FOOTNOTES:
[1] See Chapter XII. p. [220-3].
[2] The Editor is further responsible for the account of the pirates, and of Shapour; and for the notes, except those within inverted commas, which are taken from MSS. of Mr. Morier.
[3] The Cadjars, according to Olivier, are a tribe of Turkish origin, who took refuge in Persia under the reign of Shah Abbas I. and received there the name of Cadjars or fugitives. See Foster, ii. 198. The historians of Nadir Shah mention (as one of the chiefs of that tribe, in the time of Shah Tahmas,) Futteh Ali Khan. Olivier states that in 1723 he was nominated to the government of Mazanderan; and that, when Nadir Shah assumed the crown, he resisted his authority, was defeated and killed. In Jones’s Nadir, lib. i. c. xi. there appears a Fethali Khan, whose history accords better with the allusion in the text, p. 242. Compare the Phatali Khan of Bell, vol. i. and Fraser’s Nadir Shah, p. 89. His eldest son was Mahomed Hassan Khan, whose pretensions and rise and fall are stated fully by Olivier, vol. vi. 13-17-82, and whose history, (under his various names of Baba Khan, Mumtaz Khan, Fultra Alla Khan, &c.) is noticed in Franklin, p. 299. Ives, p. 220. Foster, vol. ii. 199. Tooke’s Catherine, ii. 60, Scott Waring, &c. &c.
[4] Ismael was said by his first patron, Ali Merdan Khan Backtyari, to be the son of Seyd Moustapha, by a daughter of Shah Hussein. Olivier, vi. 21. He was the pageant recognised by three several competitors; he was first proclaimed King by Ali Merdan, again in 1756, by Kerim; and a third time, in the same year, by Mahomed Hassan, who, like his immediate rivals, and like Nadir, still in his first successes professed himself to be the slave of the rightful monarch.
[5] “He made no scruple of avowing that in his youth he pursued the occupation of a robber; and that his fore teeth had been demolished by the kick of an ass which he had stolen and was carrying off.” Foster’s Travels, vol. ii. p. 241.
[6] The treaty forms the Appendix to General Malcolm’s Political History of India, p. 533-549.
[7] The Malana of Vincent’s Nearchus, p. 197. Horseburgh notices it very slightly, “in coasting to the westward from Hinglah, another point called Muran is discerned.” p. 231. “Directions, &c.”
[8] The log of the Nereide, Sept. 26th, seems to refer to it, as “the above island.”
[9] In 1581, the Portuguese (according to their historian Faria y Sousa) after having surprised and burnt “the beautiful and rich city Pesani,” destroyed “Guadel, not inferior.” Asia Portuguesa, vol. ii. 373. They appear to have had afterwards a settlement there themselves; vol. iii. p. 416; which before 1613 had probably been resumed from its European possessors, for Herbert in passing it, observes, “beware by Sir Robert Sherlye’s example of Cape Guader *** an infamous port and inhabited by a perfidious people. Under pretext of amity they allured Sherlye and his lady ashoare, A. 1613; where but for a Hodgee that understood their drift and honestly revealed it, they had been murdered with Newport their captaine; and merely to play the theeves with them.” Herbert’s Travels, p. 113. Ed. 1638.
[10] Jackson mentions in 1797 one of his ships, which carried upwards of a thousand men.—Journey, p. 8.
[11] Probably the ruins of Reshire.
[12] Niebuhr, who allots a separate chapter to these Arab powers (“etats independans aux environs du Golfe Persique”) attracts our attention to their fate principally by the remark, “En un mot, le gouvernement et les mœurs de ces Arabes ressemblent beaucoup a ceux des anciens Grecs.” But he adds, “mais ils manquent d’historiens pour decrire leurs guerres et pour celebrer leurs héros: voila pourquoi ils ne sont pas connus hors de leur pays.” Description de l’Arabie, p. 270.
[13] The event is related by Olivier. Voyage, tom. vi. p. 215.
[14] Extract from a translation of the History of the Zund Family, from the death of Kerim Khan to the accession of Aga Mahomed Khan Kadjar by Ali Reza Ibn Abdul Kerim of Shiraz.
[15] “Consisting of the Arab tribes of Dumoag, Beenee Hajir, Hyat Daaod, and others.”
[16] Hanway limits the functions; “the officer who makes seizures,” vol. ii. p. 372: see also Abdul Kurreem, p. 14. Both authorities connect rank and importance to the situation. In the East, indeed, the duties even of an executioner appear to have been held in very different estimation from that which is attached to them in Europe. “Les Bourreaux en Georgie,” says Tournefort, “sont fort riches, et les gens de qualité y exercent cette charge; bien loin qu’elle soit reputée infame, comme dans tout le reste du monde, c’est un titre glorieux en ce pays-là pour les familles. On s’y vante d’avoir eû plusieurs bourreaux parmi ses ancestres, et ils se fondent sur le principe qu’il n’y a rien de si beau que d’executer la justice, sans laquelle on ne sçauroit vivre en seûreté. Voilá une maxime bien digne des Georgiens.” Tom. II. 311. “Arioch, the Captain of the King’s Guard,” (of Babylon, Dan. II. 14.) is yet stiled by the Chaldee in the margin, “Chief of the Executioners or Slaughter-men.”
[17] “Jooyum is the district where the Tobacco grows, and it is understood that the trade there is managed by its proprietor dextrously and profitably.”
[18] “The Sheik, indeed, had given cause of complaint to Brigadier-General Malcolm before the arrival of His Majesty’s Mission.”
[19] “He was originally a Moonshee, who got his bread by transcribing books and writing letters for money. He taught Sir Harford Jones, when a young man at Bussora, to read and write Arabic and Persian. He afterwards became a merchant, selling small articles in the Bazar at Bushire, and being fortunate in his early trade, extended his speculations still more largely and successfully: till, when an embassy to Calcutta was projected by the King of Persia, he was enabled to appear (according to the report of his countrymen) as the highest bidder for the office, and was consequently invested with it. Having enriched himself enormously by his mission, he has yet never failed to complain before the King, of the evil stars which, by leading him to accept such a situation, had reduced him to beggary.”
[20] When Amurath I. instituted the Janizaries, a celebrated Dervish pronounced this blessing over the new corps: “Let them be called Janizaries (Yengi Cheris, or new soldiers) may their countenance be ever bright! their hand victorious! their sword keen! may their spears always hang over the heads of their enemies! and wheresoever they go, may they return with a white face.” Gibbon’s note illustrates the text by the Roman phrase, Hic niger est, hunc tu, Romane, caveto. Vol. VI. p. 320, 4to.
[21] “A circumstance, connected with the more permanent superstitions of Persia, occurred during the first part of our stay at Bushire, which may be worth mentioning. A Derveish settled himself for many days at the door of the Assistant Resident’s house, and did not quit it till he had extorted from the Envoy a donation of ten rupees. These men wander about from place to place; and, as their demands are sanctioned by long usage, they levy wherever they go, their established dues.[*] Mr. Bruce told me, that on his first arrival in the country, a Derveish came to him and asked the sum of ten piastres; he was refused, but he persisted that he would not depart till he should receive it. He accordingly stationed himself at the door, and commenced his conjuring, crying ‘Hag, Hag, Hag,’ unceasingly for days and nights, till he had worked himself up into a frenzy, in which his cries became quite horrible. To get rid of such a nuisance, Mr. Bruce was glad at last to pay the price which his tormentor originally charged. Mr. Manesty, the East India Company’s Resident at Bussorah, was attacked more formidably, and defended himself with more perseverance, but without better success. A Derveish demanded a hundred piastres, and being of course refused, settled himself at the door, and remained there two years, when Mr. Manesty was at last forced to yield, and paid the full sum required.
[*Lord Teignmouth, in an interesting Paper in the Asiat. Res. IV. p. 334-5, mentions a similar custom (“sitting Dherna”) in a different religion. “Brahmins even in Calcutta have been known to obtain charity or subsistence from the Hindus, by posting themselves before the door of their houses, under a declaration to remain there until their solicitations were granted.” The religious mendicants of India have sometimes assembled in a body of 5000 men.]
“From Mr. Bruce also I learned the following more curious tale. Mr. Hankey Smith since he has been the Resident at Bushire, was told that a Derveish wished to see him: but believing that he was one of those, who make these tours of licensed pillage through the country, he desired that the man might be sent away with the customary and unavoidable donation of a few piastres. He was informed however, that his visitor was no common Derveish; that he was in fact the Peish-namaz (the Chief Priest) of Bushire, and a man of corresponding reputation among his people. The stranger was accordingly admitted and received with every civility. In a second visit he asked so many questions about Calcutta, Mr. Hastings, and his trial, and other subjects which were equally new in the conversation of a Derveish, that the Resident candidly told him, that he believed him to be no Mussulman. The conjecture was well-founded: the Peish-Namaz immediately acknowledged that he was a Frenchman of the name of Talamash; that he had served the English government under Mr. Hastings, and having received some disgust, had quitted Calcutta; and since that time had done nothing but travel. He had been all over India, thence to Cashmire, and had resided a long time at Cabul in the court of Zemaun Shah; and had traversed the greater part of Persia, in every place imposing himself upon the people as the devoutest of the true believers. He was a very intelligent man, and had particularly made himself master of all the secrets of the Affghan politics, and had acquired a possession of the languages so complete and correct, that the finest native ear could detect no foreign accent. Probably no European ever saw so much of Asia, or saw it to such advantage. From Bushire he went to Bahrein, where also he was made the Peish-Namaz. From Bahrein he proceeded to Surat; where his varied and accurate knowledge of the manners, customs, and languages of all the different nations and classes in the mixed population of that city, divided, according to Mr. Bruce, the opinions of the people; and made the Arabs claim him as an original Arab; the Persians, as a Persian; and the Mussulmans of Hindoostan as equally their own. From this place M. Talamash addressed the English government of India, and conveyed to them more particularly his knowledge of the views of the Affghan court: but his communications did not receive the attention which he expected, and being left without the hope of employment again in India, he repaired to the Mauritius. There he associated with a band of adventurers like himself, fitted out a small vessel as a privateer, and went into the Red Sea. But here he fell in with the Leopard, Admiral Blanket; and thinking her an Indian ship, made an attempt to board her, and was of course taken. He was then sent to Bombay, and thence got once more to the Mauritius, from which time nothing more has been heard of him.
“This is a very rare instance of the successful assumption by an European of an Eastern character. I have known, in Turkey, several renegado Englishmen, who could never sufficiently disguise themselves to be taken for original Mussulmans.”
It must be understood, however, that Talamash is believed to have been born at Constantinople, of a French father indeed, yet from his earliest youth to have been unfettered by a conformity to European usages.
[22] See the note on their destruction, at the end.
[23] “This account is from the mouth of a Persian; it may therefore not be uninteresting to contrast it with the statement in the log-book of the Nereide.
“H. M. S. Nereide, Thursday, 21 Oct. 1808.
“At 9. A. M. saw two dows standing towards us under Arabian colours. 10.30. saw a strange sail S. S. E. Employed working up junk, &c. Noon: the above vessel past us, which proved to be the Honourable Company’s schooner Sylph. P. M. moderate breezes and fine. 1.30. observed the dows haul-up and board the schooner; in studding sails, and haul’d our wind in chase of them: by this time they had the schooner in tow. Tacked occasionally to close. At 4. got within gun-shot and commenced firing. 4.30. observed the schooner’s tow-rope gone, supposed by our shot; still keeping a constant fire on the dows. 5.30. shot away one of the dow’s yards. At 6. ditto, firing whenever the guns would bear: observed the schooner make signals of distress, and fire guns. The crew immediately deserted the dow when the yard was shot away, and went on board the other; continuing firing within musket shot round grape and musketry; hailed her repeatedly, but received no answer. At 8. ceased firing; the dows apparently sinking: made sail for the schooner: at 9. hove-to, and sent a boat for the commander of the schooner; he being severely wounded, gave Lieutenant C—— charge of the schooner, but returned with a seapoy severely wounded.”
[24] See [Plate VI].
[25] See [Plate VII]. in which they are incidentally introduced.
[26] That the same custom prevailed anciently in the East may be inferred from St. Matthew xxii, 2-4. St. Luke xiv. 16. 17.
[27] In the Journal this is the first notice of the Istakball, which so frequently recurs in the future progress of the mission, as an honorary assemblage called forth to receive a distinguished traveller, and to conduct him in his passage.
[28] “I have frequently amused myself in feeling their skulls, to ascertain if they are as soft now as when Herodotus described them; but I never yet found one that was not hard and impenetrable.”
[29] See the notes at the end.
[30] [Plate IX]. which marks the situation of some of the sculptures.
[31] See the Fragments. The horse, the chariot, and the cavalry. [Plate XII].
[32] “From the groves of orange trees at Kauzeroon, the bees cull a celebrated honey.”
[33] Niebuhr calls it Tchinar Raddar; he encamped there. Tom. II. p. 91.
[34] The Bend-emir or Araxes is said to fall into the large lake of Baktegian, near Darabgherd. R.
---- the rest entire,
Shone with a glossy scurf, undoubted sign,
That in his womb was hid metallic ore
The work of sulphur.
Par. Lost. I. 670.
[36] Of this view, a part is selected in [plate XXII].
[37] “At Kashan, according to the second Minister of the kingdom, who seemed devoutly to credit his own story, is a well, which we did not see. There is a descent of six months to the bottom, and in the different stages of the journey the traveller comes to plains and rivers. Some have gone down and never appeared again. These are tales which to a Persian are not incredible, though they will not believe that the streets of London are lighted, or that there are in Europe houses seven stories high.”
[38] Richardson’s Dissertation, 8vo. p. 184.
[39] It appears to be the Earless Marmot of Pennant, p. 135; the Arctomys of Linnæus, p. 145.
[40] In Grant’s fine and characteristic sketch of the conquests of Nadir, he is led to
——“Media’s vales,
Where Health on Tabriz breathes with all her gales.”
Restoration of Learning in the East, 1805, p. 87.
The same derivation of the name from the qualities of the situation is given by Sir William Jones—“Tab signifies a fever, and riz is the participle of rêkhten to disperse. There was an ancient city which stood nearly in the same place, and is called Ταβρὶς by Ptolemy.”—Description of Asia subjoined to the “Histoire de Nader Chah:” Works, Vol. V. p. 570.
[41] “The sea of Kulzum,” is more appropriated by the generality of Eastern authors to the Arabian Gulph, to which, indeed, it is said to be attached, from the place of the same name on the shores; yet it is applied to the Caspian in a Persian map copied in the Oriental Collections, Vol. III. p. 76: and Khojeh Abdulkurreem, while he states that “the proper sea of Kulzum is in the Turkish empire,” admits that “the people of Ashreff” affix the name to the Caspian, p. 94. London Edit. 1793: and in a note to Abulghazi Khan’s History of the Tartars, the French Editor mentions it as the general designation among the Persians. p. 645.
[42] See before p. 317. The same name seems to be applied to the sources of the Euphrates and of the Araxes; which both rise on opposite directions from the same mountains.
[43] It is the ancient Lycus.
[44] The Turks in their way have retained so many ancient names, that Neocæsarea may be easily recognised under the name of Niksar.—D’Anville, Geogr. Anc. tom. ii. p. 34. It is interesting as the city and bishoprick of St. Gregory Thaumaturgus; who found there but seventeen Christians, and left there but seventeen Pagans. He resolved to build a church in his city:—“Ce qui n’estoit pas extraordinaire en ce temps la, et on avoit toute liberté d’en bastir sous Philippe, qui commença a regner en 241. Mais celle ci est la premiere dont l’histoire nous donne une connaissance certaine et expresse.”—Tillemont, Memoires Eccles: de VI. Premiers Siecles. Vol. III. p. 329-30.
[45] This is possibly a part of the celebrated Comana Pontica, which is placed upon the Iris, the modern Tozzan Irmak.—See D’Anville’s Geogr. Ancienne 1768. tom. ii. p. 38.
The Christians of the country pointed out to Tavernier some excavations in this district, as the retreats of St. John Chrysostom. Tom. i. p. 13.
[46] St. John Chrysostom—possibly in his last exile and wanderings, A. D. 404-7. See Milner’s “History of the Church of Christ.” Vol. II. p. 291-3.
[47] “Chorbah, soup; Dolmah, meat-balls, in vine leaves.”
[48] It was made by the celebrated Kuprigli, the Grand Vizier. See Tavernier, Tom. I. p. 7.
[49] It is called the Agatch Degnis, or “Sea of Trees.” See its extent in Otter. Tom. II.
[50] The ancient Nicomedia.
[51] Sir William Ouseley’s Ebn Haukal, p. 12. p. 95.
[52] Stevens’s Faria y Sousa, vol. iii. p. 30, &c.
[53] Bruce’s Annals of the East India Company, vol. iii. p. 198.
[54] Bruce, iii. 649. 169. In 1715 the Muscat fleet consisted of one ship of seventy-four guns, two of sixty, one of fifty, and eighteen from thirty-two to twelve guns; besides smaller, &c. Captain Hamilton, East Indies, i. p. 76. Modern Universal History vi. 46.
[55] The first mention of the Wahabees, is in Niebuhr, Description de l’Arabie, p. 17, p. 296-302: and Gibbon first noticed the singular co-incidence, that they sprung from the same province, Nedsjed, in which Moseilama the great contemporary adversary of Mahomed, had propagated his faith, vol. v. p. 277. It may be added, that the Carmathians, who triumphed over the Mahomedans, like the Wahabees of the present day, and like them took Mecca, (and plundered it indeed much more effectually than their successors are said to have done) in the same manner took possession first of the provinces on the Persian Gulph. See Gibbon, v. 449. Sale’s Koran, p. 184. D’Ohsson, Tableau de l’Empire Ottoman, tom. i. p. 105.
[56] It is not clear that Egmaun is rightly placed in the text, p. 44. Our late expedition has furnished us with a knowledge of the Persian Gulph, which will rectify many important errors. The coast from Khor Hassan is said to have been laid down forty-eight miles too much to the south.
[57] Faria y Sousa, Asia Portuguesa, by Stevens, vol. i. p. 135.
[58] See Renaudot’s “Anciens Relations.”
[59] Bruce’s Annals of the East India Company, vol. iii. p. 649.
[60] Ebn Haukal, p. 82.
[61] Ebn Haukal, p. 89. The Sabûra of Golius ad Alfraganium, quoted by Vincent; Nearchus, 2d edition, p. 329.
[62] Strabo, lib. xv. p. 708. In De Sacy, “Memoires sur diverses Antiquités de la Perse,” 1793, p. 34.
[63] Anct. Univ. Hist. xi. 66. Artaxerxes demanded from the Romans the cession of all the provinces which Cyrus had possessed; but Sapor II. his descendant and successor, advanced still higher pretensions, and claimed all the country to the river Strymon, in Macedonia, the original boundary of Darius Hystaspes.
[64] Compare however the division of Ebn Haukal, p. 82.
[65] Niebuhr says otherwise, tom. ii. p. 166; but Sir Harford Jones, who had better opportunities of ascertaining the fact, asserts it. Vincent, p. 329, p. 485.
[66] Ebn Haukal, p. 85.
[67] Ebn Haukal, p. 95.
[68] Fasa. See the text, p. 233. Pietro della Valle, tom. iii. 333.
[69] Darabgherd. See Ebn Haukal, p. 94, p. 133-4. Pietro della Valle, tom. iii. 336, 571. Tavernier, i. 395.
[70] Jawr or Firuzabad. See the text, p. 234. Ebn Haukal, p. 101. See Otter, i. 191. Scott Waring was there, p. 106, but passed it with a very slight notice.
[71] Chardin, ii. p. 167. Le Brun was at Persepolis for three months; but he seems to have confined himself principally to the ruins of the palace.
[72] Ebn Haukal, p. 90, p. 95.
[73] 86° 55´ long. 30° lat. Vol. iii. p. 53.
[74] “Sehabur,” in a map of Persia in Buno’s Cluverius, 1672, p. 547.
[75] Ebn Haukal, p. 101.
[76] De Sacy, p. 238-9.
[77] Ancient Universal History, xi. 159.
[78] Mirkhond in De Sacy, p. 289. See the Ancient Univ. Hist. p. 151. vol. xi.
[79] The figures are the same, not in detail, but in general circumstance. Both are engraved in this volume, plates x. xx. See the explanation of the inscription taken from Niebuhr, tom. ii. pl. xxvii. De Sacy, p. 31, &c. see also p. 69.
[80] De Sacy indeed, in the suite to his “Memoire sur les Medailles des Sassanides,” p. 203-10, assigns all the medals on Plate VI. to Sapor II. and those on Plate VIII. to Sapor III. but the resemblance is so strong, (particularly in No. 3. of Plate VI.) between the figure on the coin, and that in the sculpture No. X. that the identity can hardly be doubted; and that the figure in the sculpture is Sapor I. may be inferred from the inscription at Nakshi Rustum, as well as from the general history.
[81] “Si l’on compare tous ces bas-reliefs, on sera porté a conjecturer qu’ils ne doivent avoir tous qu’un même objet.” De Sacy, p. 66; see p. 69.
[82] Gibbon, i. 326, 4to.
[83] A fac-simile at Nakshi Rustam, p. 125-6, of that subject already noticed at Shapour.
[84] P. 30, &c.
[85] De Sacy, p. 167. Ancient Universal History, xi. p. 146.
[86] Gibbon, vol. v. p. 654. Modern Univ. Hist. iv. p. 79.
[87] P. 32. See the Ancient Universal History, vol. xi.
[88] History of Persia: Works, vol. v. p. 600.
[89] De Sacy, p. 32-3.
[90] Vaillant, pref. p. vii. 389.
[91] Mirkhond in De Sacy, p. 275. Ancient Universal History, xi. 146.
[92] De Sacy, p. 30, &c. υαυιος θε παπακου βασιλεως. See Moses of Choronæ, quoted in De Sacy, p. 168.
[93] Niebuhr, ii. p. 83.
[94] Petit de la Croix, p. 37.
[95] Institutes, p. 25, 27.
[96] Frazer’s Life, p. 81. of Artaxerxes, see Gibbon, vol. i. p. 201, 4to.
[97] Vaillant.
[98] De Sacy, Memoire sur les Medailles des Sassanides, p. 166.
[99] In Gibbon, vol. i. p. 238.
[100] Lucretius, lib. v. These references are taken from Brissonius, “De Regio Persarum Apparatu.” Edit. Lederlini, 1710.
[101] Brissonius, p.732.
[102] Lucian, in Brissonius.
[103] Strabo, lib. xv.
[104] Juvenal, Sat. vi.
[105] Suetonius, in Brissonius, p. 82.
[106] Bruce, vol. iii. p. 267, 276.
[107] Niebuhr, tom. ii. p. 98-134. Persepolis and Nakshi Rustam, &c.
[108] De Sacy, p. 67.
[109] Vaillant, “Arsacidarum Imperium,” p. 364, p. 366.
[110] Pallas, “Peculiaris dea Macedonum Pallas,” p. 8. to Arsaces I. again, p. 16.
[111] Victoriola to Artabanus I. p. 31.
[112] To Artaxerxes, p. 391, to Sapor, p. 394.
[113] Vol. i. p. 331, 4to.
[114] Milner’s History of the Church of Christ, vol. i. p. 427. p. 445. p. 478-9. Valerian was destroyed by the treachery of Macrianus, (Gibbon i. 327) the very man, at whose instigation he had perverted his power to persecute the Christians.
[115] Gibbon himself records this speech, vol. 1. p. 451.
[116] Petit de la Croix, Life of Genghiz, p. 276.
[117] Gibbon, vol. v. 4to. p. 451.
[118] A.D. 1537. Faria “Asia Portuguesa,” by Stevens, vol. i. p. 405.
[119] Gibbon, vol. v. p. 664.
[120] De Sacy, pref. p. v. De Guignes. MSS. of the King of France, ii. p. 140. English Edit. Gibbon, i. 4to. p. 256.
[121] Ancient Universal History, vol. xi. p. 142, &c.
[122] D’Herbelot, in Sir Wm. Ouseley’s Epitome.
[123] Vaillant, Arsac: Imperium, p. 389.
[124] Gibbon, vol. i. 4to. p. 331.
[125] Mirkhond, in De Sacy, p. 282-90.
[126] Khondemir, in Ancient Universal History, vol. xi. p. 151.
[127] Mirkhond, in De Sacy, p. 273.
[128] De Sacy, p. 42. A. C. 226, according to Vaillant: Tab. Chronol.
[129] Mirkhond, p. 282-6.
[130] This appears the piastre in value. “A piastre is about two shillings British.” “Average exchange between Persia and India, one hundred and thirty piastres for one hundred rupees.”
[131] “Containing two miscals, six hehod of silver. None of the coins that are struck in Persia have any alloy.”
[132] “The present shahee takes its name from the shahee of the Seffis, but has increased in value owing to the rise of silver. They have no coin of greater amount than the tomaun, except it be a very large piece which the King has struck for the luxury and magnificence of his own treasury, and which is equal to one thousand tomauns, or ten thousand piastres.”
[133] As there is some obscurity, the whole passage in the original is subjoined here:
| 8 Shahee | = | 1 Real or Rupee. |
| 4¼ Reals | = | 1 Ditto. |
| 2½ Reals | = | 1 Ditto. |
[134] The population throughout is stated at five persons to a house.
[135] This is the tribute paid in produce. A kherwar is one hundred mauns of Tabriz; each maun being seven pounds and a quarter English.
[136] The places in small capital letters are the stages.
[137] Two roads; one by Orchíene, the other by Ispahanek.
[138] Extracted from Dr. Jukes’s Journal of Mr. Manesty’s route.
[140] Strong N. W. from the 6th to the 13th, with little or no intermission: great dust.
[141] Water melons, musk melons, and figs in season; and plenty of them.
[142] The weather does not appear so hot as in former seasons.
[143] I have not remarked such a haze in former times. I have scarcely seen the mountains of Persia since the latter end of May.
[144] I have seen it one or two days before in this month, but I do not recollect to have seen it during the winter, or when the atmosphere is very clear.
[145] Bushire; grapes good and plentiful; musk and watermelons, and figs.