. 106 n. 3;
on burning leaf-clad representative of spirit of vegetation, 25;
his theory that the fires of the fire-festivals are charms to secure sunshine, 329, 331 sqq.;
on torches as imitations of lightning, 340 n. 1;
on the Hirpi Sorani, ii. [15] n.;
on the human victims sacrificed by the Celts, [33];
his theory of the Druidical sacrifices, [43];
his solar theory of the bonfires at the European fire-festivals, [72];
on killing a cock on the harvest-field, [280] n.
Mantis religiosus, a totem, ii. [248] n.
Manu, Hindoo lawgiver, on the uncleanness of women at menstruation, i. 95;
the Laws of, on the three births of the Aryan, ii. [276] sq.
Manx mummers at Hallowe'en, i. 224
Maoris, birth-trees among the, ii. [163]
Mara tribe of Northern Australia, initiation of medicine-men in the, ii. [239]
Marake, an ordeal of being stung by ants and wasps, i. 63 sq.
Marcellus of Bordeaux, his medical treatise, i. 17
March, the month of, the fire-walk in, ii. [6];
mistletoe cut at the full moon of, [84], [86]
—— moon, woodbine cut in the increase of the, ii. [184]
Margas, exogamous totemic clans of the Battas of Sumatra, ii. [222] sq.
Marilaun, A. Kerner von, on mistletoe, ii. [318] n. 6
Marjoram burnt at Midsummer, i. 214;
gathered at Midsummer, ii. [51];
a talisman against witchcraft, [74]
Mark of Brandenburg, need-fire in the, i. 273;
simples culled at Midsummer in the, ii. [48];
St. John's blood in the, [56];
the divining-rod in the, [67]
Marotse. See [Barotse]
Marquesas Islands, the fire-walk in the, ii. [11]
Marriage, leaping over bonfires to ensure a happy, i. 107, 108, 110;
omens of, drawn from Midsummer bonfires, 168, 174, 178, 185, 189;
omens of, drawn from bonfires, 338 sq.;
omens of, from flowers, ii. [52] sq., [61];
oak-trees planted at, [165]
Married, the person last, lights the bonfire, i. 107, 109, 111, 119, 339;
young man last married provides wheel to be burnt, 116;
the person last married officiates at Midsummer fire, 192;
men married within the year collect fuel for Midsummer fire, 192 sq.;
married men kindle need-fire, 289;
last married bride made to leap over bonfire, ii. [22]
Mars and Silvia, ii. [105]
Marsaba, a devil who swallows lads at initiation, ii. [246]
Marseilles, drenching people with water at Midsummer in, i. 193;
Midsummer king of the double-axe at, 194;
the Yule log at, 250;
Midsummer flowers at, ii. [46]
Marshall Islands, belief in the external soul in the, ii. [200]
Marsi, the ancient, i. 209
Martin of Urzedow, i. 177
Martin, M., on dessil (deiseal), i. 151 n.;
on need-fire, 289
Marwaris, of India, Holi festival among the, ii. [2] sq.
Marxberg, the, on the Moselle, i. 118
Masai, peace-making ceremony among the, ii. [139] n.
Mask, not to wear a, i. 4
Masked dances, bull-roarers used at, ii. [230] n.
Masks worn by girls at puberty, i. 31, 52;
worn at Duk-duk ceremonies in New Britain, ii. [247];
worn by members of a secret society, [270], [271]
Masquerade of boys among the Lengua Indians, i. 57 n. 1
Masuren, a district of Eastern Prussia, Midsummer fire kindled by the revolution of a wheel at, i. 177, 335 sq.;
divination by flowers on Midsummer Eve in, ii. [52], [53];
divination by orpine at Midsummer in, [61];
camomile gathered at Midsummer in, [63];
fire kindled by friction of oak at Midsummer in, [91]
Matabeles fumigate their gardens, i. 337
Matacos, Indian tribe of the Gran Chaco, their custom of secluding girls at puberty, i. 58
Mataguayos, Indian tribe of the Gran Chaco, their custom of secluding girls at puberty, i. 58
Matthes, B. F., on sympathetic relation between man and animal, ii. [197] n. 4
Mauhes, Indians of Brazil, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 59;
ordeal of young men among the, 62
Maundy Thursday, i. 125 n. 1
Maurer, Konrad, on Icelandic story of the external soul, ii. [125] n. 1
May Day in the Isle of Man, i. 157;
sheep burnt as a sacrifice on, 306;
witches active on, ii. [19], [184] n. 4, [185]
——, Eve of, Snake Stones thought to be formed on, i. 15;
a witching time, 295;
witches active on, ii. [73]
May-tree carried about, i. 120, ii. [22]
Mayo, County, story of Guleesh in, i. 228
M'Bengas of the Gaboon, birth-trees among the, ii. [160]
Mbengga, in Fiji, the fire-walk in, ii. [10] sq.
Meakin, Budgett, on Midsummer fires in Morocco, i. 214 n.
Meath, County, Hill of Ward in, i. 139;
Uisnech in, 158
Meaux, Midsummer bonfires in the diocese of, i. 182
Mecklenburg, need-fire in, i. 274 sq.;
simples gathered at Midsummer in, ii. [48];
mugwort at Midsummer in, [60];
the divining-rod in, [67];
treatment of the afterbirth in, [165];
children passed through a cleft oak as a cure in, [171] sq.;
custom of striking blindfold at a half-buried cock in, [279] n. 4
Medicine-bag, instrument of pretended death and resurrection at initiation, ii. [268] sq.
—— -man in Australia, initiation of, ii. [237] sqq.
Megara besieged by Minos, ii. [103]
Meinersen, in Hanover, i. 275
Meissen or Thuringia, horse's head thrown into Midsummer fire in, ii. [40]
Melanesian conception of the external soul, ii. [197] sqq.
—— and Papuan stocks in New Guinea, ii. [239]
Meleager and the firebrand, story of, ii. [103];
and the olive-leaf, [103] n. 2
Melur, in the Neilgherry Hills, the fire-walk at, ii. [8] sq.
Men disguised as women, i. 107
—— and women eat apart, i. 81
Mên-an-tol, “holed stone” in Cornwall, ii. [187]
Menomini Indians, ritual of death and resurrection among the, ii. [268] n. 1
Menstruation, seclusion of girls at the first, i. 22 sqq.;
the first, attributed to defloration by a spirit, 24;
reasons for secluding women at, 97
Menstruous blood, the dread of, i. 76.
See also [Blood]
—— energy, beneficent applications of, i. 98 n. 1
—— fluid, medicinal applications of the, i. 98 n. 1
Menstruous women keep their heads or faces covered, i. 22, 24, 25, 29, 31, 44 sq., 48 sq., 55, 90, 92;
not allowed to cross or bathe in rivers, 77;
not allowed to go near water, 77;
supposed to spoil fisheries, 77, 78, 90 sq., 93;
painted red, or red and white, 78;
not allowed to use the ordinary paths, 78, 80, 84, 89, 90;
not allowed to approach the sea, 79;
not allowed to enter cultivated fields, 79;
obliged to occupy special huts, 79, 82, 85 sqq.;
supposed to spoil crops, 79, 96;
not allowed to cook, 80, 82, 84, 90;
not allowed to drink milk, 80, 84;
not allowed to handle salt, 81 sq., 84;
kept from wells, 81, 82, 97;
obliged to use separate doors, 84;
not allowed to lie on high beds, 84;
not allowed to touch or see fire, 84, 85;
not allowed to cross the tracks of animals, 84, 91, 93;
excluded from religious ceremonies, 85;
not allowed to eat with men, 85, 90;
thought to spoil the luck of hunters, 87, 89, 90, 91, 94;
not allowed to ride horses, 88 sq., 96;
not allowed to walk on ice of rivers and lakes, 90;
dangers to which they are thought to be exposed, 94;
not allowed to touch beer, wine or vinegar, 96;
not allowed to salt or pickle meat, 96 n. 2;
not allowed to cross running streams, 97;
not allowed to draw water at wells, 97;
used to protect fields against insects, 98 n. 1
dreaded and secluded in Australia, i. 76 sqq.,
in the Torres Straits Islands, 78 sq.,
in New Guinea, 79,
in Galela, 79,
in Sumatra, 79,
in Africa, 79 sqq.,
among the Jews and in Syria, 83 sq.,
in India, 84 sq.,
in Annam, 85,
in America, 85 sqq.
Mequinez, Midsummer custom at, i. 216
Merolla, J., on seclusion of girls at puberty, i. 31 n. 3
Merrakech, in Morocco, Midsummer custom at, i. 216;
New Year fires at, 217
Mesopotamia, Atrae in, i. 82
Mespelaer, St. Peter's fires at, i. 195
Messaria, in Cythnos, ii. [189]
Metz, F., on the fire-walk, ii. [9]
Metz, cats burnt alive in Midsummer fire at, ii. [39]
Mexican ceremony of new fire, i. 132
—— representation of the sun as a wheel, i. 334 n. 1
Mexico, effigies of Judas burnt at Easter in, i. 127 sq.;
the Zapotecs of, ii. 212
Michael, in the Isle of Man, i. 307
Michaelmas, cakes baked at, i. 149.
See also [St. Michael]
Michemis, a Tibetan tribe, a funeral ceremony among the, i. 5
Middle Ages, the Yule log in the, i. 252;
the need-fire in the, 270
Midsummer, wells crowned with flowers at, ii. [28];
bathing at, [29] sq.;
sacred to Balder, [87].
See also [St. John's Day]
—— bonfire called “fire of heaven,” i. 334;
intended to drive away dragons, 161
“—— Brooms” in Sweden, ii. [54]
—— Day, charm for fig-trees on, i. 18;
water claims human victims on, 26 sqq.;
in ancient Rome, 178;
regarded as unlucky, ii. [29]
—— Eve, Snake Stones thought to be formed on, i. 15;
Trolls and evil spirits abroad on, 172;
witches active on, ii. [19];
the season for gathering wonderful herbs and flowers, [45] sqq.;
the magic flowers of, [45] sqq.;
divination on, [46] n. 3, [50], [52] sqq., [61], [64], [67] sqq.;
dreams of love on, [52], [54];
fernseed blooms at, [65], [287];
the divining-rod cut at, [67] sqq.;
activity of witches and warlocks on, [73] sqq.;
treasures bloom in the earth on, [288] n. 5;
the oak thought to bloom on, [292], [293]
—— festival common to peoples on both sides of the Mediterranean, i. 219, ii. [31];
the most important of the year among the primitive Aryans of Europe, [40];
its relation to Druidism, [45]
—— fires, i. 160 sqq.;
in Wales, 156
—— flowers and plants used as talismans against witchcraft, ii. [72]
—— Men, orpine, ii. [61]
—— mummers clad in green fir branches, ii. [25] sq.
Midwinter fires, i. 246 sqq.
Mijatovich, Chedo, on the Zadrooga or Servian house-community, i. 259 n. 1
Mikado not allowed to set foot on ground, i. 2 sq.;
the sun not allowed to shine on him, 18 sq.
Milk, girls at puberty forbidden to drink, i. 22, 30;
libations of, 30;
not to be drunk by menstruous women, 80, 84;
stolen by witches from cows, 176, 343, ii. [74];
omens drawn from boiling, [8];
libations of, poured on fire, [8], [9];
libations of, poured into a stream, [9];
poured on sick cattle, [13]
—— and butter thought to be improved by the Midsummer fires, i. 180;
stolen by witches at Midsummer, 185;
witchcraft fatal to, ii. [86]
—— -tie as a bond of kinship, ii. [138] n. 1
—— -vessels not to be touched by menstruous women, i. 80
Milking cows through a hole in a branch or a “witch's nest,” ii. [185]
Millaeus on judicial torture, ii. [158]
Miller's wife a witch, story of the, i. 319 sq.
Miming, a satyr of the woods, i. 103
Minahassa, in Celebes, ceremony at a house-warming in, ii. [153]
Minangkabauers of Sumatra, their belief as to menstruous women, i. 79;
use of bull-roarers among the, ii. [229] n.
Minos, king of Crete, besieges Megara, ii. [103]
Mint, flowers of, gathered on St. John's Day, ii. [51]
Mirzapur, the Bhuiyars of, i. 84
Misfortune burnt in Midsummer fires, i. 215;
got rid of by leaping over Midsummer fires, 215
Missel-thrush and mistletoe, ii. [316]
“Mist-healing,” Swiss expression for kindling a need-fire, i. 279
Mistletoe, the divining-rod made of, ii. [69], [291];
worshipped by the Druids, [76] sq., [301];
cut on the sixth day of the moon, [77];
makes barren animals and women to bring forth, [77], [78], [79];
cut with a golden sickle, [77], [80];
thought to have fallen from the sky, [77], [80];
called the “all-healer,” [77], [79], [82];
an antidote to all poison, [77], [83];
gathered on the first day of the moon, [78];
not to touch the earth, [78], [80];
a cure for epilepsy, [78], [83], [84];
extinguishes fire, [78], [84] sq., [293];
venerated by the Ainos of Japan, [79];
growing on willow specially efficacious, [79];
confers invulnerability, [79] sq.;
its position as a parasite on a tree the source of superstitions about it, [80], [81], [84];
not to be cut but shot or knocked down with stones, [81] sq.;
in the folk-lore of modern European peasants, [81] sqq.;
medical virtues ascribed to, [82] sqq.;
these virtues a pure superstition, [84];
cut when the sun is in Sagittarius, [82], [86];
growing on oak a panacea for green wounds, [83];
mystic qualities ascribed to mistletoe at Midsummer (St. John's Day or Eve), [83], [86];
cut at the full moon of March, [84], [86];
called “thunder-besom” in Aargau, [85], [301];
a masterkey to open all locks, [85];
a protection against witchcraft, [85] sq.;
given to first cow that calves after New Year, [86];
gathered especially at Midsummer, [86] sq.;
grows on oaks in Sweden, [87];
ancient Italian belief that mistletoe could be destroyed neither by fire nor water, [94];
Balder's life or death in the, [279], [283];
life of oak in, [280];
not allowed to touch the ground, [280];
a protection against witchcraft and Trolls, [282], [283], [294];
a protection against fairy changelings, [283];
hung over doors of stables and byres [pg 361] in Brittany, [287]; thought to disclose treasures in the earth, [287], [291] sq.;
gathered at the solstices, Midsummer and Christmas, [291] sqq.;
traditional privilege of, [291] n. 2;
growing on a hazel, [291] n. 3;
growing on a thorn, [291] n. 3;
life of the oak conceived to be in the, [292];
perhaps conceived as a germ or seed of fire, [292];
sanctity of mistletoe perhaps explained by the belief that the plant has fallen on the tree in a flash of lightning, [301];
two species of, Viscum album and Loranthus europaeus, [315] sqq.;
found most commonly on apple-trees, [315], compare [316] n. 5;
growing on oaks in England, [316];
seeds of, deposited by missel-thrush, [316];
ancient names of, [317] sq.;
Virgil on, [318] sqq.;
Dutch names for, [319] n. 1
Mistletoe and Balder, i. 101 sq., ii. [76] sqq., [302]
—— and the Golden Bough, ii. [315] sqq.
Mitchell, Sir Arthur, on a barbarous cure for murrain, i. 326
Mithr, Armenian fire-god, i. 131 n. 3
Mithraic mysteries, initiation into the, ii. [277]
Mizimu, spirits of the dead, ii. [312]
Mlanje, in British Central Africa, ii. [314]
Mnasara tribe of Morocco, i. 214
Mogk, Professor Eugen, i. 330
Mohammedan calendar lunar, i. 216 sq., 218 sq.
—— New Year festival in North Africa, i. 217 sq.
—— peoples of North Africa, Midsummer fires among the, i. 213 sqq.
Moharram, first Mohammedan month, i. 217
Moles and field-mice driven away by torches, i. 115, ii. [340]
Molsheim in Baden, i. 117
Mondays, witches dreaded on, ii. [73]
Mongolian story, milk-tie in a, i. 138 n. 1;
the external soul in a, ii. [143] sq.
Monster supposed to swallow and disgorge novices at initiation, ii. [240] sq., [242]
Mont des Fourches, in the Vosges, i. 318
Montaigne on ceremonial extinction of fires, i. 135 n. 2
Montanus, on the Yule log, i. 248
Montenegro, the Yule log in, i. 263
Montezuma not allowed to set foot on ground, i. 2
Montols of Northern Nigeria, their belief in their sympathetic relation to snakes, ii. [209] sq.
Moon, impregnation of women by the, i. 75 sq.;
the sixth day of the, mistletoe cut on, 77;
the first day of the, mistletoe gathered on, 78;
the full, transformation of were-wolves at, 314 n. 1
Mooney, James, on Cherokee ideas as to trees struck by lightning, ii. [296]
Moore, Manx Surnames, quoted by Sir John Rhys, i. 306
Moors, their superstition as to the “sultan of the oleander,” i. 18
Moosheim, in Wurtemberg, leaf-clad mummer at, ii. [26]
Moravia, fires to burn the witches in, i. 160;
Midsummer fires in, 175;
the divining-rod in, ii. [67]
Moravians cull simples at Midsummer, ii. [49], [54]
Moray, remedy for a murrain in the county of, i. 326
Morayshire, medical use of mistletoe in, ii. [84]
Morbihan in Brittany, ii. [287]
Moresin, Thomas, on St. Peter's fires in Scotland, i. 207
Morice, Father A. G., on customs and beliefs of the Carrier Indians as to menstruous women, i. 91 sqq.;
on the honorific totems of the Carrier Indians, ii. [273] sqq.
Morlaks, the Yule log among the, i. 264
Morlanwelz, bonfires at, i. 107
Morning star, the rising of the, i. 40, 133
Morocco, magical virtue ascribed to rain-water in, i. 17 sq.;
Midsummer fires in, 213 sqq.;
water thought to acquire marvellous virtue at Midsummer in, ii. [30] sq.;
magical plants gathered at Midsummer in, [51]
Morven, i. 290;
consumptive people passed through rifted rocks in, ii. [186] sq.
Moscow, annual new fire in villages near, i. 139
Moselle, bonfires on the, i. 109;
Konz on the, 118, 163 sq.
Moses on the uncleanness of women at menstruation, i. 95 sq.
Mosquito territory, Central America, seclusion of menstruous women in the, i. 86
Mota, in the New Hebrides, conception of the external soul in, ii. [197] sq.
Motherwort, garlands of, at Midsummer, i. 162
Moulin, parish of, in Perthshire, Hallowe'en fires in, i. 230
Moulton, Professor J. H., on the etymology of Soranus, ii. [15] n. 1
Mountain arnica gathered at Midsummer, ii. [57] sq.;
a protection against thunder, lightning, hail, and conflagration, [58]
Mountain-ash, parasitic, used to make the divining rod, ii. [69];
mistletoe on, [315].
See also [Rowan]
—— scaur, external soul in, ii. [156]
Mourne Mountains, i. 159
Mourners tabooed, i. 20;
step over fire after funeral in China, ii. [17];
purified by fire, [17], [18] sq.;
customs observed by, among the Bella Coola Indians, [174]
Mourning, the great, for Isfendiyar, i. 105
Mouse-ear hawkweed (Hieracium pilosella) gathered at Midsummer, ii. [57]
Movement of thought from magic through religion to science, ii. [304] sq.
Mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris), wreaths of, at Midsummer, i. 163, 165, 174;
a preventive of sore eyes, 174;
a preservative against witchcraft, 177;
a protection against thunder, ghosts, magic, and witchcraft, ii. [59] sq.;
gathered on Midsummer Day or Eve, ii. [58] sqq.;
thrown into the Midsummer fires, [59];
used in exorcism, [60]
Mull, the need-fire in, i. 148, 289 sq.;
the Beltane cake in, 149;
remedy for cattle-disease in, 325;
consumptive people passed through rifted rocks in, ii. [186] sq.
Mullein, sprigs of, passed across Midsummer fires protect cattle against sickness and sorcery, i. 190;
bunches of, passed across Midsummer fires and fastened on cattle-shed, 191;
yellow (Verbascum), gathered at Midsummer, ii. [63] sq.;
yellow hoary (Verbascum pulverulentum), its golden pyramid of blooms, [64];
great (Verbascum thapsus), called King's Candle or High Taper, [64]
Mummers at Hallowe'en in the Isle of Man, i. 224
Munster, the King of, i. 139;
Midsummer fires in, 203
Münsterberg, precautions against witches in, ii. [20] n.
Münsterland, Easter fires in, i. 141;
the Yule log in, 247
Muralug, dread of women at menstruation in, i. 78
Murderer, fire of oak-wood used to detect a, ii. [92] n. 4
Murrain, need-fire kindled as a remedy for, i. 278, 282, 290 sqq.;
burnt sacrifices to stay a, in England, Wales, and Scotland, 300 sqq.;
calf burnt alive to stop a, 300 sq.;
cattle buried to stop a, 326.
See also [Cattle disease]
Murray, the country of, i. 154 n. 1
Murray River, in Australia, ii. [233];
natives of, their dread of menstruous women, i. 77
Muskau, in Lausitz, marriage oaks at, ii. [165]
Myrtle-trees of the Patricians and Plebeians at Rome, ii. [168]
Myths dramatized in ritual, i. 105
Na Ivilankata, a Fijian clan, ii. [10]
Nagas of North-Eastern India, their ceremony of the new fire, i. 136
Nagual, external soul, among the Indians of Guatemala and Honduras, ii. [212] sqq., [220], [226] n. 1
Nahuqua Indians of Brazil, their use of bull-roarers, ii. [230]
Names on chimney-piece, divination by, i. 237;
of savages kept secret, ii. [224] n. 2;
new, taken by novices after initiation, [259]
Namoluk, one of the Caroline Islands, traditionary origin of fire in, ii. [295]
Namuci and Indra, legend of, ii. [280]
Namur, Lenten fires in, i. 108
Nandi, the, of British East Africa, their custom of driving sick cattle round a fire, ii. [13];
use of bull-roarers among the, [229] n.
Nanga, sacred enclosure in Fiji, ii. [243], [244]
Nanna, the wife of Balder, i. 102, 103
Nanny, a Yorkshire witch, i. 317
Naples, feast of the Nativity of the Virgin at, i. 220 sq.
Narrow openings, creeping through, in order to escape ghostly pursuers, ii. [177] sqq.
Nathuram, image supposed to make women fruitful, ii. [3]
Nativity of the Virgin, feast of the, i. 220 sq.
Naudowessies, Indian tribe of North America, ritual of death and resurrection among the, ii. [267]
Naueld, need-fire, i. 280
Nauru, in the Marshall Islands, lives of people bound up with a fish in, ii. [200]
Navajoes, their story of the external soul, ii. [151] sq.;
use of bull-roarers among the, [230] n., [231]
Navel-string buried under a plant or tree, ii. [160] sq., [161], [163];
regarded as brother or sister of child, [162] n. 2
Ndembo, secret society on the Lower Congo, ii. [251] sqq.
Ndolo, on the Moeko River, West Africa, ii. [200]
Neckar, the river, requires three human victims at Midsummer, ii. [26];
loaf thrown into the river, [28]
Necklace, girl's soul in a, ii. [99] sq.
Need-fire, i. 269 sqq.;
kindled as a remedy for cattle-plague, 270 sqq., 343;
cattle driven through the, 270 sqq.;
derivation of the name, 270 n.;
kindled by the friction of a wheel, 270, 273, 289 sq., 292;
kindled with oak-wood, 271, 272, 275, 276, 278, 281, 289 sq., 294;
called “wild-fire,” 272, 273, 277;
kindled by fir-wood, 278, 282;
kindled as a remedy for witchcraft, 280, 292 sq., 293, 295;
called “living fire,” 281, 286;
healing virtue ascribed to, 281, 286;
kindled by lime-wood, 281, 283, 286;
kindled by poplar-wood, 282;
regarded as a barrier interposed between cattle and an evil spirit, 282, 285 sq.;
kindled by cornel-tree wood, 286;
revealed by an angel from heaven, 287;
used to heat water, 289;
kindled on an island, 290 sq., 291 sq.;
kindled by birch-wood, 291;
kindled between two running streams, 292;
kindled to prevent fever, 297;
probable antiquity of the, 297 sq.;
kindled by elm-wood, 299;
the parent of the periodic fire-festivals, 299, 343;
used by Slavonic peoples to combat vampyres, 344;
sometimes kindled by the friction of fir, plane, birch, lime, poplar, cornel-wood, ii. [91] n. 1
Need-fire, John Ramsay's account of, i. 147 sq.;
Lindenbrog on, 335 n. 1
Negro children pale at birth, ii. [251] n. 1, [259] n. 2
Neil, R. A., on Gaelic name for mistletoe, ii. [82] n. 5
Neilgherry Hills, the Badagas of the, ii. [8] sq.;
the Todas of the, i. 136
Neisse, precautions against witches in, ii. [20] n.
Nellingen in Lorraine, simples gathered on Midsummer Day at, ii. [47]
Nemi, the King of the Wood at, i. 2;
the Lake of, annual tragedy enacted at, ii. [286];
sacramental bread at, [286] n. 2;
Virbius at, [295]; at evening, [308] sq.;
sacred grove of, [315];
priests of Diana at, [315]
Nerthus, old German goddess, ii. [28] n. 1
Nestelknüpfen, i. 346 n. 2
Nets fumigated with smoke of need-fire, i. 280
Nettles, Indians beaten with, as an ordeal, i. 64
Neuchatel, Midsummer fires in the canton of, i. 172
Neumann, J. B., on the Batta doctrine of souls, ii. [223] n. 2
Neustadt, in Silesia, Midsummer fires at, i. 170;
near Marburg, the need-fire at, 270
New birth of novices at initiation, ii. [247], [251], [256], [257], [261], [262] sq.
—— body obtained at initiation, ii. [252]
—— Britain, the Duk-duk society of i. 11, ii. [246] sq.
—— fire kindled on Easter Saturday, i. 121 sqq.;
made at the New Year, 134 sq., 138, 140;
made by the friction of wood at Christmas, 264
—— Guinea, British, festival of wild mango in, i. 7;
custom observed after childbirth in, 20;
seclusion of girls at puberty in, 35;
dread and seclusion of women at menstruation in, 79;
the Toaripi of, 84;
use of bull-roarers in, ii. [228] n. 2
—— Guinea, German, the Kai of, ii. [182];
ceremony of initiation in, [193];
the Yabim of, [232];
rites of initiation in, [239] sqq.
—— Hebrides, conception of the external soul in the, ii. [197] sqq.
—— Ireland, seclusion of girls at puberty in, i. 32 sqq.;
Duk-duk society in, ii. [247]
—— Mexico, the Zuni Indians of, i. 132;
and Arizona, use of bull-roarers in, ii. [230] n., [231]
—— South Wales, dread of women at menstruation in, i. 78;
the Wongh tribe of, ii. [227];
the drama of resurrection at initiation in, [235] sqq.
—— water at Easter, i. 123
—— World, Easter ceremonies in the, i. 127 sq.;
magical virtue of plants at Midsummer in the, ii. [50] sq.
—— Year, new fire made at the, i. 134 sq., 138, 140;
festival of Mohammedans in North Africa, 217 sq.;
the Celtic, on November first, 224 sq.;
the Fijian, Tahitian, and Hawaiian, ii. [244]
Newstead, Byron's oak at, ii. [166]
Nganga, “the Knowing Ones,” initiates, ii. [251]
Ngarong, secret helper, of the Ibans of Borneo, ii. [224] n. 1
Nguu, district of German East Africa, ii. [312]
Nias, story of the external soul told in the island of, ii. [148];
ceremonies performed by candidates for the priesthood in, [173] sq.
Niceros and the were-wolf, story of, i. 313 sq.
Nidugala, in the Neilgherry Hills, the fire-walk at, ii. [8]
Nieder-Lausitz, the Midsummer log in, ii. [92] n. 1
Niederehe, in the Eifel Mountains, Midsummer flowers at, ii. [48]
Niger, belief as to external human souls lodged in animals on the, ii. [209]
Nigeria, the Ibo of Southern, i. 4;
theory of the external soul in, ii. [200], [203], sqq.
Nigerian, South, story of the external soul, ii. [150]
Night-jars, the lives of women in, ii. [215];
called women's “sisters,” [216]
Nikclerith, Neane, buries cow alive, i. 324 sq.
Nile, the Alur of the Upper, i. 64
Nine, ruptured child passed nine times on nine successive mornings through a cleft ash-tree and attended by nine persons, ii. [170]
—— bonfires on Midsummer Eve an omen of marriage, i. 174, 185, 189, 339
—— different kinds of wood burnt in the Beltane fires, i. 155;
used for the Midsummer bonfires, 172, 201;
burnt in the need-fire, 271, 278;
used to kindle need-fire, 278, 280
—— grains of oats in divination, i. 243
—— leaps over Midsummer fire, i. 193
—— men employed to make fire by the friction of wood, i. 148, 155
—— ridges of ploughed land in divination, i. 235
—— sorts of flowers on Midsummer Eve, to dream on, i. 175;
gathered, ii. [52] sq.
—— times to crawl under a bramble as a cure, ii. [180]
—— times nine men make need-fire, i. 289, 294, 295
—— (thrice three) times passed through a girth of woodbine, ii. [184];
passed through a holed stone, [187]
—— turns round a rick, i. 243
Niska Indians of British Columbia, rites of initiation among the, ii. [271] sq.
Nisus and his purple or golden hair, story of, ii. [103]
Nkimba, secret society on the Lower Congo, ii. [255] n. 1
Nocturnal creatures the sex totems of men and women, ii. [217] n. 4
Nograd-Ludany, in Hungary, Midsummer fires at, i. 179
Noguès, J. L. M., on the wonderful herbs of St. John's Eve, ii. [45]
Nootka Indians of Vancouver Island, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 43 sq.;
ritual of death and resurrection among the, ii. [270] sq.
Nord, the department of, giants at Shrove Tuesday in, ii. [35]
Norden, E., on the Golden Bough, ii. [284] n. 3
Nore, A. de, on the Yule log, i. 250 sq., 253
Norfolk, use of orpine for divination in, ii. [61] n. 4
Norman peasants gather seven kinds of plants on St. John's Day, ii. [51] sq.
Normandy, Midsummer fires in, i. 185 sq.;
the Yule log in, 252;
torch-light processions on Christmas Eve in, 266;
processions with torches on the Eve of Twelfth Day, in, 340;
wonderful herbs and flowers gathered at Midsummer in, ii, [46];
wreaths of mugwort in, [59];
vervain gathered at Midsummer in, [62]
Norrland, Midsummer bonfires in, i. 172
Norse stories of the external soul, ii. [119] sq.
North American Indians, their personal totems, ii. [222] n. 5, [226] n. 1
—— Berwick, Satan preaches at, ii. [158]
Northamptonshire, sacrifice of a calf in, i. 300
Northumberland, Midsummer fires in, i. 197 sq.;
divination at Hallowe'en in, 245;
the Yule log in, 256;
need-fire in, 288 sq.;
ox burnt alive in, to stop a murrain, 301
Norway, bonfires on Midsummer Eve in, i. 171;
the need-fire in, 280;
superstitions about a parasitic rowan in, ii. [281]
Norwich, Easter candle in the cathedral of, i. 122 n.
Nottinghamshire, the Hemlock Stone in, i. 157
Nouer l'aiguilette, i. 346 n. 2
Nouzon, in the Ardennes, the Yule log at, i. 253
November the first, old New Year's Day in the Isle of Man, i. 224 sq.;
the first of, All Saints' Day, 225
Novice at initiation killed as a man and brought to life as an animal, ii. [272]
Novices (lads) at initiation supposed to be swallowed and disgorged by a spirit or monster, ii. [235], [240] sq., [242], [246];
supposed to be newly born, [247], [251], [256], [257], [261], [262] sq.;
begotten anew, [248]
Nurtunjas, sacred poles among the Arunta, ii. [219]
Nut-water brewed at Midsummer, ii. [47]
Nuts passed across Midsummer fires, i. 190;
in fire, divination by, 237, 239, 241, 242, 245
Nyanja chief, ii. [314]
Nyanja-speaking tribes of Angoniland, their customs as to girls at puberty, i. 25 sq.
Nyassa, Lake, i. 28, 81;
people to the east of, crawl through an arch as a precaution against sickness, evil spirits, etc., ii. [181]
Oak associated with thunder, i. 145;
worshipped by the Druids, ii. [76] sq., [301];
the principal sacred tree of the Aryans, [89] sq.;
human representatives of the oak perhaps originally burnt at the fire-festivals, [90], [92] sq.;
children passed through a cleft oak as a cure for rupture or rickets, [170] sqq.;
life of, in mistletoe, [280], [292];
struck by lightning oftener than any other tree of the European forest, [298] sqq.;
supposed to bloom on Midsummer Eve, [292], [293]
—— and thunder, Aryan god of the, i. 265
—— -leaves, “oil of St. John” found on St. John's Morning upon, ii. [82] sq.
—— log a protection against witchcraft, ii. [92]
—— -mistletoe an “all-healer” or panacea, ii. [77], [79], [82];
a remedy for epilepsy, [78], [83];
to be shot down with an arrow, [82];
a panacea for green wounds, [83];
a protection against conflagration, [85], [293]
—— of Errol, fate of the Hays bound up with the, ii. [283] sq.
—— of the Guelphs, ii. [166] sq.
—— of Romove, ii. [286]
—— of the Vespasian family at Rome, ii. [168]
—— planted by Byron, ii. [166]
—— -spirit, the priest of the Arician grove a personification of an, ii. [285]
—— tree worshipped by the Cheremiss, i. 181
—— -trees planted at marriage, ii. [165]
—— twigs and leaves used to keep off witches, ii. [20]
—— -wood used to kindle the need-fire, i. 148, 271, 272, 275, 276, 278, 281, 289 sq., ii. [90] sq.;
used to kindle the Beltane fires, i. 148, 155;
used to kindle Midsummer fire, 169, 177, ii. [91] sq.;
used for the Yule log, i. 248, 250, 251, 257, 258, 259, 260, 263, 264 sq., ii. [92];
fire of, used to detect a murderer, [92] n. 4;
perpetual fires of, [285] sq.
Oaks planted by Sir Walter Scott, ii. [166];
mistletoe growing on, in Sweden, [87];
mistletoe growing on, in England and France, [316]
Oath not to hurt Balder, i. 101
Oats, nine grains of, in divination, i. 243
Oban district, Southern Nigeria, belief as to external human souls lodged in animals in the, ii. [206] sqq.
Oberland, in Central Germany, the Yule log in the, i. 248 sq.
Obermedlingen, in Swabia, fire kindled on St. Vitus's Day at, i. 335 sq.
Obubura district of S. Nigeria, ii. [204]
October, ceremony of the new fire in, i. 136;
the last day of (Hallowe'en), 139
Odessa, New Easter fire carried to, i. 130 n.
Odin, Othin, or Woden, the father of Balder, i. 101, 102, 103 n.
Ododop tribe of Southern Nigeria, ii. [208]
Oels, in Silesia, Midsummer fires at, i. 170
Oeniadae, the ancient, i. 21
Oesel, Midsummer fires in the island of, i. 180;
St. John's herbs in the island of, ii. [49]
Offenburg, in the Black Forest, Midsummer fires at, i. 168
Ogboni, a secret society on the Slave Coast, ii. [229] n.
Ogre whose soul was in a bird, story of the, ii. [98] sq.
“Oil of St. John” found on St. John's morning, ii. [82] sq.;
on oaks at Midsummer, [293]
Oise, French department of, dolmen in, ii. [188]
Ojebways, ritual of death and resurrection among the, ii. [268]
Olala, secret society of the Niska Indians, ii. [271] sq.
Olaus Magnus, on were-wolves, i. 308
“Old Wife” (“Old Woman”), burning the, i. 116, 120
Oldenburg, the immortal dame of, i. 100;
Shrove Tuesday customs in, 120;
Easter bonfires in, 140;
burning or boiling portions of animals or things to force witch to appear in, 321 sq.;
witch as toad in, 323;
children passed through a cleft oak as a cure in, ii. [171] sq.;
custom as to milking cows in, [185];
sick children passed through a ring of yarn in, [185]
Olea chrysophilla, used as fuel for bonfire, ii. [11]
“Oleander, the Sultan of the,” i. 18, ii. [51];
gathered at Midsummer, [51]
Olive, the sacred, at Olympia, ii. [80] n. 3
Olofaet, a fire-god, ii. [295]
Olympia, the sacred olive at, ii. [80] n. 3;
white poplar used for sacrifices to Zeus at, [90] n. 1, [91] n. 7
Omaha tribe, Elk clan of the, i. 11
—— women secluded at menstruation, i. 88 sq.
Omens from birds and beasts, i. 56;
from the smoke of bonfires, 116, 131, 337;
from flames of bonfires, 140, 142, 159, 165, 336, 337;
from cakes rolled down hill, 153;
from boiling milk, ii. [8];
from intestines of sheep, [13]
—— of marriage drawn from Midsummer bonfires, i. 168, 174, 178, 185, 189, 339;
drawn from bonfires, 338 sq.;
from flowers, ii. [52] sq., [61]
Onktehi, the great spirit of the waters among the Dacotas, ii. [268], [269]
Oran, bathing at Midsummer in, i. 216
Orange River, the Corannas of the, ii. [192]
Oraons or Uraons of Bengal, their belief as to the transformation of witches into cats, ii. [311] sq.
Ordeal of stinging ants undergone by girls at puberty, i. 61, and by young men, 62 sqq.;
of boiling resin, 311
Ordeals as an exorcism, i. 66;
undergone by novices at initiation among the Bushongo, ii. [264] sqq.
Order of nature, different views of the, postulated by magic and science, ii. [305] sq.
Organs, internal, of medicine-man replaced by a new set at initiation, ii. [237], [238] sq.
Origin of fire, primitive ideas as to the, ii. [295] sq.
Orinoco, the Banivas of the, i. 66;
the Guaraunos of the, 85; the Guayquiries of the, 85;
the Tamanaks of the, 61 n. 3
Ornament, external soul of woman in an ivory, ii. [156]
Ornaments, amulets degenerate into, ii. [156] n. 2
Orne, Midsummer fires in the valley of the, i. 185
Oro, West African bogey, ii. [229]
Orpheus and the willow, ii. [294]
Orpine (Sedum telephium) at Midsummer, i. 196;
used in divination at Midsummer, ii. [61]
Orvieto, Midsummer fires at, i. 210
Oster-Kappeln, in Hanover, the oak of the Guelphs at, ii. [166] sq.
Osterode, Easter bonfires at, i. 142
Ot Danoms of Borneo, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 35 sq.
Otati tribe of Queensland, their treatment of girls at puberty, i. 38
Ovambo, of German South-West Africa, custom observed by young women at puberty among the, ii. [183]
Owls, lives of persons bound up with those of, ii. [202];
sex totem of women, [217];
called women's “sisters,” [218]
Ox burnt alive to stop a murrain, i. 301
—— -horns, external soul of chief in pair of, ii. [156]
Ozieri, in Sardinia, bonfires on St. John's Eve at, i. 209
Padua, story of a were-wolf in, i. 309
Paha, on the Gold Coast, ii. [210]
Pale colour of negro children at birth, ii. [251] n. 1, [259] n. 2
Palettes or plaques of schist in Egyptian tombs, ii. [155] n. 3
Palm-branches, consecrated, at Easter, i. 121
—— Sunday, palm-branches consecrated on, i. 144, ii. [30], [85] n. 4;
boxwood blessed on, i. 184, ii. [47];
fern-seed used on, [288]
—— -trees as life-indices, ii. [161], [163], [164]
Papuan and Melanesian stocks in New Guinea, ii. [239]
Papuans, life-trees among the, ii. [163]
Paraguay, the Chiquites Indians of, ii. [226] n. 1
Parallelism between witches and were-wolves, i. 315, 321
Parasitic mountain-ash (rowan) used to make the divining-rod, ii. [69]
—— orchid growing on a tamarind, ritual at cutting, ii. [81]
—— rowan, superstitions about a, ii. [281] sq.
Paris, effigy of giant burnt in summer fire at, ii. [38];
cats burnt alive at Midsummer in, [39]
Parivarams of Madura, their seclusion of girls at puberty, i. 69
Parrot, external soul of warlock in a, ii. [97] sq.
—— and Punchkin, story of the, ii. [97] sq.
Parsees, their customs as to menstruous women, i. 85
Partridge, C., ii. [204]
Paschal candle, i. 121, 122 n., 125
—— Mountains, i. 141
Passage over or through fire a stringent form of purification, ii. [24];
through a cleft stick in connexion with puberty and circumcision, [183] sq.
Passes, Indians of Brazil, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 59
Passing over fire to get rid of ghosts, ii. [17] sq.;
through cleft trees and other harrow openings to get rid of ghosts, etc., [173] sqq.;
under a yoke as a purification, [193] sqq.
Passing children through cleft trees, ii. [168] sqq.;
children, sheep, and cattle through holes in the ground, ii. [190] sq.
Pastern-bone of a hare in a popular remedy, i. 17
Pastures fumigated at Midsummer to drive away witches and demons, i. 170
Patani States, custom as to the after-birth in the, ii. [164]
Paths, separate, for men and women, i. 78, 80, 89
Patiko, in the Uganda Protectorate, dread of lightning at, ii. [298] n. 2
Paton, W. R., on the Golden Bough, ii. [319]
Patriarch of Jerusalem kindles the new fire at Easter, i. 129
Patrician myrtle-tree at Rome, ii. [168]
Patschkau, precautions against witches near, ii. [20] n.
Pâturages, processions with torches at, i. 108
Pawnee story of the external soul, ii. [151]
Pawnees, human sacrifices among the, ii. [286] n. 2
Pazzi family at Florence, i. 126
Peace-making ceremony among the Masai, ii. [139] n.
Pear-tree as life-index of girl, ii. [165]
—— -trees, torches thrown at, i. 108;
rarely attacked by mistletoe, ii. [315]
Peas, boiled, distributed by young married couples, i. 111 n. 1
Pebbles thrown into Midsummer fires, i. 183
Peguenches, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 59
Peking, life-tree of the Manchu dynasty at, ii. [167] sq.
Pelops at Olympia, ii. [90] n. 1
Pemba, island of, ii. [263]
Pendle, the forest of, i. 245
Pennant, Thomas, on Beltane fires and cakes in Perthshire, i. 152;
on Hallowe'en fires in Perthshire, 230
Pennefather River in Queensland, ii. [159];
treatment of girls at puberty on the, i. 38
Penny-royal burnt in Midsummer fire, i. 213, 214;
gathered at Midsummer, ii. [51]
Pentamerone, the, ii. [105]
Penzance, Midsummer fires at, i. 199 sq.
Perche, Midsummer fires in, i. 188;
St. John's herb gathered on Midsummer Eve in, ii. [46];
the Chêne-Doré in, [287] n. 1
Perforating arms and legs of young men, girls, and dogs as a ceremony, i. 58
Pergine, in the Tyrol, fern-seed at, ii. [288] sq.
Perigord, the Yule log in, i. 250 sq., 253;
magic herbs gathered at Midsummer in, ii. [46];
crawling under a bramble as a cure for boils in, [180]
Perkunas, Lithuanian god, his perpetual fire, ii. [91] n. 5
Péronne, mugwort at Midsummer near, ii. [58]
Persians celebrate a festival of fire at the winter solstice, i. 269
Perthshire, Beltane fires and cakes in, i. 152 sq.;
traces of Midsummer fires in, 206;
Hallowe'en bonfires in, 230 sqq.;
need-fire in, 296 sq.
Peru, ceremony of the new fire in, i. 132
Perun, the oak sacred to the god, ii. [89]
Petronius, his story of the were-wolf, i. 313 sq.
Pett, Grace, a witch, i. 304
Petworth, in Sussex, cleft ash-trees used for the cure of rupture at, ii. [170]
Phalgun, a Hindoo month, ii. [2]
Philip and James, the Apostles, feast of, i. 158
Piazza del Limbo at Florence, i. 126
Picardy, Lenten fire-customs in, i. 113;
Midsummer fires in, 187
Piedmont, belief as to the “oil of St. John” on St. John's morning in, ii. [82] sq.
Pietro in Guarano (Calabria), Easter custom at, i. 123
Pig, roast, at Christmas, i. 259;
burnt sacrifice of a, 302
Pigeon, external soul of ogre in a, ii. [100];
external soul of dragon in a, [112] sq.
Pigeon's egg, external soul of fairy being in, ii. [132] sq., [139]
Pigeons deposit seed of mistletoe, ii. [316] n. 1
Pigs sacrificed, i. 9;
driven through Midsummer fire, 179;
driven through the need-fire, 272, 273, 274 sq., 275 sq., 276 sq., 277, 278, 279, 297;
offered to monster who swallows novices at initiation, ii. [240], [246]
Pilgrimages on Yule Night in Sweden, i. 20 sq.
Pillar, external soul of ogre in a, ii. [100] sq.
Pima Indians, their purification for manslaughter, i. 21
Pines, Scotch, struck by lightning, proportion of, ii. [298]
Pinewood, fire of, at Soracte, ii. [14], [91] n. 1
Pinoeh, district of South-Eastern Borneo, ii. [154] sq.
Pippin, king of the Franks, i. 270
Pitlochrie, in Perthshire, i. 230
Pitrè, Giuseppe, on St. John's Day in Sicily, ii. [29]
Placci, Carlo, i. 127 n. 1
Place de Noailles at Marseilles, Midsummer flowers in the, ii. [46]
Plane and birch, fire made by the friction of, i. 220
Plantain-tree, creeping through a cleft, as a cure, ii. [181]
Plants, spirits of, in the form of snakes, ii. [44] n.;
external soul in, [159] sqq.;
and trees as life-indices, [160] sqq.
Plaques or palettes of schist in Egyptian tombs, ii. [155] n. 3
Plates or basins, divination by three, i. 237 sq., 240, 244
Plato, on the distribution of the soul in the body, ii. [221] n. 1
Plebeian myrtle-tree at Rome, ii. [168]
Pleiades, beginning of year determined by observation of the, ii. [244], [245] n.
Pliny on “serpents' eggs,” i. 15;
on medicinal plants, 17;
on the touch of menstruous women, 96;
on the fire-walk of the Hirpi Sorani, ii. [14];
on the mythical springwort, [71];
on the Druidical worship of mistletoe, [76] sq.;
on the virtues of mistletoe, [78];
on the birds which deposit seeds of mistletoe, [316] n. 1;
on the different kinds of mistletoe, [317]
Plough, piece of Yule log inserted in the, i. 251, 337
Ploughing in spring, custom at the first, i. 18
Ploughshare, crawling under a, as a cure, ii. [180]
Plum-tree wood used for Yule log, i. 250
Plurality of souls, doctrine of the, ii. [221] sq.
Plutarch, on oak-mistletoe, ii. [318] n. 1
Pogdanzig, witches' Sabbath at, ii. [74]
Pointing sticks or bones in magic, i. 14
Poitou, Midsummer fires in, i. 182, 190 sq., 340 sq.;
fires on All Saints' Day in, 246;
the Yule log in, 251 n. 1;
mugwort at Midsummer in, ii. [59]
Poix, Lenten fires at, i. 113
Poland, need-fire in, i. 281 sq.
Polaznik, polazenik, polažaynik, Christmas visiter, i. 261, 263, 264
Pole, sacred, of the Arunta, i. 7
Poles, passing between two poles after a death, ii. [178] sq.;
passing between two poles in order to escape sickness or evil spirit, ii. [179] sqq.
Pollution, menstrual, widespread fear of, i. 76 sqq.
Polygnotus, his picture of Orpheus under the willow, ii. [294]
Pomerania, hills called the Blocksberg in, i. 171 n. 3
Pommerol, Dr., i. 112
Pond, G. H., on ritual of death and resurrection among the Dacotas, ii. [269]
Pongol or Feast of Ingathering in Southern India, ii. [1], [16]
Pontesbury, in Shropshire, the Yule log at, i. 257
Popinjay, shooting at a, i. 194
Popish Kingdome, The, of Thomas Kirchmeyer, i. 125 sq., 162
Poplar, the white, used in sacrificing to Zeus at Olympia, ii. [90] n. 1, [91] n. 7;
black, mistletoe on, [318] n. 6
—— -wood used to kindle need-fire, i. 282
Porcupine as charm to ensure women an easy delivery, i. 49
Port Lincoln tribe of South Australia, their superstition as to lizards, ii. [216] sq.
Porta Triumphalis at Rome, ii. [195]
Portrait statues, external souls of Egyptian kings deposited in, ii. [157]
Portreach, sacrifice of a calf near, i. 301
Poseidon makes Pterelaus immortal, ii. [103];
priest of, uses a white umbrella, i. 20 n. 1
Posidonius, Greek traveller in Gaul, ii. [32]
Poso in Central Celebes, custom at the working of iron in, ii. [154];
the Alfoors of, [222]
Possession by an evil spirit cured by passing through a red-hot chain, ii. [186]
Potawatomi women secluded at menstruation, i. 89
Potlatch, distribution of property, ii. [274]
Pots used by girls at puberty broken, i. 61, 69
Powers, extraordinary, ascribed to first-born children, i. 295
Požega district of Slavonia, need-fire in, i. 282
Prättigau in Switzerland, Lenten fire-custom at, i. 119
Prayers of adolescent girls to the Dawn of Day, i. 50 sq., 53, 98 n. 1;
for rain, 133
Pretence of throwing a man into fire, i. 148, 186, ii. [25]
Priapus, image of, at need-fire, i. 286
Priest of Aricia and the Golden Bough, i. 1;
of Earth, taboos observed by the, 4;
of Diana at Aricia, the King of the Wood, perhaps personified Jupiter, ii. [302] sq.;
at Nemi, [315]
Priestesses not allowed to step on ground, i. 5
Priests expected to pass through fire, ii. [2], [5], [8], [9], [14]
Primitive thought, its vagueness and inconsistency, ii. [301] sq.
Prince Sunless, i. 21
—— of Wales Island, Torres Strait, treatment of girls at puberty in, i. 40
Princess royal, ceremonies at the puberty of a, i. 29, 30 sq.
Procession with lighted tar-barrels on Christmas Eve, i. 268
Processions with lighted torches through fields, gardens, orchards, etc., i. 107 sq., 110 sqq., 113 sqq., 141, 179, 233 sq., 266, 339 sq.;
on Corpus Christi Day, 165;
to the Midsummer bonfires, 184, 185, 187, 188, 191, 192, 193;
across fiery furnaces, ii. [4] sqq.;
of giants (effigies) at popular festivals in Europe, [33] sqq.
Profligacy at Holi festival in India, ii. [2]
Prophecy, the Norse Sibyl's, i. 102 sq.
Proserpine River in Queensland, i. 39
Provence, Midsummer fires in, i. 193 sq.;
the Yule log in, 249 sqq.
Prussia, Midsummer fires in, i. 176 sq.;
mullein gathered at Midsummer in, ii. [63] sq.;
witches' Sabbath in, [74]
——, Eastern, herbs gathered at Midsummer in, ii. [48] sq.;
divination by flowers on Midsummer Eve in, [53], [61];
belief as to mistletoe growing on a thorn in, [291] n. 3
Prussian custom before first ploughing in spring, i. 18
Prussians, the old, worshipped serpents, ii. [43] n. 3
Pterelaus and his golden hair, ii. [103]
Puberty, girls secluded at, i. 22 sqq.;
fast and dream at, ii. [222] n. 5;
pretence of killing the novice and bringing him to life again during initiatory rites at, [225] sqq.
Pueblo Indians of Arizona and New Mexico, use of bull-roarers among the, ii. [230] n., [231]
Pulayars of Travancore, their seclusion of girls at puberty, i. 69
Pulverbatch, in Shropshire, the Yule log at, i. 257;
belief as the bloom of the oak on Midsummer Eve at, ii. [292]
Pumpkin, external soul in a, ii. [105]
Punchkin and the parrot, story of, ii. [97] sq., [215], [220]
Punjaub, supernatural power ascribed to the first-born in the, i. 295;
passing unlucky children through narrow openings in the, ii. [190]
Purification by stinging with ants, i. 61 sqq.;
by beating, 61, 64 sqq.;
of mourners by fire, ii. [17], [18] sq.;
after a death, [178];
by passing under a yoke, [193] sqq.
Purificatory theory of the fires of the fire-festivals, i. 329 sq., 341, ii. [16] sqq.;
more probable than the solar theory, i. 346
Purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) gathered at Midsummer, ii. [65]
Purra or poro, secret society in Sierra Leone, ii. [260] sq.
Puttenham, George, on the Midsummer giants, ii. [36] sq.
Pyrenees, Midsummer fires in the French, i. 193
Quarter-ill, a disease of cattle, i. 296
Quedlinburg, in the Harz Mountains, need-fire at, i. 276
Queen Charlotte Islands, the Haida Indians of, i. 44
—— of Heaven, ii. [303]
—— of Summer, i. 195
Queen's County, Midsummer fires in, i. 203;
divination at Hallowe'en in, 242
Queensland, sorcery in, i. 14;
seclusion of girls at puberty in, 37 sqq.;
dread of women at menstruation in, 78;
natives of, their mode of ascertaining the fate of an absent friend, ii. [159] sq.;
use of bull-roarers in, [233]
Quimba, a secret society on the Lower Congo, ii. [256] n.
Quimper, Midsummer fires at, i. 184
Quirinus, sanctuary of, at Rome, ii. [168]
Races at fire-festivals, i. 111;
to Easter bonfire, 122;
at Easter fires, 144;
with torches at Midsummer, 175.
See also [Torch-races]
Radium, bearing of its discovery on the probable duration of the sun, ii. [307] n. 2
Rahu, a tribal god in India, ii. [5]
Rain, Midsummer bonfires supposed to stop, i. 188, 336;
bull-roarers used as magical instruments to make, ii. [230] sqq.
—— -clouds, smoke made in imitation of, i. 133
—— -makers (mythical), i. 133
—— -water in Morocco, magical virtues ascribed to, i. 17 sq.
Raking a rick in the devil's name, i. 243;
the ashes, a mode of divination, 243
Ralston, W. R. S., on sacred fire of Perkunas, ii. [91] n. 3
Rama, his battle with the King of Ceylon, ii. [102]
Rampart, old, of Burghead, i. 267 sq.
Ramsay, John, of Ochtertyre, on Beltane fires, i. 146 sqq.;
on Midsummer fires, 206;
on Hallowe'en fires, 230 sq.;
on burying cattle alive, 325 sq.
Rarhi, Brahmans of Bengal, their seclusion of girls at puberty, i. 68
Rat, external soul of medicine-man in, ii. [199]
Rattan, creeping through a split, to escape a malignant spirit, ii. [183]
Rattle used at a festival, i. 28
Rattles to frighten ghosts, i. 52
Raven clan, ii. [271]
Ray-fish, cure for wound inflicted by a, i. 98 n. 1
Raymi, a festival of the summer solstice, i. 132
Reapers throw sickles blindfold at last sheaf, ii. [279] n. 4
Reaping, girdle of rye a preventive of weariness in, i. 190
Reay, in Sutherland, the need-fire at, i. 294 sq.
Red earth or paint smeared on girls at puberty, i. 30, 31;
girl's face painted red at puberty, 49 sq., 54;
women at menstruation painted, 78
—— and white, girls at puberty painted, i. 35, 38, 39, 40;
women at menstruation painted, 78
—— -hot iron chain, passing persons possessed by evil spirits through a, ii. [186]
—— Island, i. 39
—— ochre round a woman's mouth, mark of menstruation, i. 77
Redemption from the fire, i. 110
Reed, W. A., on a superstition as to a parasitic plant, ii. [282]
Reed, split, used in cure for dislocation, ii. [177]
Reef, plain of, in Tiree, i. 316
Regaby, in the Isle of Man, i. 224
Reindeer sacrificed to the dead, ii. [178]
Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, O. Frh. von, on the Yule log, i. 249
Reiskius, Joh., on the need-fire, i. 271 sq.
Religion, movement of thought from magic through religion to science, ii. [304] sq.
Religious associations among the Indians of North America, ii. [266] sqq.
Remedies, magical, not allowed to touch the ground, i. 14
Renewal of fire, annual, in China, i. 137.
See also [Fire]
Rengen, in the Eifel Mountains, Midsummer flowers at, ii. [48]
Resoliss, parish of, in Ross-shire, burnt sacrifice of a pig in, i. 301 sq.
Resurrection, ritual of death and, ii. [225] sqq.
Reuzes, wicker giants in Brabant and Flanders, ii. [35]
Revin, Midsummer fires at, i. 188
Rhenish Prussia, Lenten fires in, i. 115
Rheumatism, crawling under a bramble as a cure for, ii. [180]
Rhine, the Lower, need-fire on, i. 278;
St. John's wort on, ii. [54]
Rhodesia, the Winamwanga of, ii. [297]
Rhodomyrtus tomentosus, used to kindle fire by friction, ii. [8]
Rhön Mountains, Lenten custom in the, i. 117
Rhys, Sir John, on Beltane fires, i. 157;
on driving cattle through fires, 159;
on old New Year's Day in the Isle of Man, 224;
on Hallowe'en bonfires in Wales, 239 sq.;
on burnt sacrifices in the Isle of Man, 305 sqq.;
on alleged Welsh name for mistletoe, ii. [286] n. 3
Ribble, the, i. 245
Ribwort gathered at Midsummer, ii. [49]
Rickard, R. H., quoted, i. 34
Rickets, children passed through cleft ash-trees as a cure for, ii. [168];
children passed through cleft oaks as a cure for, [170];
children passed through a holed stone as a cure for, [187]
Rickety children passed through a natural wooden ring, ii. [184]
Riedel, J. G. F., on the Kakian association in Ceram, ii. [249]
Rif, province of Morocco, Midsummer fires in, i. 214 n., 215;
bathing at Midsummer in, 216
Riga, Midsummer festival at, i. 177
Right hand, luckiness of the, i. 151 n.
—— turn (deiseal, dessil) in the Highlands of Scotland, i. 150 n. 1, 154
Rigveda, how Indra cured Apala in the, ii. [193]
Ring, crawling through a, as a cure or preventive of disease, ii. [184] sqq.;
divination by a, i. 237;
worn by initiates as token of the new birth, ii. [257].
See also [Rings]
Ringhorn, Balder's ship, i. 102
Ringing church bells on Midsummer Eve, custom as to, ii. [47] sq.
Rings as amulets, i. 92;
mourners creep through, ii. [178], [179].
See also [Ring]
Rio de Janeiro, i. 59
—— Negro, ordeals of young men among the Indians of the, i. 63
Risley, Sir Herbert H., on Indian fire-walk, ii. [5] n. 3
Ritual, myths dramatized in, i. 105;
of death and resurrection, ii. [225] sqq.
Rivers, Dr. W. H. R., on tamaniu, ii. [199] n. 1
Rivers, menstruous women not allowed to cross or bathe in, i. 77, 97;
claim human victims at Midsummer, ii. [26] sqq.;
bathing in, at Midsummer, [30]
Rizano, in Dalmatia, the Yule log at, i. 263
Robertson, Rev. James, quoted, i. 150 sqq.
Robinson, C. H., on human life bound up with that of an animal, ii. [209]
Rochholz, C. L., on need-fire, i. 270 n.
Rocks, sick people passed through holes in, ii. [186] sq., [189] sq.
Roman belief as to menstruous women, i. 98 n. 1
—— cure for dislocation, ii. [177]
Romans deemed sacred the places which were struck by lightning, ii. [299]
Romanus Lecapenus, emperor, ii. [156]
Rome, the sacred fire of Vesta at, i. 138, ii. [91];
Midsummer Day in ancient, i. 178;
myrtle-trees of the Patricians and Plebeians at, ii. [168];
oak of the Vespasian family at, [168]
Romove, sacred oak and perpetual fire at, ii. [91], [286]
Roof of house, the external soul in, ii. [156]
Rook, the island of, initiation of young men in, ii. [246]
Roscher, Dr. W. H., on the Roman ceremony of passing under a yoke, ii. [194] n. 2
Roscoe, Rev. J., on life-trees of kings of Uganda, ii. [160];
on passing through a cleft stick or a narrow opening as a cure, [181]
Roscommon, County, divination at Hallowe'en in, i. 243
Rose-tree, death in a blue, ii. [110]
Roses, festival of the Crown of, i. 195;
the King and Queen of, 195
Ross-shire, Beltane cakes in, i. 153;
burnt sacrifice of a pig in, 301 sq.
Rotenburg on the Neckar, offering to the river on St. John's Day, ii. [28];
the wicked weaver of, [289] sq.
Rottenburg, in Swabia, burning the Angel-man at, i. 167;
precautions against witches on Midsummer Eve at, ii. [73]
Roumanians of Transylvania, their belief as to the sacredness of bread, i. 13
Rowan, parasitic, esteemed effective against witchcraft, ii. [281];
superstitions about a, [281] sq.;
how it is to be gathered, [282];
not to be touched with iron and not to fall on the ground, [282]
—— -tree a protection against witches, i. 154, 327 n. 1, ii. [184] n. 4, [185];
hoop of, sheep passed through a, [184].
See also Mountain-ash
Rubens, painter, ii. [33]
Rucuyennes of Brazil, ordeal of young men among the, i. 63
Rue aux Ours at Paris, effigy of giant burnt in the, ii. [38]
Rue burnt in Midsummer fire, i. 213
Rügen, sick persons passed through a cleft oak in, ii. [172]
Rum, island of, and the Lachlin family, ii. [284]
Rupert's Day, effigy burnt on, i. 119
Rupt in the Vosges, Lenten fires at, i. 109;
the Yule log at, 254
Rupture, children passed through cleft ash-trees or oaks as a cure for, ii. [168] sqq., [170] sqq.
Russia, Midsummer fires in, i. 176, ii. [40];
need-fire in, i. 281, ii. [91];
treatment of the effigy of Kupalo in, [23];
the Letts of, [50];
purple loose-strife gathered at Midsummer in, [65];
fern-seed at Midsummer in, [65], [66], [287] sq.;
birth-trees in, [165]
Russian feast of Florus and Laurus, i. 220
—— story of Koshchei the deathless, ii. [108] sqq.
Rustem and Isfendiyar, i. 104 sq.
Ruthenia, Midsummer bonfires in, i. 176
Rye, girdles of, a preventive of weariness in reaping, i. 190
Saale, the river, claims a human victim on Midsummer Day, ii. [26]
Saaralben in Lorraine, ii. [47]
Sabbaths of witches on the Eve of May Day and Midsummer Eve, i. 171 n. 3, 181, ii. [73], [74]
Sacramental bread at Nemi, ii. [286] n. 2
—— meal at initiation in Fiji, ii. [245] sq.
Sacred flutes played at initiation, ii. [241]
—— kings put to death, i. 1 sq.
—— persons not allowed to set foot on the ground, i. 2 sqq.;
not to see the sun, i. 18 sqq.
—— stick (churinga), ii. [234]
Sacrifice of cattle at holy oak, i. 181;
of heifer at kindling need-fire, 290;
of an animal to stay a cattle-plague, 300 sqq.;
of reindeer to the dead, ii. [178]
Sacrifices, human, at fire-festivals, i. 106;
traces of, 146, 148, 150 sqq., 186, ii. [31];
offered by the ancient Germans, [28] n. 1;
among the Celts of Gaul, [32] sq.;
the victims perhaps witches and wizards, [41] sqq.;
W. Mannhardt's theory, [43]
“Sacrificial fonts” in Sweden, i. 172 n. 2
Sada, Saza, Persian festival of fire at the winter solstice, i. 269
Sage, divination by sprigs of red, on Midsummer Eve, ii. [61] n. 4
Sagittarius, mistletoe cut when the sun is in the sign of, ii. [82]
Sahagun, B. de, on the treatment of witches and wizards among the Aztecs, ii. [159]
Saibai, island of Torres Strait, treatment of girls at puberty in, i. 40 sq.
Sail Dharaich, Sollas, in North Uist, need-fire at, i. 294
St. Antony, wood of, i. 110
St. Brandon, church of, in Ireland, sick women pass through a window of the, ii. [190]
St. Christopher, name given to Midsummer giant at Salisbury, ii. [38]
St. Columb Kill, festival of, i. 241
St. Corona, church of, at Koppenwal, holed stone in the, ii. [188] sq.
Saint-Denis-des-Puits, the oak of, ii. [287] n. 1
St. Eloi, Bishop of Noyon, his denunciation of heathen practices, ii. [190]
St. Estapin, festival of, on August the sixth, ii. [188]
St. George's Day, i. 223 n. 2
St. Hubert blesses bullets with which to shoot witches, i. 315 sq.
St. James's Day (July the twenty-fifth), the flower of chicory cut on, ii. [71]
St. Jean, in the Jura, Midsummer fire-custom at, i. 189
St. John blesses the flowers on Midsummer Eve, i. 171;
his hair looked for in ashes of Midsummer fire, 182 sq., 190;
fires of, in France, 183, 188, 189, 190, 192, 193;
prayers to, at Midsummer, 210;
claims human victims on St. John's Day (Midsummer Day), ii. [27], [29];
print of his head on St. John's Eve, [57];
oil of, found on oak leaves, [83]
——, the Knights of, i. 194
——, Grand Master of the Order of, i. 211
—— the Baptist associated by the Catholic Church with Midsummer Day, i. 160, 181
St. John's blood found on St. John's wort and other plants at Midsummer, ii. [56], [57]
St. John's College, Oxford, the Christmas candle at, i. 255
—— Day, Midsummer fires on, i. 167 sqq., 171 sqq., 178, 179;
fire kindled by friction of wood on, 281;
fern-seed blooms on, ii. [287].
See also [Midsummer].
—— Eve (Midsummer Eve) in Malta, i. 210 sq.;
wonderful herbs gathered on, ii. [45] sqq.;
sick children passed through cleft trees on, [171]
St. John's fires among the South Slavs, i. 178;
among the Esthonians, 180.
See also [Midsummer fires]
—— flower at Midsummer, ii. [50];
gathered on St. John's Eve (Midsummer Eve), [57] sq.
—— girdle, mugwort, ii. [59]
—— herbs gathered at Midsummer, ii. [46] sq., [49];
a protection against evil spirits, [49]
—— Night (Midsummer Eve), precautions against witches on, ii. [20] n.
—— oil on oaks at Midsummer, ii. [293]
—— root (Johanniswurzel), the male fern, ii. [66]
—— wort (Hypericum perforatum), garlands of, at Midsummer, i. 169 n. 3, 196;
gathered on St. John's Day or Eve (Midsummer Day or Eve), ii. [49], [54] sqq.;
a protection against thunder, witches, and evil spirits, [54], [55], [74];
thrown into the Midsummer bonfires, [55]
St. Juan Capistrano, in California, ordeal of nettles and ants among the Indians of, i. 64
St. Julien, church of, at Ath, ii. [36]
St. Just, in Cornwall, Midsummer fire-custom at, i. 200
St. Lawrence family, their lives bound up with an old tree at Howth castle, ii. [166]
St. Martin invoked to disperse a mist, i. 280
St. Mary at Lübeck, church of, i. 100
St. Michael's cake, i. 149, 154 n. 3
St. Nonnosius, relics of, in the cathedral of Freising, Bavaria, ii. [188] sq.
St. Patrick and the Beltane fires, i. 157 sq.
St. Patrick's Chair, i. 205
—— Mount, i. 205
St. Peter, the Eve of, Midsummer fires in Ireland on, i. 202
—— and St. Paul, celebration of their day in London, i. 196
St. Peter's at Rome, new fire at Easter in, i. 125
—— Day, bonfires in Belgium on, i. 194 sq.;
bonfires at Eton on, 197;
fires in Scotland on, 207
—— Eve, bonfires on, i. 195, 198, 199 sq.;
gathering herbs on, ii. [45] n. 1
St. Rochus's day, need-fire kindled on, i. 282
St. Thomas's day (21st December), bonfires on, i. 266;
witches dreaded on, ii. [73]
—— Mount, near Madras, the fire-walk at, ii. [8] n. 1
Saint-Valery in Picardy, i. 113
St. Vitus's dance, mistletoe a cure for, ii. [84]
—— Day, “fire of heaven” kindled on, i. 335
St. Wolfgang, Falkenstein chapel of, ii. [189]
Saintes-Maries, Midsummer custom at, i. 194
Saintonge, the Yule log in, i. 251 n. 1;
wonderful herbs gathered on St. John's Eve in, ii. [45];
St. John's wort in, [55];
vervain gathered at Midsummer in, [62] n. 4;
four-leaved clover at Midsummer in, [63]
—— and Aunis, Midsummer fires in, i. 192
Salee, in Morocco, Midsummer fires at, i. 214, 216
Salisbury, Midsummer giants at, ii. [37] sq.
Salop (Shropshire), fear of witchcraft in, i. 342 n. 4
Salt, prohibition to eat, i. 19, 20;
used in a ceremony after marriage, 25 sq.;
abstinence from, associated with a rule of chastity, 26 sqq.;
prohibition to taste, 60, 68, 69;
not to be handled by menstruous women, 81 sq., 84;
divination by, 244
—— cake, divination by, i. 238 sq.
Samhain, Eve of, in Ireland, i. 139, 225, 226;
All Saints' Day in Ireland, 225
Samhanach, Hallowe'en bogies, i. 227
Samhnagan, Hallowe'en fires, i. 230
Samland fishermen will not go to sea on Midsummer Day, ii. [26]
Samoan story of woman who was impregnated by the sun, i. 74 sq.
Samoyed shamans, their familiar spirits in boars, ii. [196] sq.
—— story of the external soul, ii. [141] sq.
Samson, effigy of, ii. [36];
an African, [314]
San Salvador in West Africa, ii. [200]
Sanctity and uncleanness not clearly differentiated in the primitive mind, i. 97 sq.
Sanctuary of Balder, i. 104
Sand, souls of ogres in a grain of, ii. [120]
Sandhill, in Northumberland, Midsummer fires at, i. 198
Sangerhausen, i. 169
Sangro, river, i. 210
Sankuru River, ii. [264]
Santa Catalina Istlavacan, birth-names of the Indians of, ii. [214] n. 1
—— Maria Piedigrotta at Naples, i. 221
Sapor, king of Persia, i. 82 sq.
Sarajevo, need-fire near, i. 286
Sardinia, Midsummer fires in, i. 209
Satan preaches a sermon in the church of North Berwick, ii. [158];
brings fern-seed on Christmas night, [289]
Satapatha Brahmana, on the sun as Death, ii. [174] n. 1
Saturday, Easter, new fire on, i. 121, 122, 124, 127, 128, 130;
second-sight of persons born on a, 285
Saturnalia at puberty of a princess royal, i. 30 sq.;
license of the, ii. [291] n. 2
Saucers, divination by seven, i. 209
Savage, secretiveness of the, ii. [224] sq.;
dread of sorcery, [224] sq.
Saxo Grammaticus, Danish historian, i. 102 n. 1;
his account of Balder, 103
Saxons of Transylvania, story of the external soul among the, ii. [116]
Saxony, fires to burn the witches in, i. 160;
the Wends of, ii. [297]
——, Lower, the need-fire in, i. 272
Scania, Midsummer fires in, i. 172
Schaffhausen, St. John's three Midsummer victims at, ii. [27]
Schar mountains of Servia, need-fire in the, i. 281
Scharholz, Midsummer log in Germany, ii. [92] n. 1
Schaumburg, Easter bonfires in, i. 142
Schlegel, G., on Chinese festival of fire, ii. [5] n. 1
Schlich, W., on mistletoe, ii. [315] sq.;
on Loranthus europaeus, [317]
Schlochau, district of, witches' Sabbath in, ii. [74]
Schöllbronn in Baden, “thunder poles” at, i. 145
Schoolcraft, Henry R., on renewal of fire, i. 134 n. 1
Schürmann, C. W., on the Port Lincoln tribe of South Australia, ii. [216] sq.
Schvannes, bonfires, i. 111 n. 1
Schweina, in Thuringia, Christmas bonfire at, i. 265 sq.
Schwenda, witches burnt at, i. 6
Science, movement of thought from magic through religion to, ii. [304] sq.;
and magic, different views of natural order postulated by the two, [305] sq.
Scira, an Athenian festival, i. 20 n. 1
“Scoring above the breath,” cutting a witch on the forehead, i. 315 n. 2;
counter-spell to witchcraft, 343 n.
Scotch Highlanders, their belief in bogies at Hallowe'en, i. 227;
their belief as to Snake Stones, ii. [311]
Scotland, sacred wells in, i. 12;
Celts called “thunder-bolts” in, 14 sq.;
Snake Stones in, 15 sq., ii. [311];
worship of Grannus in, i. 112;
Beltane fires in, 146 sqq.;
Midsummer fires in, 206 sq.;
divination at Hallowe'en in, 229, 234 sqq.;
need-fire in, 289 sqq.;
animals burnt alive as a sacrifice in, 302;
“scoring above the breath,” a counter-charm for witchcraft in, 315 n. 2;
witches as hares in, 315 n. 1;
St. John's wort in, ii. [54];
the divining-rod in, [67].
See also [Highlands] and [Highlanders]
Scots pine, mistletoe on, ii. [315]
Scott, Sir Walter, on the fear of witchcraft, i. 343;
oaks planted by, ii. [166]
Scourging girls at puberty, i. 66 sq.
Scouvion, i. 108.
See [Escouvion]
Scratching the person with the fingers forbidden to girls at puberty, i. 38, 39, 41, 42, 44, 47, 50, 53, 92
Scrofula, vervain a cure for, ii. [62] n. 1;
creeping through an arch of vines as a cure for, [180];
passage through a holed stone a cure for, [187]
Scylla, daughter of Nisus, the story of her treachery, ii. [103]
Scythes and bill-hooks set out to cut witches as they fall from the clouds, i. 345 sq.
Sea, menstruous women not allowed to approach the, i. 79;
bathing in the, at Easter, 123;
bathing in the, at Midsummer, 208, 210, ii. [30];
demands a human victim on Midsummer Day, [26]
Seal, descendants of the, in Sutherlandshire, ii. [131] sq.
Seats placed for souls of dead at the Midsummer fires, i. 183, 184
Seclusion of girls at puberty, i. 22 sqq.,;
in folk-tales, 70 sqq.;
reasons for the, 76 sqq.
—— of novices at initiation, ii. [233], [241], [250], [253], [257] n. 1, [258], [259], [261], [264], [266]
—— of women at menstruation, i. 76 sqq.
Secret language learnt at initiation, ii. [253], [255] n. 1, [259], [261] n.
—— societies and totem clans, related to each other, ii. [272] sq.
Secretiveness of the savage, ii. [224] sq.
Sedbury Park oak, in Gloucestershire, ii. [316]
Sedum telephium, orpine, used in divination at Midsummer, ii. [61]
Seed-corn, charred remains of Midsummer log mixed with the, ii. [92]
Seeman, Berthold, on St. John's blood, ii. [56]
Seler, Professor E., on nagual, ii. [213] n.
Semo, a secret society of Senegambia, ii. [261]
Senal Indians of California, their notion as to fire stored in trees, ii. [295]
Senegambia, the Walos of, ii. [79];
secret society in, [261] sq.
Sennar, a province of the Sudan, human hyaenas in, i. 313
Separation of children from their parents among the Baganda, i. 23 n. 2
September, eve of the first of, new fire on the, i. 139;
the eighth, feast of the Nativity of the Virgin, 220;
the fire-walk in, ii. [9]
Serpent, girls at puberty thought to be visited by a, i. 31;
supposed to swallow girl at puberty, 57;
ten-headed, external soul in a, ii. [104] sq.;
twelve-headed, external soul of demon in a, [143];
external soul of chief in a, [201].
See also [Snake]
Serpents burnt alive at the Midsummer festival in Luchon, ii. [38] sq., [43];
witches turn into, [41];
worshipped by the old Prussians, [43] n. 3;
in the worship of Demeter, [44] n.;
the familiars of witches, [202];
spirits of the dead incarnate in, [211] sq.
Serpents' eggs (glass beads) in ancient Gaul, i. 15
Servia, Midsummer fire custom in, i. 178;
the Yule log in, 258 sqq.;
need-fire in, 281, 282 sqq.
Servian stories of the external soul, ii. [110] sqq.
Servians, house-communities of the, i. 259 n. 1
Setonje, in Servia, need-fire at, i. 282 sqq.
Seven bonfires, lucky to see, i. 107, 108
—— leaps over Midsummer fire, i. 213
—— sorts of plants gathered at Midsummer, ii. [51] sq.
—— years, a were-wolf for, i. 310 n. 1, 316 n. 2
Sex totems among the natives of South-Eastern Australia, ii. [214] sqq.;
called “brother” and “sister” by men and women respectively, [215]
Sexes, danger apprehended from the relation of the, ii. [277] sq.
Seyf el-Mulook and the jinnee, the story of, ii. [137]
Sgealoir, the burying-ground of, i. 294
Sgreball, three pence, i. 139
Sham-fights at New Year, i. 135
Shamans of the Yakuts and Samoyeds keep their external souls in animals, ii. [196]
Shamash, the Assyrian sun-god, ii. [80] n. 3
Shanga, city in East Africa, ii. [314]
Shawnee prophet, ii. [157]
Sheaf, the last cut at harvest, the Yule log wrapt up in, i. 248;
reapers blindfold throw sickles at the, ii. [279] n. 4
Sheaves of wheat or barley burnt in Midsummer fires, i. 215
Sheep made to tread embers of extinct Midsummer fires, i. 182;
driven over [pg 375] ashes of Midsummer fires, 192;
burnt to stop disease in the flock, 301;
burnt alive as a sacrifice in the Isle of Man, 306;
witch in shape of a black, 316;
driven through fire, ii. [11] sqq.;
omens drawn from the intestines of, [13];
passed through a hole in a rock to rid them of disease, [189] sq.
Shells used in ritual of death and resurrection, ii. [267] n. 2, [269]
Sherbro, Sierra Leone, secret society in the, ii. [259] sqq.
Shirley Heath, cleft ash-tree at, ii. [168]
Shirt, wet, divination by, i. 236, 241
Shoe, divination by thrown, i. 236
Shoes of boar's skin worn by king at inauguration, i. 4;
magical plants at Midsummer put in, ii. [54], [60], [65]
Shooting at the sun on Midsummer Day, ii. [291]
—— at witches in the clouds, i. 345
“Shot-a-dead” by fairies, i. 303
Shropshire, the Yule log in, i. 257;
fear of witchcraft in, 342 n. 4;
the oak thought to bloom on Midsummer Eve in, ii. [292], [293]
Shrove Tuesday, effigies burnt on, i. 120;
straw-man burnt on, ii. [22];
wicker giants on, [35];
cats burnt alive on, [40];
the divining-rod cut on, [68];
custom of striking a hen dead on, [279] n.
Shuswap Indians of British Columbia, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 53 sq.;
girls at puberty forbidden to eat anything that bleeds, 94;
fence themselves with thorn bushes against ghosts, ii. [174] n. 2;
personal totems among the, [276] n. 1;
their belief as to trees struck by lightning, [297] n. 3
Siam, king of, not allowed to set foot on ground, i. 3;
tree-spirit in serpent form in, ii. [44] n. 1
Siamese, their explanation of a first menstruation, i. 24;
their story of the external soul, ii. [102]
Siberia, marriage custom in, i. 75;
external souls of shamans in, ii. [196] sq.
Sibyl, the Norse, her prophecy, i. 102 sq.
Sibyl's wish, the, i. 99
Sicily, Midsummer fires in, i. 210;
St. John's Day (Midsummer Day) regarded as dangerous and unlucky in, ii. [29];
bathing at Midsummer in, [29];
St. John's wort in, [55]
Sickness, bonfires a protection against, i. 108, 109;
transferred to animal, ii. [181]
Sieg, the Yule log in the valley of the, i. 248
Siena, the, of the Ivory Coast, their totemism, ii. [220] n. 2
Sierck, town on the Moselle, i. 164
Sierra Leone, birth-trees in, ii. [160];
secret society in, [260] sq.
Sieve, divination by, i. 236
Sikkhim, custom after a funeral in, ii. [18]
Silence compulsory on girls at puberty, i. 29, 57;
in ritual, 123, 124, ii. [63], [67], [171], [184]
Silesia, Spachendorf in, i. 119;
fires to burn the witches in, 160;
Midsummer fires in, 170 sq., 175;
need-fire in, 278;
witches as cats in, 319 sq.;
divination by flowers on Midsummer Eve in, ii. [53]
Silius Italicus, on the fire-walk of the Hirpi Sorani, ii. [14] n. 3
Sill of door, unlucky children passed under the, ii. [190]
Silver sixpence or button used to shoot witches with, i. 316
Silvia and Mars, story of, ii. [102]
Simeon, prince of Bulgaria, his life bound up with the capital of a column, ii. [156] sq.
Simla, i. 12
Simurgh and Rustem, i. 104
Sin-offering, i. 82
Singhalese, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 69
Singleton, Miss A. H., ii. [192] n. 1
Siouan tribes of North America, names of clans not used in ordinary conversation among the, ii. [224] n. 2
Sioux or Dacotas, ritual of death and resurrection among the, ii. [268] sq.
Sipi in Northern India, i. 12
Sirius, how the Bushmen warm up the star, i. 332 sq.
Sister's Beam (Sororium tigillum) at Rome, ii. [194], [195] n. 4
Sisyphus, the stone of, i. 298
Sixpence, silver, witches shot with a, i. 316
Sixth day of the moon, mistletoe cut on the, ii. [77]
Sixty years, cycles of, ii. [77] n. 1
Skin disease, traditional cure of, in India, ii. [192];
leaping over ashes of fire as remedy for, 2
Sky, girls at puberty not allowed to look at the, i. 43, 45, 46, 69
Skye, island of, i. 289;
the need-fire in, 148
Slane, the hill of, i. 158
Slave Coast, custom of widows on the, ii. [18] sq.;
use of bull-roarers on the, [229] n.
Slavonia, the Yule log in, i. 262 sq.;
need-fire in, 282
Slavonian (South) peasants, the measures they take to bring down witches from the clouds, i. 345
Slavonic peoples, need-fire among, i. 280 sqq., 344
—— stories of the external soul, ii. [108] sqq.
Slavs, the oak a sacred tree among the, ii. [89];
oak wood used to kindle sacred fires among the, [91]
——, the South, Midsummer fires among the, i. 178;
the Yule log among the, 247, 258 sqq.;
divination from flowers at Midsummer among the, ii. [50];
their belief in the activity of witches at Midsummer, [74] sq.;
need-fire sometimes kindled by the friction of oak-wood among the, [91]
Sleep, magic, at initiation, ii. [256] sq.
Sligo, the Druids' Hill in County, i. 229
Slope of Big Stones in Harris, i. 227
Slovenians, their belief in the activity of witches on Midsummer Eve, ii. [75]
Smith, a spectral, i. 136
Smoke made in imitation of rain-clouds, i. 133;
used to stupefy witches in the clouds, 345;
used to fumigate sheep and cattle, ii. [12], [13]
—— of bonfires, omens drawn from the, i. 116, 131, 337;
intended to drive away dragons, 161;
allowed to pass over corn, 201, 337
—— of Midsummer bonfires a preservative against ills, i. 188;
a protection against disease, 192;
beneficial effects of, 214 sq.
—— of Midsummer herbs a protection against thunder and lightning, ii. [48];
used to fumigate cattle, [53]
—— of need-fire used to fumigate fruit-trees, nets, and cattle, i. 280
Smyth, R. Brough, on menstruous women in Australia, i. 13
Snake said to wound a girl at puberty, i. 56;
seven-headed, external soul of witch in a, ii. [144];
external soul of medicine-man in, [199].
See also [Serpent]
—— Stones, superstitions as to, i. 15 sq.;
belief of the Scottish Highlanders concerning, ii. [311]
Snakes, fat of, i. 14;
thought to congregate on Midsummer Eve or the Eve of May Day, 15 sq.;
charm against, 17;
spirits of plants and trees in the form of, ii. [44] n.;
sympathetically related to human beings, [209] sq.
Snow, external soul of a king in, ii. [102]
Societies, secret, and clans, totemic, related to each other, ii. [272] sq.
Sodewa Bai and the golden necklace, story of, ii. [99] sq.
Soemara, in Celebes, were-wolf at, i. 312
Sofala in East Africa, i. 135 n. 2
Sogamoso, heir to the throne of, not allowed to see the sun, i. 19
Sogne Fiord in Norway, Balder's Grove on the, i. 104, ii. [315]
Solar festival in spring, ii. [3]
—— theory of the fires of the fire-festivals, i. 329, 331 sqq., ii. [15] sq., [72]
Solstice, the summer, new fire kindled at the, i. 132, 133;
its importance for primitive man, 160 sq.
——, the winter, celebrated as the Birthday of the Sun, i. 246;
Persian festival of fire at the, 269
Solstices, the old pagan festivals of the two, consecrated as the birthdays of Christ and St. John the Baptist, i. 181 sq.;
festivals of fire at the, 246, 247, 331 sq.;
fern-seed gathered at the, ii. [290] sq.;
mistletoe gathered at the, [291] sq.
Solstitial fires perhaps sun-charms, ii. [292]
Soma, Hindoo deity, i. 99 n. 2
Somme, the river, i. 113;
the department of, mugwort at Midsummer in, ii. [58]
Somersetshire, Midsummer fires in, i. 199
Sonnerat, French traveller, on the fire-walk in India, ii. [6] sqq.
Soosoos of Senegambia, their secret society, ii. [261] sq.
Soracte, fire-walk of the Hirpi Sorani on Mount, ii. [14] sq.;
the Soranian Wolves at, [91] n. 7
“Soranian Wolves” (Hirpi Sorani), ii. [14];
at Soracte, [91] n. 1
Soranus, Italian god, ii. [14], [15] n. 1, [16]
Sorcerers, Midsummer herbs a protection against, ii. [45];
detected by St. John's wort, [55];
detected by fern root, [67]
Sorcery, pointing sticks or bones in, i. 14;
bonfires a protection against, 156;
sprigs of mullein protect cattle against, 190;
mistletoe a protection against, ii. [85];
savage dread of, [224] sq.
See also [Witchcraft]
—— and witchcraft, Midsummer plants and flowers a protection against, ii. [45], [46], [49], [54], [55], [59], [60], [62], [64], [65], [66], [67], [72]
Sorcha, the King of, in a Celtic tale, ii. [127] sq.
Soul, the notion of, a quasi-scientific hypothesis, ii. [221];
the unity and indivisibility of the, a theological dogma, [221]
—— of chief in sacred grove, ii. [161]
Soul of child deposited in a coco-nut, ii. [154] sq.;
deposited in a bag, [155];
bound up with knife, [157]
—— of iron, ii. [154]
—— of ruptured person passes into cleft oak-tree, ii. [172]
—— of woman at childbirth deposited in a chopping-knife, ii. [153] sq.
—— the external, in folk-tales, ii. [95] sqq.;
in parrot, [97] sq.;
in bird, [98] sq.;
in necklace, [99] sq.;
in a fish, [99] sq., [122] sq.;
in cock, pigeon, starling, spinning-wheel, pillar, [100] sq.;
in a bee, [101];
in a lemon, [102];
in a tree, [102];
in a barley plant, [102];
in a box, [102], [117], [143] n. 4, [149];
in a firebrand, [103];
in hair, [103] sq.;
in snow, [103] sq.;
in two or three doves, [104];
in a ten-headed serpent, [104] sq.;
in a pumpkin, [105];
in a spear, [105];
in a dragon, [105];
in a gem, [105] sq.;
in an egg, [107], [125], [127], [140] sq.;
in a duck's egg, [109] sq., [115] sq., [116], [119] sq., [120], [126], [130], [132];
in a blue rose-tree, [110];
in a bird, [111], [119], [142], [150];
in a pigeon, [112] sq.;
in a light, [116];
in a flower, [117] sq.;
in grain of sand, [120];
in a stone, [125] n. 1, [156];
in a thorn, [129];
in a gem, [130];
in a pigeon's egg, [132], [139];
in a dove's egg, [133];
in a box-tree, [133];
in the flower of the acacia, [135] sq.;
in a sparrow, [137];
in a bottle, [138];
in a golden cock-chafer, [140];
in a dish, [141] sq.;
in a precious stone, [142];
in a bag, [142];
in a white herb, [143];
in a wasp, [143] sq.;
in a twelve-headed serpent, [143];
in a golden ring, [143];
in seven little birds, [144];
in a seven-headed snake, [144];
in a quail, [144] sq.;
in a vase, [145] sq.;
in a golden sword and a golden arrow, [145];
in entrails, [147] sq.;
in a golden fish, [147] sq., [220];
in a hair as hard as copper, [148];
in a cat, [150] sq.;
in a bear, [151];
in a buffalo, [151];
in inanimate things, [153] sqq.;
in a hemlock branch, [152];
in folk-custom, [153] sqq.;
in a mountain scaur, [156];
in ox-horns, [156];
in roof of house, [156];
in a tree, [156];
in a spring of water, [156];
in capital of column, [156] sq.;
in a portrait statue, [157];
in plants, [159] sqq.;
in animals, [196] sqq.;
of shaman or medicine-man in animal, [196], [199];
kept in totem, [220] sqq.
—— -boxes, amulets as, ii. [155]
—— -stones, ii. [156]
—— -stuff of ghosts, ii. [182]
Soulless King, whose soul was in a duck's egg, Lithuanian story of the, ii. [113] sqq.
Souls of dead sit round the Midsummer fire, i. 183, 184;
of people at a house-warming collected in a bag, ii. [153];
male and female, in Chinese philosophy, [221];
the plurality of, [221] sq.;
human, transmigrate into their totemic animals, [223]
Sow, the cropped black, at Hallowe'en, i. 239, 240
Sower, the Wicked, driving away, i. 107, 118
Sowerby, James, on mouse-ear hawk-weed, ii. [57];
on orpine, [61] n. 4;
on yellow hoary mullein, [64];
on the Golden Bough, [284] n. 3;
on mistletoe, [316] n. 5
Sowing hemp seed, divination by, i. 235
Spachendorf, in Silesia, effigy burnt at, i. 119
Spae-wives and Gestr, Icelandic story of the, ii. [125] sq.
Spain, Midsummer fires and customs in, i. 208;
bathing at Midsummer in, ii. [29];
vervain gathered at Midsummer in, [62]
Spark Sunday in Switzerland, i. 118
Sparks of Yule log prognosticate chickens, lambs, foals, calves, etc., i. 251, 262, 263, 264
Sparrow, external soul of a jinnee in a, ii. [137]
Spear used to help women in hard labour, i. 14;
external soul in a, ii. [105]
Speicher, in the Eifel, St. John's fires at, i. 169
Spell recited at kindling need-fire, i. 290;
of witchcraft broken by suffering, 304
Spells cast on cattle, i. 301, 302;
cast by witches on union of man and wife, 346
Spencer (B.) and Gillen (F. J.) on initiation of medicine-man, ii. [238]
Spinning-wheel, external soul of ogress in a, ii. [100]
Spirit or god of vegetation, effigies of, burnt in spring, ii. [21] sq.;
reasons for burning, [23];
leaf-clad representative of, burnt, [25]
Spirits of the hills, their treasures, ii. [69]
—— of plants and trees in the form of snakes, ii. [44] n. 1
—— of water propitiated at Midsummer, ii. [31]
Spree, the river, requires its human victim on Midsummer Day, ii. [26]
Spreewald, the Wends of the, ii. [48]
Sprenger, the inquisitor, ii. [158]
Spring of water, external soul in a, ii. [156]
Springs, underground, detected by divining-rod, ii. [67] sq.
Springwort, mythical plant, procured at Midsummer, ii. [69] sqq.;
reveals treasures, opens all locks, and makes the bearer invisible and invulnerable, [69] sq.
Sproat, G. M., on seclusion of girls at puberty, i. 43 sq.
Spruce trees free from mistletoe, ii. [315]
Squeals of pigs necessary for fruitfulness of mangoes, i. 9
Squirrels burnt in the Easter bonfires, i. 142, ii. [40]
Stabbing a transformed witch or werewolf in order to compel him or her to reveal himself or herself, i. 315
Staffordshire, the Yule log in, i. 256
Stamfordham, in Northumberland, need-fire at, i. 288 sq.
Starling, external soul of ogress in a, ii. [100]
Stebbing, E. B., on Loranthus vestitus in India, ii. [317] n. 2
Steinen, Professor K. von den, on the bull-roarer, ii. [233] n. 2
Stelis, a kind of mistletoe, ii. [317], [318]
Sterile beasts passed through Midsummer fires, i. 203, 338
Sternberg, in Mecklenburg, need-fire at, i. 274
Stewart, Jonet, a wise woman, ii. [184]
Stewart, W. Grant, on witchcraft, i. 342 n. 4
Stheni, near Delphi, ii. [317]
Sticks, charred, of bonfires, protect fields against hail, i. 144
——, charred, of Candlemas bonfires, superstitious uses of, i. 131
——, charred, of Easter fire, superstitious uses of, i. 121;
preserve wheat from blight and mildew, 143
——, charred, of Midsummer bonfires, planted in the fields, i. 165, 166, 173, 174;
a charm against lightning and foul weather, 174;
kept to make the cattle thrive, 180;
thrown into wells to improve the water, 184;
a protection against thunder, 184, 192;
a protection against lightning, 187, 188, 190
——, sacred, whittled, i. 138 n. 1
Stiffness of back set down to witchcraft, i. 343 n., 345
Stinging girls and young men with ants, i. 61, 62 sq.
—— with ants as a form of purification, i. 61 sqq.
Stipiturus malachurus, emu-wren, men's “brother” among the Kurnai, ii. [216]
Stolen kail, divination by, i. 234 sq.
Stone, look of a girl at puberty thought to turn things to, i. 46;
the Hairy, at Midsummer, 212;
external soul in a, ii. [125] n. 1, [156];
precious, external soul of khan in a, [142];
magical, put into body of novice at initiation, [271]
Stones thrown into Midsummer fire, i. 183, 191, 212;
placed round Midsummer fires, 190;
carried by persons on their heads at Midsummer, 205, 212;
at Hallowe'en fires, divination by, 230 sq., 239, 240;
used for curing cattle, 324, 325;
sick people passed through holes in, ii. [186] sqq.;
magical, inserted by spirits in the body of a new medicine-man, [235]
Stoole, near Downpatrick, Midsummer ceremony at, i. 205
Stow, John, on Midsummer fires in London, i. 196 sq.
Strabo, on the Hirpi Sorani, ii. [14];
on the human sacrifices of the Celts, [32]
Strackerjan, L., on fear of witchcraft in Oldenburg, i. 343 n.
Strap of wolf's hide used by were-wolves, i. 310 n. 1
Strathpeffer, in Ross-shire, i. 153
Strathspey, sheep passed through a hoop of rowan in, ii. [184]
Straw tied round trees to make them fruitful, i. 115
Streams, menstruous women not allowed to cross running, i. 97;
need-fire kindled between two running, 292
Strength of people bound up with their hair, ii. [158] sq.
Striking or throwing blindfold, ii. [279] n. 4
Striped Petticoat Philosophy, The, i. 6.
Stromberg Hill, burning wheel rolled down the, i. 163
Strutt, Joseph, on Midsummer fires in England, i. 196
Stseelis Indians of British Columbia, dread and seclusion of menstruous women among the, i. 89
Stuart, Mrs. A., on withered mistletoe, ii. [287] n. 1
—— Lake in British Columbia, i. 47
Stukeley, W., on a Christmas custom at York, ii. [291] n. 2
Styria, fern-seed on Christmas night in, ii. [289]
Styx, the passage of Aeneas across the, ii. [294]
Subincision at initiation of lads in Australia, ii. [227] sq., [234], [235]
Sub-totems in Australia, ii. [275] n. 1
Sudan, ceremony of new fire in the, i. 134;
human hyaenas in, 313
Sudeten mountains in Silesia, i. 170
Suffering, intensity of, a means to break the spell of witchcraft, i. 304
Suffolk, belief as to menstruous women in, i. 96 n. 2;
duck baked alive as a sacrifice in, 303 sq.
Suk of British East Africa, their dread of menstruous women, i. 81
“Sultan of the Oleander,” i. 18
Sumatra, the Minangkabauers of, i. 79;
the Kooboos of, ii. [162] n. 2;
the Looboos of, [182] sq.;
totemism among the Battas of, [222] sqq.;
use of bull-roarers in, [229] n.
Summer, King of, chosen on St. Peter's Day, i. 195
Sun, rule not to see the, i. 18 sqq.;
priest of the, uses a white umbrella, 20 n. 1;
not to shine on girls at puberty, 22, 35, 36, 37, 41, 44, 46, 47, 68;
not to be seen by Brahman boys for three days, 68 n. 2;
impregnation of women by the, 74 sq.;
made to shine on women at marriage, 75;
sheep and lambs sacrificed to the, 132;
temple of the, at Cuzco, 132;
the Birthday of the, at the winter solstice, 246;
Christmas an old heathen festival of the birth of the, 331 sq.;
symbolized by a wheel, 334 n. 1, 335;
in the sign of the lion, ii. [66] sq.;
magical virtues of plants at Midsummer derived from the, [71] sq.;
in the sign of Sagittarius, [82];
calls men to himself through death, [173], [174] n. 1;
fern-seed procured by shooting at the sun on Midsummer Day, [291];
the ultimate cooling of the, [307]
Sun-charms, i. 331;
the solstitial and other ceremonial fires perhaps sun-charms, ii. [292]
Sundal, in Norway, need-fire in, i. 280
Sunday, children born on a Sunday can see treasures in the earth, ii. [288] n. 5
—— of the Firebrands, i. 110
—— in Lent, the first, fire-festival on the, i. 107 sqq.
Sung-yang, were-tiger in, i. 310
Sunless, Prince, i. 21
Sunshine, use of fire as a charm to produce, i. 341 sq.
Superb warbler, called women's “sister” among the Kurnai, ii. [215] n. 1, [216], [218]
Superstitions, Index of, i. 270;
about trees struck by lightning, ii. [296] sqq.
Surenthal in Switzerland, new fire made by friction at Midsummer in the, i. 169 sq.
Sûrya, the sun-god, ii. [1]
Sussex, cleft ash-trees used for the cure of rupture in, ii. [169] sq.
Sutherland, the need-fire in, i. 294 sq.
Sutherlandshire, sept of the Mackays, “the descendants of the seal,” in, ii. [131] sq.
Swabia, “burning the witch” in, i. 116;
custom of throwing lighted discs in, 116 sq.;
Easter fires in, 144 sq.;
custom at eclipses in, 162 n.;
the Midsummer fires in, 166 sq.;
witches as hares and horses in, 318 sq.;
the divining-rod in, ii. [68] n. 4;
fern-seed brought by Satan on Christmas night in, [289]
Swahili of East Africa, their ceremony of the new fire, i. 133, 140;
birth-trees among the, ii. [160] sq.;
their story of an African Samson, ii. [314]
Swallows, stones found in stomachs of, i. 17
Swan-woman, Tartar story of the, ii. [144]
Swan's bone, used by menstruous women to drink out of, i. 48, 49, 50, 90, 92
Swans' song in a fairy tale, ii. [124]
Swanton, J. R., quoted, i. 45 n. 1
Sweden, customs observed on Yule Night in, i. 20 sq.;
Easter bonfires in, 146;
bonfires on the Eve of May Day in, 159, 336;
Midsummer fires in, 172;
the need-fire in, 280;
bathing at Midsummer in, ii. [29];
“Midsummer Brooms” in, [54];
the divining-rod in, [69], [291];
mistletoe to be shot or knocked down with stones in, [82];
mistletoe a remedy for epilepsy in, [83];
medical use of mistletoe in, [84];
mistletoe used as a protection against conflagration in, [85], [293];
mistletoe cut at Midsummer in, [86];
mystic properties ascribed to mistletoe on St. John's Eve in, [86];
Balder's balefires in, [87];
children passed through a cleft oak as a cure for rupture or rickets in, [170];
crawling through a hoop as a cure in, [184];
superstitions about a parasitic rowan in, [281]
Switzerland, Lenten fires in, i. 118 sq.;
new fire kindled by friction of wood in, 169 sq.;
Midsummer fires in, 172;
the Yule log in, 249;
need-fire in, 279 sq., 336;
people warned against bathing at Midsummer in, ii. [27];
the belief in witchcraft in, [42] n. 2;
divination by orpine at Midsummer in, [61]
Sympathetic relation between cleft tree and person who has been passed through it, ii. [170], [171] n. 1, [172];
between man and animal, [272] sq.
Syria, restrictions on menstruous women in, i. 84
Syrmia, the Yule log in, i. 262 sq.
Tabari, Arab chronicler, i. 82
Taboo conceived as a dangerous physical substance which needs to be insulated, i. 6 sq.
Tabooed men, i. 7 sq.
—— persons kept from contact with the ground, i. 2 sqq.
—— things kept from contact with the ground, i. 7 sqq.
—— women, i. 8
Taboos regulating the lives of divine kings, i. 2;
observed by priest of Earth in Southern Nigeria, 4
Tacitus, on human sacrifices offered by the ancient Germans, ii. [28] n. 1;
on the goddess Nerthus, [28] n. 1
Tahiti, king and queen of, not allowed to set foot on the ground, i. 3;
the fire-walk in, ii. [11]
Tahitians, the New Year of the, ii. [244]
Tajan and Landak, districts of Dutch Borneo, i. 5, ii. [164]
Talbot, P. Amaury, on external human souls in animals, ii. [208] n. 1, [209] n. 1
Talegi, Motlav word for external soul, ii. [198]
Tales of maidens forbidden to see the sun, i. 70 sqq.
Talismans of cities, i. 83 n. 1
Talmud, the, on menstruous women, i. 83
Tamanaks of the Orinoco, their treatment of girls at puberty, i. 61 n. 3
Tamaniu, external soul in the Mota language, ii. [198] sq., [220]
Tamarisk, Isfendiyar slain with a branch of a, i. 105
Tami, the, of German New Guinea, their rites of initiation, ii. [239] sqq.
Tanganyika, Lake, tribes of, i. 24
Tanner, John, and the Shawnee sage, ii. [157]
Tantad, Midsummer bonfire, i. 183
Taoist treatise on the soul, ii. [221]
Tapajos, tributary of the Amazon, i. 62
Taphos besieged by Amphitryo, ii. [103]
Tara, new fire in the King's house at, i. 158
Tar-barrels, burning, swung round pole at Midsummer, i. 169;
burnt at Midsummer, 180;
procession with lighted, on Christmas Eve, 268
Tarbolton, in Ayrshire, annual bonfire at, i. 207
Tartar stories of the external soul, ii. [142] sq., [144] sq.
Tartars after a funeral leap over fire, ii. [18]
Tattooing, medicinal use of, i. 98 n. 1;
at initiation, ii. [258], [259], [261] n.
Tay, Loch, i. 232
Tcheou, dynasty of China, i. 137
Teak, Loranthus on, ii. [317]
Teanlas, Hallowe'en fires in Lancashire, i. 245
Teeth filed as preliminary to marriage, i. 68 n. 2
Tegner, Swedish poet, on the burning of Balder, ii. [87]
Tein Econuch, “forlorn fire,” need-fire, i. 292
Tein-eigin (teine-eigin, tin-egin), need-fire, i. 147, 148, 289, 291, 293
Teine Bheuil, fire of Beul, need-fire, i. 293
Tent burnt at Midsummer, i. 215
Termonde in Belgium, Midsummer fires at, i. 194
Tessier, on the burning wheel at Konz, i. 164 n. 1
Tests undergone by girls at puberty, i. 25
Teutates, Celtic god, ii. [80] n. 3
Teutonic stories of the external soul, ii. [116] sqq.
Texas, the Toukaway Indians of, ii. [276]
Thahu, curse or pollution, i. 81
Thays of Tonquin, their customs after a burial, ii. [177] sq.
Thebes, in Greece, effigies of Judas burnt at Easter in, i. 130 sq.
Theodore, Archbishop of Canterbury, his denunciation of a heathen practice, ii. [190] sq.
Theophrastus on the different kinds of mistletoe, ii. [317]
Therapia, effigies of Judas burnt at Easter in, i. 131
Thief wears a toad's heart to escape detection, i. 302 n. 2
Thiers, J. B., on the Yule log, i. 250;
on gathering herbs at Midsummer, ii. [45] n. 1;
on belief concerning wormwood, [61] n. 1
Thieves detected by divining-rod, ii. [68]
Thighs of diseased cattle cut off and hung up as a remedy, i. 296 n. 1
Thirty years' cycle of the Druids, ii. [77]
Thlinkeet Indians. See [Tlingit]
Thomas, N. W., ii. [210] n. 2
Thomas the Rhymer, verses ascribed to, ii. [283] sq.
Thompson Indians of British Columbia, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 49 sqq.;
their dread of menstruous women, 89 sq.;
prayer of adolescent girl among the, 98 n. 1;
supposed invulnerability of initiated men among the, ii. [275] sq.;
their ideas as to wood of trees struck by lightning, [297]
Thomsdorf, in Germany, i. 99
Thomson, Basil, ii. [244] n. 1, 2
Thonga, the, of Delagoa Bay, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 29 sq.;
will not use the wood of trees struck by lightning, ii. [297];
think lightning caused by a bird, [297] n. 5
Thor, a Norse god, i. 103
Thorn, external soul in a, ii. [129];
mistletoe on a, [291] n. 3
—— bushes used to keep off ghosts, ii. [174] sq.
Thought, the web of, ii. [307] sq.
Threatening fruit-trees, i. 114
Three Holy Kings, the divining-rod baptized in the name of the, ii. [68]
—— leaps over bonfire, i. 214, 215
Threshold, shavings from the, burnt, ii. [53]
Thrice to crawl under a bramble as a cure, ii. [180];
to pass through a wreath of woodbine, [184]
Throwing or striking blindfold, ii. [279] n. 4
Thrumalun, a mythical being who kills and resuscitates novices at initiation, ii. [233].
See also [Daramulun] and [Thuremlin]
Thrushes deposit seeds of mistletoe, ii. [316] n. 1
Thunder associated with the oak, i. 145;
Midsummer fires a protection against, 176;
charred sticks of Midsummer bonfire a protection against, 184, 192;
ashes of Midsummer fires a protection against, 190;
brands from the Midsummer fires a protection against, 191;
certain flowers at Midsummer a protection against, ii. [54], [58], [59];
the sound of bull-roarers thought to imitate, [228] sqq.
See also [Lightning]
Thunder and lightning, the Yule log a protection against, i. 248, 249, 250, 252, 253, 254, 258, 264;
bonfires a protection against, 344;
smoke of Midsummer herbs a protection against, ii. [48];
vervain a protection against, [62];
name given to bull-roarers, [231] sq.
—— and the oak, the Aryan god of the, i. 265
“—— -besom,” name applied to mistletoe and other bushy excrescences on trees, ii. [85], [301];
a protection against thunderbolts, [85]
—— -bird, the mythical, i. 44
“—— -bolts,” name given to celts, i. 14 sq.
“—— -poles,” oak sticks charred in Easter bonfires, i. 145
Thunderstorms and hail caused by witches, i. 344;
Midsummer flowers a protection against, ii. [48]
Thuremlin, a mythical being who kills lads at initiation and restores them to life, ii. [227].
See also [Daramulun]
Thuringia, custom at eclipses in, i. 162 n.;
Midsummer fires in, 169, ii. [40];
Schweina in, i. 265;
belief as to magical properties of the fern in, ii. [66] sq.
Thursday, Maundy, i. 125 n. 1
Thurso, witches as cats at, i. 317
Thurston, E., on the fire-walk, ii. [9]
Thyme burnt in Midsummer fire, i. 213;
wild, gathered on Midsummer Day, ii. [64]
Tibet, sixty years' cycle in, ii. [78] n.
Ticunas of the Amazon, ordeal of young men among the, i. 62 sq.
Tiger, a Batta totem, ii. [223]
Tiger's skin at inauguration of a king, i. 4
Timmes of Sierra Leone, their secret society, ii. [260] n. 1
Tinneh Indians, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 47 sqq.;
their dread and seclusion of menstruous women, 91 sqq.
Tinnevelly, the Kappiliyans of, i. 69
Tipperary, county of, were-wolves in, i. 310 n. 1;
woman burnt as a witch in, 323 sq.
Tiree, the need-fire in, i. 148;
the Beltane cake in, 149;
witch as sheep in, 316
Tivor, god or victim, i. 103 n.
Tiyans of Malabar, their seclusion of girls at puberty, i. 68 sq.
Tlactga or Tlachtga in Ireland, i. 139
Tlingit (Thlinkeet) Indians of Alaska, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 45 sq.
Tlokoala, a secret society of the Nootka Indians, ii. [271]
Toad, witch in form of a, i. 323
—— clan, ii. [273]
—— -stools thrown into Midsummer bonfires as a charm, i. 172
Toad's heart worn by a thief to prevent detection, i. 302 n. 2
Toads burnt alive in Devonshire, i. 302
Toaripi of New Guinea, their rule as to menstruous women, i. 84
Tobas, Indian tribe of the Gran Chaco, their custom of secluding girls at puberty, i. 59
Tobelorese of Halmahera, their rites of initiation, ii. [248]
Toboengkoe, the, of Central Celebes, custom observed by widower among the, ii. [178] sq.
Tocandeira, native name for the Cryptocerus atratus, F., ant, i. 62
Todas of the Neilgherry Hills, their ceremony of the new fire, i. 136
Tokio, the fire-walk at, ii. [9] sq.
Tokoelawi of Central Celebes, custom observed by mourners among the, ii. [178]
Tomori, the Gulf of, in Celebes, i. 312
Tongue of medicine-man, hole in, ii. [238], [239]
Tonquin, the Thays of, their burial customs, ii. [177] sq.
Tonwan, magical influence of medicine-bag, ii. [268], [269]
Tooth of novice knocked out at initiation, ii. [227], [235]
Toradjas of Central Celebes, were-wolves among the, i. 311 sq.;
their custom at the smelting of iron, ii. [154]
Torch-races at Easter, i. 142;
at Midsummer, 175
Torches interpreted as imitations of lightning, i. 340 n. 1
——, burning, carried round folds and lands at Midsummer, i. 206;
applied to fruit-trees to fertilize them, 340
—— of Demeter, i. 340
——, processions with lighted, i. 141, 141 sq., 233 sq.;
through fields, gardens, orchards, and streets, 107 sq., 110 sqq., 113 sqq., 179, 339 sq.;
at Midsummer, 179;
on Christmas Eve, 266
Torres Straits Islands, seclusion of girls at puberty in the, i. 36 sq., 39 sqq.;
dread and seclusion of women at menstruation in the, 78 sq.;
use of bull-roarers in the, ii. [228] n. 2, [232]
Tortoises, external human souls lodged in, ii. [204]
Torture, judicial, of criminals, witches, and wizards, ii. [158] sq.
Totem, transference of man's soul to his, ii. [219] n., [225] sq.;
supposed effect of killing a, [220];
the receptacle in which a man keeps his external soul, [220] sqq.;
the individual or personal, [222] n. 5, [224] n. 1, [226] n. 1
See also [Sex totem]
—— animal, artificial, novice at initiation brought back by, ii. [271] sq.;
transformation of man into his, [275]
—— clans and secret societies, related to each other, ii. [272] sq.
—— names kept secret, ii. [225] n.
—— plants among the Fans, ii. [161]
Totemism, suggested theory of, ii. [218] sqq.
Totems, honorific, of the Carrier Indians, ii. [273] sqq.;
personal, among the North American Indians, [273], [276] n. 1;
multiplex, of the Australians, [275] n. 1
Touch of menstruous women thought to convey pollution, i. 87, 90
Toukaway Indians of Texas, ceremony of mimic wolves among the, ii. [276]
Toulouse, torture of sorcerers at, ii. [158]
Touraine, Midsummer fires in, i. 182
Train, Joseph, on Beltane fires in Isle of Man, i. 157
Transference of a man's soul to his totem, ii. [219] n., [225] sq.
Transformation of men into wolves at the full moon, i. 314 n. 1;
of witches into animals, 315 sqq., ii. [311] sq.;
of men into animals, [207];
of man into his totem animal, [275]
Transmigration of soul of ruptured person into cleft oak-tree, ii. [172];
of human souls into totem animals, [223]
Transylvania, the Roumanians of, i. 13;
story of the external soul among the Saxons of, ii. [116];
belief as to children born on a Sunday in, [288] n. 5
Travancore, women deemed liable to be attacked by demons in, i. 24 n. 2;
the Pulayars of, 69
Travexin, in the Vosges, witch as hare at, i. 318
Treasures guarded by demons, ii. [65];
found by means of fern-seed, [65], [287];
discovered by divining-rod, [68];
revealed by springwort, [70];
revealed by mistletoe, [287], [291];
bloom in the earth on Midsummer Eve, [288] n. 5
Trebius, on the springwort, ii. [71]
Tree burnt in the Midsummer bonfire, i. 173 sq., 180, 183;
external soul in a, ii. [102], [156]
—— -creeper (Climacteris scandens), women's “sister” among the Yuin, ii. [216]
—— -spirit, effigies of, burnt in bonfires, ii. [21] sqq.;
human representatives of, put to death, [25];
human representative of the, perhaps originally burnt at the fire-festivals, [90]
—— spirits bless women with offspring, ii. [22];
in the form of serpents, [44] n. 1
Trees, men changed into, by look of menstruous women, i. 79;
burnt in spring fires, 115 sq., 116, 142;
burnt in Midsummer fires, 173 sq., 185, 192, 193, 209;
burnt at Holi festival in India, ii. [2];
burnt in bonfires, [22];
lives of people bound up with, [159] sqq.;
hair of children tied to, [165];
the fate of families or individuals bound up with, [165] sqq.;
creeping through cleft trees as cure for various maladies, [170] sqq.;
fire thought by savages to be stored like sap in, [295];
struck by lightning, superstitions about, [296] sqq.
—— and plants as life-indices, ii. [160] sqq.
Tréfoir, the Yule log, i. 249
Tréfouet, the Yule log, i. 252 n. 2, 253
Tregonan, in Cornwall, Midsummer fires on, i. 199
Trench cut in ground at Beltane, i. 150, 152
Trevelyan, Marie, on Midsummer fires, i. 201;
on Hallowe'en, 226 n. 1;
on St. John's wort in Wales, ii. [55] n. 2;
on burnt sacrifices in Wales, [301]
Treves, the archbishop of, i. 118
Triangle of reeds, passage of mourners through a, ii. [177] sq.
Trie-Chateau, dolmen near Gisors, ii. [188]
Trilles, Father H., on the theory of the external soul among the Fans, ii. [201]
Trinidad, the fire-walk in, ii. [11]
Triumphal arch, suggested origin of the, ii. [195]
Trolls, efforts to keep off the, i. 146;
and evil spirits abroad on Midsummer Eve, 172;
Midsummer flowers a protection against, ii. [54];
rendered powerless by mistletoe, [86], [283], [294]
True Steel, whose heart was in a bird, ii. [110] sq.
Trumpets sounded at initiation of young men, ii. [249]
—— penny, at the feast of the Nativity of the Virgin, i. 221, 222
Tsetsaut tribe of British Columbia, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 46
Tsimshian girls at puberty, rules observed by, i. 44 n. 2
Tubuan or Tubuvan, man disguised as cassowary in Duk-duk ceremonies, ii. [247]
Tugeri or Kaya-Kaya of Dutch New Guinea, ii. [242];
their use of bull-roarers, [242] sq.
Tui Nkualita, a Fijian chief, founder of the fire-walk, ii. [11]
Tulsi plant, its miraculous virtue, ii. [5]
Tummel, the valley of the, i. 231
Tunis, New Year fires at, i. 217;
gold sickle and fillet said to be found in, ii. [80] n. 3
Tunnel, creeping through a, as a remedy for an epidemic, i. 283 sq.
Turf, sick children and cattle passed through holes in, ii. [191]
Turks of Siberia, marriage custom of the, i. 75
Turukhinsk region, Samoyeds of the, ii. [196]
Tutu, island of Torres Strait, treatment of girls at puberty in, i. 41
Twanyirika, a spirit whose voice is heard in the sound of the bull-roarer, ii. [233] sq.;
kills and resuscitates lads at initiation, [234]
Twelfth Day, Eve of, the bonfires of, i. 107;
processions with torches on, 340
—— Night, the King of the Bean on, i. 153 n. 3;
cake, 184;
the Yule log on, 248, 250, 251;
the divining-rod cut on, ii. [68]
Twelve Nights, remains of Yule log scattered on fields during the, i. 248;
between Christmas and Epiphany, were-wolves abroad during the, 310 n. 1
“Twice born” Brahman, ii. [276]
Twin brothers in ritual, i. 278
—— -producing virtue ascribed to a kind of mistletoe, ii. [79]
Twins and their afterbirths counted as four children, ii. [162] n. 2
Twins, father of, i. 24
Two Brothers, ancient Egyptian story of the, ii. [134] sqq.
Tyrol, “burning the witch” in the, i. 116;
fires to burn the witches in the, 160;
Midsummer fires in the, 172 sq.;
magical plants culled on Midsummer Eve in the, ii. [47];
St. John's wort in the, [54];
mountain arnica gathered at Midsummer in the, [58];
use of four-leaved clover in the, [62] sq.;
dwarf-elder gathered at Midsummer in the, [64];
the divining-rod in the, [68];
mistletoe used to open all locks in the, [85];
belief as to mistletoe growing on a hazel in the, [291] n. 3
Tyrolese peasants use fern-seed to discover buried gold and to prevent money from decreasing, ii. [288]
—— story of a girl who was forbidden to see the sun, i. 72
Ualaroi, the, of the Darling River, their belief as to initiation, ii. [233]
Uaupes of Brazil, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 61
Uganda, kings of, not allowed to set foot on ground, i. 3 sq.;
life of the king of, bound up with barkcloth trees, ii. [160];
passage of sick man through a cleft stick or a narrow opening in, [181] sq.;
cure for lightning-stroke in, [298] n. 2
See also [Baganda]
Uisnech, in County Meath, great fair at, i. 158
Uist, Beltane cakes in, i. 154
——, North, need-fire in, i. 293 sq.
——, South, fairies at Hallowe'en in, i. 226;
salt cake at Hallowe'en in, 238 sq.
Uiyumkwi tribe, their treatment of girls at puberty, i. 39 sq.
Ukami, in German East Africa, ii. [313]
Ukpong, external soul in Calabar, ii. [206]
Ulad Bu Aziz, Arab tribe in Morocco, their Midsummer fires, i. 214
Umbrellas in ritual, i. 20 n. 1, 31
Uncleanness, ceremonial, among the Indians of Costa Rica, i. 65 n. 1;
and sanctity not clearly differentiated in the primitive mind, 97 sq.
Uncleanness of women at menstruation, i. 76 sqq.
See also [Menstruous]
Unguent made from fat of crocodiles and snakes, i. 14
Universal healer, name given to mistletoe, ii. [77]
Unlucky, Midsummer Day regarded as, ii. [29]
—— children passed through narrow openings, ii. [190]
Unmasking a were-wolf or witch by wounding him or her, i. 315, 321
Unmatjera tribe of Central Australia, their rites of initiation, ii. [234];
initiation of a medicine-man in the, [238]
Up-helly-a', at Lerwick, i. 269 n.
Uraons. See [Oraons]
Urabunna tribe of Central Australia, their rites of initiation, ii. [234]
Ustrels, a species of vampyre in Bulgaria, i. 284
Vagney, in the Vosges, Christmas custom at, i. 254
Vagueness and inconsistency of primitive thought, ii. [301] sq.
Val di Ledro, effigy burnt in the, at Carnival, i. 120
Valais, the canton of, Midsummer fires in, i. 172;
cursing a mist in, 280
Valenciennes, Lenten fire-custom at, i. 114 n. 4
Valentines at bonfires, i. 109 sq.
Vallancey, General Charles, on Hallowe'en customs in Ireland, i. 241 sq.
Vallée des Bagnes, cursing a mist in the, i. 280
Vampyres, need-fire kindled as a safeguard against, i. 284 sqq., 344
Vapour bath, i. 40
Var, Midsummer fires in the French department of, i. 193
Varro, on the fire-walk of the Hirpi Sorani, ii. [14] n. 3
Vase, external soul of habitual criminal in a, ii. [145] sq.
Vecoux, in the Vosges, i. 254
Vedic hymns, the fire-god Agni in the, ii. [295] sq.
Vegetables at Midsummer, their fertilizing influence on women, ii. [51]
Vegetation, spirit of, burnt in effigy, ii. [21] sq.;
reasons for burning, [23];
leaf-clad representative of, burnt, [25]
—— -spirits, W. Mannhardt's view that the victims burnt by the Druids represented, ii. [43]
Velten, C., on an African Balder, ii. [312] sq.
Verbascum, mullein, gathered at Midsummer, ii. [63] sq.;
its relation to the sun, [64]
Verbena officinalis, vervain, gathered at Midsummer, ii. [62]
Verges, in the Jura, Lenten fire-custom at, i. 114 sq.
Vermin exorcized with torches, i. 340
Versipellis, a were-wolf, i. 314 n. 1
Vervain, garlands or chaplets of, at Midsummer, i. 162, 163, 165;
burnt in the Midsummer fires, 195;
used in exorcism, ii. 62 n. 4;
a protection against thunder and lightning, sorcerers, demons, and thieves, 62;
gathered at Midsummer, 62
Vespasian family, the oak of the, ii. [168]
Vesper-bell on Midsummer Eve, ii. [62]
Vessels, special, used by menstruous women, i. 86, 90;
used by girls at puberty, 93
Vesta, sacred fire in the temple of, annually kindled, i. 138;
the fire of, at Rome, fed with oak-wood, ii. [91], [286]
Vestal Virgins relit the sacred fire of Vesta, i. 138;
their rule of celibacy, 138 n. 5
Vestini, the ancient, i. 209
Veth, P. J., on the Golden Bough, ii. [319]
Victims, human, claimed by St. John on St. John's Day (Midsummer Day), i. 27, 29;
claimed by water at Midsummer, ii. [26] sqq.
Victoria, aborigines of, their custom as to emu fat, i. 13;
their dread of women at menstruation, 77 sq.
—— sex totems in, ii. [217]
Vidovec in Croatia, Midsummer fires at, i. 178
Vienne, department of, Midsummer fires in the, i. 191;
the Yule log in, 251
Vilavou, New Year's Men, name given to newly initiated lads in Fiji, ii. [244]
Village surrounded with a ring of fire as a protection against an evil spirit, i. 282
Vimeux, Lenten fires at, i. 113
Vintage, omens of, i. 164
Vipers sacred to balsam trees in Arabia, ii. [44] n. 1
Virbius at Nemi interpreted as an oak-spirit, ii. [295]
Virgil, on the fire-walk of the Hirpi Sorani, ii. [14];
his account of the Golden Bough, [284] sq., [286], [293] sq., [315] sqq.
Virgin, the, blesses the fruits of the earth, i. 118;
the hair of the Holy, found in ashes of Midsummer fire, 182 sq., 191;
feast of the Nativity of the, 220 sq.;
and child supposed to sit on the Yule log, 253 sq.
Virgins of the Sun at Cuzco, i. 132;
the Vestal, and the sacred fire, 136
Virginia, rites of initiation among the Indians of, ii. [266] sq.
Virginity, test of, by blowing up a flame, i. 137 n.
Virility supposed to be lost by contact with menstruous women, i. 81
Viscum album, common mistletoe, ii. [315] sqq.;
Viscum quernum, [317]
Visiter, the Christmas, i. 261 sq., 263, 264
Viti Levu, the largest of the Fijian Islands, ii. [243]
Vitrolles, bathing at Midsummer in, i. 194
Vogel Mountains, i. 118
Voigtland, bonfires on Walpurgis Night in, i. 160;
tree and person thrown into water on St. John's Day in, ii. [27] sq.;
divination by flowers on Midsummer Eve in, [53];
mountain arnica gathered at Midsummer in, [57] sq.;
wild thyme gathered at Midsummer in, [64];
precautions against witches in, [73] sq.
Volga, the Cheremiss of the, i. 181
Volksmarsen in Hesse, Easter fires at, i. 140
Voluspa, the Sibyl's prophecy in the, i. 102 sq.
Voralberg, in the Tyrol, “burning the witch” at, i. 116
Vorges, near Laon, Midsummer fires at, i. 187
Vosges, Midsummer fires in the, i. 188, 336;
the Yule log in the, 254;
cats burnt alive on Shrove Tuesday in the, ii. [40]
—— Mountains, Lenten fires in the, i. 109;
witches as hares in the, 318;
magic herbs culled on Eve of St. John in the, ii. [47]
Vrid-eld, need-fire, i. 280
Vultures, lives of persons bound up with those of, ii. [201], [202]
Wadai, ceremony of the new fire in, i. 134, 140
Wadoe, the, of German East Africa, ii. [312]
Wafiomi, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 28
Wagstadt in Silesia, Judas ceremony at, i. 146 n. 3
Wajagga, the, of German East Africa, birth-plants among the, ii. [160]
Wakelbura tribe (Australia), dread and seclusion of women at menstruation in the, i. 78
Wakondyo, their custom as to the afterbirth, ii. [162] sq.
Wales, Snake Stones in, i. 15 sq.;
Beltane fires and cakes in, 155 sq.;
Midsummer fires in, 200 sq.;
divination at Hallowe'en in, 229, 240 sq.;
Hallowe'en fires in, 239 sq.;
the Yule log in, 258;
burnt sacrifices to stop cattle-disease in, 301;
witches as hares in, 315 n. 1;
belief as to witches in, 321 n. 2;
bewitched things burnt in, 322;
divination by flowers on Midsummer Eve in, ii. [53];
St. John's wort in, [55];
mistletoe to be shot or knocked down with stones in, [82];
mistletoe cut at Midsummer in, [86];
mistletoe used to make the dairy thrive in, [86];
Beltane fire kindled by the friction of oak-wood in, [91];
mistletoe gathered at Midsummer in, [293]
Walhalla, i. 101
Walking over fire as a rite, ii. [3] sqq.
Walls, fortified, of the ancient Gauls, i. 267 sq.
Walnut, branches of, passed across Midsummer fires and fastened on cattle-sheds, i. 191
Walos of Senegambia, their belief as to a sort of mistletoe, ii. [79] sq.
Walpi, Pueblo Indian village, use of bull-roarers at, ii. [231]
Walpurgis Day, i. 143
—— Night, witches abroad on, i. 159 sq.;
a witching time, 295;
precautions against witches on, ii. [20] n.;
Wangen in Baden, Lenten fire-custom at, i. 117
Wanyamwezi, their belief as to wounded crocodiles, ii. [210] n. 1
Warlock, the invulnerable, stories of, ii. [97] sqq.
Warriors tabooed, i. 5
Warwickshire, the Yule log in, i. 257
Washamba, the, of German East Africa, their custom at circumcision, ii. [183]
Washington State, seclusion of girls at puberty among the Indians of, i. 43
Wasmes, processions with torches at, i. 108
Wasp, external soul of enchanter in a, ii. [143]
Wasps, young men stung with, as an ordeal, i. 63
Wassgow mountains, the need-fire in the, i. 271
Water from sacred wells, i. 12;
menstruous women not to go near, 77;
consecrated at Easter, 122 sqq., 125;
turned to wine at Easter, 124;
improved by charred sticks of Midsummer fires, 184;
at Midsummer, people drenched with, 193 sq.;
heated in need-fire and sprinkled on cattle, 289;
claims human victims at Midsummer, ii. [26] sqq.;
supposed to acquire certain marvellous properties at Midsummer, [29] sqq.;
haunted and dangerous at Midsummer, [31]
Water of life, ii. [114] sq.
—— of springs thought to acquire medicinal qualities on Midsummer Eve, i. 172
——, rites of, at Midsummer festival in Morocco, i. 216;
at New Year in Morocco, 218
—— spirits, offerings to, at Midsummer, ii. [28]
Wayanas of French Guiana, ordeals among the, i. 63 sq.
Weariness, magical plants placed in shoes a charm against, ii. [54], [60]
Weaver, the wicked, of Rotenburg, ii. [289] sq.
Weeks, Rev. John H., on rites of initiation on the Lower Congo, ii. [255] n. 1
Weeping of girl at puberty, i. 24, 29
Weidenhausen, in Westphalia, the Yule log at, i. 248
Wells, sacred, in Scotland, i. 12;
menstruous women kept from, 81, 96 sq.;
charred sticks of Midsummer fires thrown into, 184;
crowned with flowers at Midsummer, ii. [28]
——, holy, resorted to on Midsummer Eve in Ireland, i. 205 sq.
——, the Lord of the, ii. [28]
Welsh cure for whooping-cough, ii. [180], [192] n. 1
—— name, alleged, for mistletoe, ii. [286] n. 3
See also [Wales]
Wends, their faith in Midsummer herbs, ii. [54]
—— of Saxony, their idea as to wood of trees struck by lightning, ii. [297]
—— of the Spreewald gather herbs and flowers at Midsummer, ii. [48];
their belief as to the divining-rod, [68] n. 4
Wensley-dale, the Yule log in, i. 256
Were-tigers in China and the East Indies, i. 310 sq., 313 n. 1
—— -wolf, how a man becomes a, i. 310 n. 1;
story in Petronius, 313 sq.
—— -wolves compelled to resume their human shape by wounds inflicted on them, i. 308 sqq.;
put to death, 311;
and the full moon, 314 n. 1;
and witches, parallelism between, 315, 321
Werner, Miss Alice, on a soul-box, ii. [156] n. 1;
on African Balders, [314]
Westenberg, J. C., on the Batta theory of souls, ii. [223] n. 2
Westermarck, Dr. Edward, on New Year rites in Morocco, i. 218;
on Midsummer festival in North Africa, 219;
his theory that the fires of the fire-festivals are purificatory, 329 sq.;
on water at Midsummer, ii. [31]
Westphalia, Easter fires in, i. 140;
the Yule log in, 248;
divination by orpine at Midsummer in, ii. [61];
camomile gathered at Midsummer in, [63];
the Midsummer log of oak in, [92] n. 1
Wetteren, wicker giants at, ii. [35]
Wetterpfähle, oak sticks charred in Easter bonfires, i. 145
Wexford, Midsummer fires in, i. 203
Whalton, in Northumberland, Midsummer fires at, i. 198
Wheat thrown on the man who brings in the Christmas log, i. 260, 262, 264;
protected against mice by mugwort, ii. [58] sq.
Wheel, fire kindled by the rotation of a, i. 177, 179, 270, 273, 289 sq., 292, 335 sq., ii. [91];
as a symbol of the sun, i. 334 n. 1, 335;
as a charm against witchcraft, 345 n. 3
——, burning, rolled down hill, i. 116, 117 sq., 119, 141, 143, 161, 162 sq., 163 sq., 166, 173, 174, 201, 328, 334, 337 sq., 338;
thrown into the air at Midsummer, 179;
rolled over fields at Midsummer to fertilize them, 191, 340 sq.;
perhaps intended to burn witches, 345
Wherry, Mrs., i. 108 n. 2, ii. [36] n. 1
Whips cracked to drive away witches, ii. [74]
Whitby, the Yule log at, i. 256
White, Rev. G. E., on passing through a ring of red-hot iron, ii. [186];
on passing sheep through a rifted rock, [189] sq.
White birds, ten, external soul in, ii. [142]
—— bulls sacrificed by Druids at cutting the mistletoe, ii. [77]
—— chalk, bodies of newly initiated lads coated with, ii. [241]
—— clay, bodies of novices at initiation smeared with, ii. [255] n. 1, [257]
—— cloth, fern-seed caught in a, i. 65, ii. [291];
springwort caught in a, i. 70;
mistletoe caught in a, ii. [77], [293];
used to catch the Midsummer bloom of the oak, [292], [293]
—— cock burnt in Midsummer bonfire, ii. [40]
—— herb, external souls of two brothers in a, ii. [143]
—— horse, effigy of, carried through Midsummer fire, i. 203
—— Sunday, i. 117 n. 1
Whiteborough, in Cornwall, Midsummer fires on, i. 199
Whooping-cough cured by crawling under a bramble, ii. [180];
Bulgarian [pg 387] cure for, [181];
child passed under an ass as a cure for, [192]
Wicked Sower, driving away the, i. 107, 118
Wicken (rowan) tree, a protection against witchcraft, i. 326, 327 n. 1
Wicker giants at popular festivals in Europe, ii. [33] sqq.;
burnt in summer bonfires, [38]
Wiesensteig, in Swabia, witch as horse at, i. 319
“Wild fire,” the need-fire, i. 272, 273, 277
Wilde, Lady, her description of Midsummer fires in Ireland, i. 204 sq.
Wilken, G. A., on the external soul, ii. [96] n. 1
Wilkes, Charles, on seclusion of girls at puberty, i. 43
Will-fire, or need-fire, i. 288, 297
Willow, mistletoe growing on, ii. [79], [315], [316];
children passed through a cleft willow-tree as a cure, [170];
crawling through a hoop of willow branches as a cure, [184];
crawling under the root of a willow as a cure, [181];
Orpheus and the, [294]
Wimmer, F., on the various sorts of mistletoe known to the ancients, ii. [318]
Winamwanga, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 24 sq.;
their custom as to lightning-kindled fire, ii. [297] sq.
Wind, bull-roarers sounded to raise a, ii. [232]
Window, magic flowers to be passed through the, ii. [52]
Wine thought to be spoiled by menstruous women, i. 96
Winenthal in Switzerland, new fire made by friction at Midsummer in the, i. 169 sq.
Winnebagoes, ritual of death and resurrection among the, ii. [268]
Winnowing-basket, divination by, i. 236
Winter solstice, Persian festival of fire at the, i. 269
“Winter's Grandmother,” burning the, i. 116
Winterbottom, Thomas, on a secret society of Sierra Leone, ii. [260]
Wintun Indians of California, seclusion of girls among the, i. 42 sq.
Witch, burning the, i. 116, 118 sq.;
effigy of, burnt in bonfire, 159;
compelled to appear by burning an animal or part of an animal which she has bewitched, 303, 305, 307 sq., 321 sq.;
in form of a toad, 323.
See also [Witches]
Witch, MacCrauford, the great arch, i. 293
“—— -shot,” a sudden stiffness in the back, i. 343 n., 345
Witch's herb, St. John's wort, ii. [56] n. 1
“—— nest,” a tangle of birch-branches, ii. [185]
Witchcraft, bonfires a protection against, i. 108, 109;
holy water a protection against, 123;
cattle driven through Midsummer fire as a protection against, 175;
burs and mugwort a preservative against, 177, ii. [59] sq.;
Midsummer fires a protection against, i. 185, 188;
a broom a protection against, 210;
need-fire kindled to counteract, 280, 292 sq., 293, 295;
in Devonshire, 302;
great dread of, in Europe, 340;
the fire-festivals regarded as a protection against, 342;
stiffness in the back attributed to, 343 n., 345;
colic and sore eyes attributed to, 344;
a wheel a charm against, 345 n.;
thought to be the source of almost all calamities, ii. [19] sq.;
leaping over bonfires as a protection against, [40];
its treatment by the Christian Church, [42];
and sorcery, Midsummer herbs and flowers a protection against, [45], [46], [49], [54], [55], [59], [60], [62], [64], [65], [66], [67], [72];
St. John's wort a protection against, [54];
dwarf-elder used to detect, [64];
fern root a protection against, [67];
mistletoe a protection against, [85] sq., [282], [283], [294];
fatal to milk and butter, [86];
oak log a protection against, [92];
the rowan a protection against, i. 327 n. 1, ii. [184] n. 4, [185], [281];
children passed through a ring of yarn as a protection against, [185];
a “witch's nest” (tangle of birch-branches) a protection against, [185].
See also [Sorcery]
Witches not allowed to touch the bare ground, i. 5 sq.;
burnt and beheaded, 6;
effigies of, burnt in bonfires, 107, 116 sq., 118 sq., 342, ii. [43];
charm to protect fields against, i. 121;
Beltane fires a protection against, 154;
cast spells on cattle, 154;
steal milk from cows, 154, 176, 343, ii. [74];
in the form of hares and cats, i. 157, 315 n. 1, 316 sqq., 317, 318, 319 sq., ii. [41], [311];
burnt on May Day, i. 157, 159, 160;
fires to burn the witches on the Eve of May Day (Walpurgis Night), 159 sq., ii. [20] n.;
abroad on Walpurgis Night, i. 159 sq.;
kept out by crosses, 160 n. 1;
driving away the, 160, 170, 171;
resort to the Blocksberg, 171;
Midsummer fires a protection against, 176, 180;
steal milk [pg 388] and butter at Midsummer, 185;
on Midsummer Eve, 210, ii. [19];
active on Hallowe'en and May Day, [19], [73] sqq., [184] n. 4, [185];
burnt in Hallowe'en fires, i. 232 sq.;
abroad at Hallowe'en, 226, 245;
the Yule log a protection against, 258;
thought to cause cattle disease, 302 sq.;
transformed into animals, 315 sqq.;
as cockchafers, 322;
come to borrow, 322, 323, ii. [73];
cause hail and thunder-storms, i. 344;
brought down from the clouds by shots and smoke, 345 sq.;
burning missiles hurled at, 345;
burnt or banned by fire, ii. [19] sq.;
gather noxious plants on Midsummer Eve, [47];
gather St. John's wort on St. John's Eve, [56];
purple loosestrife a protection against, [65];
tortured in India, [159];
animal familiars of, [202].
See also [“Burning the Witches”]
Witches at Ipswich, i. 304 sq.
—— and hares in Yorkshire, ii. [197]
—— and were-wolves, parallelism between, i. 315. 321
—— and wizards thought to keep their strength in their hair, ii. [158] sq.;
put to death by the Aztecs, [159]
—— and wolves the two great foes dreaded by herdsmen in Europe, i. 343
“——, Burning the,” a popular name for the fires of the festivals, ii. [43]
Witches' Sabbath on the Eve of May Day and Midsummer Eve, i. 171 n. 3, 181, ii. [73], [74]
“Withershins,” against the sun, in curses and excommunication, i. 234
Witurna, a spirit whose voice is heard in the sound of the bull-roarer, ii. [234]
Wizards gather baleful herbs on the Eve of St. John, ii. [47];
gather purple loosestrife at Midsummer, [65];
animal familiars of, [196] sq., [201] sq.
Woden, Odin, or Othin, the father of Balder, i. 101, 102, 103 n. 1
Wolf, Brotherhood of the Green, at Jumièges in Normandy, i. 185 sq., ii. [15] n., [25]
—— clan in North-Western America, ii. [270], [271], [272] n. 1
—— masks worn by members of a Wolf secret society, ii. [270] sq.
—— society among the Nootka Indians, rite of initiation into the, ii. [270] sq.
Wolf's hide, strap of, used by were-wolves, i. 310 n. 1
Wolfeck, in Austria, leaf-clad mummer on Midsummer Day at, ii. [25] sq.
Wolfenbüttel, need-fire near, i. 277
Wolves and witches, the two great foes dreaded by herdsmen in Europe, i. 343
Woman burnt alive as a witch in Ireland in 1895, i. 323 sq.
Women in hard labour, charm to help, i. 14;
after childbirth tabooed, 20;
who do not menstruate supposed to make gardens barren, 24;
impregnated by the sun, 74 sq.;
impregnated by the moon, 75 sq.;
at menstruation painted red, 78;
leap over Midsummer bonfires to ensure an easy delivery, 194, 339;
fertilized by tree-spirits, ii. [22];
barren, hope to conceive through fertilizing influence of vegetables, [51];
creep through a rifted rock to obtain an easy delivery, [189];
not allowed to see bull-roarers, [234], [235], [242].
See also [Menstruous women]
Wonghi or Wonghibon tribe of New South Wales, ritual of death and resurrection at initiation among the, ii. [227]
Wood, the King of the, at Nemi, i. 2, 285, 286, 295, 302, 309
Woodbine, sick children passed through a wreath of, ii. [184]
Woodpecker brings the mythical springwort, ii. [70] sq.
Wootton-Wawen, in Warwickshire, the Yule log at, i. 257
“Working for need-fire,” a proverb, i. 287 sq.
Worms, popular cure for, i. 17
Wormwood (Artemisia absinthium), ii. [58] n. 3;
burnt to stupefy witches, i. 345;
superstitions concerning, ii. [61] n. 1
Worship of ancestors in Fiji, ii. [243] sq.;
of the oak explained by the frequency with which oaks are struck by lightning, [298] sqq.
Worth, R. N., on burnt sacrifices in Devonshire, i. 302
Worthen, in Shropshire, the Yule log at, i. 257
Wotjobaluk, of South-Eastern Australia, sex totems among the, ii. [215] sq.
Wounding were-wolves in order to compel them to resume their human shape, i. 308 sqq.
Wounds, St. John's wort a balm for, ii. [55]
Wreath of woodbine, sick children passed through a, ii. [184]
Wreaths of flowers thrown across the Midsummer fires, i. 174;
superstitious uses made of the singed wreaths, 174;
hung over doors and windows at Midsummer, 201
Wurtemberg, Midsummer fires in, i. 166;
leaf-clad mummer at Midsummer in, ii. [26]
Würzburg, Midsummer fires at, i. 165
Yabim, the, of New Guinea, girls at puberty secluded among the, i. 35;
use of bull-roarers among the, ii. [232];
rites of initiation among the, [239] sqq.
Yaguas, Indians of the Amazon, girls at puberty secluded among the, i. 59
Yakut shamans keep their external souls in animals, ii. [196]
Yakuts leap over fire after a burial, ii. [18]
Yam, island of Torres Strait, treatment of girls at puberty in, i. 41
Yap, seclusion of girls at puberty in the island of, i. 36
Yaraikanna, the, of Northern Queensland, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 37 sq.
Yarn, divination by, i. 235, 240, 241, 243;
sick children passed through a ring of, ii. [185]
Yarra river in Victoria, i. 92 n. 1
Year called a fire, i. 137
Yellow Day of Beltane, i. 293
—— snow, the year of the, i. 294
Yibai, tribal subdivision of the Coast Murring tribe, ii. [236]
Yoke, purification by passing under a, ii. [193] sqq.;
ancient Italian practice of passing conquered enemies under a, [93] sq.
York, custom formerly observed at Christmas in the cathedral at, ii. [291] n. 2
Yorkshire, belief as to menstruous women in, i. 96 n. 2;
Beal-fires on Midsummer Eve in, 198;
the Yule log in, 256 sq.;
need-fire in, 286 sqq.;
witch as hare in, 317, ii. [197]
Yoruba-speaking negroes of the Slave Coast, use of bull-roarers among the, ii. [229] n.
Young, Hugh W., on the rampart of Burghead, i. 268 n. 1
Young, Issobell, buries ox and cat alive, i. 325
Ypres, wicker giants at, ii. [35]
Yucatan, fire-walk among the Indians of, ii. [13] sq., [16]
Yuin, the, of South-Eastern Australia, their sex totems, ii. [216];
totem names kept secret among, [225] n.
Yukon, the Lower, i. 55
Yule cake, i. 257, 259, 261
—— candle, i. 255, 256, 260
—— log, i. 247 sqq.;
in Germany, 247 sqq.;
made of oak-wood, 248, 250, 251, 257, 258, 259, 260, 263, 264 sq., ii. [92];
a protection against conflagration, i. 248 sq., 250, 255, 256, 258;
a protection against thunder and lightning, 248, 249, 250, 252, 253, 254, 258, 264;
in Switzerland, 249;
in Belgium, 249;
in France, 249 sqq.;
helps cows to calve, 250, 338;
in England, 255 sq.;
in Wales, 258;
among the Servians, 258 sqq.;
a protection against witches, 258;
in Albania, 264;
privacy of the ceremonial of the, 328;
explained as a sun-charm, 332;
made of fir, beech, holly, yew, crab-tree, or olive, ii. [92] n. 2
Yule Night in Sweden, customs observed on, i. 20 sq.
Yuracares of Bolivia, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 57 sq.
Zadrooga, Servian house-community, i. 259
Zambesi, the Barotse of the, i. 28
Zapotecs, supreme pontiff of the, not allowed to set foot on ground, i. 2;
the sun not allowed to shine on him, i. 19;
their belief that their lives were bound up with those of animals, ii. [212]
Zemmur, the, of Morocco, their Midsummer custom, i. 215
Zerdusht and Isfendiyar, i. 104
Zeus and his sacred oak at Dodona, ii. [49] sq.;
wood of white poplar used at Olympia in sacrificing to, [90] n. 1, [91] n. 7
—— and Danae, i. 74
—— and Hephaestus, i. 136
Zimbales, a province of the Philippines, superstition as to a parasitic plant in, ii. [282] n. 1
Zoroaster, on the uncleanness of women
at menstruation, i. 95
Zoznegg, in Baden, Easter fires at, i. 145
Zulus, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 22, 30;
fumigate their gardens with medicated smoke, 337;
their custom of fumigating sick cattle, ii. [13];
their belief as to ancestral spirits incarnate in serpents, [211]
Zülz, in Silesia, Midsummer fires at, i. 170
Zuñi Indians of New Mexico, their new fires at the solstices, i. 132 sq.;
use of bull-roarers among the, ii. [230] n., [231]
Zurich, effigies burnt at, i. 120