Sutherland and Caithness in Saga-Time; or, The Jarls and The Freskyns

by James Gray

INDEX.

Aberbrothock, 153 (n. 5).

Aberdeen;

bishopric, 54;

invaded, 81.

Aberdeenshire;

why no brochs? 141 (II, n. 5).

Achavarn, 148-9 (n. 41).

Achness, 109, 110, 153 (n. 20).

Acre, 67.

Adam, earl of Angus, 102.

Adam, bishop of Caithness, 95, 96, 107, 119;

buried, 152, (n. 9), 122, 151 (n. 46).

Adamnan, 5, 141 (n. 9).

Aethelfrith, 6.

Afreka, dau. of earl of Fife, m. Earl Harold Maddadson, their children, 73;

divorced by Harold, 74, 83, 85, 88.

Agricola, Tacitus, 4, 141 (n. 4).

Alane, thane of Sutherland, 28, 91.

Alban, 6;

its provinces, 7;

common language, 17;

ravaged by Irish Danes, 22;

wars of kings of A. against Northmen, 26;

Moray stretched across A., 35;

Caithness, 55.

Alcluyd (Dunbarton), 17, 142 (II, n. 16).

Alexander I, 53.

Alexander II cr. Wm. Freskyn earl of Sutherland, 80, 116;

punished burners of Bishop Adam, 96, 97;

confiscated half Caithness, 97;

grant of earldom of south Caithness to Magnus, earl of Angus, 103, 104-106;

Magnus II, or Malcolm witness to charter, 105, 108, 112, 119;

succession to throne, 119;

revolt of Donald Ban MacWilliam, 119;

Argyll conquered, 119;

Caithness subdued (1222), 119;

rebellions in Moray and Galloway, 119;

embassy to Norway, 121;

open letter for Scone, 122;

died, 120, 124.

Alexander III, 120;

m. Margaret, dau. of Henry III, 120;

his only child, Margaret, 121;

embassy to Norway, 121;

conquered Isle of Man and Hebrides, 128.

Altyre, Standing Stane of Duffus removed to, 144 (n. 11).

America, Norsemen discovered, 136;

heard of by Jean Cabot in Iceland, 136.

Amlaiph (Olaf) Craig, 143 (n. 33).

Anderson, Alan O., 3;

Scottish Annals from English Chroniclers.

Anderson, Joseph, 11;

O.S. trans., 146 (n. 14);

Scotland in Pagan Times, q.v.;

Scotland in Early Christian Times, q.v.

Andres Nicholas' son, 125, 126.

Andres, son of Sweyn, 57.

Andrew, Bishop of Caithness, had grant of Hoctor Common, 54;

Culdean monk, 83;

abbot of Dunkeld, 83;

died at Dunfermline, 83;

a witness, 84.

Andrews, St., bishopric founded, 53;

Roger, bishop of, 90.

Anglo-Normandes, Chroniques, (F. Michel), 157 (n. 20).

Angus, earls of (see also under names),

Gillebride, 102, 103, 105, 107, 153, (ns. 9, 13);

Adam, son of Gillebride, 102;

Gilchrist, son of Gillebride, and father of Magnus II, earl of Orkney and Caith., 72, 84, 102, 103, 104, 107, 108, 111, 116, 149 (n. 44), 153 (ns. 9, 13, 14, 15);

Duncan, son of Gilchrist, 103;

Malcolm, earl of Caithness and Angus, 103-106, 116;

Matilda, countess of, dau. of Malcolm, 103;

Gilbert d'Umphraville, earl of A., husband of Matilda, 103,

Gilbert d'Umphraville, son of Matilda, 103.

Pedigree, 102.

Angus, son of Gillebride, earl of Angus, 103.

Anlaf, or Olaf, earl in C., 27, 28, 143 (n. 33).

Applecross, in Ross, lay abbots, 119.

Archibald, bishop of Moray, 109.

Ardovyr (Gael., upper water), identified as Loch Coire and Mallard River, i.e., "Abhain 'a Mhail Aird" of Ord. Map, part of Johanna's estate in Strathnaver, 109, 110, 153 (n. 19).

Argyll;

St. Columba landed from Ulster, 5;

Scots king, 6;

Dalriadic territory, 17, 33;

known as Airergaithel, 33;

Galgaels, 38;

Somerled of, 81;

conquered by king Alexr. II, 119, 120.

Arnfinn Thorfinnson, earl, m. Ragnhild, Eric's dau., 25.

Arnkell Torf-Einarson, earl, slain in England, 24.

Artildol, 78.

Asgrim's Ergin, now Assary, 71, 149 (n. 42).

Asleif, mother of Sweyn, 62.

Asleifarvik (now Old-shore, also called Port Droman), 125, 155 (n. 15).

Assynt, 33;

included in Creich (q.v.), 93;

Store Point, 69, 148 (n. 34).

Athelstan, 22.

Atholl (Atjokl);

Ath-Fodla, a Pictish province, 7;

Picts absorbed by Scots, 38;

earls of, 61, 62, 78, 120;

Sweyn Asleifarson visits, 62, 64;

earl Paul died, 62, 63;

bishop John, 63

Atholl, earls of;

Maddad, m. Margret dau. of Hakon, 61;

earl of A., in 1236, burned to death, 120;

earls descended from Freskyn, 54, 78.

Aud the deeply wise, in Caith., settled in Iceland, 20.

Audhild, dau. of Thorleif, mistress of Sigurd Slembi-diakn, 58;

m. Eric Streita, 59;

her son, Eric Stagbrellir, 59, 72, 84, 85;

Johanna of Strathnaver, a connection, 110.

Audna, or Edna, dau. of Kiarval, m. Hlodver, jarl, 26.

Backies, Norse derivation, 21.

Bakke, in place-names, 21, 142 (III n. 7).

Baltroddi, Walter de, bishop of C., 122, 155 (n. 8).

Bard, next of kin of Ulf the Bad, Orkney, 28.

Barelegs, nickname of king Magnus, because he wore the kilt, 49, 145 (n. 9).

Barr, St., of Dornoch;

his Fair in Dornoch, 29;

old church of St. Barr, 83, 121;

site, 134.

Barth, or Bard, Helgi's son, and St. Barr, 28, 29.

Beauly, estate of Bissets, 120.

Beauly Firth, 16;

site of Redcastle on, 86.

Ben-y-griams, 70.

Bergen, St. Ragnvald returned to, from Grimsby, 61;

John, earl of Caithness, present at, 95, 98;

earl John left his son as hostage, 98;

king Hakon buried in Christchurch, 127;

k. Hakon and earl Magnus III sailed from, 156 (n. 20).

Berowald the Fleming (Innes q.v.), had grant in Moray, 82, 150 (n. 27).

Berridale conveyed by Malise II, earl, to Reginald More, afterwards acquired by Chens, 104, 108, 109.

Beruvik, misreading of, 148 (n. 33).

Berwick, North, raided by Sweyn, 68.

Bethoc, eld. dau. of Malcolm II, m. Crinan, 36;

grandmother of earl Moddan, 53.

Bilbao, Spain, 66;

Nervion, 148 (n. 25).

Birrenswark, near Ecclefechan, was Brunanburg, 22.

Birsay, Orkney, earl Thorfinn's Hall, 45;

cathedral built by Thorfinn, 45, 46;

but replaced by St. Magnus' Cathedral, 51.

Bisset, a Norman family, 76;

at Beauly, 120.

Bjarni, bishop of Orkney, probable author of Orkneyinga Saga, 51, 69;

his parents, 57;

relative of Sweyn, 69;

at Bergen, 98.

Blood-eagle, 23, 24.

Blood-rain in Iceland, 144 (n. 37).

Blundus, Gaufrid, burgess of Inverness, 80.

Boar, wild, in Cat, 8.

Boece, 37, 42.

Boreale, Corpus Poeticum, 144 (n. 10);

148 (n. 23).

Borrobol, 59.

Borve, rock-castle, 46, 133.

Bothgowanan, or Pitgavenny, 42.

Bothwell, family of, descended from Freskyn, 54, 78.

Bothwell, Sir Andrew of, 78.

Boun, whence Eng. bound, i.e., equipped, 66, 148 (n. 24).

Bracholy, 78.

Brawl, formerly Brathwell (Breithivellir), Castle, 95, 115, see 154 (n. 28), 133;

deriv. 152 (n. 8), 157 (n. 10).

Breithifjorthr, i.e., Broad-firth, Moray Firth, 8, 64.

Bressay Sound, 124.

Brewster, Sir David, 155 (n. 14) see 125.

Brian Borumha, king of Ireland, 29.

Brichan, Jas.;

Orig. Paroch. Scot., 3.

Bricius, bishop, 78.

Brochs, or Pictish towers;

Roman relics found in, 5;

date, number, distribution, rise, construction, &c., 9-11;

Norse place-names near brochs, 132;

at Dunrobin, 133;

used by Norse as dwellings, 133, 157 (n. 11);

Craig Carrill, Roman tablets found, 5, 141 (n. 7);

Skene on origin of, 141 (n. 8);

at Feranach, 147 (n. 6).

Broethrungr, firnari en, first cousin once removed, 146 (n. 13).

Broxburn, (Strabrock), 54.

Brunanburgh, site, 22, 142 (III n. 12)

Brusi Sigurdson, earl, 38, 39, 40, 42.

Buchan, earl of, 114.

Burghead, Turfness of Saga, 41;

Norse raids from B. checked by Duffus, 132.

Burnt Njal, Saga of;

transl. by Sir G.W. Dasent, 27, 143 (n. 28), 30, 36, 37, 144 (n. 36), 157 (n. 7).

Cabot, Jean, in Iceland, 136.

Cailleach (Carline) Stone in Kyleakin, 125.

Cait, or Cat, Pictish province of, (now Caithness and Sutherland, q.v.), in three parts, (1) Ness, (2) Strathnavern, and (3) Sudrland, 7-8;

description of land, 8;

unsuitable for trees in Ness, 141 (II n. 3);

west uninhabited in Viking times, 8;

deer, etc., abounded, 8, 141 (II n. 4);

Athelstan's naval demonstration, 22;

held by earls of Orkney, 22;

Duncan the maormor, 15, 24, 25, 34, 35, 36;

Picts and Norse, 38;

map, 110;

Pictish clergy driven from north-east by Norse, 130;

land and people on arrival of Norse, 6, et seq.

Cat, maormors of;

Duncan, or Dungall, 15, 20;

Moldan or Moddan, 34, 36, 37, 59.

Caithness (Ness), part of the ancient province of Cat, q.v., 7-8;

Norse occupied fertile parts, 1;

ancient monuments, 2;

writing, 2;

Orkneyinga Saga only record before 12th cent., 3;

earlier notices and later records, 3;

earldom claimed by Sigurd Hlodverson, 26;

Skuli Thorfinnson cr. earl, 25;

C. people in Iceland, 27, 28;

sea battle between Ulf and Helgi, 28;

Moddan, earl of C., 36, 59;

his expedition to, 41;

Norse earls, 37, 40, 49;

Thorfinn returns to, after Scottish conquests, 42;

"king of Catanesse," in "William the Wanderer," 43;

St. Magnus, 50;

seized by earl Hakon, 50;

earl Magnus favoured in, 51;

earldom conferred on Ragnvald Gudrodson, 52;

much of owned by Moddan's family, 53;

Norse steadily lost hold on C., 53;

Norse driven outward and eastward, 53;

bishopric founded, 54;

bishop Andrew, 54;

Norse earls, 55;

family of Freskyn de Moravia, 55;

earldom of David I, 58;

robberies by Sweyn, 66;

Malcolm IV granted half earldom to Erlend Haraldson, 67;

red deer and reindeer hunting, 70;

rebellions, 80;

bishop's litigation with earls of Sutherland, 80;

Innes family, 82;

earldom held of Scottish crown, 83;

diocese and cathedral, 83;

bishop Andrew, 83, 84;

first conquest by King William, 85;

subdued by King William, 87;

earl Ragnvald's half conferred on Harald Ungi, 87;

earl Harold slew earl Harald Ungi, 87;

Caithness given to Ragnvald Gudrodson, 88;

who defeated earl Harold at Dalharrold, 89;

Ragnvald's stewards left in charge, their fate, 89;

the lawman, 89;

Ragnvald bought earldom, 89, 90;

extent of earl Harold's earldom, 90;

Scottish policy in the north, 91;

old Norse earldom broken up, 92;

services of Freskyn family, 92;

extent of earldom of earl David, 93;

the burning of bishop Adam, 95;

thingstead and lawman, 95;

the earldom, 101;

succession to earldom, 102;

subjected by king Alexr. II, 1222, 119;

king Hakon's fine, 1263, 125;

escaped attack by Hakon, 128;

Scottish subjection of Norse, 1, 131;

Norse adopted Gaelic, 131;

Norse place-names, 132;

Norse type still in evidence, 134;

Normans, Cheynes, Oliphants and St. Clairs, 137;

inheritance of Erlend lands by Normans, 137, 138;

inhabitants a blend of Gael and Norse, 138.

Caithness, church in;

bishopric founded, 54;

cathedral at Halkirk, 83, at Dornoch, 121;

bishop's palace at Thurso, 95, 122;

constitution of diocese, 121, 122, 155 (n. 5);

records, 151 (n. 45);

bishops: Andrew, 54, 83, 84;

John, 89, 95, 97, 150 (n. 16), 151 (n. 45);

Adam, 95, 96, 107, 119, 122, 151 (n. 46), 152 (n. 9);

Gilbert, 121, 122;

William, 122;

Walter de Baltroddi, 122, 155 (n. 8).

Caithness, earldom of;

in the 14th cent. a moiety in the Angus earls and the Chen family, 108, 109;

South Caithness granted to earl Magnus II, 111;

Brawl, a capital residence of the earls in C., 115, 133;

devolution of earldom and tribal owners, 15;

North and South divisions, 106, 107, 153 (ns. 10, 15);

hostages taken by Scotland after Largs, 155 (n. 13), see 125;

paid a fine to king Hakon, 156 (n. 20).

Caithness, earls of;

Thorfinn Sigurdson, first Scottish earl, 38;

Skuli cr. earl by Scots king, 144 (n. 4);

Moddan cr. earl by Scots king, 36, 59;

Crichton and Sinclair earls, 108;

earl's office descended to females, 15;

Norse and tribal land-owners, 15;

Scottish policy in regard to succession in C., 91, 92.

Caithness and Sutherland Records, Viking Society, 146 (n. 20); 151 (n. 33); 155 (n. 7).

Caithness, Inventory of Monuments and Constructions in the County of, 2, 141 (n. 2); 9, 141 (II, n. 5); 147 (n. 6).

Caithness, Prehistoric Remains of, (S. Laing and T.H. Huxley), 2, 141 (n. 2); 5, 141 (n. 8).

Calder, Loch, 148-9 (n. 41).

Calder Valley, Calfdale of Saga; 71, 148 (n. 40).

Caledonia, (G. Chalmers), 155 (n. 4).

Caledonians, Annals of the, (Ritson), 142 (II, n. 9).

Caledonians inhabited the Grampians, 4, 141 (n. 5);

Romans failed to conquer, 4;

Roman wars effected union of, 4;

St. Ninian, Christian mission, through Roman influence, 4.

Cantyre, 17.

Carham;

victory of Malcolm II, 37.

Cat, Province of, (Angus Mackay), 56, 152 (n. 11).

Ce, the province Keith, or Mar, 7.

Celtic Britain, (Rhys), 142 (III n. 3); 144 (n. 3).

Celtic Scotland, (W.F. Skene), 101;

on succession to Caithness, 106;

Sir W. Fraser's criticism, 108; 22, 142 (III n. 11); 26, 143 (n. 23); 150 (n. 24).

Celts, non-seafaring, 12;

Norse influence, 14;

Gall-gaels, 14;

influence of Norse on Gaelic, and of Gael on Norse, 14-15;

"P" and "Q" Celts, 19;

kilted warriors of Norse extraction, 136.

Celts, Survival of Beliefs among the, (George Henderson), 2, 141 (n. 3).

Chen, or Cheyne, family in Caithness, 76;

descendants of Johanna of Strathnaver, 110, 111;

family lands, 118, 137, 156 (n. 20).

Chen II, Reginald;

signatory of National Bond with Wales, 114;

father of Reginald Chen III, 114;

m. Mary, dau. of Freskin and Johanna of Strathnaver, got one-fourth of Caithness, 107, 109, 153 (ns. 11, 12);

had regrant of Strathnaver lands, 109;

Kerrow-na-Shein, 110, 114.

Chen III, Reginald, known as "Morar na Shein," acquired Berridale in south Caithness from Malise II, 104, 108, 109;

owned a moiety of earldom of Caith., lived in parish of Halkirk, 108;

grandson of Johanna, 109;

Kerrow-na-Shein, 110;

his estate, 115;

acquired south Caithness lands after 1340, 115;

acquired Christian (Freskyn's) fourth, 107, 153 (ns. 11, 12)

lands, 154 (n. 28).

Christ Church, Norse name for a cathedral, 145 (n. 20).

Christ Church, Bergen;

king Hakon buried, 127.

Christ's Kirk, Birsay;

burial of St. Magnus, 51.

Christian I, king of Norway; mortgaged Orkney and Shetland to Scotland, 128.

Christiania Fjord, or the Vik, 13.

Church;

Pictish, Columban and Catholic, 6;

Norse influence, 6.

Clairdon, near Thurso;

earl Harald Ungi defeated, 87, 93;

where Lifolf Baldpate fell, 113.

Clibreck (Clibr'), part of Johanna's estate, 109, 110.

Clon, in Ross, granted by earl of Ross to Walter de Moravia, 113.

Clontarf, the battle of, 29, 37, 130.

Clouston, J. Storer;

A Branch of the Family, 143 (n. 19);

Orkney trithing. 39, 144 (n. 6).

Clyne, 55, 83, 93.

Cobbie Row, ruins of the castle of Kolbein Hruga, in Wyre, 100.

Coire, Loch;

lands probably held by Moddan family, 93, 98, 109, 110.

Coire-na-fearn, (Cornefern) Strathnavern, 55;

part of Johanna's estate, 110.

Collingwood, W.G., on Thorfinn as "king of Catanesse." 43, 133;

see Scandinavian Britain, transl. William the Wanderer.

Columba, St.;

Adamnan's Life of, 5, 141 (n. 9);

mission to Picts, settlement in Iona, 5, 17;

clergy removed to Dunkeld, 18;

relics removed, 19;

patron saint of Scot and Pict, 19;

his cult and culture destroyed by Norse, 130.

Columban settlements of hermits and missionaries, 2, 12;

Columban church, 75;

replaced by Catholic, 6, 141 (n. 10).

Columbus;

discovered America long after Norsemen, 136.

Comyn, Alexr.;

see Buchan, earl of, 114.

Comyn, John, m. Matilda heiress of Malcolm, earl of Angus, 103.

Comyn, Walter;

earl of Menteith, 120.

Constantine I;

viking raids, 18.

Constantine II;

Norse seize C. and S., 20.

Constantine III;

Danish attacks, 22.

Constantinople (Micklegarth), 66.

Coracles, Pictish boats, 12.

Cortachy, advowson of, 116, 117.

Craig Carrill Broch;

Roman tablets found, 5, 141 (n. 7).

Crakaig, crooked bay, now drained, 9.

Creich, owned by Hugo Freskyn, 55, 83;

including Assynt, 93;

granted by Hugo Freskyn to Gilbert while archdeacon of Moray, 93.

Crinan, Abthane of Dunkeld, m. Bethoc, dau. of Malcolm II, 36.

Croc Skardie;

(?) Sigurd's Howe, 142 (III, n. 9).

Cromarty;

northern Suter of, 86;

Norse place-names, 132;

Macbeth's property, 144 (n. 3).

Cruithne and his seven sons, 7.

Curle, A.O.;

early monuments of Caith. and Sutherland, 2, 9, 141 (II, ns. 2, 5), 147 (n. 6), 148 (n. 39).

Cyderhall, see Sigurd's Howe.

Dale, Dalar or Dalr, C.;

earl Skuli slain, 25;

home of Moddan, 16, 53.

Dalharrold, on River Naver, 89, 110;

belonged to Johanna, 151 (n. 43).

Dalriadic kingdom, 17, 19.

Dalrymple's Collections, on divorce, 85;

on earl Magnus II, 106; 26, 143 (n. 24), 47, 145 (n. 4), 149 (n. 8), 150 (n. 31), 153 (ns. 4, 10).

Damsey;

earl Erlend killed, 69.

Danes, 18, 19, 20;

Irish Danes, 22.

Darratha-Liod, 29-33.

Dasent, Sir G.W.;

transl. Orkneyinga Saga, q.v.;

Oxford Essays, q.v.;

Saga of Burnt Njal, q.v.

David I, king of Scotland;

church organisation, 53, 54;

earldom of Caithness held of him, 58;

his tutor John, bishop of Glasgow, 63;

visited by Sweyn Asleifarson, 66;

introduced feudal barons and charters, 75;

at Duffus Castle, 76, 77, 81, 82, 137;

by education a Norman knight, 137, 149 (n. 8).

David II, 109.

David Haraldson, earl of Orkney and Caith., 74, 90, 93;

did not have earl Ragnvald's share of Caith. earldom, 94;

succeeded to a reduced territory, 94, 107, 112;

sole earl of Orkney, 118;

joint earl with earl John, 94, 152 (n. 1);

death, 94, 121.

Dawey (Dalvey), 114.

Death in bed, a reproach among Norse, 24, 26.

Deer;

earls Ragnvald and Harald hunted red deer and reindeer in Caithness, 70;

red deer abounded in Cat, 8, 141 (II, n. 4).

Deerness, Mull of;

sea-fight between Thorfinn and Duncan I, 41;

king Hakon's fleet passed, 125.

Deerstalking, days of, Scrope, 8, 141 (II, n. 4).

De Moravia, see under Freskyn.

Dingwall;

southern limit of Norse, 132.

Dirlot, or Dilred, in Strathmore, C., 115.

Dolfin, son of Maldred, 36.

Dollar;

Scots defeated by Danes, 20.

Donada, dau. of Malcolm II, m. Finnleac, 37.

Donald, supposed son of Malcolm III, 48.

Donald Bane, claimant to Scottish crown, 49.

Donald Ban MacWilliam;

claimant of Scottish crown, 86, 119;

his son Guthred slain, 94;

descended from Ingibjorg, widow of Thorfinn and Malcolm Canmore, 119.

Dornoch (Durnach);

supposed dedication of Cathedral, 29;

monks to be protected, 54;

owned by Hugo Freskyn, 55;

in earldom of Caithness, 83;

cathedral of St. Barr, 83, 121, 134;

excluded from earldom of earl David, 93;

part granted by Hugo Freskyn to Gilbert, 93;

Embo near D., Norse defeated, 121;

existed in Norse times, 134;

Durnach, 146 (n. 20);

cathedral lands, 54, 146 (n. 21);

bishop Adam buried in, 152 (n. 9);

traditional origin of name, 155 (n. 4).

Dornock, Dumfriesshire, deriv., 155 (n. 4).

Dorruthar, 30.

Dougal of the Isles, in Orkney, 123;

joined Hakon's expedition, 126.

Douglas, family of, 54.

Dovyr, tofftys de;

part of Johanna's estate, 109;

from Gael. for water, identified as River and Loch Naver, 110.

Draughts;

played by St. Ragnvald, 61.

Dublin, 26, 73;

Sweyn killed at, 74.

Dufeyra, 63, 64.

Duffus;

near Burghead or Turfness, 41;

castle built by Freskyn de Moravia, 54, 55;

estates owned by Hugo Freskyn, 55;

Freskyn, lord of, 55, 76, 77;

estate succeeded to by Walter Freskyn, 79;

church, 79;

William MacFrisgyn second lord of, 91;

chapel of St. Lawrence, 114;

Freskyn's fortress checked Norse raids, 132;

king David's visit, 76, 77, 149 (n. 8);

rector of St. Peter's, 149 (n. 11).

Dufnjal, 50, 146 (n. 13).

Dugald, king of Sudreys;

intercepted the Scotch fine on C., 156 (n. 20).

D'Umphraville, Gilbert—earl of Angus;

m. Matilda, countess of Angus, 103.

D'Umphraville, Gilbert—earl of Angus;

son of Matilda, 103.

Dunadd, 19.

Dunbar, Sir Archibald; Scottish Kings, q.v.

Dunbarton, Dun-bretan, fort of the Britons, 17, 142 (II, n. 16).

Duncan I;

parentage, 36, 37;

Karl Hundason, 40;

at North Berwick, 41;

defeated by earl Thorfinn off Deerness, 41;

and at Turfness, 41;

his death and age, 42, 43;

created Moddan, his sister's son, earl of Caithness, 40, 59.

Duncan II, king of Scotland, 48, 49, 86;

son of Malcolm and Ingibjorg, 145 (n. 6), 146 (n. 13).

Duncan, earl;

father of Dufnjal, 146 (n. 13)

Duncan, earl of Angus, 103.

Duncan, maormor of Duncansby, 15;

m. Groa, 20;

his dau. Grelaud, 24, 25, 26.

Duncan, earl of Fife;

dau. Afreka m. Harald Maddadson, 73.

Duncansby or Dungallsby, 15, 20, 34, 38, 40, 62.

Dundas, Sir David, 3.

Dunfermelyn, Reg., 146 (ns. 20, 21), 150 (n. 31), 153 (n. 6).

Dunfermline;

Bishop Andrew a Culdean monk of, 83.

Dungal's Noep, C.;

battle, 26.

Dunkeld;

clergy of Iona removed to, eccl. capital for Scots and Picts, 18;

capital of southern Picts, 36;

bishopric founded, 53;

Andrew, bishop of Caith., abbot of, 83.

Dunnet Head, 43.

Dunrobin, 8;

glen, 21, 55;

charter room, 79

Robert, legendary 2nd earl of Sutherland, founder (?) 91;

MS. of Constitution of diocese, 121;

Norse derivation, 133.

Dunskaith, Castle of, 86.

Dunstable, Annals of, 97.

Durness (Dyrness);

clan Mackay, 56, 82;

in old earldom of Caithness, 83;

Asleifarvik, anchorage of Hakon's fleet, 125;

raided by Norse in retreat from Largs, 126;

Seanachaistel, chaistel, 133;133;

MacHeth settlement, 147 (n. 19).

Egilsay;

martyrdom of St. Magnus, 51;

bishop John from Athole visited, 63.

Einar Oily-tongue;

slew Havard jarl, 25.

Eindridi, 66;

wrecked off Shetland, 66;

sailed with earl Ragnvald to the East, 66;

his treachery, 66;

and desertion, 67.

Ekkjal, Norse name of Oykel, 7, 21.

Ekkjals-bakki, 7;

southern limit of conquest of earl Sigurd I, 20;

indentification disputed, 21;

earl Paul's journey to Athole, 63;

in Sweyn's track to burn Frakark, 64, 142 (III, n. 7);

Atjokl's bakki, 147 (n. 14).

Eclipse of sun in Orkney, Augt. 5th, 1263, 125.

Eddirdovir, castle of, at Redcastle, 86.

Eddrachilles, 8, 56, 83.

Edgar, claimant to Scottish crown, 49.

Einar Sigurdson, earl, 38, 39;

his slaughter, 40, 46.

Elgin;

cathedral, built by Andrew, bishop of Moray, 77, 80;

records, 81;

Johanna granted lands in Strathnaver for the cathedral, 109;

constitution of diocese based on Lincoln, 121;

guides for Sweyn, 64, 147 (n. 19).

Elin, dau. of Eric Stagbrellir, 72;

at home near Loch Naver, 84;

she, or sister, m. Gilchrist, earl of Angus, and was mother of Magnus II, earl of Caithness, 103, 106, 116, 117, 149 (n. 44).

Elk;

abounded in Cat, 8, 141 (II, n. 4);

horns found, 70, 148 (n. 39).

Ellarholm, 70, 148 (n. 36).

Ellwick (Ellidarvik), 124.

Embo, near Dornoch;

Norse defeated and their "prince" slain, to whom the Ri-Crois erected, 121.

Erde-houses, of Pictish times, 9.

Erg (Gaelic, airigh), a sheiling, Norse, setr, 70;

pl. ergin, sheilings, in Asgrim's Ergin, 71, 149 (n. 42) (Assary).

Eric bloody-axe, 25.

Erik the Red, Saga of, 157 (n. 19), see 136.

Eric Stagbrellir, son of Audhild, brought up in Kildonan by Frakark, 59;

sole male survivor of Moddan line, 59;

m. Ingigerd, dau. of earl St. Ragnvald, united the Erlend and Moddan estates, 59, 68, 69;

tried to reconcile earls Ragnvald and Harold, 69;

probably got earl Ottar's lands on the death of earl Erlend, 69;

viking raid to Hebrides and Scilly Isles, 70-72, 75, 84;

his son Harald Ungi made earl of Orkney and Caithness (excluding Sutherland), 87;

his son, Ragnvald, 88;

line represented by Snaekoll Gunni's son, 94, 98, 99.

Eric Streita;

husband of Audhild, dau. of Thorleif, 59.

Erlend Haraldson, earl of Orkney and Caith.;

heir of earl Ottar, 15, 58;

granted half earldom of Caith., 67;

granted half earldom of Orkney, 67;

supported by Sweyn, 67, 68;

in Shetland, 68;

slain, 69;

last of male line of Thorfinn Sigurdson, 69;

nearest heir, Ragnvald Gudrodson, king of Man, 88;

grandson of Hakon Paulson, 148 (n. 28);

not Erlend Ungi, 148 (n. 31).

Erlend Torf-Einarson, earl;

slain in England, 24.

Erlend Thorfinnson;

joint earl of Orkney and Caith. with his brother Paul, 47;

at battle of Stamford Bridge, 48;

banished to Norway where he died, 49;

his descendants, 55, 56;

his line of heirs, 84, 88;

Scottish policy as to succession, 91, 93;

Snaekoll Gunni's son, chief of line, 94, 99;

Skene's theory, 101;

the converse theory that Magnus of Angus m. the nameless dau. of earl John, through whom he got the title, and Paul's lands, 101, 108, 153 (n. 15);

his share of earldom of Caithness, 111, 115;

inherited by Johanna of Strathnaver, 117;

his line (excepting Harald Ungi) excluded from Orkney during rule of earl Harold, David and John, 118;

succession to Erlend lands in C., 138.

Erlend Ungi;

eloped with Margret, mother of earl Harold Maddadson, to Mousa Broch, 68;

reconciled to earl Harold, with whom he went to Norway, 68;

not earl Erlend, 148 (n. 31).

Erling Erlendson, 49;

in Norwegian expedition to Wales, 49;

probably killed in Ireland, 49.

Erling Ivar's son;

in Hakon's expedition, 125;

in raid on Dyrnes, 126.

Erlingson, Thorsteinn;

Ruins of Saga-time in Iceland, (Viking Society, extra series), 157 (n. 8).

Ermengarde, queen, 66.

Erriboll, Loch;

the Goafiord, or Hoanfiord, Hakon's fleet in, 126;

Lochvuaies, 156 (n. 18), see 126.

Euphemia, wife of Walter Freskin de Moravia of Duffus, dau. of Ferchar Mac-in-Tagart, earl of Ross, 79, 80, 113.

Evelix, River;

142 (III, n. 9).

Eystein, king of Norway, 50;

seized earl Harold Maddadson, 67;

invaded Aberdeen, 81.

Eysteinsdal, or Ousedale, near the Ord of Caithness; to which king William marched against earl Harold, 90, deriv., 151 (n. 47).

Eyvind Urarhorn; 39, 40.

Fair Isle; 62.

Faroes;

Picts, 12, 20, 130.

Farr;

old parish was Johanna's estate in Strathnaver, 110;

Borve Castle, 46, 133.

Federeth I (Fedrett), William de;

m. Christian, dau. of Freskin and Johanna, and got one fourth of Caithness, 107, 109;

Caithness lands, 118, 153 (n. 11), 156 (n. 20).

Federeth II, William de;

son of W.F. and Christian Freskin, sold his fourth of C. to Sir Reginald Chen III, 107, 153 (n. 11).

Felix, bishop of Moray;

witness, 149 (n. 8).

Feranach, Broch at;

Frakark's residence (?), 147 (n. 6).

Fernebuchlyn, 79.

Feudalism;

introduced into Scotland by Alexander I and David I, 53, 138.

Fib (Fife), 7.

Fidach (Moray), 7.

Fife;

conquests by earl Thorfinn, 42.

Finleac or Finlay MacRuari, maormor of Moray;

fought earl Sigurd at Skidamyre, 24;

m. dau. of Malcolm II, 37.

Finn Arnason, father of Ingibjorg, 43;

and of Sigrid, 145 (n. 5).

Firth par., Orkney;

Paplay, Thora's residence, 51, 146 (n. 14).

Flandrensis, not applied to Freskin de Moravia, 54, 81.

Flatey Book;

Thorstein the Red, 20, 142 (III, n. 4);

earls of Orkney, 22, 143 (n. 14);

story of Barth, 28;

continuation of Orkneyinga Saga, 75;

earl Ragnvald's half of Caith. earldom, 87, 94, 117;

extent of Harold's later earldom, 90, 25, 143 (n. 20), 26, 143 (n. 23);

battle of Skitten, 27, 143 (n. 29); 27, 143 (n. 30), 150 (n. 30), 152 (ns. 8, 10, 22).

Fleet, Loch;

no longer reaches to Pittentrail, 9.

Floruvoe, Floruvagr;

battle in 1135, 61;

battle in 1194, 100, 153 (n. 1).

Fordun;

rebellion in Moray, 82;

earl John's hostage dau., 107;

Annals, 150 (n. 25), 152 (n. 4).

Forfar; 22, 97.

Forsie, Force of Saga, 71, 148 (n. 41.)

Fortrenn;

Menteith, 7.

Fotla, Ath-Fodla;

Athol, 7.

Frakark, or Frakok, dau. of Moddan, 16;

m. Liot Nidingr, 53;

earl Harald Slettmali with her in N. Kildonan, 58;

banished from Orkney, went to her homesteads in Sutherland, 59, 60;

earl Ragnvald seeks her aid, 61, 62;

burnt alive, 64, 65;

Freskyn I her contemporary, 76;

Johanna of Strathnaver a connection, 110;

her residence, 147 (n. 6).

Fraser, or Fresel, of Beauly; 76.

Fraser, Sir William;

genealogy of Freskyn family, 92;

on Johanna of Strathnaver, 108;

The Sutherland Book, q.v.

Freskyn de Moravia, and family;

the family the mainstay of Scottish rule in the north, 35;

superintended building of Kinloss Abbey, 54;

ancestor of earls of Sutherland, 54;

built Duffus Castle, 54;

not a Fleming, 54, 82;

a Pict or Scot, and ancestor of families of Athole, Bothwell, Sutherland and probably Douglas, 54;

his family in Caith., 55;

great-great-grandfather of Freskin the younger, husband of Johanna, 55, 147 (n. 28);

two branches of family settled north of the Oykel, 55;

Freskyn, of Strabrock and Moray, its two branches in Sutherland and Caith., 76;

founder of the family, 76;

entertained king David I at Duffus Castle, 76, 77;

year of death, 77, 83;

his two sons, 77;

father of William MacFriskyn, and Hugo the witness, 81, 91;

derivation of name, 81;

revised pedigree, 92;

he and successors appointed guardians of Moray and Nairn, 92;

defended Moray against the Norse, 132;

the family introduced into Sutherland, 137;

no thanes of this line in Sutherland, 143 (n. 33);

name also spelt Fretheskin, 146 (n. 22);

his neighbour in Moray, earl Waltheof, 148 (n. 21), 149 (ns. 8, 12).

(See Appendix, Pedigree.)

Freskin de Moravia, younger, lord of Duffus, 55, 56, 76;

eld. son of Sir Walter de Moravia, 80;

in Strathnaver and Caith., 80, 81, 113;

m. Johanna of Strathnaver, 100, 101, 107-110;

his date fixed, 113;

by marriage became owner of lands in Strathnaver and of a moiety of earldom of Caith., 113, 117;

lineage, 113;

born in or after 1225, lord of Duffus by 1248, 113;

m. 1245-1250, 113, 114;

nephew of William, earl of Sutherland, 114;

signatory to National Bond, 114;

d. 1260-1263, 114;

buried in church of Duffus, 114;

his maternal uncle, William MacFerchar, earl of Ross, 122, 123, 124;

possible violent death, 154 (n. 27), see 114.

(See Appendix, Pedigree.)

Freskyn, Andrew, son of Hugo F. of Sutherland, 79;

parson of Duffus, bishop of Moray, 77, 80.

Freskyn, Andrew, son of William son of Freskyn, 77, 149 (n. 10);

parson of Duffus, 77, 149 (n. 11).

Freskin, Christian;

dau. of Freskin younger and Johanna of Strathnaver, m. William de Fedrett, had one fourth of Caithness, which their son resigned to her sister's husband, Sir Reginald Chen III, 107, 109, 115, 124.

Freskyn, Hugo, son of Freskyn;

the witness, uncle of Hugo de Moravia of Sutherland, 77, 79.

Freskyn, Hugo, eld. son of William MacFreskyn, 55, 77, 91, 92;

his family settled north of the Oykel and owned Sutherland, 55, 78, 79;

northern boundary of his estate, 56, 76, 77;

ancestor of the de Moravias, or Murrays, of Sutherland, 77;

called "my lord" by his younger brother, William, 78, 150 (n. 13);

his family, 79;

burial place, 79, 80, 81, 83;

succession to Morayshire estates, 85;

grant of Sutherland, 85, 86, 87;

not earl, 91;

his lordship of Sutherland, excluded from earldom of Caithness as inherited by earl David, 93;

grant to Gilbert, archdeacon of Moray, 79, 93, 98, 149 (n. 11);

of Strabrock, Duffus and Sutherland, father of Walter de Moravia of Duffus, whose son m. Johanna of Strathnaver, 113;

his eld. son, William, 121, 149 (n. 9);

a witness, 79, 150 (n. 19).

Freskin, Mary;

dau. of Freskin, younger, and Johanna of Strathnaver, m. Sir Reginald Chen II, had one fourth of Caithness, 107, 109, 114, 115, 124.

Freskyn, Walter, de Moravia of Duffus;

son of Hugo F. of Sutherland, succeeded to Strabrock and Duffus, 79;

his wife, 79, 80;

known as Sir Walter de Moravia, 80;

of Duffus, 113;

his son, Freskin, m. Johanna of Strathnaver, 113;

grant of land in Clon from earl of Ross, 113.

Freskyn, Walter, of Petty, 78.

Freskyn (MacFreskyn), William, eld. son of Freskyn de Moravia, 55;

charter of Strabrock and other lands in Lothian and Moray, 77;

his sons, 77, see 149 (ns. 9, 10, 11), 78, 81, 82, 83, 85;

omitted in Sutherland Book, 91;

second lord of Duffus and Strabroc, 91;

his eldest son, Hugo of Sutherland, 91, 92.

Freskyn, William, dominus Sutherlandiae, first earl of Sutherland, 78, 79;

eld. son of Hugo F., 79;

de Sutherland, 80;

cr. earl of Sutherland, 80, 81, 91, 98:

dominus Sutherlandiae from about 1214, 113;

uncle of Freskyn the younger, 114;

his lands bounded by those of Johanna on the north and east, 114;

was probably Johanna's guardian, 114;

cr. earl after 10th October 1237, 116, 121;

repulsed a Norse invasion (?) at Embo, 121;

death, 121, 123.

N.B.—All these Freskyns' name was de Moravia, not Freskyn.—J.G.

Freskyn, William, of Petty, son of William son of Freskyn, 77, 78, 149 (n. II).

Freswick (now Bucholie) Castle, (Lambaborg), 66, 133.

Fretheskin, see Freskin, 81, 146 (n. 22).

Frida, dau. of Kolbein Hruga, m. Andres, son of Sweyn Asleifarson, 57.

Furness;

Wemund, monk of, 150 (n. 24).

Gaedingar, too, 152 (n. 22).

Gaelic;

superseded Pictish, 14;

in Sutherland full of Norse words, 14;

Psalms translated into by Gilbert, bishop, 122;

Gaelic blood crossed with Norse produced the Saga, 130, 131;

Gaelic in Sutherland and Caithness included many Norse words, 131, 132;

a trustworthy vehicle of Norse, 132, 135.

Gairsay;

Sweyn's castle, 68;

robbed by earl Harald, 70;

Sweyn's life and large drinking hall, 73.

Gall, Eilean nan;

traditional combat, 143 (n. 31).

Gall-gaels, or Gaelic strangers;

mixed Gaelic-Norse, 14;

held sea from Lewis to Isle of Man, 33;

of Argyll, 38.

Galloway;

part of Valentia, 4;

subdued by earl Thorfinn, 45, 48;

rebellion subdued, 82;

Roland of, defeated Donald Ban MacWilliam, 86;

rebellion put down by king Alexr. II, 119, 120.

Geographical Collections, (W. Macfarlane), 155 (n. 4).

Gibbon, Gillebride or Gilbert, earl of Orkney and Caithness, 103, 123;

son or brother of earl Magnus II, 116;

his dau. Matilda m. Malise, earl of Stratherne, 116, 117;

d. 1256, succ. by son Magnus III, 117.

Gilbert, alleged earl of Orkney, 103.

Gilbert d'Umphraville, earl of Angus, m. Matilda, countess of Angus, 103.

Gilbert d'Umphraville, earl of Angus;

son of Matilda, 103.

Gilbert de Moravia, archdeacon of Moray;

grant of Skelbo, etc., 79, 93, 98, 149 (n. 11), 150 (n. 16);

afterwards became bishop of C., 121;

founded cathedral at Dornoch, in which he was buried, 122, 134, 146 (n. 21).

Gilbert, son of Gillebride, earl of Angus, and uncle of Magnus, earl of Caithness, 103.

Gilchrist, earl of Angus;

m. as 2nd wife, Ingibiorg or Elin, dau. of Eric Stagbrellir, 72, 84, 111, 149 (n. 44);

Skene's theory, 101, 108, 153 (n. 16);

converse theory, 101;

107, 153 (ns. 9, 13, 14);

pedigree of Angus family, 102;

charter of south Caith. to his son Magnus, 103, 104, 116;

his death, 153 (n. 14).

Gildas, 5.

Gillebert, or Gillebryd, son of Angus, 103.

Gillebride, earl of Angus;

his sons, 102, 103;

grandson (not son) Magnus II, earl of Orkney and Caith., 103, 105, see 153 (ns. 9, 13); 107;

his death, 107.

Gilli Odran; 70, 82.

Glasgow;

John bishop of, mission to Orkney, 63;

Herbert, bishop of, grant of Borthwick Church, 77.

Glendhu, Loch;

identified as Murkfjord, 70.

Goa-fiord, or Hoanfiord, (now Loch Erriboll);

Hakon's fleet at, 126, 127;

Eilean Hoan retains the name, 156 (n. 19), see 127.

Gokstad;

viking ship, 135, 157 (n. 17).

Golsary, the shelling of Gol, in Latheron, Caithness, cf. Golspie 157 (n. 14), see 134.

Golspie (formerly Kilmalie);

owned by Hugo Freskyn, 55, 83, 93;

(Gol's-by) formerly Platagall 134, 157 (n. 14).

Good men, 50, 63.

Gormflaith, 74, 83, 84, 86, 88.

Gospatric, eld. son of Maldred, 36.

Goudie, Gilbert;

transl. Orkneyinga Saga, 143 (n. 14), 146 (n. 14), 147 (n. 14);

Antiquities of Shetland, 144 (n. 40).

Grants, Normans, 76.

Gratiana, wife of William the Wanderer, 43.

Gray, Thomas;

The Fatal Sisters, 30.

Greenland, 136.

Grelaud, dau. of Duncan, maormor of C., 24, 25, 26.

Grimsby;

St. Ragnvald traded at, met Harald Gillikrist, 61.

Gritgard, son of Moldan, 36.

Groa, dau. of Thorstein the Red, m. Duncan of Duncansby, 20.

Groa, wife of Macbeth, 42.

Gudrun, sister of Anlaf, earl of C., 28.

Guillaume le Roi, 157 (n. 20).

Gulberwick, 66.

Gunn, in Darratha-Liod, 32.

Gunn family;

descent, 56, 57.

Gunn, Adam;

Sutherland and the Reay Country, 156 (n. 5).

Gunnhild, wife of Eric Bloody-axe, in Orkney, 25.

Gunnhild, Erlend's daughter, sister of earl St. Magnus, m. Kol, 60;

her descendants, 88.

Gunnhilda, dau. of earl Harold Maddadson and Hvarflod, 74.

Gunni, brother of Sweyn Asleifarson;

outlawed, 67.

Gunni;

m. (as 2nd husband) Ragnhild sister of earl Harald Ungi, 57, 72;

probably grandson of Sweyn Asleifarson, 93;

became chief of Moddan family, 93, 94, 98, 111.

Guthorm Sigurdson, earl, 22.

Guthred, son of Donald Ban MacWilliam;

led rebellion in Moray and slain, 94.

Hadrian's Wall, 4.

Hafrsfjord;

battle, (872), 20, 130.

Hailes, lord;

on forfeiture of earl Harold Maddadson, 86;

Annals of Scotland, q.v.;

case of Elizabeth claimant of earldom of Sutherland, 151 (n. 51).

Hakon Hakonson, king of Norway;

his mother's ordeal, 95, 98;

expedition to Scotland, 123;

account of his expedition (1263), 124 et seq.;

died in the bishop's palace, Kirkwall, 127;

result of expedition, 128, 156 (n. 18).

Hakon Sverri's son, king of Norway;

his son Hakon, 95.

Hakon Haroldson, son of Earl Harold Maddadson and Afreka;

foster-child of Sweyn Asleifarson, 73;

probably fell with Sweyn at Dublin, 74, 84;

with Sweyn, 85;

his death, 151 (n. 38).

Hakon Paulson, earl, 48;

went to Norway, 49;

in Norwegian expedition to Wales, 49;

returned to Orkney, 50;

slew the king's steward, 50;

dispute with earl Magnus, 50;

slew his cousin Dufnjal, and Thorbjorn in Burrafirth, 50;

seized Magnus' share of earldom, 50;

slew St. Magnus, 51, 61;

sole earl, 52;

pilgrimage to Rome and Jerusalem, builder of the round church of Orphir, 52;

Helga and their children, 52;

his son Paul by a lawful wife, 52, 53;

his descendant Ragnvald Godrodson, 88, 146 (n. 10);

Norse favourite for earldom of C., as against Magnus, had to conquer C., 146 (n. 12);

mixed blood, 146 (n. 17);

his grandson Erlend, 148 (n. 28).

Hakonar Saga;

record until 13th cent., 1, 2, 34, 74, 149 (n. 45), 152 (ns. 6, 7, 15-17, 19, 21), 155 (ns. 3, 9, 10, 12-14, 16), 156 (ns. 17, 19, 20).

Halfdan Halegg, or long-shanks;

slain by Torf-Einar, 23.

Halkirk;

source of Thurso River in, 60;

Moddan lands, 72, 85;

first cathedral of bishopric, 83, 134;

bishop's house, 95;

residence of Chen family inherited from Johanna of Strathnaver, 108;

Johanna's estate, 110;

castle of Reginald Chen III, 115;

Spittal of St. Magnus, 134, 115, 154 (n. 28).

Hall o' Side, Iceland, 30.

Hallad Ragnvaldson, earl, 22.

Halvard, an Icelander, 40.

Halvard of Force, 71;

called Hoskuld also, 148-9 (n. 41).

Halvard the Red, 125, 126.

Hanef, Norse commissioner;

aids Snaekoll, 99, 100.

Harald, of N. Ronaldsay;

slain by Ulf the Bad, 28.

Harald Gillikrist, 61;

St. Ragnvald fought for him at Floruvoe, 61.

Harold Godwinson, king of England, defeated Harald Hardrada, 48.

Harald Hakonson Slettmali (smooth-talker), earl of Orkney and Caith.;

son of earl Hakon and Helga, 52;

held Caithness, 58;

his death, 58, 60;

his Moddan kinsmen, 59.

Harald Sigurdson Hardrada, king of Norway, 43, 45, 46;

killed at Stamford Bridge, 48.

Harald Harfagr;

battle of Hafrsfjord, (872);

subdued Orkney and Shetland which he erected into an earldom, 20, 130;

cr. Torf-Einar earl of Orkney, 23;

second expedition to Orkney, 24;

imitated Charlemagne's feudalism, 129.

Harald Jonson;

son of John, earl of Caithness, 95;

left as hostage at Bergen, 98;

drowned, (1226), 98, 111, 152 (n. 16).

Harold Maddadson, earl;

son of Margret, Hakon's daughter and Maddad, earl of Atholl, 61, 62, 63;

earl St. Ragnvald ruled Caith. as his guardian, 73, 146 (n. 20);

to Norway with earl Ragnvald, 66;

seized at Thurso by king Eystein, 67;

outlawed Gunni, 67;

conflict with earl Erlend Haraldson, 67, 68;

reconciled to earl Ragnvald at Thurso, 69;

quarrels with Sweyn and robbed his house, 70;

annual deer hunt in Caith., 70;

present at earl Ragnvald's slaughter, 71;

seized Ragnvald's share of earldom, 99;

became sole earl, 118;

contemporaries, 85;

forfeited in 1196, 86;

later rebellions and loss of lands, 86;

expedition to Ross and Moray, 86;

subdued by king William, 87;

imprisoned for failure to deliver hostages, 87;

deprived of Sutherland, 87;

earl Ragnvald's half of Caith. conferred on Harald Ungi, 87;

his grandsons, 87, 151 (n. 38);

his heir, Thorfinn, 87;

fled to Isle of Man, 87;

defeated earl Harald Ungi, 87;

king William conferred Caith. on Ragnvald Gudrodson, 87, 88;

defeated in Caithness by Ragnvald, 89;

had one of Ragnvald's stewards slain, mutilated the bishop, drove the stewards out, 89;

son Thorfinn mutilated and died in prison, 89;

king William marched with an army to Caith., and Harold ultimately came to terms, 90;

negotiated with king John of England, 90, 113;

extent of his later earldom, 90;

deprived of Shetland, 90, 156 (n. 20);

death, 90, 93;

character and personal appearance, 90;

his two wives and descendants, 73-75, 83-85, 88, 102, 106, 111, 123, 124, 153 (n. 1).

Harald Ungi;

earl of Orkney and Caithness, 57;

his parents, 71;

heir of Moddan lands, 72;

fared to Norway, 75;

at home near Loch Naver, 84;

grant of half earldom of Orkney, 85, 87;

grant of half of Caithness (exclusive of Sutherland), 86, 87;

Invaded Orkney, defeated and slain in Caithness, 87, 93;

line represented by Snaekoll Gunni's son, 94, 99;

his share of earldom of Caithness never granted to the Paul line, 94, 98;

probably held by Moddan line, 98;

pedigree ceases, 102;

sister m. earl of Angus, 103;

date of death, 107;

his half of Caithness earldom, 111;

his heirs, earl Magnus II and Johanna, 111, 117, 118;

succeeded to earldom through a female, 154 (n. 22).

Haroldswick, Unst;

said to have been called after king Harald, 20, 142 (III, n. 6).

Havard Thorfinnson, earl;

m. Ragnhild, k. Eric's dau., 25.

Hebrides (see also Sudreys);

Vikings, subdued by king Harald Harfagr, 20, 130;

Norse influence on Gaelic, 14;

under Norway, 33;

raided by Sweyn, 70, 73;

Norse expedition against south H. assisted by earl John, 98;

king Alexander's naval expedition, 120;

king Alexr. II sent embassy to Norway to get cession of, 121;

harried by earl of Ross, 122, 123;

king Hakon's expedition, 123;

Scottish expedition, 124;

ceded to Scotland, 128;

conquered by Alexander III, 128;

ceded by Norway to Scotland, 128.

Heimskringla, 143 (n. 18).

Helena, dau. of earl Harald Maddadson and Afreka, 73, 84.

Helga, dau. of Moddan;

associated with Helgarie, 16;

concubine of earl Hakon, 52, 58;

banished from Orkney, 59;

her grandson, earl Erlend, 148 (n. 28).

Helga Ulfs-datter, Sanday, Orkney, 28.

Helgarie, near Helmsdale, 16.

Helgi, Harald's son, N. Ronaldsay, elopes with Helga Ulfsdatter, 28.

Helgi Njal's son, 36, 37.

Helliar-holm, Ellar-holm, 70, 148 (n. 36).

Helmsdale, 53;

strath in Sutherland, Frakark, 64;

H. Water, 64;

Sorlinc, 133;

Hjalmundal, the strath, not village, 157 (n. 13).

Henry I of England;

visited by earl St. Magnus, 50.

Henry II of England;

wars in France, 81, 82.

Henry III of England;

his sister Joanna, m. Alexr. II of Scotland, 119;

his dau. Margaret m. Alexr. III of Scotland, 120.

Henry III, emperor of Germany;

earl Thorfinn's visit, 45.

Henry, prince;

son of king David I;

witness, 79.

Henry, son of Harold Maddadson by Afreka;

claimed Ross, 73, 84, 119;

date of death, 151 (n. 38).

Henry, bishop of Orkney;

in whose palace, in Kirkwall, king Hakon died, 127.

Herbjorg, 3rd dau. of earl Paul Thorfinnson, 57.

Herbjorg, dau. of Sigrid;

m. Kolbein Hruga, 57.

Herborga, dau. of earl Harald Maddadson, 74.

High Church (ha-kirkja), Halkirk, 134.

Highlanders of Scotland (Skene); 7, 141 (II, n. 1).

Hill fort;

Ben-y-griam Beg, Caithness, 70.

Hjaltalin, Jon;

transl. Orkneyinga Saga, 143 (n. 14), 146 (n. 14), 147 (n. 14).

Hlodver Thorfinnson, earl, 25;

m. Audna, 26.

Hoanfiord, or Goa-fiord, (Loch Erriboll);

Hakon's fleet at, 126, 127;

Eilean Hoan, 156 (n. 19), see 127.

Hoctor Common;

granted to bishop of C., 54, 146 (n. 21), (Huchterinche).

Hofn, Caithness;

Hlodver's howe, 26.

Holinshed, 37, 42.

Honaver, 88.

Houses;

Norse skali described, 132.

House-burnings;

earl Moddan's burning, in Thurso, 41;

Olaf Hrolfson, in Duncansby, 62, 64, 65;

Frakark, in Sutherland, 64, 65;

earl Waltheof, in Moray, 65.

Hoxa, South Ronaldsay;

Thorfinn Hausa-kliufr buried, 25.

Hrolf the Ganger, 23.

Hrollaug Rognvaldsson, 23.

Hrossey, now Mainland, Orkney, 22.

Hundi (possibly Crinan), 26, 27.

Hundi Sigurdson, 27.

Hut-circles of Pictish times, 9.

Hvarflod, or Gormflaith, dau. of Malcolm MacHeth, m. earl Harold Maddadson, 74;

date of birth, 74, 83, 84, 86, 88.

Iceland;

Pictish mission, 12;

Aud's settlement, 20;

Hrollang Rognvaldsson settled, 23;

viking settlement, 130;

the skali described, 132;

Jean Cabot first heard of America in, 136;

Christianity accepted, 144 (n. 37);

blood-rain, ib., Norsemen in, 156 (n. 2);

ruins of Saga-time, 157 (n. 8), see 132.

Icelandic Annals;

earls of Orkney, 103, 152 (n. 16).

Inga Saga, transl., 152 (n. 1).

Ingibjorg, Finn Arnason's daughter, m. earl Thorfinn Sigurdson, 43, 44;

after Thorfinn's death m. Malcolm III, 45, 46, 47, 145 (ns. 4, 5);

cousin of queen Thora of Norway, 47, 48;

her descendant, Donald Ban MacWilliam, 119.

Ingibiorg, daughter of earl Hakon and Helga;

m. Olaf Billing, 52;

her grandson, Ragnvald Gudrodson, of Man, 88.

Ingibiorg, dau. of Eric Stagbrellir, 72;

at home near Loch Naver, 84;

she or her sister m. Gilchrist, earl of Angus, 103, 106, 116, 117, 149 (n. 44).

Ingirid or Ingigerthr, only dau. and child of earl Ragnvald, m. Eric Stagbrellir, 59, 68, 71;

her children, 72, 75, 84, 88;

date of birth, 148 (n. 32);

probably the same Ingigerthr commemorated in Maeshowe runes, 148 (n. 32).

Ingirid, sister of Kali (St. Ragnvald), m. Jon Peterson, 61.

Ingirid, sister of Sweyn Asleifarson;

m. Thorbiorn Klerk, 63.

Inner-Schyn, 79.

Innes, Familie of, 147 (n. 26).

Innes family;

Berowald the Fleming, 82, 150 (n. 27).

Innes, Cosmo;

Orig. Par. Scot., q.v., 3;

genealogy of Freskyn family, 92, 105, 109.

Invernairn;

sheriff, 78.

Iona;

St. Columba's settlement, 5, 18.

Ireland;

Duncan I, 41;

Sweyn Asleifarson's raids, 73, 74; 119, 129, 130.

Islandicae, Origines, 157 (n. 19).

Ivar Rognvaldsson, 20.

Jerusalem;

pilgrimages to, 52, 67.

Joanna, queen of Alexander II, possibly name-mother of Johanna of Strathnaver, 112, 113;

dau. of king John, and sister of king Henry II of England, 119.

Johanna of Strathnaver, lady;

m. Freskin de Moravia of Duffus, 55, 56, 100;

her estate, 56;

her father, 57;

relationship to Snaekoll Guuni's son, 100;

supposed dau. of earl John, 101;

Skene's theory that she inherited earl John's, i.e. earl Paul's, half of the earldom without the title, 101;

the opposite theory, that she inherited Erlend lands, 101;

Skene's opinion, 107;

her daughters, 107;

Skene's suggestion that she was the hostage dau. of earl John, and given in marriage to Freskin, 108;

Fraser's criticism of Skene, 108;

her grandson, Reginald Chen III, in possession of half of Caithness and resided in Halkirk and Latheron, 109;

granted land in Strathnaver to the bishop of Moray, 109;

her estate in Strathnaver, 109, 110;

her connection with Moddan family and descent from Harald Ungi's sister Ragnhild, 110, 111;

her inheritance of Moddan and Erlend lands, 111;

her right to half share of Harald Ungi's half share of Caithness earldom, 111;

her title to Strathnaver lands not derived through earl John, 111;

circumstantial evidence against her being a dau. of earl John, never claimed any share of earldom of Orkney, 111, 112;

Skene's opinion that she was a dau. of earl John based on name Johanna, 112;

theory as to her being a dau. of Snaekoll, and, as such, heiress of large estates, made a ward by the king, whose queen was Johanna, 112;

her husband's lineage, 113;

suggested born by 1232 at latest, when her supposed father, Snaekoll, went to Norway, but not before 1225, 113;

possibility of her being a dau. of a younger child of Ragnhild and born later than 1225, 114;

her guardian, 114;

her lands bounded those of the lord of Sutherland, 114;

d. ca. 1269, 115;

her children and estates, 115;

succ. to Erlend and Moddan lands in C., 117, 123, 137, 138;

owned Dalharrold, 151 (n. 43);

she did not own any lands in south C., which were acquired by R. Chen III, i.e., Latheron and Wick, 154 (n. 28);

she probably owned Far and Halkirk, but not Latheron, 154 (n. 28).

John, king of England, 90, 113.

John, king of the Sudreys, 124.

John o' Groat's;

Huna, 26.

John, bishop of Caithness;

mutilated by earl Harald, 89, 151 (n. 45);

succeeded by Adam, 95;

neglect to collect Peter's Pence, 97, 150 (n. 16);

date of death, 89, 151 (n. 45).

John, bishop (of Glasgow), 63.

John Haroldson, earl of Orkney and Caithness;

from whom Snaekoll Gunni's son claimed Ragnvald lands in Orkney, 72;

shared earldom with his brother, earl David, 94;

succeeded David as sole earl of Orkney and of Caithness, 94;

his dau. given as hostage, 94, 95;

letters from earl Skuli, 95;

at Bergen, 95;

at the burning of bishop Adam, 95;

his castle at Brawl, 95;

confiscated, 97;

the lordship of Sutherland not in his earldom, 98;

visited Bergen, 98;

his hostage dau. his only heir, 98;

assisted Norse against Hebrides, 98;

favoured Norway, 98, 99;

representative of line of Paul and Harold Maddadson, 99;

attacked and slain by Snaekoll, 99, 100;

his supposed dau. Johanna, 101;

his nameless dau. m. Magnus of Angus, 101, 105;

succession to earldom, 102;

theories as to his daughter's marriage, 105, 106, 107;

treaty with king William, 107;

lands confiscated and restored, 107;

the last male of the Paul line, 107, 108;

Johanna's title not derived through him, 111, 112;

his nameless dau. probably wife of earl Magnus II, 112;

reasons why Johanna was not his dau., 112;

probably named after king John of England, 113;

his legal successor, his nameless dau., 115, 116, 117;

sole earl of O., 118;

his sister's son, Jon Langlifson, in 1263, 123;

succeeded in earldom of Orkney by Magnus II, 123;

his castle at Brawl, 133;

joint earl with David, 152 (n. 1);

Matilda not his daughter's name, 152 (n. 4).

Jon Langlifson, 74, 123, 124.

Jon Peterson, m. Ingirid, sister of St. Ragnvald, 61.

Jury trial, 130.

Kalf Arnason, 43, 44.

Kalf Skurfa, 23, 143 (n. 15).

Kali Ragnvald Kolson, 60.

Kari Solmundarson, 27, 37.

Karl Hundason, name of Duncan I, in Saga, 40, 41, 42.

Keith, or Mar;

Ce, Pictish province, 7.

Keiths, 118.

Kenneth, k. of Scots, 19.

Kentigern, or Mungo, St., 5, 6.

Kerrera, near Oban, 120, 126.

Kerrow-Garrow, (Eddrachilles), 8.

Kerrow-na-Shein, i.e. Chen's quarter, 110.

Kildonan;

Frakark's homesteads, 16;

connection with Scone, 54;

owned by Hugo Freskyn, 55;

earl Ragnvald sends messengers to Frakark, 61;

part of lordship of Sutherland, 93;

old name Scir-Illigh, 133.

Kildonan, North;

earl Harald Slettmali brought up, 58;

Frakark burnt, 64, 65, 66.

Kilmalie (now Golspie), 55, 83, 93.

Kilravock (Rose), 76, 147 (n. 25).

Kinloss;

Cistercian abbey, 54, 76, 77.

Kinloss, Records, 149 (ns. 9, 10).

Kirkwall;

cathedral built, 24, 63;

earl Ragnvald Brusi-son resided at, 44;

seized by earl Thorfinn, 44;

relics of St. Magnus removed to cathedral, 51;

king Hakon died in bishop's palace, 127;

St. Magnus' cathedral, 133, 134.

Kol, 60, 61.

Kolbein Hruga;

m. Herbjorg, 57;

his castle in Wyre, 100.

Kyleakin, or the Kyle of Hakon, 125.

Lairg, 8;

owned Hugo Freskyn, 55;

in Sweyn's track to burn Frakark, 65;

in old earldom of Caithness, 83, 93.

Lambaborg (Freswick Castle), 66, 133.

Langdale (Langeval), 109.

Langlif, dau. of earl Harold Maddadson;

marriage with Sæmund, abandoned, 74;

her son Jon, 74, 123, 124.

Largs, battle of, 126, 127;

earl Magnus III never went to L., 156 (n. 20).

Larne Bay, Ulfreksfirth of Saga, 144 (n. 6).

Latheron;

Latheron hills, source of Thurso River, 60;

Moddan lands, 72, 85;

residence of Chens in 14th cent., 108, 110;

in South C., 153 (ns. 10, 15);

not owned by Johanna, 154 (n. 28);

Golsary, 157 (n. 14) see 134.

Lawman;

Rafn, of Caithness, 89, 95.

Lawrence, chapel of St.;

at Duffus, 114.

Lechvuaies, 156 (n. 18) see 126.

Lewis, the;

passed by Hakon's fleet, 125, 126;

Macaulays of, 148 (n. 20).

Lifolf Baldpate, 87, 93, 113.

Ljot Thorfinnson, earl of Orkney and Caith., m. Ragnhild, Eric's dau., 25;

slew Skuli in C., 25;

fought earl Macbeth in C., 25;

buried at Stenhouse in Watten, C., 26.

Liot Nidingr, m. Frakark, 16, 53, 58.

Little Ferry, or Unes;

Norse invasion, 121;

site of Norse Castle, 133 (Skelbo).

Lohworuora, now Borthwick; church granted to bishop of Glasgow, 77, 79, 149 (n. 9).

Loth;

water of, 9;

owned by Hugo Freskyn, 55, 83, 93.

Lothians, formed part of Valentia, 4;

Berenicians of, 19.

MacBain, A.;

on seven Pictish provinces, 141 (II, n. 1).

Macbeth, king of Scotland, 28;

son of Finlay MacRuari, 37;

parentage, 144 (n. 3);

property in Ross and Cromarty, 144 (n. 3);

king of Scotland, 42;

slain, 42;

visited Rome, 45;

MacHeth, 150 (n. 26).

MacFrisgyn, William;

(see Freskyn, William).

MacHeth, or MacAoidh, see Mackay, deriv. of name, 150 (n. 26).

MacHeth, Donald, 81.

MacHeth, Malcolm, 74, 81;

earl of Ross;

dau. Gormflaith m. Harold Maddadson, 74, 83, 86, 88;

personated by Wemund, 150 (n. 24).

Mac-in-Tagart, Ferchar;

see Ross, earl of.

Mackay (MacHeth) clan, 54;

came from Moray to Sutherland, 56, 82, 83, 147 (n. 19);

Freskyns guardians of Moray against MacHeths, 92;

occupation of Durness, 93, 137;

rebellion of MacHeths of Moray, 93;

the chief m. dan. of bishop, 122, 155 (n. 8);

children of Heth attacked Hakon's expedition, 126;

largely blended with Norse, 137.

Mackay, Iye Mor, 122, 155 (n. 8).

Mackay, Book of, (Angus Mackay), 56, 150 (n. 25), 155 (n. 8).

MacWilliam, earl of Caithness (?) (Scots Peerage), 149 (n. 1), (1129).

Maddad, earl of Athole;

m. Margret, dau. of earl Hakon Paulson, 61;

visited by Sweyn, 64;

his death, 67.

Maeshowe, runes of, 148 (n. 32).

Magbiod, or Macbeth, earl;

fought at Skidamyre, C., 25.

Magnus the Good, king of Norway;

grants Orkney to Ragnvald Brusison, 43;

Thorfinn's visit, 45.

Magnus Barelegs, king of Norway;

expeditions to Scotland, 49, 50;

father of Harald Gillikrist, 61, 136;

why called "barelegs," 49, 145 (n. 9).

Magnus the Blind, king of Norway;

defeated by king Harald at Floruvoe, 61.

Magnus Erlingson, king of Norway;

fell at Norafjord, 75.

Magnus Hakonson, crowned king of Norway in his father's lifetime, 121;

ceded Hebrides to Scotland, 128.

Magnus, king of Man;

joined Hakon's expedition, 125.

Magnus, or Mangi, son of Eric Stagbrellir, 72;

fared to Norway, fell at Norafjord, 75;

his home, 84, 108.

Magnus Erlendson, St., earl and saint, 49;

in expedition to Wales, 49;

in England and Wales, 49;

went to Caithness after king Magnus' death and received as earl there, 50;

his steward in Orkney killed by earl Hakon, 50;

dispute with earl Hakon, 50;

slew his cousin, Dufnjal, and Thorbjorn in Burrafirth, 50;

his marriage, 50;

his share seized by Hakon, upon which he went to England, 50;

martyrdom, 51;

burial in Birsay, and removal of relics to St. Magnus' Cathedral, Kirkwall, 51;

legends, character and appearance, 51-52;

his sister, Gunnhild, m. Kol, 60;

his successor in estate, 60;

cathedral built by his nephew, earl Ragnvald, 63;

his heirs, 88;

Snaekoll Gunni's son, representative of his line, 94, 99;

heirs of his share of Caithness earldom, 111;

his sagas see below;

his life, 145 (n. 8);

took Erlend share of earldom, 146 (n. 10);

Scottish candidate for earldom of C., 146 (n. 12);

mixed blood, 146 (n. 17).

Magnus II, earl of Orkney and Caithness;

obscure pedigree, 103;

parentage, 72, 84, 101;

erroneously called son of Gillebride of Angus, 105, 107;

his name suggests a Norse mother of the line of earl Erlend, 107, 112;

perambulated lands of Arbroath Abbey, 103;

not a minor on earl John's death, 104;

regarding his supposed son, Magnus, 104, 105;

grant of earldom of south Caith., 103, 104, 106;

probably possessed by line of Erlend, 108;

supposed marriage to the nameless dau. of earl John;

got earl John's earldom lands and title, 101, 105;

remainder of the earldom granted to him as son of a sister of earl Harald Ungi, 101, 105, 106, 112, 116, 117, 118;

neither he nor wife claimed any part of Strathnaver lands, 111;

Sutherland excluded from earldom, 116;

Erlend line excluded from Orkney since Ragnvald's death (excepting Harald Ungi), 118;

earl of Orkney, 123, 153 (n. 5);

Caith. lands of the Angus line of earls, 154 (n. 28);

death, successor, 116.

Magnus III, Gibbonson, earl of Orkney and Caithness, 103;

extent of his estate in Caithness, 117, 123;

in Bergen with king Hakon (1263), 124;

his position as earl of C., 125;

stayed behind under orders to follow Hakon, 125;

deserted him, 127, 156 (n. 20);

reconciled to Alexander III and to king of Norway, 156 (n. 20).

Magnus, son of Havard Gunni's son, 71.

Magnus' Cathedral, St., Kirkwall;

relics of saint were removed to, 51;

erected by St. Ragnvald, 51, 63, 65;

king Hakon temporarily buried in, 127;

built by Norse, 133, 134.

Magnus Saga, St., 1, 2, 34, 146 (ns. 10, 18).

Magnus Saga the Longer, 145 (n. 8), 146 (ns. 10, 12, 13).

Magnus Saga the Short, 145 (n. 1), 146 (n. 14).

Magnus Hakonson Saga, 156 (n. 20).

Magnus, Spittal of St., near Halkirk, 134.

Magnusson, Eirikr;

transl. of Darratha-liod, 30.

Maiming, made a Northman impossible, 147 (n. 15).

Mainland, Orkney;

Thorfinn's Hall, 44, 46;

meeting between earls Hakon and Magnus, 50.

Malbrigde of the buck-tooth, 21.

Malcolm I, (954), 26.

Malcolm II, king of Scotland;

dau. m. Sigurd Hlodverson, 27, 37; 59;

kingdom of Scotland produced, 33;

contemporary records begin, 36;

defeated Norse at Mortlach, 36;

his daughters, 36, 37;

Macbeth also supposed son of his sister, 144 (n. 3);

policy in Caith. and Orkney, 38;

death, 40, 48;

kinsman, Moldan, maormor of Caith., 60;

his dream of a consolidated kingdom realised, 120.

Malcolm III, Canmore, king of Scotland;

m. Ingibjorg, Thorfinn's widow, 45, 46, 47, 145 (ns. 4, 5), 48;

m. 2nd, St. Margaret, introduced Saxon nobility, 75, 137;

his son Duncan II, 86, whose descendant was Donald Ban MacWilliam, 119, 146 (n. 13).

Malcolm IV,

granted half earldom of Caithness to Erlend Haraldson, 67, 81;

defeated Somarled, 82;

his death, 82, 83.

Malcolm, supposed son of Malcolm III, 48.

Malcolm, earl of Caithness and Angus;

earl of Caith. (1232-36), 104;

earl of C. as guardian of a minor, 105, as trustee or custos, 106, 116;

his dau. heiress, and successors, 103.

Maldred, of Cumbria, 36.

Malise, earl of Stratherne;

m. Matilda, dau. of Gibbon, earl, 116, 117.

Malise II, earl of Orkney and Caithness;

heir of Matilda, dau. of earl Gibbon, 116, 117;

conveyed Berridale, to Reginald More, and Reginald Chen III, 104, 107, 108;

descendant of the lines of Paul and Erlend, 108.

Mallard River;

see Ardovyr, 110,

deriv., 153 (n. 19).

Mamgarvie, near Inverness, 86.

Man;

Sweyn's annual raids, 73;

earl Harold Maddadson in, 87;

Ragnvald Gudrodson, king of, 88;

returned to Man, 89;

king Magnus of M. joined Hakon's expedition, 125;

conquered by Alexander III after Largs, 128;

incorporated in Scotland, 1 and n. 141.

Maor and maormor, Pictish rulers, 12, 15, 20, 47, 142 (II, n. 9).

Margaret, St.;

2nd wife of king Malcolm Canmore, 75, 137, 47, 145 (ns. 4, 5).

Margaret's Hope, St.;

Orkney, 125.

Margret, earl Hakon's dau., 52;

brought up by Frakark in Kildonan, 59;

m. Maddad, earl of Athole, 61;

visited by Sweyn, 62;

received her brother earl Paul, his fate, 63;

returned to Orkney, had a child by Gunni, Sweyn's brother, 67;

eloped with Erlend the Young, 68;

contemporary of Freskyn I, 76;

younger sister of Ingibiorg, 88.

Margret, dau. of earl Harold Maddadson and Afreka, 73, 84.

Matilda, countess of Angus; heiress of Malcolm, earl of A.,

m. (1) John Comyn;

m. (2) Gilbert d'Umphraville, earl of A., 103.

Matilda, dau. of Gibbon, earl of Orkney and Caithness, m. Malise, earl of Stratherne, 116, 117.

Matilda, 152 (n. 4).

Mearns;

why no brochs? 141 (II, n. 5);

Cirig, for Magh-Circinn, or, Mearns, a Pictish province, 7.

Melrose, Chronicle of;

80, 149 (ns. 8, 10), 151 (ns. 33, 37), 152 (ns. 5, 13).

Melsnati, 26.

Menteith;

Fortrenn, a Pictish province, 7.

Michel, Francisque;

Chroniques Anglo-Normandes, 157 (n. 20).

Minch, the, 7,

or Skotlands-fiorthr, 35, 148 (n. 20).

Missel (probably Frisel or Fraser), in embassy to Norway, 121.

Moddan, earl of C., 34;

parentage, 36, 53;

sister's son of Duncan I, 40;

at North Berwick, 41;

slain by Thorkel Fostri, 41, 46, 53;

his family in Caithness, 49, 59.

Moddan, in Dale, and family;

possible son of earl Moddan, 53;

the clan and family, 56, 58, 59;

held the hills and upper parts of valleys, 53, 55;

family and Pictish clansmen, 131;

family plots, 60;

clan harried by Sweyn, 65;

his daughters and estates, 16, 20, 34, 35;

dau. Helga, 52, 59;

Eric Stagbrellir's children sole heirs, 72;

family lands, 84;

Harald Ungi's title to Moddan lands, 85, 93;

Gunni, Ragnhild's husband, became chief of M. clan, 94;

estates left to earl Erlend Haraldson, then went to Eric Stagbrellir, 69, 72, 94, 98;

Snaekoll Gunni's son next heir to estates, 99;

Johanna inherited Moddan lands, 110, 111, 112, 117;

estates passed to Norman families, 137.

Moldan, (see Moddan), of Duncansby, 34, 36;

kinsman of Scots king, 37;

connection with Moddan family, 59.

Monuments of C. and S., early, 2.

Moravia, family, de;

see Freskin.

Moraviensis, Registrum Episcopatús, 79, 100, 115, 144 (n. 1), 147 (ns. 28, 29), 149 (ns. 9, 11), 150 (ns. 16, 18, 20-22), 151 (n. 43), 153 (ns. 6, 18), 154 (ns. 23, 24, 26, 27), 155 (n. 1).

Moray, province of;

Pictish province of Fidach including Ross, 7;

northern limit of Roman penetration, 5, 12;

no brochs, 141 (II, n. 5);

Norse influence, 14;

last Pictish province subdued by Scots, 17, 131;

wars between kings of Alban and the Norsemen in, 26;

Pictish clergy driven from seaboard by Norse, 130;

Norse driven from laigh of M., 26;

taken from Norse, 27, 35;

Norse defeated at Mortlach, 36, 37;

ravaged by earl Thorfinn Sigurdson, 41, 53;

bishopric founded, 54;

estate of Freskyn de Moravia, 54, 55;

earl Waltheof burnt in his house, 65;

a barrier to Scottish civilisation, 75;

Pictish province stretched across to the Minch, 76;

defeat of Picts of M. at Stracathro, 76;

Register of Moray, 79, 115;

Freskyn estate, 79;

rebellions, 80;

feudal barons repel Eystein's invasion, 81;

rebellion subdued, 82;

estates of Freskyn, 85;

earl Harold Maddadson's expedition, 86;

Freskyn family appointed guardians, 92;

rebellion of MacHeths, 93;

king William's expedition against thanes of Ross, 94:

chartulary, 100;

revolt of Donald Ban MacWilliam, 119, 120;

king Hakon's proposed raid (1263), 124;

no Norse place-names on seaboard, 132;

Pictish inhabitants scattered, the Mackays to Durness, 137.

Moray, bishops of;

Andrew Freskyn, 77, 79, 80;

grant from Johanna of Strathnaver, 109;

Archibald, regrant to Reginald Chen II, 109;

Felix, 149 (n. 8).

Moray, Gilbert, archdeacon of, 79, 93, 149 (n. 11), and bishop of Caithness.

Moray, Richard of;

brother of Gilbert;

fell repulsing Norse, 121.

Moray, Shaw's, 77, 149 (ns. 9, 12), 153 (n. 7).

More, Loch, 115.

More, Reginald;

chamberlain of Scotland, 108, 109.

Morgan;

first name of clan Mackay, MacHeth, or MacAoidh, 56.

Mortlach, in Moray;

Norse defeated by Malcolm II, 36.

Morton, Reg. Hon. de, earl of Katanay, 105.

Mound, the;

Craig Amlaiph near, 143 (n. 33).

Mounth, or Grampians, home of Caledonians, 4.

Mousa Broch, 68;

used by run-away honeymoon couples, 157 (n. 11).

Munch, P.A.;

History of Norway, 90, 156 (n. 20).

Mungo, or Kentigern, St., in Strathclyde and Pictland, 5, 6.

Murkfjord or Myrkfjord (possibly Loch Glendhu), 70, 82, 150 (n. 29).

Murkle, C., 25, 115, see 154 (n. 28).

Mydalr, Iceland, 27.

Nairn, 87, 92.

Naver, Loch;

broch, 10, 142 (II, n. 6); 84;

River Naver, 89;

lands of Moddan family, 93;

Dovyr, 109, 110.

Naver, River;

Dalharrold, 89;

see Dovyr, 110.

Nechtan, 6.

Nerbon, sae-borg on the;

Bilbao on the Nervion, 66, 148 (n. 25).

Ness, now Caithness, 7, 22, 34, 53, 83, 8, 141 (II, ns. 3, 4).

See Cait and Caithness.

New Spalding Club;

Records of Elgin, 81.

Niorfa Sound (Straits of Gibraltar), 66.

Nisbet's Heraldry, 149 (n. 8).

Norafjord in Sogn, 75, 84.

Normans;

Conquest, 48;

families accepted as chiefs, 76, 137;

influence of, in Caithness and Sutherland, 138.

Norman architecture;

St. Magnus Cathedral, Kirkwall, 133, 134.

Norse mythology;

of early settlers in Britain, 130.

Norsemen;

occupation of Caith. and Sutherland, 1, 33;

no women brought, 131;

early Norse rulers, 18;

defeated at Mortlach, 36;

raids on Moray coast, 76;

Freskyns appointed guardians of Moray against, 92;

expedition against south Hebrides, 98;

invasion of Sutherland repulsed at Embo, 121;

law and language in Orkney and Shetland, 128;

intermarriage with Celts, 130, 131;

influence of, on British law, 130;

religion of early settlers in British Isles, 130;

destroyed culture of St. Columba, 130;

enslaved aborigines in their colonies, 130;

their place-names in Scotland, 131;

settled on coasts and lower valleys, 14, 131;

subdued by Scots in north, 131;

Gaelic language adopted by, 131;

few monuments in Scotland, 132;

domestic and ecclesiastical buildings of wood or stone, 132, 133, 134;

York Powell on, 134;

discovery of America, and Africa, 136.

Norse Influence on Celtic Scotland, (George Henderson), 14, 145 (n. 5), 146 (n. 13), 156 (n. 5).

Northman and Pict, 7, 130.

Norway;

viking raids on British Isles, 12, 13;

trade with Grimsby, 61;

earl Ragnvald visited king Ingi, 66;

earl Ragnvald returned from Jerusalem through Norway, 67;

Margaret, queen of N., 121;

Scottish embassy to, 121;

Hebrides ceded to Scotland, 1.

Norway, kings of;

Harald Harfagr, (860-933);

Eric Bloody-axe, (930-935);

Olaf Tryggvi's son, (995-1000);

Magnus the Good, (1035-1047);

Harald Sigurdson Hardrada, (1045-1066);

Olaf Haraldson, (1067-1093);

Magnus Barelegs, (1093-1103);

Sigurd Magnusson, (1103-1130);

Magnus the Blind, (1130-1135);

Harald Gilli, (1130-1136);

Eystein Haraldson, (1142-1157);

Ingi, (1136-1161);

Magnus Erlingson, (1162-1184);

Sverrir, (1184-1202);

Hakon, Sverri's son, (1202-1204);

Hakon Hakonson, (1217-1263);

Magnus Hakonson, (1263-1280);

Christian I, (1459-1481), q.v.

Norway, History of, P.A. Munch, 156 (n. 20).

Ochill, (Oykel), 142 (III, n. 7).

Odal lands;

in Orkney, 24;

none in Cat, 24.

Odin;

blood-eagle rite, 24, 122;

worshipped by Norse in Britain, 130;

Sigurd Hlodverson died fighting for, 130;

and defeated at Clontarf, 29.

Olaf, king of Norway;

received Thorfinn Sigurdson, earl of Orkney and Caithness, 39;

and Thorkel Fostri, 40;

his award, 40;

killed at Stiklastad, 43.

Olaf's Saga, St.;

account of earls of Orkney, 22, 143 (n. 14), 143 (n. 18), 43, 144 (n. 15), 157 (n. 19)

Olaf Haraldson Kyrre, king of Norway, 47, 48.

Olaf Tryggvi's-son;

conversion of Sigurd Hlodverson, 27.

Olaf Tryggvason Saga;

account of earls of Orkney, 22.

Olaf Bitling, king of the Sudreys;

m. Ingibiorg, daughter of earl Hakon, 52.

Olaf the White, king of Dublin;

invasion of Scotland, 20.

Olaf, king of Man, 98.

Olaf Hrolfson, father of Sweyn and Gunni, 62, 64, 65.

Olaf, son-in-law of earl Harold Maddadson, 153 (n. 1).

Old-Lore Miscellany (Viking Society);

Darratha-liod, 30;

authorship O.S., 51, 146 (n. 15), 156 (n. 6);

Orkney and Shetland Folk, 14, 142 (II, n. 14), 26, 143 (n. 25); 47, 145 (n. 3).

Old-shore (Asleifarvik), 125, 155 (n. 15).

Oliphant family;

charters, earldom of Caithness, 103, 104, 118, 137.

Olvir Rosta;

grandson of Frakark, 59;

aid sought by earl Ragnvald, 61;

defeated in sea fight, 62;

burned Sweyn's father, Olaf, 62;

fled before Sweyn and not heard of afterwards, 64;

no direct heirs, 72;

his contemporary, Freskyn I, 76;

supposed ancestor of Macaulays, 148 (n. 20).

Orcades, of Torfaeus;

25, 143 (n. 22), 94, 100, 146 (n. 10), 147 (n. 5), 149 (n. 43), 151 (n. 39), 152 (n. 22), 156 (n. 20);

for transl. see Pope, Alex.

Ord of Caithness, 8;

king William marched his army to, against earl Harald, 90;

Man of, 151 (n. 47).

Origines Parochiales Scotiae, 3, 105, 109, 26, 143 (ns. 23, 26), 148-9 (n. 41), 150 (ns. 14, 15, 20, 31), 151 (ns. 33, 35, 42), 153 (n. 18), 154 (ns. 23, 24, 28), 155 (ns. 4, 6, 8), 157 (ns. 12, 14).

Orkney;

St. Kentigern's mission, 6;

Picts, 12, 130;

influence of Gael on Norse, 14, 15, 17;

foundation of Norse earldom, 4, 20, 130;

earls' attacks on north of Scotland, 21;

succession of earls, 22, 37;

converted by Olaf Tryggvi's son, 27;

under Norway, 33, 35;

first cathedral and bishop's seat at Birsay, 45;

double bishops, 48, 49, 145 (n. 8);

a contingent in expedition against Saxons, 45, 47;

trade with Grimsby, 61;

the bishops, 63;

Sweyn's viking life, 73;

agriculture, 73, 74;

invasion of earl Harald Ungi, 87;

earl Harold Maddadson, after defeat by Ragnvald Gudrodson, fled to, 89;

Cobbie Row Castle, in, 100;

the gaedingar of the earl of Orkney, 100;

king Hakon at, 124;

and died in Kirkwall, in the palace of bishop, 127;

mortgaged to Scotland, 128;

adopted English with many Norse words, 132;

old Norse ballad sung in 18th cent., 30;

proposed Scot. conquest after Norse reverse at Largs, 155 (n. 13), 156 (n. 20);

annular eclipse of sun in 1263, 125, 155 (n. 14);

Orkney and Shetland colonised mainly from the fjords north of Bergen, 156 (n. 1);

see also Orkney and Caithness, earls of.

Orkney and Caithness, earls of;

(see also under their individual names);

Ragnvald, 20, 22, 23;

Sigurd Eysteinson, 20, 21, 90, 122, 142 (III, n. 9);

Guthorm Sigurdson, 22;

Hallad Ragnvaldson, 22;

Torf-Einar Ragnvaldson, 23, 24;

Arnkell, Erlend and Thorfinn Hausa-kliufr, sons of Torf-Einar, 24, 25;

Arnfinn, Havard, Hlodver, Ljot and Skuli, sons of Thorfinn, 25, 26, 38, 144 (n. 4);

Sigurd Hlodverson, 24, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 32, 36, 37, 130;

Somarled, Brusi, Einar and Thorfinn, sons of Sigurd, 36-46, (Thorfinn) 47, 48, 86, 88, 90, 119, 145 (ns. 4, 5), 148 (n. 28);

Ragnvald Brusi's son, 42-44, 46, 60;

Paul Thorfinnson, 47-49, 55-57, 91, 101, 107, 115, 116, 153 (n. 15);

Erlend Thorfinnson, 47-49, 55, 56, 91, 93, 94, 99, 101, 108 and 153 (n. 15), 111, 115, 117, 118, 138;

Sigurd Magnusson, son of k. Magnus Barelegs, 49;

Hakon Paulson, 48-53, 61, 88, 146 (ns. 10, 12, 17), 148 (n. 28);

St. Magnus Erlendson, 48-52, 60, 61, 63, 88, 94, 99, 111, 145 (n. 8), 146 (ns. 10, 12, 17);

Paul Hakonson the Silent, 52, 58-63;

Harald Hakonson Slettmali, 52, 58-60;

Erlend Haraldson, 15, 58, 67-69, 72, 73, 76, 88, 148 (ns. 28, 31);

St. Ragnvald Kolson, 24, 51, 54, 59, 60-62, 64-71, 72, 84, 146 (n. 20);

Harald Ungi, 57, 72, 75, 84-87, 93, 94, 98, 102, 103, 107, 111, 117, 118, 154 (n. 22);

Harold Maddadson, 61-63, 73-93, 99, 102, 106, 111, 113, 118, 123, 124, 151 (n. 38), 156 (n. 20);

David Haroldson, 74, 90, 93, 94, 107, 112, 118, 121, 152 (n. 1);

John Haroldson, 72, 94, 95, 97-102, 105-108, 111-113, 115-118, 123, 133, 152 (ns. 1, 4);

no pedigree of earls after John, 102;

diploma of earls unreliable, 103;

various theories as to genealogy of the earls after John, 104 et seq.;

no claim to earldom of Orkney by Johanna of Strathnaver, 111;

diploma on earldom of Sutherland, 116;

Malcolm, earl of C. and Angus, 103-106, 116;

Magnus II, son of Gilchrist, earl of Angus, 72, 84, 101-108, 111, 112, 116, 118, 123, 153 (n. 5), 154 (n. 28);

Gibbon, 103, 116, 117, 123;

Magnus III Gibbonson, 103, 116, 117, 123-125, 127, 156 (n. 20);

Malise II, heir of Matilda, dau. of earl Gibbon, 104, 107, 108, 116, 117;

the earldom acquired through females, 111, 154 (n. 22);

unknown earls;

MacWilliam, 149 (n. 1);

Gilbert, 103;

Olaf, 27, 28, 143 (n. 33).

Orkney and Shetland Folk, (Viking Society, Old-lore Miscellany and reprint), A.W. Johnston, 14, 142 (II, n. 14);

26, 143 (n. 25), 47, 145 (n. 3).

Orkney and Shetland, (Tudor); 142 (III, n. 6), 143 (n. 17), 25, 143 (n. 21), 145 (n. 19), 146 (n. 14), 147 (n. 13), 148 (n. 23), 148 (n. 31), Ellar-holm, 70, 148 (n. 36), 152 (n. 20), 156 (n. 20), 157 (n. 11).

Orkney and Shetland Records, (Viking Society);

vol. i, 3, 49, 145 (n. 8), 151 (ns. 33, 44).

Orkneyinga Saga (Rolls text and transl.);

historical record until 12th cent., 1, 2, 3, 21, 142 (III, n. 8), 22, 34, 38;

battle of Turfness, 41;

Thorfinn's life, 45;

St. Magnus, 51;

authorship, 51, 146 (n. 15);

Ragnvald and Sweyn Saga, 60, 73, 74;

its end, 75;

Somarled the Freeman slain, 82;

earl Harold Maddadson's family, 102;

earls, 103;

Wick and Thurso, 134;

transl. by Hjaltalin and Goudie, 143 (n. 14), 23, 143 (n. 16), 24, 143 (n. 17), 24, 143 (n. 18), 26, 143 (ns. 23, 27), 27, 143 (n. 29);

Thorfinn's residence in C, 39, 144 (n. 5), 144 (ns. 7-13, 15-17), 145 (ns. 18, 19, 21, 22; V, 1, 2, 6-8), 146 (ns. 10-19), 147 (ns. 1-4, 7-12, 14, 16-18);

residence of Frakark, 147 (n. 6);

Atjokl's Bakki, 147 (n. 14); 148 (ns. 21-23, 25-27, 29, 31-33, 35-38), 149 (ns. 42, 45, 1-3, 5), 151 (ns. 39, 40, 45, 49), 152 (ns. 1, 2, 8, 10), 153 (n. 1), 157 (n. 13).

Orm, earl;

m. Sigrid, not Ingibjorg, dau. of Finn Arnason, 145 (n. 5).

Orphir;

the earl's hall burned, 44;

round church, 52, 65;

incident of the poisoned shirt, 58;

earl Paul's Yule feast, Sweyn slew Sweyn, 62, 65;

Jarls' Bu, 133;

earl Ragnvald at, 69.

Orphir;

The Round Church and Earl's Bu of, (Viking Society Saga-Book), A.W. Johnston, 133, 157 (n. 9).

Osmundwall, or Kirk Hope, Orkney;

conversion of Sigurd Hlodverson, 27;

king Hakon's fleet in, 127.

Oswy, king, 6.

Ottar, earl in Thurso;

his heir, 15;

son of Moddan in Dale, 53;

probably owned Thurso valley, 60;

paid wergeld to Sweyn, 65;

his lands left to earl Erlend Haraldson, and afterwards went to Eric Stagbrellir, 69, 72;

his estates, forming the Moddan lands in Caith., held by Ragnhild and Gunni, 94;

Johanna of Strathnaver a connection, 110.

Ottar, son of Snaekoll Gunnison, 57.

Ousedale, or Eysteinsdal, 90.

Oxford Essays, (Sir G.W. Dasent);

Norsemen in Iceland, 156 (n. 2).

Oykel;

boundary between Cat and Ross, 7, 8;

identified as the Norse Ekkjal, 20, 21;

family of Freskyn de Moravia settled north of the, 55;

in Sweyn's track to burn Frakark, 65;

crossed by king William, 87, 90, 91.

Papa Stronsay, 44.

Papa Westray, 44.

Paplay, 51;

location, 146 (n. 14).

Paul Hakonson, the Silent, earl of Orkney and Caith.;

his mother, 52;

lived in Orkney, 58;

banished Frakark and Helga from Orkney, 59;

sole earl, 60;

not a speaker at things, 60;

refused to share earldom with St. Ragnvald, 61;

defeated earl Ragnvald, 62;

seized his fleet in Shetland, 62;

yule feast at Orphir, 62;

kidnapped by Sweyn, 62;

deported to Athole, his fate, 63.

Paul Thorfinnson, earl of Orkney and Caith.;

joint earl of O. with his brother Erlend, 47;

at battle of Stamford Bridge, 48;

banished to Norway, where he died, 49;

his descendants, 55, 56, 57;

his daughters, 57;

Scottish policy regarding later succession in Caithness, 91;

Skene's theory as to Johanna of Strathnaver, 101;

the converse theory, 101;

John the last male of Paul's line, 107;

his share of earldom of C., descended to daughter and Angus line of C. earls, 115, 116;

see also 108, 153 (n. 15).

Pentland Firth, 44, 69, 125, 127.

Perth;

court held (1260), 114;

treaty of, 128.

Peter, St., 29.

Peter's church, St., Duffus, 149 (n. 11).

Peter's church, St., Thurso, 134.

Peter's pence, 97, 151 (n. 33).

Petty, William Freskyn of, 77, 78.

Picts;

settlements of hermits and missionaries, 2;

chronicles, 3;

Pictish church replaced by Catholic church, 6;

driven eastward and northward by Scots, 6;

seven provinces, 7;

P. and Northmen, 7;

hunters and fishers, 8;

brochs for defence, arms, etc., 11-12;

clans, 12;

non-seafaring Celts, 12;

never conquered by Romans, 4, 12;

did not have mastery of sea in Norse times, 12;

Christian missions and Columban church, 12;

viking invasion, 13;

Pictish language superseded by Gaelic, 14, 19;

never dispossessed of upper parts of valleys throughout Norse occupation, 16;

conquered by Scots, 17;

language, "P" Celtic, 19;

Picts of Athole, Moray, Ross and Cat, 38;

Pictish church and Pictish province of Ross and Moray resisted Scottish civilisation, 75, 76;

Normans accepted as chiefs, 76;

their Christianity, 130;

Norse drove clergy from Orkney, N.E. Caithness, coasts of Sutherland and sea-board of Ross and Moray, 130;

Norse attacks on Picts, effect of, 130;

their lands seized by Norse, 132.

Pictish Nation and Church, The;

(Rev. A.B. Scott), Pictish navy, 12, 142 (II, n. 11), 29, 143 (n. 34).

Pictland;

St. Ninian's mission, 5;

St. Kentigern's mission, 6.

Picts and Scots, Chronicle of the, (Skene), 3;

origin of brochs, 5, 141 (n. 8);

(Tighernac), 142 (II, n. 11);

the Pictish navy, 19, 142 (III, n. 2), 22, 142 (III, n. 11), 145 (n. 21).

Place-names, 130, 131;

Norse p.n. preserved, 132;

near brochs, 132.

Plantula, dau. of Malcolm II, m. Sigurd, earl of Orkney, 37.

Platagall, "flat of the stranger," old name of Golspie, 134, 157 (n. 14).

Pluscardensis, Liber, 151 (n. 37), 152 (n. 13).

Pope, Alexander, of Reay;

a tradition of Snaekoll's return, 100; 46, 145 (n. 23), 146 (n. 10);

transl. Torf., 147 (n. 5), 151 (n. 43), 152 (n. 23).

Popes;

Innocent III, letter, 89, 151 (n. 44), 97, 71, 149 (n. 43).

Powell, York, 134.

Prehistoric races, 1.

Primrose J.;

Hist, and Antiq. of the Parish of Uphall, 147 (n. 24).

Rafn the Lawman;

chief of stewards of Caithness, 89;

remained as lawman, 89;

at bishop Adam's burning, 95, 96;

in derivation of Dunrobin—Drum-Rafn, 133, 151 (n. 46).

Ragnhild, dau. of Eric Bloody-axe, 25.

Ragnhild, dau. of Eric Stagbrellir;

sister of earl Harald Ungi, 57;

m. (2) Gunni, 93, 113;

by whom she had a son, Snaekoll, 72;

her children the only heirs of Ragnvald and of Moddan, 72, 93, 94;

at home near Loch Naver, 84;

m. (1) Lifolf Baldpate, 87, 93, 98, 102, 113;

Johanna of Strathnaver, her sole descendant after 1232, 110, 111;

held Moddan lands, 111; 116, 117.

Ragnvald, jarl of Maeri;

made first Norse earl of Orkney, 20, 22;

slain in Norway, 23.

Ragnvald Brusi's son, earl of Orkney, 42;

personal appearance, 43, 44;

at Stiklastad, 43;

in Russia, 43;

Thorfinn's claims and their sea fight, 43;

escaped to Norway, 44;

returned and burned Thorfinn's hall, 44;

his slaughter, 44, 46;

his grave, 44;

Kali Kolson named after him, 60.

Ragnvald, son of Eric Stagbrellir, 72;

fared to Norway, 75;

lived near Loch Naver, 84;

sole male representative of Erlend Thorfinnson, 88;

not known what became of him, 88.

Ragnvald Gudrodson, the viking;

his descent, 52;

his title to earldom, 88;

invaded Caithness, 88, 89, but see 151 (n. 43).

Ragnvald Kolson, St., earl of Orkney and Caith., 60, 61;

sold odal lands back to bonder, to raise money for St. Magnus' cathedral, 24, 51;

letter from David I, 54, 59;

re-named after Ragnvald Brusi's son, 60;

estates in Caith. and Sutherland, 60;

personal description, 60-61;

accomplishments, 61;

earldom grant confirmed by king Harald, 61;

sought aid of Frakark to win earldom, 61, 62;

defeated by earl Paul in a sea fight, 62;

earl Paul seized his fleet in Shetland, 62;

escaped to Norway, 62;

returned to Westray, 62;

assisted Sweyn against Frakark, 64;

welcomed Sweyn on his return from Frakark's burning, 65;

reconciled Sweyn and Thorbiorn, 66;

besieged Sweyn in Lambaborg, 66;

reconciled to Sweyn, 66;

visited king Ingi in Norway;

his eastern pilgrimage, 66;

description of route, etc., 66;

visited queen Ermengerde at Bilbao, 66;

visited Jordan, Jerusalem, Constantinople, etc., 67;

returned to Turfness, 68;

in Shetland, 68;

in Sutherland at his daughter's wedding, 68;

reconciled to earl Harold at Thurso, 69;

reconciled earl Harold and Sweyn, 70;

annual deer-hunt in Caith., 70;

slain by Thorbiorn, 71;

buried in St. Magnus' cathedral, 71;

his only child, 71;

had lands in Caith., 84,

and managed earldom, 73, 146 (n. 20);

never earl of Caith., 71;

succeeded through a female, 154 (n. 22);

his mother and dau., 88;

his half of Caith. earldom conferred on his grandson, Harald Ungi, 87, 94, 117;

his lands in Orkney claimed by Snaekoll, 72, 73;

who was representative of his line, 94, 98;

his share of Caith. earldom inherited by Johanna, 117;

his poetry, 148 (n. 23).

Ragnvaldsvoe, South Ronaldsay, 125, 127.

Rautharbiorg or Rattar Brough;

sea fight, 43.

Raven-banner of Sigurd, jarl, 26, 29.

Redcastle, 86, is Eddirdovyr.

Red deer and reindeer in C. and S., 8.

Redesdale, lord of, 103.

Reeves' Life of St. Columba, 141 (n. 9).

Register House, Edinburgh;

list of Oliphant charters, 103, 104.

Reindeer, or elk;

horns found in Sutherland, 70, 148 (n. 39).

Ri-Crois, at Embo, 121, 155 (n. 4).

Rinansey, Rinarsey (Ninian's Island), now North Ronaldsay, 23.

Rinar's Hill, 143 (n. 17).

Robert, legendary second earl of Sutherland, 91.

Rogart, 55, 83, 93.

Roger, bishop of St. Andrews, 90.

Roland of Galloway, 86.

Roland's Geo, Papa Stronsay, 145 (n. 19), see p. 44.

Romans in Britain;

Caledonians not conquered, 3, 4, 5.

Ronaldsay, North;

Darratha-Liod recited, 30.

Roseisle, 77, 144 (n. 11).

Ross;

northern part of Airergaithel, 33;

Picts, 38;

Pictish clergy, 130;

subdued by Thorfinn, 40;

bishopric founded, 54;

claimed by Henry, son of earl Harold and Afreka, 73, 119;

Malcolm MacHeth cr. earl, 74;

Pictish province, 75, 76;

bishopric refused by Andrew Freskyn, 77;

marches, 79;

earldom, 80;

king William's expedition, 86;

earl Harold Maddadson's expedition, 86;

boundary, 93;

king William's expedition against thanes of Ross, 94;

Norse place-names, 132;

Macbeth's property, 144 (n. 3).

Ross, earl of;

Ferchar Mac-in-Tagart, 80, 113;

granted land to Walter de Moravia on his daughter's marriage, 113;

career, 155 (n. 1);

lay abbot of Applecross, 119;

knighted for a victory in Galloway, 120;

cr. earl of Ross in 1226, 120;

second earl, William MacFerchar, harried Hebrides, 122, 123, 124.

Ross, Euphemia of;

m. Walter de Moravia 79, 80, 113, 154 (n. 24).

Rossal (Rossewal), 109, 110.

Sæmund, of Iceland, 74, 149 (n. 4).

Saga-Book of the Viking Society, 43, 133, 157 (n. 9).

Saga-time, Ruins of, 157 (n. 8).

Saga;

writer's historical accuracy, 125;

Norse crossed with Gaelic blood produced the Saga, 130.

Sandvik, Deerness, 40.

Saxon nobility and Scotland; St. Margaret, 75, 137.

Scandinavian Britain, by (W.G. Collingwood), 134, 135, 13, 142 (II, n. 13), 143 (n. 12), 144 (n. 40), 156 (ns. 1, 4), 157 (n. 18).

Scapa Flow, 127.

Scatt;

of Orkney, 39, 130.

Scilly Isles, 65, 70.

Scir-Illigh, old name of Kildonan parish, 133.

Scon, Lib. Eccles. de; 151 (n. 33), 155 (n. 7).

Scone, 54, 83, 84, 122.

Scotichronicon, 152 (n. 3).

Scotland, 25, 26, 49, 53, 75, 81, 114, 120, 121, 131.

Scotland, Annals of, (Lord Hailes), 151 (n. 34).

Scotland, Annals of the Reigns of Malcolm and William, Kings of, (Lawrie), 149 (n. 10), 151 (n. 33), 152 (ns. 4, 5).

Scotland, Bain's Calendar of Documents relating to;

Freskin signatory of National Bond, 114, 151 (n. 48), 154 (n. 25).

Scotland, Early Christian Monuments of, (J. Romilly Allen), 144 (n. 11).

Scotland, Early Chronicles relating to, (Sir Herbert Maxwell), 3.

Scotland, Early Kings of, (Robertson's), 82;

on earls of Angus, 103, 104; 15, 142 (II, n. 15), 144 (n. 14), 147 (n. 25), 150 (n. 26), 151 (n. 51), 153 (n. 6).

Scotland, History of, (Hume Brown), 4, 137, 157 (n. 22), 141 (n. 6), 6, 141 (n. 10), 18, 142 (III, n. 1), 20, 142 (III, n. 5), 21, 142 (III, n. 10), 156 (n. 3).

Scotland in Early Christian Times, (Joseph Anderson), 5, 141 (n. 9), 12, 142 (II, n. 10).

Scotland in Pagan Times, (Joseph Anderson), 1, 141 (n. 1), 5, 141 (n. 7), 10, 142 (II, n. 7), 157 (n. 18).

Scotland, Prehistoric, (Munro), 9, 11, 142 (II, n. 8).

Scotland, Register of the Great Seal of, 104, 106, 78, 150 (n. 13).

Scotland, S.A., Proceedings, 148 (n. 39).

Scots, 16-17, 33.

Scots Peerage, The, (Sir J.B. Paul);

MacWilliam, earl of C., 149 (ns. 1, 7), 150 (n. 13), 153 (n. 2).

Scott, A.B.;

The Pictish Nation and Church, 142 (II, n. 11), 143 (n. 34).

Scottish Annals from English Chroniclers, (A.O. Anderson), 3, 151 (n. 41), 152 (n. 13).

Scottish Charters, Early, (Lawrie), 3, 146 (n. 20), 149 (n. 9), 150 (n. 19).

Scottish Historical Review, 144 (n. 6), 150 (n. 26).

Scottish Kings, (Sir A.H. Dunbar), 144 (n. 2), 144 (n. 11), 45, 47, 145 (ns. 3, 4, 5, 6), 146 (n. 22), 151 (n. 36).

Scrabster, 122.

Scrope;

Days of Deerstalking, 8, 141 (II, n. 4).

Shakespeare, 37, 42.

Shenachu, or Carn Shuin, 59.

Shaw's Moray, 77, 149 (ns. 9, 12), 150 (n. 27).

Shetland, 12, 20, 90, 124, 128, 132, 156 (ns. 1, 20).

Shetland, Antiquities of, (Gilbert Goudie), 144 (n. 40).

Ships;

Viking, British, Pictish, Roman, 135, 157 (n. 17), 142 (II, n. 11);

Pictish coracles, 12, 20, 66, 67, 98.

Sidera, 122;

Sigurd's Howe, 21, 142 (III, n. 9).

Sigrid, 145 (n. 5).

Sigtrigg Silkbeard, king of Dublin, 29.

Sigurd Eysteinson, earl, conquered C. and S., 20, 90;

Odin, 122;

buried, 21, 142 (III, n. 9).

Sigurd Hlodverson, jarl, 24, 26;

his conversion, 27, 130;

marriage, 27; 28, 29, 30;

in Darrath-Liod, 32, 36;

his wife, dau. of Malcolm II, 37, 130.

Sigurd Magnuson;

prince of Orkney, 49, 60, 61.

Sigurd Marti, 87.

Sigurd Slembi-diakn, 58.

Sigurd's Howe, Cyderhall, 21, 142 (III, n. 9).

Skaill, Norse skali, 132.

Skali, Norse farm-house, 132, 157 (ns. 7, 9).

Skardi, a "gap" in place-names, 142 (III, n. 9).

Skelbo, 79 (Skail-bo), 133, 149 (n. 11).

Skelpick, deriv., 157 (n. 7).

Skene, W.F.;

Chronicle of the Picts and Scots, q.v. Highlanders of Scotland, q.v. Celtic Scotland, q.v.

Skidamyre (Skitten in Watten) C., 24, 25, 26, 27, 143 (n. 29).

Skotlands-fiorthr, or Minch, 35, 64, 148 (n. 20).

Skuli, duke, 95, 98, 100, 120.

Skuli Thorfinnson, cr. earl, 25, 38, 144 (n. 4).

Snaekolf, son of Moldan, 36.

Snaekoll Gunni's son;

parentage, 57;

sole male representative of Erlend and Moddan lines, claimed earl Ragnvald's lands from earl John, 72, 94, 99, 102, 111;

heir of Erlend lands in Caith., 117;

killed earl John, 99, 100;

return to Caith., 100;

father of Johanna of Strathnaver, 57, 111, 112, 113;

deriv. of name, 152 (n. 18).

Somarled Sigurdson, earl of Orkney and Caith., 38, 39.

Somarled the Freeman;

slain in the Isles by Sweyn Asleifarson, 82.

Somarled of Argyll, in rebellion, 81, 82.

Sorlinc, or Surclin, castle of;

in William the Wanderer, at Helmsdale, Scir-Illigh, 133.

Southern Isles, 64.

Spalding Club;

3, 147 (n. 26).

Spittal of St. Magnus, 134.

Spynie, near Elgin, 54, 76, 77;

cathedral, 78, 80.

Standing Stane, Duffus, 41, 144(n. 11)

Stenhouse, Watten, 26.

Stefansson, Jon, 51, 146 (n. 15).

Store Point, 69, but 148 (n. 34).

Strabrock, now Uphall and Broxburn, 54, 55, 76, 77, 79, 91.

Stracathro, 76.

Strathclyde, 6, 17, 22.

Stratherne, earls of;

Fereteth, in rebellion, 82;

Malise, m. Matilda dau. of Gibbon, 116, 117;

see also Malise II.

Strathmore, in Halkirk, 115.

Strathnaver;

lady Johanna of, 101, 109;

grant of lands for Elgin cathedral, 109;

Johanna's estate, 109, 110.

Strathnaver valley, 93, 110.

Strathnavern, 8, 22, 34, 53, 69;

lady, 55, 56, 65;

Moddan lands, 72, 85;

Freskin of Duffus, in, 80.

Strathyla;

charter, 77.

String, The;

Orkney, 124.

Sturlunga Saga, Prolegomena by Vigfusson, 143 (n. 14).

Sudreys (see also Hebrides and Southern Isles), 52, 88, 124, 156 (n. 20).

Sutherland (Sudrland);

part of ancient Pictish province of Cait, q.v., 7, 8;

its boundaries, 141 (II, n. 2);

outwardly much the same now as in Pictish times, 8, 22, 34;

deer abounded, 8, 141 (II, n. 4);

Pictish clergy driven from coasts by Norse, 130;

subdued by Thorfinn, 40, 47;

Norse earls, 37, 49;

seized by earl Hakon, 50;

Liot Nidingr, 53;

much owned by Moddan family, 53;

Norse steadily lost hold of, 53;

Celts kept their land, 53;

Norse driven outwards and eastward, 53;

family of Freskyn de Moravia, 55;

Norse occupied fertile parts, 1;

freed from Norse influence in 1266, 1;

inventory of ancient monuments, 2;

writing began in 12th cent., 2;

Orkneyinga Saga only record before 12th cent.;

earlier notices, 3;

land and people at arrival of Norsemen, 6, et. seq., all owned by Hugo Freskyn, 55;

earl Harald Slettmali seated in, 58;

seldom visited by earl Paul, 60;

Frakark burnt alive, 64;

Strath Helmsdale, 64;

Sweyn's raid, 64, 65;

earl Ragnvald at his daughter's wedding, 68;

children of Eric Stagbrellir, 72;

William de Sutherlandia, 80;

Mackay settlement, 82;

Innes family, 82;

part of old earldom of Caithness, 83;

granted to Hugo Freskyn, 85;

excluded from grant of half of earldom of Caithness to Harald Ungi, 85, 86;

subdued by king William, 87;

services of Freskyn family, 92;

lordship of Sutherland, 93;

erected into an earldom after 10th Oct. 1237, 116;

escaped attack by king Hakon, 128;

Norse adopted Gaelic language, 131;

Norse place-names, 132;

part settled by Mackays, 137;

Freskyns introduced into, 137;

inhabitants of Gael-Norse blend, 138;

no thanes of Moravia line in, 143 (n. 33);

horns of reindeer or elk found, 70, 148 (n. 39);

see also Orkney and Caithness.

Sutherland, earls of;

fictitious earls, Alane, Walter and Robert, 91;

Freskyn de Moravia ancestor of, 54;

William Freskyn, first earl, 78;

William (1275), litigation with bishop, 80;

case of Elizabeth, claimant of earldom, 151 (n. 51).

See also Freskyn.

Sutherland, Genealogie of the Earles of, (Sir R. Gordon);

on Alane, thane of S., 28;

treated as fiction, 91;

boundaries of Sutherland, 141 (II, n. 2), 143 (n. 13), 145 (n. 23), 155 (ns. 4, 6, 11).

Sutherland Book;

William MacFrisgyn omitted, 91;

on Johanna of Strathnaver, 108;

references, 28, 143 (n. 33), 146 (n. 21), 147 (n. 27), 150 (ns. 16, 17, 31), 151 (n. 34), 153 (n. 16), 155 (ns. 4, 5, 11).

Sutherland and the Reay Country, (A. Gunn); 156 (n. 5).

Sutherland, Inventory of the Monuments in, 2, 141 (n. 2), 9, 141 (II, n. 5), 148 (n. 39).

Sutherland;

duke of, 3.

Sverrir, king of Norway, 87, 90.

Sverri's Saga, 127, 149 (n. 6), 150 (n. 32), 151 (n. 50).

Swart Ironhead, 28.

Swart Kell, or Cathal Dhu, 27.

Swelchie (whirl-pool) near Stroma, 127.

Sweyn;

ancestor of Gunn family, 56, 57;

his son, Andres, 57;

his father, Olaf, burned at Ducansby, his mother, Asleif, 62;

his character, 63;

burned Frakark, 64, 65; 66;

his brother, Gunni, 67; 68, 69;

quarrels with earl Harold, 70;

annual viking cruises and life described, 73;

death at Dublin, 74; 76, 77, 82, 85, 93.

Sweyn Breast-rope, 62, 65.

Syre, 110.

Tankerness, 62.

Templar church of Orphir, 52.

Thanes;

none of Moravia line in Sutherland, 143 (n. 33).

Thing (parliament), in Caithness, 95.

Thora, queen of Norway, 47.

Thora, mother of earl St. Magnus, 51.

Thorbiorn Klerk, grandson of Frakark, 59;

tutor to earl Harold Maddadson, 63;

m. Ingirid, sister of Sweyn, 63;

his character, 63;

burned Waltheof, 65;

divorces Sweyn's sister, 66;

instigated quarrel between earls in Thurso, 69;

viking raid, 70;

ambushed earl Ragnvald, 70-71;

burnt alive, 71;

no direct heirs, 72; 76.

Thorbjorn in Burrafirth, Shetland, 50.

Thorfinn, son of Harold Maddadson, 74, 84;

in rebellion against Scotland, 86;

promised as hostage to king William, 87.

Thorfinn, a farmer, C., 28.

Thorfinn Sigurdson, earl of Orkney and Caith., 36-46;

birth, 37;

cr. earl of Caith. and Sutherland, 37, 38;

ancestor of all subsequent Norse earls, 37;

established at Duncansby, 38, 39;

character, 38;

claimed Orkney, 39, 40;

war with Duncan I, 40;

at Deerness, 41;

Turfness, 41;

conquests in Fife, 41, 42;

Ragnvald Brusi-son co-earl, 43, 59;

raids on England, 43, 144 (n. 16);

his wife, Ingibjorg;

"king of Catanesse," 43;

claimed two-thirds of Orkney, 43;

sole earl, 44;

visited Rome, 45;

death, 46;

chronology, 46, 48; 51;

his widow m. king Malcolm Canmore, 47, 86, 119, 145 (ns. 4, 5); 90;

earl Erlend his grandson's grandson, 148 (n. 28).

Thorfinn Torf-Einarson Hausa-kliufr (skull-cleaver), earl, m. Grelaud, 24.

Thorgisl, 28, 143 (n. 31).

Thorgisl, Saga of, 27, 143 (n. 31).

Thorir Rognvaldson, 23.

Thorir Treskegg, 23, 143 (n. 15).

Thorkel Amundson, or Fostri, 39;

at Sandvik, Deerness, slew Einar, 40;

and Moddan, 41;

and Ragnvald Brusi-son, 44, 46.

Thorkel, son of Cathal Dhu of C., 27.

Thorleif, Frakark's sister, 58.

Thorolf, bishop of Orkney, 45.

Thorsdale, 70;

valley of Thurso river, 148 (n. 40).

Thorstan the White, 28.

Thorstein the Red, seized C. and S., 20;

father of Groa, who m. Duncan, maormor of Cat, 25.

Thorstein, son of Hall O' Side, 30.

Thurso;

the river, 25, 34, 53;

earl Moddan killed at, 41;

Ottar, jarl in, 53, 60;

earl Harold Maddadson seized, 67;

earls Ragnvald and Harold reconciled, 69; 71, 87, 99, 133;

St. Peter's church, 134;

earls' residence, 134, 115, see 154 (n. 28).

Tighernac, The Annals of, 45, 142 (II, n. 11).

Torfaeus, Orcades, q.v., for transl. see Pope, Alex.

Torf-Einar Ragnvaldson, earl;

slew Halfdan Halegg, 23, 24.

Turfness (probably Burghead), Moray, 23;

battle, 41;

Ragnvald Kali went to, 68;

held by Norse, 76.

Tweed, 37, 131.

Ulbster, 100.

Ulern, 26.

Ulf the Bad, 28.

Ulfreksfirth (Larne Bay), 39, 144 (n. 6).

Ulster, 5, 17, 18, 19.

Undal, Peter Clauson, 152 (n. 1).

Unes, or Little Ferry, 121, 133.

Uphall, History and Antiquities of, (J. Primrose), 147 (n. 24), 54.

Valentia, 4.

Valthiof, brother of Sweyn, 62.

Varangian Guard, 66, 67.

Vallich, Loch, or Bealach, 110.

Vikings;

origin, 12, 13, 129; 18;

settlers as well as raiders, 13;

settlements place-names, including the, 14;

intermarriage, influence, 14;

held and named most of coasts and valleys of Cat and Ross, 15, 20;

survival of place and personal names, 18, 19;

Valhalla influence, 129;

ships, 135;

traders, 136.

Viking Age, The, (Du Chaillu), 13, 142 (II, n. 12), 157 (n. 17), see 135.

Viking expeditions, 74.

Viking Society for Northern Research. Publications:

Saga-Rook (Proceedings), The Round Church and Earl's Bu of Orphir, 133, 157 (n. 9);

Year-Book, 150 (ns. 24, 28);

Old-Lore Miscell. of O.S.C. and S., q.v.;

Orkney and Shetland Records, q.v.;

Caithness and Sutherland Records, q.v.;

Ruins of Saga-Time, q.v.

Wales, 49, 65, 114.

Walter de Baltroddi, bishop, 122, 155 (n. 8).

Waltheof, earl, 65, 148 (n. 21).

Wardships, granted by Crown, 16.

Wemund (monk), 150 (n. 24).

Wergeld, for Halfdan, 24;

Olaf Hrolfson, 65.

Wick;

earl Harald Ungi defeated, 87;

earls' residence, 134, 154 (n. 28).

Widow, 47.

Will. Newburgh Chron., 150 (n. 24).

William the Lion;

charter of Strabrock, 77;

confirmed charter in Sutherland, 79;

service of Wm. Freskyn, 80;

grant to Gaufrid Blundus, 80;

crowned, 83, 84;

first conquest of Caithness, Sutherland granted to Hugo Freskyn, 85;

with army in Ross, 86;

war against Donald Ban MacWilliam, 86;

defeated Thorfinn, Harold's son, 87;

subdued Sutherland and Caithness, 87;

conferred half of earldom of C. on Harald Ungi, 87, 117;

conferred it on Ragnvald Gudrodson, 88, 89;

came to terms with Harald, 90;

war with thanes of Ross, 94;

the dau. of John as hostage, 94, 95;

treaty with John, Caithness, 107;

death, 119, 151 (n. 43), see 88, 89.

William, son of Gillebride, uncle of Magnus II, 103.

William FitzDuncan, son of Duncan II, 86.

William the Old, bishop of Orkney;

at Egilsay, 63;

went to the east, 66.

William the Wanderer, transl. W.G. Collingwood; Thorfinn, "king of Catanesse," 43, 133.

Wolves, in Cat, 8.

Worsae;

The Prehistory of the North, 13, 142 (n. 13).

Wrath, Cape, 125, 126.

Wyntoun's Chronicle, 97, 152 (n. 14).

Wyre, Vigr, now called Veira;

Cobbie Row's Castle, 100.

Yell Sound, 62.

Yorkshire ridings, trithings, 144 (n. 6).

Yuletide;

feasts, 42, 44.

HYPERLINKED INDEX.

Aberbrothock, [153] (n. 5).

Aberdeen;

bishopric, [54];

invaded, [81].

Aberdeenshire;

why no brochs? [141] (II, n. 5).

Achavarn, [148]-9 (n. 41).

Achness, [109], [110], [153] (n. 20).

Acre, [67].

Adam, bishop of Caithness, [95], [96], [107], [119];

buried, [152], (n. 9), [122], [151] (n. 46).

Adam, earl of Angus, [102].

Adamnan, [5], [141] (n. 9).

Aethelfrith, [6].

Afreka, dau. of earl of Fife, m. Earl Harold Maddadson, their children, [73];

divorced by Harold, [74], [83], [85], [88].

Agricola, Tacitus, [4], [141] (n. 4).

Alane, thane of Sutherland, [28], [91].

Alban, [6];

its provinces, [7];

common language, [17];

ravaged by Irish Danes, [22];

wars of kings of A. against Northmen, [26] ;

Moray stretched across A., [35];

Caithness, [55].

Alcluyd (Dunbarton), [17], [142] (II, n. 16).

Alexander I, [53].

Alexander II cr. Wm. Freskyn earl of Sutherland, [80] , [116];

punished burners of Bishop Adam, [96], [97];

confiscated half Caithness, [97];

grant of earldom of south Caithness to Magnus, earl of Angus, [103], [104]-106;

Magnus II, or Malcolm witness to charter, [105], [108], [112], [119];

succession to throne, [119];

revolt of Donald Ban MacWilliam, [119] ;

Argyll conquered, [119];

Caithness subdued (1222), [119];

rebellions in Moray and Galloway, [119] ;

embassy to Norway, [121];

open letter for Scone, [122];

died, [120], [124].

Alexander III, [120];

m. Margaret, dau. of Henry III, [120] ;

his only child, Margaret, [121];

embassy to Norway, [121];

conquered Isle of Man and Hebrides, [128] .

Altyre, Standing Stane of Duffus removed to, [144] (n. 11).

America, Norsemen discovered, [136];

heard of by Jean Cabot in Iceland, [136] .

Amlaiph (Olaf) Craig, [143] (n. 33).

Anderson, Alan O., [3];

Scottish Annals from English Chroniclers.

Anderson, Joseph, [11];

O.S. trans., [146] (n. 14);

Scotland in Pagan Times, q.v.;

Scotland in Early Christian Times, q.v.

Andres Nicholas' son, [125], [126].

Andres, son of Sweyn, [57].

Andrew, Bishop of Caithness, had grant of Hoctor Common, [54];

Culdean monk, [83];

abbot of Dunkeld, [83];

died at Dunfermline, [83];

a witness, [84].

Andrews, St., bishopric founded, [53];

Roger, bishop of, [90].

Anglo-Normandes, Chroniques, (F. Michel), [157] (n. 20).

Angus, earls of (see also under names),

Gillebride, [102], [103], [105], [107], [153], (ns. 9, 13);

Adam, son of Gillebride, [102];

Gilchrist, son of Gillebride, and father of Magnus II, earl of Orkney and Caith., [72], [84], [102], [103], [104], [107], [108], [111], [116], [149] (n. 44), [153] (ns. 9, 13, 14, 15);

Duncan, son of Gilchrist, [103];

Malcolm, earl of Caithness and Angus, [103]-106, [116];

Matilda, countess of, dau. of Malcolm, [103];

Gilbert d'Umphraville, earl of A., husband of Matilda, [103],

Gilbert d'Umphraville, son of Matilda, [103].

Pedigree, [102].

Angus, son of Gillebride, earl of Angus, [103].

Anlaf, or Olaf, earl in C., [27], [28], [143] (n. 33).

Applecross, in Ross, lay abbots, [119].

Archibald, bishop of Moray, [109].

Ardovyr (Gael., upper water), identified as Loch Coire and Mallard River, i.e., "Abhain 'a Mhail Aird" of Ord. Map, part of Johanna's estate in Strathnaver, [109], [110], [153] (n. 19).

Argyll;

St. Columba landed from Ulster, [5];

Scots king, [6];

Dalriadic territory, [17], [33];

known as Airergaithel, [33];

Galgaels, [38];

Somerled of, [81];

conquered by king Alexr. II, [119], [120].

Arnfinn Thorfinnson, earl, m. Ragnhild, Eric's dau., [25].

Arnkell Torf-Einarson, earl, slain in England, [24] .

Artildol, [78].

Asgrim's Ergin, now Assary, [71], [149] (n. 42).

Asleif, mother of Sweyn, [62].

Asleifarvik (now Old-shore, also called Port Droman), [125], [155] (n. 15).

Assynt, [33];

included in Creich (q.v.), [93];

Store Point, [69], [148] (n. 34).

Athelstan, [22].

Atholl (Atjokl);

Ath-Fodla, a Pictish province, [7];

Picts absorbed by Scots, [38];

earls of, [61], [62], [78], [120];

Sweyn Asleifarson visits, [62], [64];

earl Paul died, [62], [63];

bishop John, [63]

Atholl, earls of;

Maddad, m. Margret dau. of Hakon, [61] ;

earl of A., in 1236, burned to death, [120];

earls descended from Freskyn, [54], [78].

Aud the deeply wise, in Caith., settled in Iceland, [20].

Audhild, dau. of Thorleif, mistress of Sigurd Slembi-diakn, [58];

m. Eric Streita, [59];

her son, Eric Stagbrellir, [59], [72], [84], [85];

Johanna of Strathnaver, a connection, [110].

Audna, or Edna, dau. of Kiarval, m. Hlodver, jarl, [26].

Backies, Norse derivation, [21].

Bakke, in place-names, [21], [142] (III n. 7).

Baltroddi, Walter de, bishop of C., [122], [155] (n. 8).

Bard, next of kin of Ulf the Bad, Orkney, [28].

Barelegs, nickname of king Magnus, because he wore the kilt, [49], [145] (n. 9).

Barr, St., of Dornoch;

his Fair in Dornoch, [29];

old church of St. Barr, [83], [121];

site, [134].

Barth, or Bard, Helgi's son, and St. Barr, [28], [29].

Beauly, estate of Bissets, [120].

Beauly Firth, [16];

site of Redcastle on, [86].

Ben-y-griams, [70].

Bergen, St. Ragnvald returned to, from Grimsby, [61];

John, earl of Caithness, present at, [95], [98];

earl John left his son as hostage, [98];

king Hakon buried in Christchurch, [127];

k. Hakon and earl Magnus III sailed from, [156] (n. 20).

Berowald the Fleming (Innes q.v.), had grant in Moray, [82], [150] (n. 27).

Berridale conveyed by Malise II, earl, to Reginald More, afterwards acquired by Chens, [104], [108], [109].

Beruvik, misreading of, [148] (n. 33).

Berwick, North, raided by Sweyn, [68].

Bethoc, eld. dau. of Malcolm II, m. Crinan, [36];

grandmother of earl Moddan, [53].

Bilbao, Spain, [66];

Nervion, [148] (n. 25).

Birrenswark, near Ecclefechan, was Brunanburg, [22].

Birsay, Orkney, earl Thorfinn's Hall, [45];

cathedral built by Thorfinn, [45], [46];

but replaced by St. Magnus' Cathedral, [51].

Bisset, a Norman family, [76];

at Beauly, [120].

Bjarni, bishop of Orkney, probable author of Orkneyinga Saga, [51], [69];

his parents, [57];

relative of Sweyn, [69];

at Bergen, [98].

Blood-eagle, [23], [24].

Blood-rain in Iceland, [144] (n. 37).

Blundus, Gaufrid, burgess of Inverness, [80].

Boar, wild, in Cat, [8].

Boece, [37], [42].

Boreale, Corpus Poeticum, [144] (n. 10);

[148] (n. 23).

Borrobol, [59].

Borve, rock-castle, [46], [133].

Bothgowanan, or Pitgavenny, [42].

Bothwell, family of, descended from Freskyn, [54], [78].

Bothwell, Sir Andrew of, [78].

Boun, whence Eng. bound, i.e., equipped, [66], [148] (n. 24).

Bracholy, [78].

Brawl, formerly Brathwell (Breithivellir), Castle, [95], [115], see [154] (n. 28), [133]; deriv. [152] (n. 8), [157] (n. 10).

Breithifjorthr, i.e., Broad-firth, Moray Firth, [8], [64].

Bressay Sound, [124].

Brewster, Sir David, [155] (n. 14) see [125].

Brian Borumha, king of Ireland, [29].

Brichan, Jas.;

Orig. Paroch. Scot., [3].

Bricius, bishop, [78].

Brochs, or Pictish towers;

Roman relics found in, [5];

date, number, distribution, rise, construction, &c., [9]-11;

Norse place-names near brochs, [132];

at Dunrobin, [133];

used by Norse as dwellings, [133], [157] (n. 11);

Craig Carrill, Roman tablets found, [5], [141] (n. 7);

Skene on origin of, [141] (n. 8);

at Feranach, [147] (n. 6).

Broethrungr, firnari en, first cousin once removed, [146] (n. 13).

Broxburn, (Strabrock), [54].

Brunanburgh, site, [22], [142] (III n. 12)

Brusi Sigurdson, earl, [38], [39], [40], [42].

Buchan, earl of, [114].

Burghead, Turfness of Saga, [41];

Norse raids from B. checked by Duffus, [132].

Burnt Njal, Saga of;

transl. by Sir G.W. Dasent, [27], [143] (n. 28), [30], [36], [37], [144] (n. 36), [157] (n. 7).

Cabot, Jean, in Iceland, [136].

Cailleach (Carline) Stone in Kyleakin, [125].

Cait, or Cat, Pictish province of, (now Caithness and Sutherland, q.v.), in three parts, (1) Ness, (2) Strathnavern, and (3) Sudrland, [7]-8;

description of land, [8];

unsuitable for trees in Ness, [141] (II n. 3);

west uninhabited in Viking times, [8];

deer, etc., abounded, [8], [141] (II n. 4);

Athelstan's naval demonstration, [22];

held by earls of Orkney, [22];

Duncan the maormor, [15], [24], [25], [34], [35], [36];

Picts and Norse, [38];

map, [110];

Pictish clergy driven from north-east by Norse, [130];

land and people on arrival of Norse, [6], et seq.

Caithness (Ness), part of the ancient province of Cat, q.v., [7]-8;

Norse occupied fertile parts, [1];

ancient monuments, [2];

writing, [2];

Orkneyinga Saga only record before 12th cent., [3];

earlier notices and later records, [3];

earldom claimed by Sigurd Hlodverson, [26];

Skuli Thorfinnson cr. earl, [25];

C. people in Iceland, [27], [28];

sea battle between Ulf and Helgi, [28];

Moddan, earl of C., [36], [59];

his expedition to, [41];

Norse earls, [37], [40], [49];

Thorfinn returns to, after Scottish conquests, [42];

"king of Catanesse," in "William the Wanderer," [43];

St. Magnus, [50];

seized by earl Hakon, [50];

earl Magnus favoured in, [51];

earldom conferred on Ragnvald Gudrodson, [52];

much of owned by Moddan's family, [53];

Norse steadily lost hold on C., [53];

Norse driven outward and eastward, [53];

bishopric founded, [54];

bishop Andrew, [54];

Norse earls, [55];

family of Freskyn de Moravia, [55];

earldom of David I, [58];

robberies by Sweyn, [66];

Malcolm IV granted half earldom to Erlend Haraldson, [67];

red deer and reindeer hunting, [70];

rebellions, [80];

bishop's litigation with earls of Sutherland, [80];

Innes family, [82];

earldom held of Scottish crown, [83];

diocese and cathedral, [83];

bishop Andrew, [83], [84];

first conquest by King William, [85];

subdued by King William, [87];

earl Ragnvald's half conferred on Harald Ungi, [87];

earl Harold slew earl Harald Ungi, [87];

Caithness given to Ragnvald Gudrodson, [88];

who defeated earl Harold at Dalharrold, [89];

Ragnvald's stewards left in charge, their fate, [89];

the lawman, [89];

Ragnvald bought earldom, [89], [90];

extent of earl Harold's earldom, [90];

Scottish policy in the north, [91];

old Norse earldom broken up, [92];

services of Freskyn family, [92];

extent of earldom of earl David, [93];

the burning of bishop Adam, [95];

thingstead and lawman, [95];

the earldom, [101];

succession to earldom, [102];

subjected by king Alexr. II, 1222, [119];

king Hakon's fine, 1263, [125];

escaped attack by Hakon, [128];

Scottish subjection of Norse, [1], [131];

Norse adopted Gaelic, [131];

Norse place-names, [132];

Norse type still in evidence, [134];

Normans, Cheynes, Oliphants and St. Clairs, [137];

inheritance of Erlend lands by Normans, [137], [138];

inhabitants a blend of Gael and Norse, [138].

Caithness, church in;

bishopric founded, [54];

cathedral at Halkirk, [83], at Dornoch, [121];

bishop's palace at Thurso, [95], [122];

constitution of diocese, [121], [122], [155] (n. 5);

records, [151] (n. 45);

bishops: Andrew, [54], [83], [84]; John, [89], [95], [97], [150] (n. 16), [151] (n. 45); Adam, [95], [96], [107], [119], [122], [151] (n. 46), [152] (n. 9); Gilbert, [121], [122]; William, [122]; Walter de Baltroddi, [122], [155] (n. 8).

Caithness, earldom of;

in the 14th cent. a moiety in the Angus earls and the Chen family, [108], [109];

South Caithness granted to earl Magnus II, [111];

Brawl, a capital residence of the earls in C., [115], [133];

devolution of earldom and tribal owners, [15];

North and South divisions, [106], [107], [153] (ns. 10, 15);

hostages taken by Scotland after Largs, [155] (n. 13), see [125];

paid a fine to king Hakon, [156] (n. 20).

Caithness, earls of;

Thorfinn Sigurdson, first Scottish earl, [38];

Skuli cr. earl by Scots king, [144] (n. 4);

Moddan cr. earl by Scots king, [36], [59];

Crichton and Sinclair earls, [108];

earl's office descended to females, [15];

Norse and tribal land-owners, [15];

Scottish policy in regard to succession in C., [91], [92].

Caithness, Inventory of Monuments and Constructions in the County of, [2], [141] (n. 2); [9], [141] (II, n. 5); [147] (n. 6).

Caithness, Prehistoric Remains of, (S. Laing and T.H. Huxley), [2],[141] (n. 2);

[5], [141] (n. 8).

Caithness and Sutherland Records, Viking Society, [146] (n. 20); [151] (n. 33); [155] (n. 7).

Calder, Loch, [148]-9 (n. 41).

Calder Valley, Calfdale of Saga; [71], [148] (n. 40).

Caledonia, (G. Chalmers), [155] (n. 4).

Caledonians, Annals of the, (Ritson), [142] (II, n. 9).

Caledonians inhabited the Grampians, [4], [141] (n. 5);

Romans failed to conquer, [4];

Roman wars effected union of, [4];

St. Ninian, Christian mission, through Roman influence, [4].

Cantyre, [17].

Carham; victory of Malcolm II, [37].

Cat, maormors of;

Duncan, or Dungall, [15], [20];

Moldan or Moddan, [34], [36], [37], [59].

Cat, Province of, (Angus Mackay), [56], [152] (n. 11).

Ce, the province Keith, or Mar, [7].

Celtic Britain, (Rhys), [142] (III n. 3); [144] (n. 3).

Celtic Scotland, (W.F. Skene), [101];

on succession to Caithness, [106];

Sir W. Fraser's criticism, [108]; [22], [142] (III n. 11); [26], [143] (n. 23); [150] (n. 24).

Celts, non-seafaring, [12];

Norse influence, [14];

Gall-gaels, [14];

influence of Norse on Gaelic, and of Gael on Norse, [14]-15;

"P" and "Q" Celts, [19];

kilted warriors of Norse extraction, [136].

Celts, Survival of Beliefs among the, (George Henderson), [2], [141] (n. 3).

Chen, or Cheyne, family in Caithness, [76];

descendants of Johanna of Strathnaver, [110], [111];

family lands, [118], [137], [156] (n. 20).

Chen II, Reginald;

signatory of National Bond with Wales, [114];

father of Reginald Chen III, [114];

m. Mary, dau. of Freskin and Johanna of Strathnaver, got one-fourth of Caithness, [107], [109], [153] (ns. 11, 12);

had regrant of Strathnaver lands, [109];

Kerrow-na-Shein, [110], [114].

Chen III, Reginald, known as "Morar na Shein," acquired Berridale in south Caithness from Malise II, [104], [108], [109];

owned a moiety of earldom of Caith., lived in parish of Halkirk, [108];

grandson of Johanna, [109];

Kerrow-na-Shein, [110];

his estate, [115];

acquired south Caithness lands after 1340, [115];

acquired Christian (Freskyn's) fourth, [107], [153] (ns. 11, 12)

lands, [154] (n. 28).

Christ Church, Bergen;

king Hakon buried, [127].

Christ Church, Norse name for a cathedral, [145] (n. 20).

Christ's Kirk, Birsay;

burial of St. Magnus, [51].

Christian I, king of Norway;

mortgaged Orkney and Shetland to Scotland, [128].

Christiania Fjord, or the Vik, [13].

Church;

Pictish, Columban and Catholic, [6];

Norse influence, [6].

Clairdon, near Thurso;

earl Harald Ungi defeated, [87], [93];

where Lifolf Baldpate fell, [113].

Clibreck (Clibr'), part of Johanna's estate, [109], [110].

Clon, in Ross, granted by earl of Ross to Walter de Moravia, [113].

Clontarf, the battle of, [29], [37], [130].

Clouston, J. Storer;

A Branch of the Family, [143] (n. 19);

Orkney trithing. [39], [144] (n. 6).

Clyne, [55], [83], [93].

Cobbie Row, ruins of the castle of Kolbein Hruga, in Wyre, [100].

Coire, Loch;

lands probably held by Moddan family, [93], [98], [109], [110].

Coire-na-fearn, (Cornefern) Strathnavern, [55];

part of Johanna's estate, [110].

Collingwood, W.G., on Thorfinn as "king of Catanesse." [43], [133];

see Scandinavian Britain, transl. William the Wanderer.

Columba, St.;

Adamnan's Life of, [5], [141] (n. 9);

mission to Picts, settlement in Iona, [5], [17];

clergy removed to Dunkeld, [18];

relics removed, [19];

patron saint of Scot and Pict, [19];

his cult and culture destroyed by Norse, [130].

Columban settlements of hermits and missionaries, [2], [12];

Columban church, [75];

replaced by Catholic, [6], [141] (n. 10).

Columbus;

discovered America long after Norsemen, [136].

Comyn, Alexr.;

see Buchan, earl of, [114].

Comyn, John, m. Matilda heiress of Malcolm, earl of Angus, [103].

Comyn, Walter;

earl of Menteith, [120].

Constantine I;

viking raids, [18].

Constantine II;

Norse seize C. and S., [20].

Constantine III;

Danish attacks, [22].

Constantinople (Micklegarth), [66].

Coracles, Pictish boats, [12].

Cortachy, advowson of, [116], [117].

Craig Carrill Broch;

Roman tablets found, [5], [141] (n. 7).

Crakaig, crooked bay, now drained, [9].

Creich, owned by Hugo Freskyn, [55], [83];

including Assynt, [93];

granted by Hugo Freskyn to Gilbert while archdeacon of Moray, [93].

Crinan, Abthane of Dunkeld, m. Bethoc, dau. of Malcolm II, [36].

Croc Skardie;

(?) Sigurd's Howe, [142] (III, n. 9).

Cromarty;

northern Suter of, [86];

Norse place-names, [132];

Macbeth's property, [144] (n. 3).

Cruithne and his seven sons, [7].

Curle, A.O.;

early monuments of Caith. and Sutherland, [2], [9], [141] (II, ns. 2, 5), [147] (n. 6), [148] (n. 39).

Cyderhall, see [Sigurd's Howe].

Dale, Dalar or Dalr, C.;

earl Skuli slain, [25];

home of Moddan, [16], [53].

Dalharrold, on River Naver, [89], [110];

belonged to Johanna, [151] (n. 43).

Dalriadic kingdom, [17], [19].

Dalrymple's Collections, on divorce, [85];

on earl Magnus II, [106]; [26], [143] (n. 24), [47], [145] (n. 4), [149] (n. 8), [150] (n. 31), [153] (ns. 4, 10).

Damsey;

earl Erlend killed, [69].

Danes, [18], [19], [20];

Irish Danes, [22].

Darratha-Liod, [29]-33.

Dasent, Sir G.W.;

transl. Orkneyinga Saga, q.v.;

Oxford Essays, q.v.;

Saga of Burnt Njal, q.v.

David I, king of Scotland;

church organisation, [53], [54];

earldom of Caithness held of him, [58];

his tutor John, bishop of Glasgow, [63];

visited by Sweyn Asleifarson, [66];

introduced feudal barons and charters, [75];

at Duffus Castle, [76], [77], [81], [82], [137];

by education a Norman knight, [137], [149] (n. 8).

David II, [109].

David Haraldson, earl of Orkney and Caith., [74], [90], [93];

did not have earl Ragnvald's share of Caith. earldom, [94];

succeeded to a reduced territory, [94], [107], [112];

sole earl of Orkney, [118];

joint earl with earl John, [94], [152] (n. 1);

death, [94], [121].

Dawey (Dalvey), [114].

Death in bed, a reproach among Norse, [24], [26].

Deer;

earls Ragnvald and Harald hunted red deer and reindeer in Caithness,[70];

red deer abounded in Cat, [8], [141] (II, n. 4).

Deerness, Mull of;

sea-fight between Thorfinn and Duncan I, [41];

king Hakon's fleet passed, [125].

Deerstalking, days of, Scrope,[8], [141] (II, n. 4).

De Moravia, see under [Freskyn].

Dingwall;

southern limit of Norse, [132].

Dirlot, or Dilred, in Strathmore, C., [115].

Dolfin, son of Maldred, [36].

Dollar;

Scots defeated by Danes, [20].

Donada, dau. of Malcolm II, m. Finnleac, [37].

Donald, supposed son of Malcolm III, [48].

Donald Ban MacWilliam;

claimant of Scottish crown, [86], [119];

his son Guthred slain, [94];

descended from Ingibjorg, widow of Thorfinn and Malcolm Canmore, [119].

Donald Bane, claimant to Scottish crown, [49].

Dornoch (Durnach);

supposed dedication of Cathedral, [29];

monks to be protected, [54];

owned by Hugo Freskyn, [55];

in earldom of Caithness, [83];

cathedral of St. Barr, [83], [121], [134];

excluded from earldom of earl David, [93];

part granted by Hugo Freskyn to Gilbert, [93];

Embo near D., Norse defeated, [121];

existed in Norse times, [134];

Durnach, [146] (n. 20);

cathedral lands, [54], [146] (n. 21);

bishop Adam buried in, [152] (n. 9);

traditional origin of name, [155] (n. 4).

Dornock, Dumfriesshire, deriv., [155] (n. 4).

Dorruthar, [30].

Dougal of the Isles, in Orkney, [123];

joined Hakon's expedition, [126].

Douglas, family of, [54].

Dovyr, tofftys de;

part of Johanna's estate, [109];

from Gael. for water, identified as River and Loch Naver, [110].

Draughts;

played by St. Ragnvald, [61].

Dublin, [26], [73];

Sweyn killed at, [74].

Dufeyra, [63], [64].

Duffus;

near Burghead or Turfness, [41];

castle built by Freskyn de Moravia, [54], [55];

estates owned by Hugo Freskyn, [55];

Freskyn, lord of, [55], [76], [77];

estate succeeded to by Walter Freskyn, [79];

church, [79];

William MacFrisgyn second lord of, [91];

chapel of St. Lawrence, [114];

Freskyn's fortress checked Norse raids, [132];

king David's visit, [76], [77], [149] (n. 8);

rector of St. Peter's, [149] (n. 11).

Dufnjal, [50], [146] (n. 13).

Dugald, king of Sudreys;

intercepted the Scotch fine on C., [156] (n. 20).

D'Umphraville, Gilbert—earl of Angus;

m. Matilda, countess of Angus, [103].

D'Umphraville, Gilbert—earl of Angus;

son of Matilda, [103].

Dunadd, [19].

Dunbar, Sir Archibald;

Scottish Kings, q.v.

Dunbarton, Dun-bretan, fort of the Britons, [17], [142] (II, n. 16).

Duncan I;

parentage, [36], [37];

Karl Hundason, [40];

at North Berwick, [41];

defeated by earl Thorfinn off Deerness, [41];

and at Turfness, [41];

his death and age, [42], [43];

created Moddan, his sister's son, earl of Caithness, [40], [59].

Duncan II, king of Scotland, [48], [49], [86];

son of Malcolm and Ingibjorg, [145] (n. 6), [146] (n. 13).

Duncan, earl;

father of Dufnjal, [146] (n. 13)

Duncan, earl of Angus, [103].

Duncan, earl of Fife;

dau. Afreka m. Harald Maddadson, [73].

Duncan, maormor of Duncansby, [15];

m. Groa, [20];

his dau. Grelaud, [24], [25], [26].

Duncansby or Dungallsby, [15], [20], [34], [38], [40], [62].

Dundas, Sir David, [3].

Dunfermelyn, Reg., [146] (ns. 20, 21), [150] (n. 31), [153] (n. 6).

Dunfermline;

Bishop Andrew a Culdean monk of, [83].

Dungal's Noep, C.;

battle, [26].

Dunkeld;

clergy of Iona removed to, eccl. capital for Scots and Picts, [18];

capital of southern Picts, [36];

bishopric founded, [53];

Andrew, bishop of Caith., abbot of, [83].

Dunnet Head, [43].

Dunrobin, [8];

glen, [21], [55];

charter room, [79]

Robert, legendary 2nd earl of Sutherland, founder (?) [91];

MS. of Constitution of diocese, [121];

Norse derivation, [133].

Dunskaith, Castle of, [86].

Dunstable, Annals of, [97].

Durness (Dyrness);

clan Mackay, [56], [82];

in old earldom of Caithness, [83];

Asleifarvik, anchorage of Hakon's fleet, [125];

raided by Norse in retreat from Largs, [126];

Seanachaistel, chaistel, [133];

MacHeth settlement, [147] (n. 19).

Eclipse of sun in Orkney, Augt. 5th, 1263, [125].

Eddirdovir, castle of, at Redcastle, [86].

Eddrachilles, [8], [56], [83].

Edgar, claimant to Scottish crown, [49].

Egilsay;

martyrdom of St. Magnus, [51];

bishop John from Athole visited, [63].

Einar Oily-tongue;

slew Havard jarl, [25].

Einar Sigurdson, earl, [38], [39];

his slaughter, [40], [46].

Eindridi, [66];

wrecked off Shetland, [66];

sailed with earl Ragnvald to the East, [66];

his treachery, [66];

and desertion, [67].

Ekkjal, Norse name of Oykel, [7], [21].

Ekkjals-bakki, [7];

southern limit of conquest of earl Sigurd I, [20];

indentification disputed, [21];

earl Paul's journey to Athole, [63];

in Sweyn's track to burn Frakark, [64], [142] (III, n. 7);

Atjokl's bakki, [147] (n. 14).

Elgin;

cathedral, built by Andrew, bishop of Moray, [77], [80];

records, [81];

Johanna granted lands in Strathnaver for the cathedral, [109];

constitution of diocese based on Lincoln, [121];

guides for Sweyn, [64], [147] (n. 19).

Elin, dau. of Eric Stagbrellir, [72];

at home near Loch Naver, [84];

she, or sister, m. Gilchrist, earl of Angus, and was mother of Magnus II, earl of Caithness, [103], [106], [116], [117], [149] (n. 44).

Elk;

abounded in Cat, [8], [141] (II, n. 4);

horns found, [70], [148] (n. 39).

Ellarholm, [70], [148] (n. 36).

Ellwick (Ellidarvik), [124].

Embo, near Dornoch;

Norse defeated and their "prince" slain, to whom the Ri-Crois erected, [121].

Erde-houses, of Pictish times, [9].

Erg (Gaelic, airigh), a sheiling, Norse, setr, [70];

pl. ergin, sheilings, in Asgrim's Ergin, [71], [149] (n. 42) (Assary).

Eric bloody-axe, [25].

Eric Stagbrellir, son of Audhild, brought up in Kildonan by Frakark, [59];

sole male survivor of Moddan line, [59];

m. Ingigerd, dau. of earl St. Ragnvald, united the Erlend and Moddan estates, [59], [68], [69];

tried to reconcile earls Ragnvald and Harold, [69];

probably got earl Ottar's lands on the death of earl Erlend, [69];

viking raid to Hebrides and Scilly Isles, [70]-72, [75], [84];

his son Harald Ungi made earl of Orkney and Caithness (excluding Sutherland), [87];

his son, Ragnvald, [88];

line represented by Snaekoll Gunni's son, [94], [98], [99].

Eric Streita;

husband of Audhild, dau. of Thorleif, [59].

Erik the Red, Saga of, [157] (n. 19), see [136].

Erlend Haraldson, earl of Orkney and Caith.;

heir of earl Ottar, [15], [58];

granted half earldom of Caith., [67];

granted half earldom of Orkney, [67];

supported by Sweyn, [67], [68];

in Shetland, [68];

slain, [69];

last of male line of Thorfinn Sigurdson, [69];

nearest heir, Ragnvald Gudrodson, king of Man, [88];

grandson of Hakon Paulson, [148] (n. 28);

not Erlend Ungi, [148] (n. 31).

Erlend Thorfinnson;

joint earl of Orkney and Caith. with his brother Paul, [47];

at battle of Stamford Bridge, [48];

banished to Norway where he died, [49];

his descendants, [55], [56];

his line of heirs, [84], [88];

Scottish policy as to succession, [91], [93];

Snaekoll Gunni's son, chief of line, [94], [99];

Skene's theory, [101];

the converse theory that Magnus of Angus m. the nameless dau. of earl John, through whom he got the title, and Paul's lands, [101], [108], [153] (n. 15);

his share of earldom of Caithness, [111], [115];

inherited by Johanna of Strathnaver, [117];

his line (excepting Harald Ungi) excluded from Orkney during rule of earl Harold, David and John, [118];

succession to Erlend lands in C., [138].

Erlend Torf-Einarson, earl;

slain in England, [24].

Erlend Ungi;

eloped with Margret, mother of earl Harold Maddadson, to Mousa Broch, [68];

reconciled to earl Harold, with whom he went to Norway, [68];

not earl Erlend, [148] (n. 31).

Erling Erlendson, [49];

in Norwegian expedition to Wales, [49];

probably killed in Ireland, [49].

Erling Ivar's son;

in Hakon's expedition, [125];

in raid on Dyrnes, [126].

Erlingson, Thorsteinn;

Ruins of Saga-time in Iceland, (Viking Society, extra series), [157] (n. 8).

Ermengarde, queen, [66].

Erriboll, Loch;

the Goafiord, or Hoanfiord, Hakon's fleet in, [126];

Lochvuaies, [156] (n. 18), see [126].

Euphemia, wife of Walter Freskin de Moravia of Duffus, dau. of Ferchar Mac-in-Tagart, earl of Ross, [79], [80], [113].

Evelix, River;

[142] (III, n. 9).

Eystein, king of Norway, [50];

seized earl Harold Maddadson, [67];

invaded Aberdeen, [81].

Eysteinsdal, or Ousedale, near the Ord of Caithness;

to which king William marched against earl Harold, [90], deriv., [151] (n. 47).

Eyvind Urarhorn;[39], [40].

Fair Isle;[62].

Faroes;

Picts, [12], [20], [130].

Farr;

old parish was Johanna's estate in Strathnaver, [110];

Borve Castle, [46], [133].

Federeth I (Fedrett), William de;

m. Christian, dau. of Freskin and Johanna, and got one fourth of Caithness, [107], [109];

Caithness lands, [118], [153] (n. 11), [156] (n. 20).

Federeth II, William de;

son of W.F. and Christian Freskin, sold his fourth of C. to Sir Reginald Chen III, [107], [153] (n. 11).

Felix, bishop of Moray;

witness, [149] (n. 8).

Feranach, Broch at;

Frakark's residence (?), [147] (n. 6).

Fernebuchlyn, [79].

Feudalism;

introduced into Scotland by Alexander I and David I, [53], [138].

Fib (Fife), [7].

Fidach (Moray), [7].

Fife;

conquests by earl Thorfinn, [42].

Finleac or Finlay MacRuari, maormor of Moray;

fought earl Sigurd at Skidamyre, [24];

m. dau. of Malcolm II, [37].

Finn Arnason, father of Ingibjorg, [43];

and of Sigrid, [145] (n. 5).

Firth par., Orkney;

Paplay, Thora's residence, [51], [146] (n. 14).

Flandrensis, not applied to Freskin de Moravia, [54], [81].

Flatey Book;

Thorstein the Red, [20], [142] (III, n. 4);

earls of Orkney, [22], [143] (n. 14);

story of Barth, [28];

continuation of Orkneyinga Saga, [75];

earl Ragnvald's half of Caith. earldom, [87], [94], [117];

extent of Harold's later earldom, [90], [25], [143] (n. 20), [26], [143] (n. 23);

battle of Skitten, [27], [143] (n. 29);

[27], [143] (n. 30), [150] (n. 30), [152] (ns. 8, 10, 22).

Fleet, Loch;

no longer reaches to Pittentrail, [9].

Floruvoe, Floruvagr;

battle in 1135, [61];

battle in 1194, [100], [153] (n. 1).

Fordun;

rebellion in Moray, [82];

earl John's hostage dau., [107];

Annals, [150] (n. 25), [152] (n. 4).

Forfar;[22], [97].

Forsie, Force of Saga, [71], [148] (n. 41.)

Fortrenn;

Menteith, [7].

Fotla, Ath-Fodla;

Athol, [7].

Frakark, or Frakok, dau. of Moddan, [16];

m. Liot Nidingr, [53];

earl Harald Slettmali with her in N. Kildonan, [58];

banished from Orkney, went to her homesteads in Sutherland, [59], [60];

earl Ragnvald seeks her aid, [61], [62];

burnt alive, [64], [65];

Freskyn I her contemporary, [76];

Johanna of Strathnaver a connection, [110];

her residence, [147] (n. 6).

Fraser, or Fresel, of Beauly; [76].

Fraser, Sir William;

genealogy of Freskyn family, [92];

on Johanna of Strathnaver, [108];

The Sutherland Book, q.v.

Freskin, Christian;

dau. of Freskin younger and Johanna of Strathnaver, m. William de Fedrett, had one fourth of Caithness, which their son resigned to her sister's husband, Sir Reginald Chen III, [107], [109], [115], [124].

Freskin de Moravia, younger, lord of Duffus, [55], [56], [76];

eld. son of Sir Walter de Moravia, [80];

in Strathnaver and Caith., [80], [81], [113];

m. Johanna of Strathnaver, [100], [101], [107]-110;

his date fixed, [113];

by marriage became owner of lands in Strathnaver and of a moiety of earldom of Caith., [113], [117];

lineage, [113];

born in or after 1225, lord of Duffus by 1248, [113];

m. 1245-1250, [113], [114];

nephew of William, earl of Sutherland, [114];

signatory to National Bond, [114];

d. 1260-1263, [114];

buried in church of Duffus, [114];

his maternal uncle, William MacFerchar, earl of Ross, [122], [123], [124];

possible violent death, [154] (n. 27), see [114].

(See Appendix, [Pedigree].)

Freskin, Mary;

dau. of Freskin, younger, and Johanna of Strathnaver, m. Sir Reginald Chen II, had one fourth of Caithness, [107], [109], [114], [115], [124].

Freskyn, Andrew, son of Hugo F. of Sutherland, [79];

parson of Duffus, bishop of Moray, [77], [80].

Freskyn, Andrew, son of William son of Freskyn, [77], [149] (n. 10);

parson of Duffus, [77], [149] (n. 11).

Freskyn de Moravia, and family;

the family the mainstay of Scottish rule in the north, [35];

superintended building of Kinloss Abbey, [54];

ancestor of earls of Sutherland, [54];

built Duffus Castle, [54];

not a Fleming, [54], [82];

a Pict or Scot, and ancestor of families of Athole, Bothwell, Sutherland and probably Douglas, [54];

his family in Caith., [55];

great-great-grandfather of Freskin the younger, husband of Johanna, [55], [147] (n. 28);

two branches of family settled north of the Oykel, [55];

Freskyn, of Strabrock and Moray, its two branches in Sutherland and Caith., [76];

founder of the family, [76];

entertained king David I at Duffus Castle, [76], [77];

year of death, [77], [83];

his two sons, [77];

father of William MacFriskyn, and Hugo the witness, [81], [91];

derivation of name, [81];

revised pedigree, [92];

he and successors appointed guardians of Moray and Nairn, [92];

defended Moray against the Norse, [132];

the family introduced into Sutherland, [137];

no thanes of this line in Sutherland, [143] (n. 33);

name also spelt Fretheskin, [146] (n. 22);

his neighbour in Moray, earl Waltheof, [148] (n. 21), [149] (ns. 8, 12).

(See Appendix, [Pedigree].)

Freskyn, Hugo, son of Freskyn;

the witness, uncle of Hugo de Moravia of Sutherland, [77], [79].

Freskyn, Hugo, eld. son of William MacFreskyn, [55], [77], [91], [92];

his family settled north of the Oykel and owned Sutherland, [55], [78], [79];

northern boundary of his estate, [56], [76], [77];

ancestor of the de Moravias, or Murrays, of Sutherland, [77];

called "my lord" by his younger brother, William, [78], [150] (n. 13);

his family, [79];

burial place, [79], [80], [81], [83];

succession to Morayshire estates, [85];

grant of Sutherland, [85], [86], [87];

not earl, [91];

his lordship of Sutherland, excluded from earldom of Caithness as inherited by earl David, [93];

grant to Gilbert, archdeacon of Moray, [79], [93], [98], [149] (n. 11);

of Strabrock, Duffus and Sutherland, father of Walter de Moravia of Duffus, whose son m. Johanna of Strathnaver, [113];

his eld. son, William, [121], [149] (n. 9);

a witness, [79], [150] (n. 19).

Freskyn, Walter, de Moravia of Duffus;

son of Hugo F. of Sutherland, succeeded to Strabrock and Duffus, [79];

his wife, [79], [80];

known as Sir Walter de Moravia, [80];

of Duffus, [113];

his son, Freskin, m. Johanna of Strathnaver, [113];

grant of land in Clon from earl of Ross, [113].

Freskyn, Walter, of Petty, [78].

Freskyn (MacFreskyn), William, eld. son of Freskyn de Moravia, [55];

charter of Strabrock and other lands in Lothian and Moray, [77];

his sons, [77], see [149] (ns. 9, 10, 11), [78], [81], [82], [83], [85];

omitted in Sutherland Book, [91];

second lord of Duffus and Strabroc, [91];

his eldest son, Hugo of Sutherland, [91], [92].

Freskyn, William, dominus Sutherlandiae, first earl of Sutherland, [78], [79];

eld. son of Hugo F., [79];

de Sutherland, [80];

cr. earl of Sutherland, [80], [81], [91], [98]:

dominus Sutherlandiae from about 1214, [113];

uncle of Freskyn the younger, [114];

his lands bounded by those of Johanna on the north and east, [114];

was probably Johanna's guardian, [114];

cr. earl after 10th October 1237, [116], [121];

repulsed a Norse invasion (?) at Embo, [121];

death, [121], [123].

N.B.—All these Freskyns' name was de Moravia, not Freskyn.—J.G.

Freskyn, William, of Petty, son of William son of Freskyn, [77], [78], [149] (n. II).

Freswick (now Bucholie) Castle, (Lambaborg), [66], [133].

Fretheskin, see Freskin, [81], [146] (n. 22).

Frida, dau. of Kolbein Hruga, m. Andres, son of Sweyn Asleifarson, [57].

Furness;

Wemund, monk of, [150] (n. 24).

Gaedingar, too, [152] (n. 22).

Gaelic;

superseded Pictish, [14];

in Sutherland full of Norse words, [14];

Psalms translated into by Gilbert, bishop, [122];

Gaelic blood crossed with Norse produced the Saga, [130], [131];

Gaelic in Sutherland and Caithness included many Norse words, [131], [132];

a trustworthy vehicle of Norse, [132], [135].

Gairsay;

Sweyn's castle, [68];

robbed by earl Harald, [70];

Sweyn's life and large drinking hall, [73].

Gall, Eilean nan;

traditional combat, [143] (n. 31).

Gall-gaels, or Gaelic strangers;

mixed Gaelic-Norse, [14];

held sea from Lewis to Isle of Man, [33];

of Argyll, [38].

Galloway;

part of Valentia, [4];

subdued by earl Thorfinn, [45], [48];

rebellion subdued, [82];

Roland of, defeated Donald Ban MacWilliam, [86];

rebellion put down by king Alexr. II, [119], [120].

Geographical Collections, (W. Macfarlane), [155] (n. 4).

Gibbon, Gillebride or Gilbert, earl of Orkney and Caithness, [103], [123];

son or brother of earl Magnus II, [116];

his dau. Matilda m. Malise, earl of Stratherne, [116], [117];

d. 1256, succ. by son Magnus III, [117].

Gilbert, alleged earl of Orkney, [103].

Gilbert d'Umphraville, earl of Angus, m. Matilda, countess of Angus, [103].

Gilbert d'Umphraville, earl of Angus;

son of Matilda, [103].

Gilbert de Moravia, archdeacon of Moray;

grant of Skelbo, etc., [79], [93], [98], [149] (n. 11), [150] (n. 16);

afterwards became bishop of C., [121];

founded cathedral at Dornoch, in which he was buried, [122], [134], [146] (n. 21).

Gilbert, son of Gillebride, earl of Angus, and uncle of Magnus, earl of Caithness, [103].

Gilchrist, earl of Angus;

m. as 2nd wife, Ingibiorg or Elin, dau. of Eric Stagbrellir, [72], [84], [111], [149] (n. 44);

Skene's theory, [101], [108], [153] (n. 16);

converse theory, [101];

[107], [153] (ns. 9, 13, 14);

pedigree of Angus family, [102];

charter of south Caith. to his son Magnus, [103], [104], [116];

his death, [153] (n. 14).

Gildas, [5].

Gillebert, or Gillebryd, son of Angus, [103].

Gillebride, earl of Angus;

his sons, [102], [103];

grandson (not son) Magnus II, earl of Orkney and Caith., [103], [105], see [153] (ns. 9, 13);[107];

his death, [107].

Gilli Odran;[70], [82].

Glasgow;

John bishop of, mission to Orkney, [63];

Herbert, bishop of, grant of Borthwick Church, [77].

Glendhu, Loch;

identified as Murkfjord, [70].

Goa-fiord, or Hoanfiord, (now Loch Erriboll);

Hakon's fleet at, [126], [127];

Eilean Hoan retains the name, [156] (n. 19), see [127].

Gokstad;

viking ship, [135], [157] (n. 17).

Golsary, the shelling of Gol, in Latheron, Caithness, cf. Golspie [157] (n. 14), see [134].

Golspie (formerly Kilmalie);

owned by Hugo Freskyn, [55], [83], [93];

(Gol's-by) formerly Platagall [134], [157] (n. 14).

Good men, [50], [63].

Gormflaith, [74], [83], [84], [86], [88].

Gospatric, eld. son of Maldred, [36].

Goudie, Gilbert;

transl. Orkneyinga Saga, [143] (n. 14), [146] (n. 14), [147] (n. 14);

Antiquities of Shetland, [144] (n. 40).

Grants, Normans, [76].

Gratiana, wife of William the Wanderer, [43].

Gray, Thomas;

The Fatal Sisters, [30].

Greenland, [136].

Grelaud, dau. of Duncan, maormor of C., [24], [25], [26].

Grimsby;

St. Ragnvald traded at, met Harald Gillikrist, [61].

Gritgard, son of Moldan, [36].

Groa, dau. of Thorstein the Red, m. Duncan of Duncansby, [20].

Groa, wife of Macbeth, [42].

Gudrun, sister of Anlaf, earl of C., [28].

Guillaume le Roi, [157] (n. 20).

Gulberwick, [66].

Gunn, Adam;

Sutherland and the Reay Country, [156] (n. 5).

Gunn, in Darratha-Liod, [32].

Gunn family;

descent, [56], [57].

Gunnhild, Erlend's daughter, sister of earl St. Magnus, m. Kol, [60];

her descendants, [88].

Gunnhild, wife of Eric Bloody-axe, in Orkney, [25].

Gunnhilda, dau. of earl Harold Maddadson and Hvarflod, [74].

Gunni;

m. (as 2nd husband) Ragnhild sister of earl Harald Ungi, [57], [72];

probably grandson of Sweyn Asleifarson, [93];

became chief of Moddan family, [93], [94], [98], [111].

Gunni, brother of Sweyn Asleifarson;

outlawed, [67].

Guthorm Sigurdson, earl, [22].

Guthred, son of Donald Ban MacWilliam;

led rebellion in Moray and slain, [94].

Hadrian's Wall, [4].

Hafrsfjord;

battle, (872), [20], [130].

Hailes, lord;

on forfeiture of earl Harold Maddadson, [86];

Annals of Scotland, q.v.;

case of Elizabeth claimant of earldom of Sutherland, [151] (n. 51).

Hakon Hakonson, king of Norway;

his mother's ordeal, [95], [98];

expedition to Scotland, [123];

account of his expedition (1263), [124] et seq.;

died in the bishop's palace, Kirkwall, [127];

result of expedition, [128], [156] (n. 18).

Hakon Haroldson, son of Earl Harold Maddadson and Afreka;

foster-child of Sweyn Asleifarson, [73];

probably fell with Sweyn at Dublin, [74], [84];

with Sweyn, [85];

his death, [151] (n. 38).

Hakon Paulson, earl, [48];

went to Norway, [49];

in Norwegian expedition to Wales, [49];

returned to Orkney, [50];

slew the king's steward, [50];

dispute with earl Magnus, [50];

slew his cousin Dufnjal, and Thorbjorn in Burrafirth, [50];

seized Magnus' share of earldom, [50];

slew St. Magnus, [51], [61];

sole earl, [52];

pilgrimage to Rome and Jerusalem, builder of the round church of Orphir, [52];

Helga and their children, [52];

his son Paul by a lawful wife, [52], [53];

his descendant Ragnvald Godrodson, [88], [146] (n. 10);

Norse favourite for earldom of C., as against Magnus, had to conquer C., [146] (n. 12);

mixed blood, [146] (n. 17);

his grandson Erlend, [148] (n. 28).

Hakon Sverri's son, king of Norway;

his son Hakon, [95].

Hakonar Saga;

record until 13th cent., [1], [2], [34], [74], [149] (n. 45), [152] (ns. 6, 7, 15-17, 19, 21), [155] (ns. 3, 9, 10, 12-14, 16), [156] (ns. 17, 19, 20).

Halfdan Halegg, or long-shanks;

slain by Torf-Einar, [23].

Halkirk;

source of Thurso River in, [60];

Moddan lands, [72], [85];

first cathedral of bishopric, [83], [134];

bishop's house, [95];

residence of Chen family inherited from Johanna of Strathnaver, [108];

Johanna's estate, [110];

castle of Reginald Chen III, [115];

Spittal of St. Magnus, [134], [115], [154] (n. 28).

Hall o' Side, Iceland, [30].

Hallad Ragnvaldson, earl, [22].

Halvard, an Icelander, [40].

Halvard of Force, [71];

called Hoskuld also, [148]-9 (n. 41).

Halvard the Red, [125], [126].

Hanef, Norse commissioner;

aids Snaekoll, [99], [100].

Harald, of N. Ronaldsay;

slain by Ulf the Bad, [28].

Harald Gillikrist, [61];

St. Ragnvald fought for him at Floruvoe, [61].

Harold Godwinson, king of England, defeated Harald Hardrada, [48].

Harald Hakonson Slettmali (smooth-talker), earl of Orkney and Caith.;

son of earl Hakon and Helga, [52];

held Caithness, [58];

his death, [58], [60];

his Moddan kinsmen, [59].

Harald Harfagr;

battle of Hafrsfjord, (872);

subdued Orkney and Shetland which he erected into an earldom, [20], [130];

cr. Torf-Einar earl of Orkney, [23];

second expedition to Orkney, [24];

imitated Charlemagne's feudalism, [129].

Harald Jonson;

son of John, earl of Caithness, [95];

left as hostage at Bergen, [98];

drowned, (1226), [98], [111], [152] (n. 16).

Harold Maddadson, earl;

son of Margret, Hakon's daughter and Maddad, earl of Atholl, [61], [62], [63];

earl St. Ragnvald ruled Caith. as his guardian, [73], [146] (n. 20);

to Norway with earl Ragnvald, [66];

seized at Thurso by king Eystein, [67];

outlawed Gunni, [67];

conflict with earl Erlend Haraldson, [67], [68];

reconciled to earl Ragnvald at Thurso, [69];

quarrels with Sweyn and robbed his house, [70];

annual deer hunt in Caith., [70];

present at earl Ragnvald's slaughter, [71];

seized Ragnvald's share of earldom, [99];

became sole earl, [118];

contemporaries, [85];

forfeited in 1196, [86];

later rebellions and loss of lands, [86];

expedition to Ross and Moray, [86];

subdued by king William, [87];

imprisoned for failure to deliver hostages, [87];

deprived of Sutherland, [87];

earl Ragnvald's half of Caith. conferred on Harald Ungi, [87];

his grandsons, [87], [151] (n. 38);

his heir, Thorfinn, [87];

fled to Isle of Man, [87];

defeated earl Harald Ungi, [87];

king William conferred Caith. on Ragnvald Gudrodson, [87], [88];

defeated in Caithness by Ragnvald, [89];

had one of Ragnvald's stewards slain, mutilated the bishop, drove the stewards out, [89];

son Thorfinn mutilated and died in prison, [89];

king William marched with an army to Caith., and Harold ultimately came to terms, [90];

negotiated with king John of England, [90], [113];

extent of his later earldom, [90];

deprived of Shetland, [90], [156] (n. 20);

death, [90], [93];

character and personal appearance, [90];

his two wives and descendants, [73]-75, [83]-85, [88], [102], [106], [111], [123], [124], [153] (n. 1).

Harald Sigurdson Hardrada, king of Norway, [43], [45], [46];

killed at Stamford Bridge, [48].

Harald Ungi;

earl of Orkney and Caithness, [57];

his parents, [71];

heir of Moddan lands, [72];

fared to Norway, [75];

at home near Loch Naver, [84];

grant of half earldom of Orkney, [85], [87];

grant of half of Caithness (exclusive of Sutherland), [86], [87];

Invaded Orkney, defeated and slain in Caithness, [87], [93];

line represented by Snaekoll Gunni's son, [94], [99];

his share of earldom of Caithness never granted to the Paul line, [94], [98];

probably held by Moddan line, [98];

pedigree ceases, [102];

sister m. earl of Angus, [103];

date of death, [107];

his half of Caithness earldom, [111];

his heirs, earl Magnus II and Johanna, [111], [117], [118];

succeeded to earldom through a female, [154] (n. 22).

Haroldswick, Unst;

said to have been called after king Harald, [20], [142] (III, n. 6).

Havard Thorfinnson, earl;

m. Ragnhild, k. Eric's dau., [25].

Hebrides (see also [Sudreys]);

Vikings, subdued by king Harald Harfagr, [20], [130];

Norse influence on Gaelic, [14];

under Norway, [33];

raided by Sweyn, [70], [73];

Norse expedition against south H. assisted by earl John, [98];

king Alexander's naval expedition, [120];

king Alexr. II sent embassy to Norway to get cession of, [121];

harried by earl of Ross, [122], [123];

king Hakon's expedition, [123];

Scottish expedition, [124];

ceded to Scotland, [1];

conquered by Alexander III, [128];

ceded by Norway to Scotland, [128].

Heimskringla, [143] (n. 18).

Helena, dau. of earl Harald Maddadson and Afreka, [73], [84].

Helga, dau. of Moddan;

associated with Helgarie, [16];

concubine of earl Hakon, [52], [58];

banished from Orkney, [59];

her grandson, earl Erlend, [148] (n. 28).

Helga Ulfs-datter, Sanday, Orkney, [28].

Helgarie, near Helmsdale, [16].

Helgi, Harald's son, N. Ronaldsay, elopes with Helga Ulfsdatter, [28].

Helgi Njal's son, [36], [37].

Helliar-holm, Ellar-holm, [70], [148] (n. 36).

Helmsdale, [53];

strath in Sutherland, Frakark, [64];

H. Water, [64];

Sorlinc, [133];

Hjalmundal, the strath, not village, [157] (n. 13).

Henry, bishop of Orkney;

in whose palace, in Kirkwall, king Hakon died, [127].

Henry I of England;

visited by earl St. Magnus, [50].

Henry II of England;

wars in France, [81], [82].

Henry III of England;

his sister Joanna, m. Alexr. II of Scotland, [119];

his dau. Margaret m. Alexr. III of Scotland, [120].

Henry III, emperor of Germany;

earl Thorfinn's visit, [45].

Henry, prince;

son of king David I;

witness, [79].

Henry, son of Harold Maddadson by Afreka;

claimed Ross, [73], [84], [119];

date of death, [151] (n. 38).

Herbjorg, 3rd dau. of earl Paul Thorfinnson, [57].

Herbjorg, dau. of Sigrid;

m. Kolbein Hruga, [57].

Herborga, dau. of earl Harald Maddadson, [74].

High Church (ha-kirkja), Halkirk, [134].

Highlanders of Scotland (Skene); [7], [141] (II, n. 1).

Hill fort;

Ben-y-griam Beg, Caithness, [70].

Hjaltalin, Jon;

transl. Orkneyinga Saga, [143] (n. 14), [146] (n. 14), [147] (n. 14).

Hlodver Thorfinnson, earl, [25];

m. Audna, [26].

Hoanfiord, or Goa-fiord, (Loch Erriboll);

Hakon's fleet at, [126], [127];

Eilean Hoan, [156] (n. 19), see [127].

Hoctor Common;

granted to bishop of C., [54], [146] (n. 21), (Huchterinche).

Hofn, Caithness;

Hlodver's howe, [26].

Holinshed, [37], [42].

Honaver, [88].

House-burnings;

earl Moddan's burning, in Thurso, [41];

Olaf Hrolfson, in Duncansby, [62], [64], [65];

Frakark, in Sutherland, [64], [65];

earl Waltheof, in Moray, [65].

Houses;

Norse skali described, [132].

Hoxa, South Ronaldsay;

Thorfinn Hausa-kliufr buried, [25].

Hrolf the Ganger, [23].

Hrollaug Rognvaldsson, [23].

Hrossey, now Mainland, Orkney, [22].

Hundi (possibly Crinan), [26], [27].

Hundi Sigurdson, [27].

Hut-circles of Pictish times, [9].

Hvarflod, or Gormflaith, dau. of Malcolm MacHeth, m. earl Harold Maddadson, [74];

date of birth, [74], [83], [84], [86], [88].

Iceland;

Pictish mission, [12];

Aud's settlement, [20];

Hrollang Rognvaldsson settled, [23];

viking settlement, [130];

the skali described, [132];

Jean Cabot first heard of America in, [136];

Christianity accepted, [144] (n. 37);

blood-rain, ib., Norsemen in, [156] (n. 2);

ruins of Saga-time, [157] (n. 8), see [132].

Icelandic Annals;

earls of Orkney, [103], [152] (n. 16).

Inga Saga, transl., [152] (n. 1).

Ingibiorg, daughter of earl Hakon and Helga;

m. Olaf Billing, [52];

her grandson, Ragnvald Gudrodson, of Man, [88].

Ingibiorg, dau. of Eric Stagbrellir, [72];

at home near Loch Naver, [84];

she or her sister m. Gilchrist, earl of Angus, [103], [106], [116], [117], [149] (n. 44).

Ingibjorg, Finn Arnason's daughter, m. earl Thorfinn Sigurdson, [43], [44];

after Thorfinn's death m. Malcolm III, [45], [46], [47], [145] (ns. 4, 5);

cousin of queen Thora of Norway, [47], [48];

her descendant, Donald Ban MacWilliam, [119].

Ingirid or Ingigerthr, only dau. and child of earl Ragnvald, m. Eric Stagbrellir, [59], [68], [71];

her children, [72], [75], [84], [88];

date of birth, [148] (n. 32);

probably the same Ingigerthr commemorated in Maeshowe runes, [148] (n. 32).

Ingirid, sister of Kali (St. Ragnvald), m. Jon Peterson, [61].

Ingirid, sister of Sweyn Asleifarson;

m. Thorbiorn Klerk, [63].

Inner-Schyn, [79].

Innes, Cosmo;

Orig. Par. Scot., q.v., [3];

genealogy of Freskyn family, [92], [105], [109].

Innes, Familie of, [147] (n. 26).

Innes family;

Berowald the Fleming, [82], [150] (n. 27).

Invernairn;

sheriff, [78].

Iona;

St. Columba's settlement, [5], [18].

Ireland;

Duncan I, [41];

Sweyn Asleifarson's raids, 7[3], [74]; [119], [129], [130].

Islandicae, Origines, [157] (n. 19).

Ivar Rognvaldsson, [20].

Jerusalem;

pilgrimages to, [52], [67].

Joanna, queen of Alexander II, possibly name-mother of Johanna of Strathnaver, [112], [113];

dau. of king John, and sister of king Henry II of England, [119].

Johanna of Strathnaver, lady;

m. Freskin de Moravia of Duffus, [55], [56], [100];

her estate, [56];

her father, [57];

relationship to Snaekoll Guuni's son, [100];

supposed dau. of earl John, [101];

Skene's theory that she inherited earl John's, i.e. earl Paul's, half of the earldom without the title, [101];

the opposite theory, that she inherited Erlend lands, [101];

Skene's opinion, [107];

her daughters, [107];

Skene's suggestion that she was the hostage dau. of earl John, and given in marriage to Freskin, [108];

Fraser's criticism of Skene, [108];

her grandson, Reginald Chen III, in possession of half of Caithness and resided in Halkirk and Latheron, [109];

granted land in Strathnaver to the bishop of Moray, [109];

her estate in Strathnaver, [109], [110];

her connection with Moddan family and descent from Harald Ungi's sister Ragnhild, [110], [111];

her inheritance of Moddan and Erlend lands, [111];

her right to half share of Harald Ungi's half share of Caithness earldom, [111];

her title to Strathnaver lands not derived through earl John, [111];

circumstantial evidence against her being a dau. of earl John, never claimed any share of earldom of Orkney, [111], [112];

Skene's opinion that she was a dau. of earl John based on name Johanna, [112];

theory as to her being a dau. of Snaekoll, and, as such, heiress of large estates, made a ward by the king, whose queen was Johanna, [112];

her husband's lineage, [113];

suggested born by 1232 at latest, when her supposed father, Snaekoll, went to Norway, but not before 1225, [113];

possibility of her being a dau. of a younger child of Ragnhild and born later than 1225, [114];

her guardian, [114];

her lands bounded those of the lord of Sutherland, [114];

d. ca. 1269, [115];

her children and estates, [115];

succ. to Erlend and Moddan lands in C., [117], [123], [137], [138];

owned Dalharrold, [151] (n. 43);

she did not own any lands in south C., which were acquired by R. Chen III, i.e., Latheron and Wick, [154] (n. 28);

she probably owned Far and Halkirk, but not Latheron, [154] (n. 28).

John, bishop of Caithness;

mutilated by earl Harald, [89], [151] (n. 45);

succeeded by Adam, [95];

neglect to collect Peter's Pence, [97], [150] (n. 16);

date of death, [89], [151] (n. 45).

John, bishop (of Glasgow), [63].

John Haroldson, earl of Orkney and Caithness;

from whom Snaekoll Gunni's son claimed Ragnvald lands in Orkney, [72];

shared earldom with his brother, earl David, [94];

succeeded David as sole earl of Orkney and of Caithness, [94];

his dau. given as hostage, [94], [95];

letters from earl Skuli, [95];

at Bergen, [95];

at the burning of bishop Adam, [95];

his castle at Brawl, [95];

confiscated, [97];

the lordship of Sutherland not in his earldom, [98];

visited Bergen, [98];

his hostage dau. his only heir, [98];

assisted Norse against Hebrides, [98];

favoured Norway, [98], [99];

representative of line of Paul and Harold Maddadson, [99];

attacked and slain by Snaekoll, [99], [100];

his supposed dau. Johanna, [101];

his nameless dau. m. Magnus of Angus, [101], [105];

succession to earldom, [102];

theories as to his daughter's marriage, [105], [106], [107];

treaty with king William, [107];

lands confiscated and restored, [107];

the last male of the Paul line, [107], [108];

Johanna's title not derived through him, [111], [112];

his nameless dau. probably wife of earl Magnus II, [112];

reasons why Johanna was not his dau., [112];

probably named after king John of England, [113];

his legal successor, his nameless dau., [115], [116], [117];

sole earl of O., [118];

his sister's son, Jon Langlifson, in 1263, [123];

succeeded in earldom of Orkney by Magnus II, [123];

his castle at Brawl, [133];

joint earl with David, [152] (n. 1);

Matilda not his daughter's name, [152] (n. 4).

John, king of England, [90], [113].

John, king of the Sudreys, [124].

John o' Groat's;

Huna, [26].

Jon Langlifson, [74], [123], [124].

Jon Peterson, m. Ingirid, sister of St. Ragnvald, [61].

Jury trial, [130].

Kalf Arnason, [43], [44].

Kalf Skurfa, [23], [143] (n. 15).

Kali Ragnvald Kolson, [60].

Kari Solmundarson, [27], [37].

Karl Hundason, name of Duncan I, in Saga, [40], [41], [42].

Keith, or Mar;

Ce, Pictish province, [7].

Keiths, [118].

Kenneth, k. of Scots, [19].

Kentigern, or Mungo, St., [5], [6].

Kerrera, near Oban, [120], [126].

Kerrow-Garrow, (Eddrachilles), [8].

Kerrow-na-Shein, i.e. Chen's quarter, [110].

Kildonan;

Frakark's homesteads, [16];

connection with Scone, [54];

owned by Hugo Freskyn, [55];

earl Ragnvald sends messengers to Frakark, [61];

part of lordship of Sutherland, [93];

old name Scir-Illigh, [133].

Kildonan, North;

earl Harald Slettmali brought up, [58];

Frakark burnt, [64], [65], [66].

Kilmalie (now Golspie), [55], [83], [93].

Kilravock (Rose), [76], [147] (n. 25).

Kinloss;

Cistercian abbey, [54], [76], [77].

Kinloss, Records, [149] (ns. 9, 10).

Kirkwall;

cathedral built, [24], [63];

earl Ragnvald Brusi-son resided at, [44];

seized by earl Thorfinn, [44];

relics of St. Magnus removed to cathedral, [51];

king Hakon died in bishop's palace, [127];

St. Magnus' cathedral, [133], [134].

Kol, [60], [61].

Kolbein Hruga;

m. Herbjorg, [57];

his castle in Wyre, [100].

Kyleakin, or the Kyle of Hakon, [125].

Lairg, [8];

owned Hugo Freskyn, [55];

in Sweyn's track to burn Frakark, [65];

in old earldom of Caithness, [83], [93].

Lambaborg (Freswick Castle), [66], [133].

Langdale (Langeval), [109].

Langlif, dau. of earl Harold Maddadson;

marriage with Sæmund, abandoned, [74];

her son Jon, [74], [123], [124].

Largs, battle of, [126], [127];

earl Magnus III never went to L., [156] (n. 20).

Larne Bay, Ulfreksfirth of Saga, [144] (n. 6).

Latheron;

Latheron hills, source of Thurso River, [60];

Moddan lands, [72], [85];

residence of Chens in 14th cent., [108], [110];

in South C., [153] (ns. 10, 15);

not owned by Johanna, [154] (n. 28);

Golsary, [157] (n. 14) see [134].

Lawman;

Rafn, of Caithness, [89], [95].

Lawrence, chapel of St.;

at Duffus, [114].

Lechvuaies, [156] (n. 18) see [126].

Lewis, the;

passed by Hakon's fleet, [125], [126];

Macaulays of, [148] (n. 20).

Lifolf Baldpate, [87], [93], [113].

Liot Nidingr, m. Frakark, [16], [53], [58].

Little Ferry, or Unes;

Norse invasion, [121];

site of Norse Castle, [133] (Skelbo).

Ljot Thorfinnson, earl of Orkney and Caith., m. Ragnhild, Eric's dau., [25];

slew Skuli in C., [25];

fought earl Macbeth in C., [25];

buried at Stenhouse in Watten, C., [26].

Lohworuora, now Borthwick;

church granted to bishop of Glasgow, [77], [79], [149] (n. 9).

Loth;

water of, [9];

owned by Hugo Freskyn, [55], [83], [93].

Lothians, formed part of Valentia, [4];

Berenicians of, [19].

MacBain, A.;

on seven Pictish provinces, [141] (II, n. 1).

Macbeth, king of Scotland, [28];

son of Finlay MacRuari, [37];

parentage, [144] (n. 3);

property in Ross and Cromarty, [144] (n. 3);

king of Scotland, [42];

slain, [42];

visited Rome, [45];

MacHeth, [150] (n. 26).

MacFrisgyn, William;

(see [Freskyn, William]).

MacHeth, or MacAoidh, see Mackay, deriv. of name, [150] (n. 26).

MacHeth, Donald, [81].

MacHeth, Malcolm, [74], [81];

earl of Ross;

dau. Gormflaith m. Harold Maddadson, [74], [83], [86], [88];

personated by Wemund, [150] (n. 24).

Mac-in-Tagart, Ferchar;

see Ross, earl of.

Mackay, Book of, (Angus Mackay), [56], [150] (n. 25), [155] (n. 8).

Mackay (MacHeth) clan, [54];

came from Moray to Sutherland, [56], [82], [83], [147] (n. 19);

Freskyns guardians of Moray against MacHeths, [92];

occupation of Durness, [93], [137];

rebellion of MacHeths of Moray, [93];

the chief m. dan. of bishop, [122], [155] (n. 8);

children of Heth attacked Hakon's expedition, [126];

largely blended with Norse, [137].

Mackay, Iye Mor, [122], [155] (n. 8).

MacWilliam, earl of Caithness (?) (Scots Peerage), [149] (n. 1), (1129).

Maddad, earl of Athole;

m. Margret, dau. of earl Hakon Paulson, [61];

visited by Sweyn, [64];

his death, [67].

Maeshowe, runes of, [148] (n. 32).

Magbiod, or Macbeth, earl;

fought at Skidamyre, C., [25].

Magnus Barelegs, king of Norway;

expeditions to Scotland, [49], [50];

father of Harald Gillikrist, [61], [136];

why called "barelegs," [49], [145] (n. 9).

Magnus the Blind, king of Norway;

defeated by king Harald at Floruvoe, [61] .

Magnus' Cathedral, St., Kirkwall;

relics of saint were removed to, [51];

erected by St. Ragnvald, [51], [63], [65];

king Hakon temporarily buried in, [127] ;

built by Norse, [133], [134].

Magnus Erlendson, St., earl and saint, [49];

in expedition to Wales, [49];

in England and Wales, [49];

went to Caithness after king Magnus' death and received as earl there, [50];

his steward in Orkney killed by earl Hakon, [50];

dispute with earl Hakon, [50];

slew his cousin, Dufnjal, and Thorbjorn in Burrafirth, [50];

his marriage, [50];

his share seized by Hakon, upon which he went to England, [50];

martyrdom, [51];

burial in Birsay, and removal of relics to St. Magnus' Cathedral, Kirkwall, [51];

legends, character and appearance, [51] -52;

his sister, Gunnhild, m. Kol, [60];

his successor in estate, [60];

cathedral built by his nephew, earl Ragnvald, [63];

his heirs, [88];

Snaekoll Gunni's son, representative of his line, [94], [99];

heirs of his share of Caithness earldom, [111];

his sagas see below;

his life, [145] (n. 8);

took Erlend share of earldom, [146] (n. 10);

Scottish candidate for earldom of C., [146] (n. 12);

mixed blood, [146] (n. 17).

Magnus Erlingson, king of Norway;

fell at Norafjord, [75].

Magnus the Good, king of Norway;

grants Orkney to Ragnvald Brusison, [43] ;

Thorfinn's visit, [45].

Magnus Hakonson, crowned king of Norway in his father's lifetime, [121];

ceded Hebrides to Scotland, [128].

Magnus Hakonson Saga, [156] (n. 20).

Magnus Saga, St., [1], [2], [34], [146] (ns. 10, 18).

Magnus II, earl of Orkney and Caithness;

obscure pedigree, [103];

parentage, [72], [84], [101];

erroneously called son of Gillebride of Angus, [105], [107];

his name suggests a Norse mother of the line of earl Erlend, [107], [112];

perambulated lands of Arbroath Abbey, [103];

not a minor on earl John's death, [104] ;

regarding his supposed son, Magnus, [104] , [105];

grant of earldom of south Caith., [103], [104], [106];

probably possessed by line of Erlend, [108];

supposed marriage to the nameless dau. of earl John;

got earl John's earldom lands and title, [101], [105];

remainder of the earldom granted to him as son of a sister of earl Harald Ungi, [101], [105], [106], [112], [116], [117], [118];

neither he nor wife claimed any part of Strathnaver lands, [111];

Sutherland excluded from earldom, [116] ;

Erlend line excluded from Orkney since Ragnvald's death (excepting Harald Ungi), [118];

earl of Orkney, [123], [153] (n. 5);

Caith. lands of the Angus line of earls, [154] (n. 28);

death, successor, [116].

Magnus III, Gibbonson, earl of Orkney and Caithness, [103];

extent of his estate in Caithness, [117], [123];

in Bergen with king Hakon (1263), [124] ;

his position as earl of C., [125];

stayed behind under orders to follow Hakon, [125];

deserted him, [127], [156] (n. 20);

reconciled to Alexander III and to king of Norway, [156] (n. 20).

Magnus, king of Man;

joined Hakon's expedition, [125].

Magnus, or Mangi, son of Eric Stagbrellir, [72];

fared to Norway, fell at Norafjord, [75] ;

his home, [84], [108].

Magnus, son of Havard Gunni's son, [71].

Magnus Saga the Longer, [145] (n. 8), [146] (ns. 10, 12, 13).

Magnus Saga the Short, [145] (n. 1), [146] (n. 14).

Magnus, Spittal of St., near Halkirk, [134].

Magnusson, Eirikr;

transl. of Darratha-liod, [30].

Maiming, made a Northman impossible, [147] (n. 15).

Mainland, Orkney;

Thorfinn's Hall, [44], [46];

meeting between earls Hakon and Magnus, [50].

Malbrigde of the buck-tooth, [21].

Malcolm, earl of Caithness and Angus;

earl of Caith. (1232-36), [104];

earl of C. as guardian of a minor, [105], as trustee or custos, [106], [116];

his dau. heiress, and successors, [103] .

Malcolm I, (954), [26].

Malcolm II, king of Scotland;

dau. m. Sigurd Hlodverson, [27], [37]; [59];

kingdom of Scotland produced, [33];

contemporary records begin, [36];

defeated Norse at Mortlach, [36];

his daughters, [36], [37];

Macbeth also supposed son of his sister, [144] (n. 3);

policy in Caith. and Orkney, [38];

death, [40], [48];

kinsman, Moldan, maormor of Caith., [60] ;

his dream of a consolidated kingdom realised, [120].

Malcolm III, Canmore, king of Scotland;

m. Ingibjorg, Thorfinn's widow, [45], [46], [47], [145] (ns. 4, 5), [48];

m. 2nd, St. Margaret, introduced Saxon nobility, [75], [137];

his son Duncan II, [86], whose descendant was Donald Ban MacWilliam, [119], [146] (n. 13).

Malcolm IV,

granted half earldom of Caithness to Erlend Haraldson, [67], [81];

defeated Somarled, [82];

his death, [82], [83].

Malcolm, supposed son of Malcolm III, [48].

Maldred, of Cumbria, [36].

Malise, earl of Stratherne;

m. Matilda, dau. of Gibbon, earl, [116], [117].

Malise II, earl of Orkney and Caithness;

heir of Matilda, dau. of earl Gibbon, [116], [117];

conveyed Berridale, to Reginald More, and Reginald Chen III, [104], [107], [108];

descendant of the lines of Paul and Erlend, [108].

Mallard River;

see Ardovyr, [110],

deriv., [153] (n. 19).

Mamgarvie, near Inverness, [86].

Man;

Sweyn's annual raids, [73];

earl Harold Maddadson in, [87];

Ragnvald Gudrodson, king of, [88];

returned to Man, [89];

king Magnus of M. joined Hakon's expedition, [125];

conquered by Alexander III after Largs, [128];

incorporated in Scotland, [1] and n. 141.

Maor and maormor, Pictish rulers, [12], [15], [20], [47], [142] (II, n. 9).

Margaret, St.;

2nd wife of king Malcolm Canmore, [75], [137], [47], [145] (ns. 4, 5).

Margaret's Hope, St.;

Orkney, [125].

Margret, dau. of earl Harold Maddadson and Afreka, [73], [84].

Margret, earl Hakon's dau., [52];

brought up by Frakark in Kildonan, [59] ;

m. Maddad, earl of Athole, [61];

visited by Sweyn, [62];

received her brother earl Paul, his fate, [63];

returned to Orkney, had a child by Gunni, Sweyn's brother, [67];

eloped with Erlend the Young, [68];

contemporary of Freskyn I, [76];

younger sister of Ingibiorg, [88].

Matilda, [152] (n. 4).

Matilda, countess of Angus; heiress of Malcolm, earl of A.,

m. (1) John Comyn;

m. (2) Gilbert d'Umphraville, earl of A., [103].

Matilda, dau. of Gibbon, earl of Orkney and Caithness, m. Malise, earl of Stratherne, [116], [117].

Mearns;

why no brochs? [141] (II, n. 5);

Cirig, for Magh-Circinn, or, Mearns, a Pictish province, [7].

Melrose, Chronicle of;

[80], [149] (ns. 8, 10), [151] (ns. 33, 37), [152] (ns. 5, 13).

Melsnati, [26].

Menteith;

Fortrenn, a Pictish province, [7].

Michel, Francisque;

Chroniques Anglo-Normandes, [157] (n. 20).

Minch, the, [7],

or Skotlands-fiorthr, [35], [148] (n. 20).

Missel (probably Frisel or Fraser), in embassy to Norway, [121].

Moddan, earl of C., [34];

parentage, [36], [53];

sister's son of Duncan I, [40];

at North Berwick, [41];

slain by Thorkel Fostri, [41], [46], [53];

his family in Caithness, [49], [59].

Moddan, in Dale, and family;

possible son of earl Moddan, [53];

the clan and family, [56], [58], [59];

held the hills and upper parts of valleys, [53], [55];

family and Pictish clansmen, [131];

family plots, [60];

clan harried by Sweyn, [65];

his daughters and estates, [16], [20], [34], [35];

dau. Helga, [52], [59];

Eric Stagbrellir's children sole heirs, [72];

family lands, [84];

Harald Ungi's title to Moddan lands, [85], [93];

Gunni, Ragnhild's husband, became chief of M. clan, [94];

estates left to earl Erlend Haraldson, then went to Eric Stagbrellir, [69], [72], [94], [98];

Snaekoll Gunni's son next heir to estates, [99];

Johanna inherited Moddan lands, [110], [111], [112], [117];

estates passed to Norman families, [137] .

Moldan, (see Moddan), of Duncansby, [34], [36];

kinsman of Scots king, [37];

connection with Moddan family, [59].

Monuments of C. and S., early, [2].

Moravia, family, de;

see [Freskin].

Moraviensis, Registrum Episcopatús, [79], [100], [115], [144] (n. 1), [147] (ns. 28, 29), [149] (ns. 9, 11), [150] (ns. 16, 18, 20-22), [151] (n. 43), [153] (ns. 6, 18), [154] (ns. 23, 24, 26, 27), [155] (n. 1).

Moray, bishops of;

Andrew Freskyn, [77], [79], [80];

grant from Johanna of Strathnaver, [109] ;

Archibald, regrant to Reginald Chen II, [109];

Felix, [149] (n. 8).

Moray, Gilbert, archdeacon of, [79], [93], [149] (n. 11), and bishop of Caithness.

Moray, province of;

Pictish province of Fidach including Ross, [7];

northern limit of Roman penetration, [5], [12];

no brochs, [141] (II, n. 5);

Norse influence, [14];

last Pictish province subdued by Scots, [17], [131];

wars between kings of Alban and the Norsemen in, [26];

Pictish clergy driven from seaboard by Norse, [130];

Norse driven from laigh of M., [26];

taken from Norse, [27], [35];

Norse defeated at Mortlach, [36], [37];

ravaged by earl Thorfinn Sigurdson, [41], [53];

bishopric founded, [54];

estate of Freskyn de Moravia, [54], [55];

earl Waltheof burnt in his house, [65] ;

a barrier to Scottish civilisation, [75] ;

Pictish province stretched across to the Minch, [76];

defeat of Picts of M. at Stracathro, [76] ;

Register of Moray, [79], [115];

Freskyn estate, [79];

rebellions, [80];

feudal barons repel Eystein's invasion, [81];

rebellion subdued, [82];

estates of Freskyn, [85];

earl Harold Maddadson's expedition, [86] ;

Freskyn family appointed guardians, [92] ;

rebellion of MacHeths, [93];

king William's expedition against thanes of Ross, [94]:

chartulary, [100];

revolt of Donald Ban MacWilliam, [119], [120];

king Hakon's proposed raid (1263), [124] ;

no Norse place-names on seaboard, [132] ;

Pictish inhabitants scattered, the Mackays to Durness, [137].

Moray, Richard of;

brother of Gilbert;

fell repulsing Norse, [121].

Moray, Shaw's, [77], [149] (ns. 9, 12), [153] (n. 7).

More, Loch, [115].

More, Reginald;

chamberlain of Scotland, [108], [109].

Morgan;

first name of clan Mackay, MacHeth, or MacAoidh, [56].

Mortlach, in Moray;

Norse defeated by Malcolm II, [36].

Morton, Reg. Hon. de, earl of Katanay, [105].

Mound, the;

Craig Amlaiph near, [143] (n. 33).

Mounth, or Grampians, home of Caledonians, [4].

Mousa Broch, [68];

used by run-away honeymoon couples, [157] (n. 11).

Munch, P.A.;

History of Norway, [90], [156] (n. 20).

Mungo, or Kentigern, St., in Strathclyde and Pictland, [5], [6].

Murkfjord or Myrkfjord (possibly Loch Glendhu), [70], [82], [150] (n. 29).

Murkle, C., [25], [115], see [154] (n. 28).

Mydalr, Iceland, [27].

Nairn, [87], [92].

Naver, Loch;

broch, [10], [142] (II, n. 6); [84];

River Naver, [89];

lands of Moddan family, [93];

Dovyr, [109], [110].

Naver, River;

Dalharrold, [89];

see Dovyr, [110].

Nechtan, [6].

Nerbon, sae-borg on the;

Bilbao on the Nervion, [66], [148] (n. 25).

Ness, now Caithness, [7], [22], [34], [53], [83], [8], [141] (II, ns. 3, 4).

See [Cait] and [Caithness].

New Spalding Club;

Records of Elgin, [81].

Niorfa Sound (Straits of Gibraltar), [66].

Nisbet's Heraldry, [149] (n. 8).

Norafjord in Sogn, [75], [84].

Norman architecture;

St. Magnus Cathedral, Kirkwall, [133], [134].

Normans;

Conquest, [48];

families accepted as chiefs, [76], [137];

influence of, in Caithness and Sutherland, [138].

Norse Influence on Celtic Scotland, (George Henderson), [14], [145] (n. 5), [146] (n. 13), [156] (n. 5).

Norse mythology;

of early settlers in Britain, [130].

Norsemen;

occupation of Caith. and Sutherland, [1], [33];

no women brought, [131];

early Norse rulers, [18];

defeated at Mortlach, [36];

raids on Moray coast, [76];

Freskyns appointed guardians of Moray against, [92];

expedition against south Hebrides, [98] ;

invasion of Sutherland repulsed at Embo, [121];

law and language in Orkney and Shetland, [128];

intermarriage with Celts, [130], [131];

influence of, on British law, [130];

religion of early settlers in British Isles, [130];

destroyed culture of St. Columba, [130] ;

enslaved aborigines in their colonies, [130];

their place-names in Scotland, [131];

settled on coasts and lower valleys, [14], [131];

subdued by Scots in north, [131];

Gaelic language adopted by, [131];

few monuments in Scotland, [132];

domestic and ecclesiastical buildings of wood or stone, [132], [133], [134];

York Powell on, [134];

discovery of America, and Africa, [136] .

Northman and Pict, [7], [130].

Norway;

viking raids on British Isles, [12], [13];

trade with Grimsby, [61];

earl Ragnvald visited king Ingi, [66];

earl Ragnvald returned from Jerusalem through Norway, [67];

Margaret, queen of N., [121];

Scottish embassy to, [121];

Hebrides ceded to Scotland, [1].

Norway, History of, P.A. Munch, [156] (n. 20).

Ochill, (Oykel), [142] (III, n. 7).

Norway, kings of;

[Harald Harfagr], (860-933);

[Eric Bloody-axe], (930-935);

[Olaf Tryggvi's son], (995-1000);

[Magnus the Good], (1035-1047);

[Harald Sigurdson Hardrada], (1045-1066);

[Olaf Haraldson], (1067-1093);

[Magnus Barelegs], (1093-1103);

Sigurd Magnusson, (1103-1130);

[Magnus the Blind], (1130-1135);

Harald Gilli, (1130-1136);

[Eystein Haraldson], (1142-1157);

Ingi, (1136-1161);

[Magnus Erlingson], (1162-1184);

[Sverrir], (1184-1202);

[Hakon, Sverri's son], (1202-1204);

[Hakon Hakonson], (1217-1263);

[Magnus Hakonson], (1263-1280);

[Christian I], (1459-1481), q.v.

Odal lands;

in Orkney, [24];

none in Cat, [24].

Odin;

blood-eagle rite, [24], [122];

worshipped by Norse in Britain, [130] ;

Sigurd Hlodverson died fighting for, [130];

and defeated at Clontarf, [29].

Olaf Bitling, king of the Sudreys;

m. Ingibiorg, daughter of earl Hakon, [52] .

Olaf Haraldson Kyrre, king of Norway, [47], [48].

Olaf Hrolfson, father of Sweyn and Gunni, [62], [64], [65].

Olaf, king of Man, [98].

Olaf, king of Norway;

received Thorfinn Sigurdson, earl of Orkney and Caithness, [39];

and Thorkel Fostri, [40];

his award, [40];

killed at Stiklastad, [43].

Olaf, son-in-law of earl Harold Maddadson, [153] (n. 1).

Olaf Tryggvason Saga;

account of earls of Orkney, [22].

Olaf Tryggvi's-son;

conversion of Sigurd Hlodverson, [27].

Olaf the White, king of Dublin;

invasion of Scotland, [20].

Olaf's Saga, St.;

account of earls of Orkney, [22], [143] (n. 14), [143] (n. 18), [43], [144] (n. 15), [157] (n. 19)

Old-Lore Miscellany (Viking Society);

Darratha-liod, [30];

authorship O.S., [51], [146] (n. 15), [156] (n. 6);

Orkney and Shetland Folk, [14], [142] (II, n. 14), [26], [143] (n. 25); [47], [145] (n. 3).

Old-shore (Asleifarvik), [125], [155] (n. 15).

Oliphant family;

charters, earldom of Caithness, [103], [104], [118], [137].

Olvir Rosta;

grandson of Frakark, [59];

aid sought by earl Ragnvald, [61];

defeated in sea fight, [62];

burned Sweyn's father, Olaf, [62];

fled before Sweyn and not heard of afterwards, [64];

no direct heirs, [72];

his contemporary, Freskyn I, [76];

supposed ancestor of Macaulays, [148] (n. 20).

Orcades, of Torfaeus;

[25], [143] (n. 22), [94], [100], [146] (n. 10), [147] (n. 5), [149] (n. 43), [151] (n. 39), [152] (n. 22), [156] (n. 20);

for transl. see [Pope, Alex].

Ord of Caithness, [8];

king William marched his army to, against earl Harald, [90];

Man of, [151] (n. 47).

Origines Parochiales Scotiae, [3], [105], [109], [26], [143] (ns. 23, 26), [148]-9 (n. 41), [150] (ns. 14, 15, 20, 31), [151] (ns. 33, 35, 42), [153] (n. 18), [154] (ns. 23, 24, 28), [155] (ns. 4, 6, 8), [157] (ns. 12, 14).

Orkney;

St. Kentigern's mission, [6];

Picts, [12], [130];

influence of Gael on Norse, [14], [15], [17];

foundation of Norse earldom, [4], [20], [130];

earls' attacks on north of Scotland, [21] ;

succession of earls, [22], [37];

converted by Olaf Tryggvi's son, [27];

under Norway, [33], [35];

first cathedral and bishop's seat at Birsay, [45];

double bishops, [48], [49], [145] (n. 8);

a contingent in expedition against Saxons, [45], [47];

trade with Grimsby, [61];

the bishops, [63];

Sweyn's viking life, [73];

agriculture, [73], [74];

invasion of earl Harald Ungi, [87];

earl Harold Maddadson, after defeat by Ragnvald Gudrodson, fled to, [89];

Cobbie Row Castle, in, [100];

the gaedingar of the earl of Orkney, [100];

king Hakon at, [124];

and died in Kirkwall, in the palace of bishop, [127];

mortgaged to Scotland, [128];

adopted English with many Norse words, [132];

old Norse ballad sung in 18th cent., [30] ;

proposed Scot. conquest after Norse reverse at Largs, [155] (n. 13), [156] (n. 20);

annular eclipse of sun in 1263, [125], [155] (n. 14);

Orkney and Shetland colonised mainly from the fjords north of Bergen, [156] (n. 1);

see also [Orkney and Caithness, earls of].

Orkney and Caithness, earls of;

(see also under their individual names);

Ragnvald, [20], [22], [23];

[Sigurd Eysteinson], [20], [21], [90], [122], [142] (III, n. 9);

[Guthorm Sigurdson], [22];

[Hallad Ragnvaldson], [22];

[Torf-Einar Ragnvaldson], [23], [24];

[Arnkell], [Erlend] and [Thorfinn Hausa-kliufr], sons of [Torf-Einar], [24], [25];

[Arnfinn], [Havard], [Hlodver], [Ljot] and [Skuli], sons of Thorfinn, [25], [26], [38], [144] (n. 4);

[Sigurd Hlodverson], [24], [26], [27], [28], [29], [30], [32], [36], [37], [130];

[Somarled], [Brusi], [Einar] and [Thorfinn], sons of [Sigurd], [36]-46, (Thorfinn) [47], [48], [86], [88], [90], [119], [145] (ns. 4, 5), [148] (n. 28);

[Ragnvald Brusi's son], [42]-44, [46], [60];

[Paul Thorfinnson], [47]-49, [55]-57, [91], [101], [107], [115], [116], [153] (n. 15);

[Erlend Thorfinnson], [47]-49, [55], [56], [91], [93], [94], [99], [101], [108] and [153] (n. 15), [111], [115], [117], [118], [138];

[Sigurd Magnusson], son of k. [Magnus Barelegs], [49];

[Hakon Paulson], [48]-53, [61], [88], [146] (ns. 10, 12, 17), [148] (n. 28);

[St. Magnus Erlendson], [48]-52, [60], [61], [63], [88], [94], [99], [111], [145] (n. 8), [146] (ns. 10, 12, 17);

[Paul Hakonson the Silent], [52], [58]-63;

[Harald Hakonson Slettmali], [52], [58]-60;

[Erlend Haraldson], [15], [58], [67]-69, [72], [73], [76], [88], [148] (ns. 28, 31);

[St. Ragnvald Kolson], [24], [51], [54], [59], [60]-62, [64]-71, [72], [84], [146] (n. 20);

[Harald Ungi], [57], [72], [75], [84]-87, [93], [94], [98], [102], [103], [107], [111], [117], [118], [154] (n. 22);

[Harold Maddadson], [61]-63, [73]-93, [99], [102], [106], [111], [113], [118], [123], [124], [151] (n. 38), [156] (n. 20);

[David Haroldson], [74], [90], [93], [94], [107], [112], [118], [121], [152] (n. 1);

[John Haroldson], [72], [94], [95], [97]-102, [105]-108, [111]-113, [115]-118, [123], [133], [152] (ns. 1, 4);

no pedigree of earls after John, [102] ;

diploma of earls unreliable, [103];

various theories as to genealogy of the earls after John, [104] et seq.;

no claim to earldom of Orkney by Johanna of Strathnaver, [111];

diploma on earldom of Sutherland, [116] ;

[Malcolm], earl of C. and Angus, [103]-106, [116];

[Magnus II], son of Gilchrist, earl of Angus, [72], [84], [101]-108, [111], [112], [116], [118], [123], [153] (n. 5), [154] (n. 28);

[Gibbon], [103], [116], [117], [123];

[Magnus III] Gibbonson, [103], [116], [117], [123]-125, [127], [156] (n. 20);

[Malise II], heir of [Matilda], dau. of earl [Gibbon], [104], [107], [108], [116], [117];

the earldom acquired through females, [111], [154] (n. 22);

unknown earls;

[MacWilliam], [149] (n. 1);

[Gilbert], [103];

Olaf, [27], [28], [143] (n. 33).

Orkney and Shetland Folk, (Viking Society, Old-lore Miscellany and reprint), A.W. Johnston, [14], [142] (II, n. 14);

[26], [143] (n. 25), [47], [145] (n. 3).

Orkney and Shetland Records, (Viking Society);

vol. i, [3], [49], [145] (n. 8), [151] (ns. 33, 44).

Orkney and Shetland, (Tudor); [142] (III, n. 6), [143] (n. 17), [25], [143] (n. 21), [145] (n. 19), [146] (n. 14), [147] (n. 13), [148] (n. 23), [148] (n. 31), Ellar-holm, [70], [148] (n. 36), [152] (n. 20), [156] (n. 20), [157] (n. 11).

Orkneyinga Saga (Rolls text and transl.);

historical record until 12th cent., [1], [2], [3], [21], [142] (III, n. 8), [22], [34], [38];

battle of Turfness, [41];

Thorfinn's life, [45];

St. Magnus, [51];

authorship, [51], [146] (n. 15);

Ragnvald and Sweyn Saga, [60], [73], [74];

its end, [75];

Somarled the Freeman slain, [82];

earl Harold Maddadson's family, [102] ;

earls, [103];

Wick and Thurso, [134];

transl. by Hjaltalin and Goudie, [143] (n. 14), [23], [143] (n. 16), [24], [143] (n. 17), [24], [143] (n. 18), [26], [143] (ns. 23, 27), [27], [143] (n. 29);

Thorfinn's residence in C, [39], [144] (n. 5), [144] (ns. 7-13, 15-17), [145] (ns. 18, 19, 21, 22; V, 1, 2, 6-8), [146] (ns. 10-19), [147] (ns. 1-4, 7-12, 14, 16-18);

residence of Frakark, [147] (n. 6);

Atjokl's Bakki, [147] (n. 14); [148] (ns. 21-23, 25-27, 29, 31-33, 35-38), [149] (ns. 42, 45, 1-3, 5), [151] (ns. 39, 40, 45, 49), [152] (ns. 1, 2, 8, 10), [153] (n. 1), [157] (n. 13).

Orm, earl;

m. Sigrid, not Ingibjorg, dau. of Finn Arnason, [145] (n. 5).

Orphir;

the earl's hall burned, [44];

round church, [52], [65];

incident of the poisoned shirt, [58];

earl Paul's Yule feast, Sweyn slew Sweyn, [62], [65];

Jarls' Bu, [133];

earl Ragnvald at, [69].

Orphir;

The Round Church and Earl's Bu of, (Viking Society Saga-Book), A.W. Johnston, [133], [157] (n. 9).

Osmundwall, or Kirk Hope, Orkney;

conversion of Sigurd Hlodverson, [27];

king Hakon's fleet in, [127].

Oswy, king, [6].

Ottar, earl in Thurso;

his heir, [15];

son of Moddan in Dale, [53];

probably owned Thurso valley, [60];

paid wergeld to Sweyn, [65];

his lands left to earl Erlend Haraldson, and afterwards went to Eric Stagbrellir, [69], [72];

his estates, forming the Moddan lands in Caith., held by Ragnhild and Gunni, [94];

Johanna of Strathnaver a connection, [110].

Ottar, son of Snaekoll Gunnison, [57].

Ousedale, or Eysteinsdal, [90].

Oxford Essays, (Sir G.W. Dasent);

Norsemen in Iceland, [156] (n. 2).

Oykel;

boundary between Cat and Ross, [7], [8];

identified as the Norse Ekkjal, [20], [21];

family of Freskyn de Moravia settled north of the, [55];

in Sweyn's track to burn Frakark, [65] ;

crossed by king William, [87], [90], [91].

Papa Stronsay, [44].

Papa Westray, [44].

Paplay, [51];

location, [146] (n. 14).

Paul Hakonson, the Silent, earl of Orkney and Caith.;

his mother, [52];

lived in Orkney, [58];

banished Frakark and Helga from Orkney, [59];

sole earl, [60];

not a speaker at things, [60];

refused to share earldom with St. Ragnvald, [61];

defeated earl Ragnvald, [62];

seized his fleet in Shetland, [62];

yule feast at Orphir, [62];

kidnapped by Sweyn, [62];

deported to Athole, his fate, [63].

Paul Thorfinnson, earl of Orkney and Caith.;

joint earl of O. with his brother Erlend, [47];

at battle of Stamford Bridge, [48];

banished to Norway, where he died, [49] ;

his descendants, [55], [56], [57];

his daughters, [57];

Scottish policy regarding later succession in Caithness, [91];

Skene's theory as to Johanna of Strathnaver, [101];

the converse theory, [101];

John the last male of Paul's line, [107] ;

his share of earldom of C., descended to daughter and Angus line of C. earls, [115], [116];

see also [108], [153] (n. 15).

Pentland Firth, [44], [69], [125], [127].

Perth;

court held (1260), [114];

treaty of, [128].

Peter, St., [29].

Peter's church, St., Duffus, [149] (n. 11).

Peter's church, St., Thurso, [134].

Peter's pence, [97], [151] (n. 33).

Petty, William Freskyn of, [77], [78].

Pictish Nation and Church, The;

(Rev. A.B. Scott), Pictish navy, [12], [142] (II, n. 11), [29], [143] (n. 34).

Pictland;

St. Ninian's mission, [5];

St. Kentigern's mission, [6].

Picts;

settlements of hermits and missionaries, [2];

chronicles, [3];

Pictish church replaced by Catholic church, [6];

driven eastward and northward by Scots, [6] ;

seven provinces, [7];

P. and Northmen, [7];

hunters and fishers, [8];

brochs for defence, arms, etc., [11] -12;

clans, [12];

non-seafaring Celts, [12];

never conquered by Romans, [4], [12];

did not have mastery of sea in Norse times, [12];

Christian missions and Columban church, [12];

viking invasion, [13];

Pictish language superseded by Gaelic, [14], [19];

never dispossessed of upper parts of valleys throughout Norse occupation, [16];

conquered by Scots, [17];

language, "P" Celtic, [19];

Picts of Athole, Moray, Ross and Cat, [38] ;

Pictish church and Pictish province of Ross and Moray resisted Scottish civilisation, [75], [76];

Normans accepted as chiefs, [76];

their Christianity, [130];

Norse drove clergy from Orkney, N.E. Caithness, coasts of Sutherland and sea-board of Ross and Moray, [130];

Norse attacks on Picts, effect of, [130] ;

their lands seized by Norse, [132].

Picts and Scots, Chronicle of the, (Skene), [3];

origin of brochs, [5], [141] (n. 8);

(Tighernac), [142] (II, n. 11);

the Pictish navy, [19], [142] (III, n. 2), [22], [142] (III, n. 11), [145] (n. 21).

Place-names, [130], [131];

Norse p.n. preserved, [132];

near brochs, [132].

Plantula, dau. of Malcolm II, m. Sigurd, earl of Orkney, [37].

Platagall, "flat of the stranger," old name of Golspie, [134], [157] (n. 14).

Pluscardensis, Liber, [151] (n. 37), [152] (n. 13).

Pope, Alexander, of Reay;

a tradition of Snaekoll's return, [100]; [46], [145] (n. 23), [146] (n. 10);

transl. Torf., [147] (n. 5), [151] (n. 43), [152] (n. 23).

Popes;

Innocent III, letter, [89], [151] (n. 44), [97], [71], [149] (n. 43).

Powell, York, [134].

Prehistoric races, [1].

Primrose J.;

Hist, and Antiq. of the Parish of Uphall, [147] (n. 24).

Rafn the Lawman;

chief of stewards of Caithness, [89] ;

remained as lawman, [89];

at bishop Adam's burning, [95], [96];

in derivation of Dunrobin—Drum-Rafn, [133], [151] (n. 46).

Ragnhild, dau. of Eric Bloody-axe, [25].

Ragnhild, dau. of Eric Stagbrellir;

sister of earl Harald Ungi, [57];

m. (2) Gunni, [93], [113];

by whom she had a son, Snaekoll, [72] ;

her children the only heirs of Ragnvald and of Moddan, [72], [93], [94];

at home near Loch Naver, [84];

m. (1) Lifolf Baldpate, [87], [93], [98], [102], [113];

Johanna of Strathnaver, her sole descendant after 1232, [110], [111];

held Moddan lands, [111]; [116], [117].

Ragnvald Brusi's son, earl of Orkney, [42];

personal appearance, [43], [44];

at Stiklastad, [43];

in Russia, [43];

Thorfinn's claims and their sea fight, [43];

escaped to Norway, [44];

returned and burned Thorfinn's hall, [44] ;

his slaughter, [44], [46];

his grave, [44];

Kali Kolson named after him, [60].

Ragnvald Gudrodson, the viking;

his descent, [52];

his title to earldom, [88];

invaded Caithness, [88], [89], but see [151] (n. 43).

Ragnvald, jarl of Maeri;

made first Norse earl of Orkney, [20], [22];

slain in Norway, [23].

Ragnvald Kolson, St., earl of Orkney and Caith., [60] , [61];

sold odal lands back to bonder, to raise money for St. Magnus' cathedral, [24], [51];

letter from David I, [54], [59];

re-named after Ragnvald Brusi's son, [60] ;

estates in Caith. and Sutherland, [60] ;

personal description, [60]-61;

accomplishments, [61];

earldom grant confirmed by king Harald, [61];

sought aid of Frakark to win earldom, [61] , [62];

defeated by earl Paul in a sea fight, [62] ;

earl Paul seized his fleet in Shetland, [62];

escaped to Norway, [62];

returned to Westray, [62];

assisted Sweyn against Frakark, [64] ;

welcomed Sweyn on his return from Frakark's burning, [65];

reconciled Sweyn and Thorbiorn, [66] ;

besieged Sweyn in Lambaborg, [66];

reconciled to Sweyn, [66];

visited king Ingi in Norway;

his eastern pilgrimage, [66];

description of route, etc., [66];

visited queen Ermengerde at Bilbao, [66] ;

visited Jordan, Jerusalem, Constantinople, etc., [67];

returned to Turfness, [68];

in Shetland, [68];

in Sutherland at his daughter's wedding, [68];

reconciled to earl Harold at Thurso, [69] ;

reconciled earl Harold and Sweyn, [70] ;

annual deer-hunt in Caith., [70];

slain by Thorbiorn, [71];

buried in St. Magnus' cathedral, [71] ;

his only child, [71];

had lands in Caith., [84],

and managed earldom, [73], [146] (n. 20);

never earl of Caith., [71];

succeeded through a female, [154] (n. 22);

his mother and dau., [88];

his half of Caith. earldom conferred on his grandson, Harald Ungi, [87], [94], [117] ;

his lands in Orkney claimed by Snaekoll, [72], [73];

who was representative of his line, [94] , [98];

his share of Caith. earldom inherited by Johanna, [117];

his poetry, [148] (n. 23).

Ragnvald, son of Eric Stagbrellir, [72];

fared to Norway, [75];

lived near Loch Naver, [84];

sole male representative of Erlend Thorfinnson, [88];

not known what became of him, [88].

Ragnvaldsvoe, South Ronaldsay, [125], [127].

Rautharbiorg or Rattar Brough;

sea fight, [43].

Raven-banner of Sigurd, jarl, [26], [29].

Red deer and reindeer in C. and S., [8].

Redcastle, [86], is Eddirdovyr.

Redesdale, lord of, [103].

Reeves' Life of St. Columba, [141] (n. 9).

Register House, Edinburgh;

list of Oliphant charters, [103], [104].

Reindeer, or elk;

horns found in Sutherland, [70], [148] (n. 39).

Ri-Crois, at Embo, [121], [155] (n. 4).

Rinansey, Rinarsey (Ninian's Island), now North Ronaldsay, [23].

Rinar's Hill, [143] (n. 17).

Robert, legendary second earl of Sutherland, [91] .

Rogart, [55], [83], [93].

Roger, bishop of St. Andrews, [90].

Roland of Galloway, [86].

Roland's Geo, Papa Stronsay, [145] (n. 19), see p. [44].

Romans in Britain;

Caledonians not conquered, [3], [4], [5].

Ronaldsay, North;

Darratha-Liod recited, [30].

Roseisle, [77], [144] (n. 11).

Ross;

northern part of Airergaithel, [33] ;

Picts, [38];

Pictish clergy, [130];

subdued by Thorfinn, [40];

bishopric founded, [54];

claimed by Henry, son of earl Harold and Afreka, [73], [119];

Malcolm MacHeth cr. earl, [74];

Pictish province, [75], [76];

bishopric refused by Andrew Freskyn, [77] ;

marches, [79];

earldom, [80];

king William's expedition, [86];

earl Harold Maddadson's expedition, [86] ;

boundary, [93];

king William's expedition against thanes of Ross, [94];

Norse place-names, [132];

Macbeth's property, [144] (n. 3).

Ross, earl of;

Ferchar Mac-in-Tagart, [80], [113];

granted land to Walter de Moravia on his daughter's marriage, [113];

career, [155] (n. 1);

lay abbot of Applecross, [119];

knighted for a victory in Galloway, [120] ;

cr. earl of Ross in 1226, [120];

second earl, William MacFerchar, harried Hebrides, [122], [123], [124].

Ross, Euphemia of;

m. Walter de Moravia [79], [80], [113], [154] (n. 24).

Rossal (Rossewal), [109], [110].

Sæmund, of Iceland, [74], [149] (n. 4).

Saga;

writer's historical accuracy, [125] ;

Norse crossed with Gaelic blood produced the Saga, [130].

Saga-Book of the Viking Society, [43], [133], [157] (n. 9).

Saga-time, Ruins of, [157] (n. 8).

Sandvik, Deerness, [40].

Saxon nobility and Scotland; St. Margaret, [75], [137].

Scandinavian Britain, by (W.G. Collingwood), [134] , [135], [13], [142] (II, n. 13), [143] (n. 12), [144] (n. 40), [156] (ns. 1, 4), [157] (n. 18).

Scapa Flow, [127].

Scatt;

of Orkney, [39], [130].

Scilly Isles, [65], [70] .

Scir-Illigh, old name of Kildonan parish, [133] .

Scon, Lib. Eccles. de; [151] (n. 33), [155] (n. 7).

Scone, [54], [83], [84], [122].

Scotichronicon, [152] (n. 3).

Scotland, [25], [26], [49], [53], [75], [81], [114], [120], [121], [131].

Scotland, Annals of, (Lord Hailes), [151] (n. 34).

Scotland, Annals of the Reigns of Malcolm and William, Kings of, (Lawrie), [149] (n. 10), [151] (n. 33), [152] (ns. 4, 5).

Scotland, Bain's Calendar of Documents relating to;

Freskin signatory of National Bond, [114] , [151] (n. 48), [154] (n. 25).

Scotland, Early Christian Monuments of, (J. Romilly Allen), [144] (n. 11).

Scotland, Early Chronicles relating to, (Sir Herbert Maxwell), [3].

Scotland, Early Kings of, (Robertson's), [82];

on earls of Angus, [103], [104]; [15], [142] (II, n. 15), [144] (n. 14), [147] (n. 25), [150] (n. 26), [151] (n. 51), [153] (n. 6).

Scotland, History of, (Hume Brown), [4], [137], [157] (n. 22), [141] (n. 6), [6], [141] (n. 10), [18], [142] (III, n. 1), [20], [142] (III, n. 5), [21], [142] (III, n. 10), [156] (n. 3).

Scotland in Early Christian Times, (Joseph Anderson), [5], [141] (n. 9), [12], [142] (II, n. 10).

Scotland in Pagan Times, (Joseph Anderson), [1], [141] (n. 1), [5], [141] (n. 7), [10], [142] (II, n. 7), [157] (n. 18).

Scotland, Prehistoric, (Munro), [9], [11], [142] (II, n. 8).

Scotland, Register of the Great Seal of, [104], [106], [78], [150] (n. 13).

Scotland, S.A., Proceedings, [148] (n. 39).

Scots, [16]-17, [33] .

Scots Peerage, The, (Sir J.B. Paul);

MacWilliam, earl of C., [149] (ns. 1, 7), [150] (n. 13), [153] (n. 2).

Scott, A.B.;

The Pictish Nation and Church, [142] (II, n. 11), [143] (n. 34).

Scottish Annals from English Chroniclers, (A.O. Anderson), [3], [151] (n. 41), [152] (n. 13).

Scottish Charters, Early, (Lawrie), [3], [146] (n. 20), [149] (n. 9), [150] (n. 19).

Scottish Historical Review, [144] (n. 6), [150] (n. 26).

Scottish Kings, (Sir A.H. Dunbar), [144] (n. 2), [144] (n. 11), [45], [47], [145] (ns. 3, 4, 5, 6), [146] (n. 22), [151] (n. 36).

Scrabster, [122].

Scrope;

Days of Deerstalking, [8], [141] (II, n. 4).

Shakespeare, [37], [42] .

Shenachu, or Carn Shuin, [59].

Shaw's Moray, [77], [149] (ns. 9, 12), [150] (n. 27).

Shetland, [12], [20], [90], [124], [128], [132], [156] (ns. 1, 20).

Shetland, Antiquities of, (Gilbert Goudie), [144] (n. 40).

Ships;

Viking, British, Pictish, Roman, [135] , [157] (n. 17), [142] (II, n. 11);

Pictish coracles, [12], [20], [66], [67], [98].

Sidera, [122];

Sigurd's Howe, [21], [142] (III, n. 9).

Sigrid, [145] (n. 5).

Sigtrigg Silkbeard, king of Dublin, [29].

Sigurd Eysteinson, earl, conquered C. and S., [20] , [90];

Odin, [122];

buried, [21], [142] (III, n. 9).

Sigurd Hlodverson, jarl, [24], [26];

his conversion, [27], [130];

marriage, [27]; [28], [29], [30];

in Darrath-Liod, [32], [36];

his wife, dau. of Malcolm II, [37], [130].

Sigurd Magnuson;

prince of Orkney, [49], [60], [61].

Sigurd Marti, [87].

Sigurd Slembi-diakn, [58].

[Sigurd's Howe, Cyderhall,] [21], [142] (III, n. 9).

Skaill, Norse skali, [132].

Skali, Norse farm-house, [132], [157] (ns. 7, 9).

Skardi, a "gap" in place-names, [142] (III, n. 9).

Skelbo, [79] (Skail-bo), [133], [149] (n. 11).

Skelpick, deriv., [157] (n. 7).

Skene, W.F.;

Chronicle of the Picts and Scots, q.v. Highlanders of Scotland, q.v. Celtic Scotland, q.v.

Skidamyre (Skitten in Watten) C., [24], [25], [26], [27], [143] (n. 29).

Skotlands-fiorthr, or Minch, [35], [64], [148] (n. 20).

Skuli, duke, [95], [98], [100], [120].

Skuli Thorfinnson, cr. earl, [25], [38], [144] (n. 4).

Snaekolf, son of Moldan, [36].

Snaekoll Gunni's son;

parentage, [57];

sole male representative of Erlend and Moddan lines, claimed earl Ragnvald's lands from earl John, [72], [94], [99], [102], [111];

heir of Erlend lands in Caith., [117] ;

killed earl John, [99], [100];

return to Caith., [100];

father of Johanna of Strathnaver, [57], [111], [112], [113];

deriv. of name, [152] (n. 18).

Somarled of Argyll, in rebellion, [81], [82].

Somarled the Freeman;

slain in the Isles by Sweyn Asleifarson, [82].

Somarled Sigurdson, earl of Orkney and Caith., [38] , [39].

Sorlinc, or Surclin, castle of;

in William the Wanderer, at Helmsdale, Scir-Illigh, [133].

Southern Isles, [64].

Spalding Club;

[3], [147] (n. 26).

Spittal of St. Magnus, [134].

Spynie, near Elgin, [54], [76], [77];

cathedral, [78], [80].

Standing Stane, Duffus, [41], [144](n. 11)

Stefansson, Jon, [51], [146] (n. 15).

Stenhouse, Watten, [26].

Store Point, [69], but [148] (n. 34).

Strabrock, now Uphall and Broxburn, [54], [55], [76], [77], [79], [91].

Stracathro, [76].

Strathclyde, [6], [17], [22].

Stratherne, earls of;

Fereteth, in rebellion, [82];

Malise, m. Matilda dau. of Gibbon, [116] , [117];

see also [Malise II].

Strathmore, in Halkirk, [115].

Strathnaver;

lady Johanna of, [101], [109];

grant of lands for Elgin cathedral, [109] ;

Johanna's estate, [109], [110].

Strathnaver valley, [93], [110].

Strathnavern, [8], [22], [34], [53], [69];

lady, [55], [56] , [65];

Moddan lands, [72], [85];

Freskin of Duffus, in, [80].

Strathyla;

charter, [77].

String, The;

Orkney, [124].

Sturlunga Saga, Prolegomena by Vigfusson, [143] (n. 14).

Sudreys (see also [Hebrides] and [Southern Isles]), [52] , [88], [124], [156] (n. 20).

Sutherland (Sudrland);

part of ancient Pictish province of Cait, q.v., [7], [8];

its boundaries, [141] (II, n. 2);

outwardly much the same now as in Pictish times, [8], [22], [34];

deer abounded, [8], [141] (II, n. 4);

Pictish clergy driven from coasts by Norse, [130];

subdued by Thorfinn, [40], [47];

Norse earls, [37], [49];

seized by earl Hakon, [50];

Liot Nidingr, [53];

much owned by Moddan family, [53];

Norse steadily lost hold of, [53];

Celts kept their land, [53];

Norse driven outwards and eastward, [53] ;

family of Freskyn de Moravia, [55];

Norse occupied fertile parts, [1];

freed from Norse influence in 1266, [1] ;

inventory of ancient monuments, [2];

writing began in 12th cent., [2];

Orkneyinga Saga only record before 12th cent.;

earlier notices, [3];

land and people at arrival of Norsemen, [6] , et. seq., all owned by Hugo Freskyn, [55];

earl Harald Slettmali seated in, [58] ;

seldom visited by earl Paul, [60];

Frakark burnt alive, [64];

Strath Helmsdale, [64];

Sweyn's raid, [64], [65];

earl Ragnvald at his daughter's wedding, [68];

children of Eric Stagbrellir, [72];

William de Sutherlandia, [80];

Mackay settlement, [82];

Innes family, [82];

part of old earldom of Caithness, [83] ;

granted to Hugo Freskyn, [85];

excluded from grant of half of earldom of Caithness to Harald Ungi, [85], [86];

subdued by king William, [87];

services of Freskyn family, [92];

lordship of Sutherland, [93];

erected into an earldom after 10th Oct. 1237, [116];

escaped attack by king Hakon, [128] ;

Norse adopted Gaelic language, [131] ;

Norse place-names, [132];

part settled by Mackays, [137];

Freskyns introduced into, [137];

inhabitants of Gael-Norse blend, [138] ;

no thanes of Moravia line in, [143] (n. 33);

horns of reindeer or elk found, [70], [148] (n. 39);

see also [Orkney] and [Caithness].

Sutherland;

duke of, [3].

Sutherland Book;

William MacFrisgyn omitted, [91];

on Johanna of Strathnaver, [108];

references, [28], [143] (n. 33), [146] (n. 21), [147] (n. 27), [150] (ns. 16, 17, 31), [151] (n. 34), [153] (n. 16), [155] (ns. 4, 5, 11).

Sutherland, earls of;

fictitious earls, Alane, Walter and Robert, [91];

Freskyn de Moravia ancestor of, [54] ;

William Freskyn, first earl, [78];

William (1275), litigation with bishop, [80];

case of Elizabeth, claimant of earldom, [151] (n. 51).

See also [Freskyn].

Sutherland, Genealogie of the Earles of, (Sir R. Gordon);

on Alane, thane of S., [28];

treated as fiction, [91];

boundaries of Sutherland, [141] (II, n. 2), [143] (n. 13), [145] (n. 23), [155] (ns. 4, 6, 11).

Sutherland, Inventory of the Monuments in, [2], [141] (n. 2), [9], [141] (II, n. 5), [148] (n. 39).

Sutherland and the Reay Country, (A. Gunn); [156] (n. 5).

Sverrir, king of Norway, [87], [90].

Sverri's Saga, [127], [149] (n. 6), [150] (n. 32), [151] (n. 50).

Swart Ironhead, [28].

Swart Kell, or Cathal Dhu, [27].

Swelchie (whirl-pool) near Stroma, [127].

Sweyn;

ancestor of Gunn family, [56], [57];

his son, Andres, [57];

his father, Olaf, burned at Ducansby, his mother, Asleif, [62];

his character, [63];

burned Frakark, [64], [65]; [66];

his brother, Gunni, [67]; [68], [69];

quarrels with earl Harold, [70];

annual viking cruises and life described, [73];

death at Dublin, [74]; [76], [77], [82], [85], [93].

Sweyn Breast-rope, [62], [65].

Syre, [110].

Tankerness, [62].

Templar church of Orphir, [52].

Thanes;

none of Moravia line in Sutherland, [143] (n. 33).

Thing (parliament), in Caithness, [95].

Thora, mother of earl St. Magnus, [51].

Thora, queen of Norway, [47].

Thorbiorn Klerk, grandson of Frakark, [59];

tutor to earl Harold Maddadson, [63] ;

m. Ingirid, sister of Sweyn, [63];

his character, [63];

burned Waltheof, [65];

divorces Sweyn's sister, [66];

instigated quarrel between earls in Thurso, [69];

viking raid, [70];

ambushed earl Ragnvald, [70]-71;

burnt alive, [71];

no direct heirs, [72]; [76].

Thorbjorn in Burrafirth, Shetland, [50].

Thorfinn, a farmer, C., [28].

Thorfinn Sigurdson, earl of Orkney and Caith., [36] -46;

birth, [37];

cr. earl of Caith. and Sutherland, [37] , [38];

ancestor of all subsequent Norse earls, [37];

established at Duncansby, [38], [39];

character, [38];

claimed Orkney, [39], [40];

war with Duncan I, [40];

at Deerness, [41];

Turfness, [41];

conquests in Fife, [41], [42];

Ragnvald Brusi-son co-earl, [43], [59];

raids on England, [43], [144] (n. 16);

his wife, Ingibjorg;

"king of Catanesse," [43];

claimed two-thirds of Orkney, [43];

sole earl, [44];

visited Rome, [45];

death, [46];

chronology, [46], [48]; [51];

his widow m. king Malcolm Canmore, [47] , [86], [119], [145] (ns. 4, 5); [90];

earl Erlend his grandson's grandson, [148] (n. 28).

Thorfinn, son of Harold Maddadson, [74], [84];

in rebellion against Scotland, [86] ;

promised as hostage to king William, [87] .

Thorfinn Torf-Einarson Hausa-kliufr (skull-cleaver), earl, m. Grelaud, [24].

Thorgisl, [28], [143] (n. 31).

Thorgisl, Saga of, [27], [143] (n. 31).

Thorir Rognvaldson, [23].

Thorir Treskegg, [23], [143] (n. 15).

Thorkel Amundson, or Fostri, [39];

at Sandvik, Deerness, slew Einar, [40] ;

and Moddan, [41];

and Ragnvald Brusi-son, [44], [46].

Thorkel, son of Cathal Dhu of C., [27].

Thorleif, Frakark's sister, [58].

Thorolf, bishop of Orkney, [45].

Thorsdale, [70];

valley of Thurso river, [148] (n. 40).

Thorstan the White, [28].

Thorstein the Red, seized C. and S., [20];

father of Groa, who m. Duncan, maormor of Cat, [25].

Thorstein, son of Hall O' Side, [30].

Thurso;

the river, [25], [34], [53];

earl Moddan killed at, [41];

Ottar, jarl in, [53], [60];

earl Harold Maddadson seized, [67];

earls Ragnvald and Harold reconciled, [69] ; [71], [87], [99], [133];

St. Peter's church, [134];

earls' residence, [134], [115], see [154] (n. 28).

Tighernac, The Annals of, [45], [142] (II, n. 11).

Torfaeus, Orcades, q.v., for transl. see [Pope, Alex].

Torf-Einar Ragnvaldson, earl;

slew Halfdan Halegg, [23], [24].

Turfness (probably Burghead), Moray, [23];

battle, [41];

Ragnvald Kali went to, [68];

held by Norse, [76].

Tweed, [37], [131].

Ulbster, [100].

Ulern, [26].

Ulf the Bad, [28].

Ulfreksfirth (Larne Bay), [39], [144] (n. 6).

Ulster, [5], [17], [18], [19].

Undal, Peter Clauson, [152] (n. 1).

Unes, or Little Ferry, [121], [133].

Uphall, History and Antiquities of, (J. Primrose), [147] (n. 24), [54].

Valentia, [4].

Valthiof, brother of Sweyn, [62].

Vallich, Loch, or Bealach, [110].

Varangian Guard, [66], [67] .

Viking Age, The, (Du Chaillu), [13], [142] (II, n. 12), [157] (n. 17), see [135].

Viking expeditions, [74].

Viking Society for Northern Research. Publications:

Saga-Rook (Proceedings), The Round Church and Earl's Bu of Orphir, [133], [157] (n. 9);

Year-Book, [150] (ns. 24, 28);

Old-Lore Miscell. of O.S.C. and S., q.v.;

Orkney and Shetland Records, q.v.;

Caithness and Sutherland Records, q.v.;

Ruins of Saga-Time, q.v.

Vikings;

origin, [12], [13], [129]; [18];

settlers as well as raiders, [13];

settlements place-names, including the, [14];

intermarriage, influence, [14];

held and named most of coasts and valleys of Cat and Ross, [15], [20];

survival of place and personal names, [18] , [19];

Valhalla influence, [129];

ships, [135];

traders, [136].

Wales, [49], [65], [114].

Walter de Baltroddi, bishop, [122], [155] (n. 8).

Waltheof, earl, [65], [148] (n. 21).

Wardships, granted by Crown, [16].

Wemund (monk), [150] (n. 24).

Wergeld, for Halfdan, [24];

Olaf Hrolfson, [65].

Wick;

earl Harald Ungi defeated, [87];

earls' residence, [134], [154] (n. 28).

Widow, [47].

Will. Newburgh Chron., [150] (n. 24).

William FitzDuncan, son of Duncan II, [86].

William the Lion;

charter of Strabrock, [77];

confirmed charter in Sutherland, [79] ;

service of Wm. Freskyn, [80];

grant to Gaufrid Blundus, [80];

crowned, [83], [84];

first conquest of Caithness, Sutherland granted to Hugo Freskyn, [85];

with army in Ross, [86];

war against Donald Ban MacWilliam, [86] ;

defeated Thorfinn, Harold's son, [87] ;

subdued Sutherland and Caithness, [87] ;

conferred half of earldom of C. on Harald Ungi, [87], [117];

conferred it on Ragnvald Gudrodson, [88] , [89];

came to terms with Harald, [90];

war with thanes of Ross, [94];

the dau. of John as hostage, [94], [95];

treaty with John, Caithness, [107] ;

death, [119], [151] (n. 43), see [88], [89].

William the Old, bishop of Orkney;

at Egilsay, [63];

went to the east, [66].

William, son of Gillebride, uncle of Magnus II, [103].

William the Wanderer, transl. W.G. Collingwood; Thorfinn, "king of Catanesse," [43], [133].

Wolves, in Cat, [8].

Worsae;

The Prehistory of the North, [13] , [142] (n. 13).

Wrath, Cape, [125], [126] .

Wyntoun's Chronicle, [97], [152] (n. 14).

Wyre, Vigr, now called Veira;

Cobbie Row's Castle, [100].

Yell Sound, [62].

Yorkshire ridings, trithings, [144] (n. 6).

Yuletide;

feasts, [42], [44].