The age of the crusades

by James M. Ludlow

INDEX.

• Abélard, [8], [162], [163].
• Accian, [103], [106], [109]; death, [111].
• Acre, [123];
  • capture, [148];
  • by Saladin, [190];
  • siege of, [215] sq.;
  • fall, [297];
  • divisions in, [366];
  • final fall, [367].
• Adela, [148].
• Adhemar of Puy, [83], [105], [113];
  • death, [120].
• Afdhal, [135], [137].
• Afdhal, son of Saladin, [236].
• Aibek, [356], [361].
• Albigenses, [298], [322], [375].
• Aleppo, [154].
• Aletta, [8].
• Alexander II., [49].
• Alexander III., [15].
• Alexander IV., [363].
• Alexandria, captured, [180].
• Alexius I., [74], [79], [81];
  • treachery, [85];
  • vengeance of Godfrey, [86];
  • character and policy, [88] sq., [244];
  • at Nicæa, [95];
  • refuses help, [113], [139];
  • jealousy, [147].
• Alexius III., reply to Innocent III., [254];
  • protests against Venetian invasion, [271];
  • cowardice, [276], [277].
• Alexius IV., son of Isaac Angelus, [258], [263];
  • plea, [266];
  • joins Dandolo, [268];
  • at Constantinople, [271], [279];
  • breach with crusaders, [281];
  • imprisonment and death, [283].
• Alexius Ducas, [282].
• Alfonso VI., [83].
• Algazzali, [60].
• Alhazan, [60].
• Alice, French princess, [222].
• Almoadam Turan Shan, [343], [353]-355, [361], [362].
• Alp-Arslan, [62].
• Amalric, [152], [179], [180];
  • death, [182].
• Amaury I. See [Amalric].
• Amaury II., [297].
• Amaury de Montfort, [333].
• Andrew II., Hungary, [303], [305].
• Andronicus, [244], [247].
• Angelus, Isaac. See [Isaac Angelus].
• Anjou, Duke of, [355].
• Anna Comnena, quoted, [3], [72], [84];
  • picture of Alexius, [88];
  • opinion of crossbow, [92].
• Anselm, [7].
• Anselm, Archbishop of Milan, [139].
• Anselme of Ribemont, [94].
• Antioch, siege of, [102] sq.;
  • fall, [108] sq.;
  • conquered by Bibars, [363].
• Aragon, King of, [363].
• Archambaud, [172].
• Arculf, Bishop, [67].
• Arkas, [122].
• Arnold de Brescia, [163], [198].
• Arnold de Rohes, [128], [135].
• Arsuf, [138], [141], [145];
  • destroyed by Bibars, [363].
• Ascalon, [136];
  • capture, [179], [190].
• Assassins, [228], [229].
• Assizes of Jerusalem, [142].
• Asur, [138], [141], [145].
• Athareb, [154].
• Atheling, Edgar, [122].
• Aude, [20].
• Augustine, [66].
• Avicenna, [60].
• Avignon, [375].
• Ayoub, [176], [181].
• Aziz, son of Saladin, [236].
• Bacon, Francis, [11].
• Bacon, Roger, [11], [377].
• Baldwin I., [83];
  • at Tarsus, [99];
  • quarrel with Tancred, [99];
  • defection, [100];
  • submission to Pope, [142];
  • character, [144];
  • King of Jerusalem, [144] sq.;
  • exploits, [144] sq.;
  • marriage, [148];
  • death, [149].
• Baldwin II., [145], [147];
  • succeeds to throne of Jerusalem, [150];
  • character, [150];
  • captured, [150];
  • liberated, [152];
  • died, [152];
  • helps Moslems, [154];
  • Templars, [158].
• Baldwin III., [152], [153], [173];
  • against Nourredin, [178], [179];
  • death, [179].
• Baldwin IV., [182] sq.
• Baldwin V., [184].
• Baldwin I., Constantinople, [21];
  • assaults Constantinople, [275];
  • elected Emperor of Constantinople, [292], [293];
  • strife with Boniface, [293];
  • death, [294].
• Baldwin II., Constantinople, [322], [332].
• Baldwin du Bourg. See [Baldwin II.]
• Balian d’Iselin, [191].
• Baliol, John, [363].
• Baneas, [358].
• Barbarossa, [34], [198];
  • character, [209];
  • third crusade, [209] sq., [212];
  • treatment of Greeks, [212];
  • death, [213].
• Baronius, “Dark Ages,” [6].
• Barthelemi, Peter, [114], [118];
  • Ordeal, [119].
• Bavaria, Duke of, [140].
• Beauvais, Bishop of, [24].
• Becket, Thomas à, [200].
• Beirut, fall of, [148].
• Benedict III., [69].
• Benedict VIII., [57].
• Benedict IX., [45].
• Ben-Musa, [60].
• Berengaria, [222].
• Bérenger, [7].
• Bernard of Brittany, [67].
• Bernard of Clairvaux, [8], [23];
  • against Abélard, [162];
  • second crusade, [164], [166] sq.;
  • failure and death, [177];
  • opinion of Henry II., [201].
• Bernard of Clugny, hymn, [1].
• Berthier of Orleans, hymn, [1].
• Bertrade, [152].
• Bertrand, [148].
• Bethlehem, [124].
• Bibars Bendoctar, [345]-347, [353], [362], [363], [365].
• Bibliography, v.-ix.
• Biblus, fall of, [148].
• Blachern, palace of, [250].
• Blanche of Castile, [330], [336], [357], [358].
• Blondel, [234].
• Bohemond of Taranto, [83] sq.;
  • relations to Alexius, [87], [89], [90];
  • at Antioch, [105], [106];
  • treats for sovereignty of Antioch, [108];
  • enters Antioch, [110];
  • quarrel with Raymond, [120], [121];
  • attacks Maarah, [121];
  • submission to Pope, [142], [144], [145];
  • exploits, [147] sq.;
  • death, [148];
  • invades Greek dominions, [247].
• Boniface VIII., humiliation of Papacy, [375].
• Boniface of Montferrat, [258], [259], [261], [268], [271];
  • assaults Constantinople, [275];
  • plots, [282];
  • emperorship, [292];
  • disloyalty, [293];
  • death, [294].
• Bouvines, battle of, [302].
• Bozrah, [153].
• Brabant, Duke of, [237], [240].
• Brunhilde, [24].
• Bruno, [60].
• Bucolion, palace of, [250].
• Byron, quoted, [294].
• Cæsarea, captured by Baldwin, [145];
  • destroyed by Bibars, [363].
• Cæsarea on the Orontes, [179].
• Cæsarea Philippi, [358].
• Cairo, [343].
• Calixtus II., [162].
• Cambray, Bishop of, [68].
• Cambridge, University of, [378].
• Capitularies of Charlemagne, [35], [48].
• Capuano, Peter, [262].
• Carac, fall of, [214].
• Carismians, [324] sq.
• Castile, King of, [363].
• Celibacy, [48].
• Cencius, [70].
• Charlemagne, [17], [19], [48], [55], [67], [242];
  • capitularies of, [35], [48].
• Charles Martel, [56].
• Charles the Bold, [56].
• Chegger-Eddour, [343], [353]-355, [361], [362].
• Chivalry, rules, etc., [26] sq.
• Chosroes, [66], [133].
• Cid, the, [58], [83].
• Cimabue, [377].
• Civitat, massacre, [81].
• Clarendon, Assizes of, [200].
• Clement II., [46].
• Clement V., [375].
• Clermont, Council of, [74].
• Cologne Cathedral, [377].
• Coloman, King of Hungary, [79], [80].
• Commune, [377].
• Comnena, Anna. See [Anna Comnena].
• Comnenus, Isaac, [244].
• Comnenus, John, [152].
• Conrad, brother of Boniface, [258].
• Conrad, marshal of German empire, [139].
• Conrad III., [167], [170];
  • at Jerusalem, [173];
  • Damascus, [145];
  • return, [176].
• Conrad IV., [334], [357].
• Conrad of Montferrat, [214];
  • at Acre, [216];
  • claims to Jerusalem, [218];
  • supported by Philip Augustus, [223];
  • plots, [227];
  • assassinated, [228].
• Constance, daughter of Philip I., [148].
• Constantine, [65].
• Constantine, minister of finance, [277].
• Constantinople, history of, [242] sq.;
  • great fire, [281];
  • fall, [284] sq.;
  • Latin kingdom, [291] sq.;
  • weakness, [322], [328].
• Constantinople, Patriarch of, [287].
• Corfu, [268] sq.
• Councils, Lateran, [49], [198].
• Courçon, Cardinal, [302].
• Cross, True, [133].
• Crusade, first, [78] sq., [82] sq., [91] sq., [96] sq., [101] sq., [108] sq., [112] sq., [120] sq., [134] sq.;
  • influence, [156] sq., [160] sq.
• Crusade, second, cause, [155], [165], [166] sq.
• Crusade, third, [206] sq., [215] sq., [219] sq.
• Crusade, fourth, [242] sq., [252], [253] sq., [260] sq., [268] sq., [274] sq., [284] sq., [291] sq.
• Crusade, fourth, pseudo, [241].
• Crusade, fifth, [301] sq.
• Crusade, sixth, [313] sq.
• Crusade, seventh, [328] sq.
• Crusade, eighth, [361] sq.
• Crusade, Children’s, [298] sq.
• Crusades, fascination of subject, [1];
  • causes, [3] sq.;
  • state of society, [6] sq., [40] sq.;
  • papal policy, [43] sq.;
  • results, [368] sq.
  • See [Crusade, First], Second, etc., [Chivalry], [Feudalism], [Mohammedanism], [Peter the Hermit], [Pilgrimages], [Urban II.]
• Cyprus, [222], [228].
• Dagobert, [142], [144].
• Dahir, son of Saladin, [236].
• Damascus, Prince of, [152], [153].
• Damascus, siege of, [174] sq.;
  • fall, [296].
• Damascus, Sultan of, relations to Louis IX., [356], [358].
• Damasus II., [46].
• Damietta, siege of, [305], [306], [309];
  • victory of Louis IX., [338] sq.;
  • surrender, [353] sq.
• Dandolo, Henry, [248], [251], [252], [256], [257];
  • perfidy, [260] sq.;
  • attacks Zara, [264];
  • joined by Alexius, [268];
  • diplomacy, [268] sq.;
  • captures Golden Horn, [272];
  • attack on Constantinople, [275];
  • further plots, [280], [282];
  • second attack, [284] sq.;
  • refuses to contest election to kingdom of Constantinople, [291], [292];
  • his choice, [292];
  • death, [294].
• “Dark Ages,” according to Baronius, [6].
• Dârôm, [229].
• Domenicho, Michaeli, [151].
• Dominic, [19].
• Dorylæum, battle of, [96] sq.
• Ducas, Alexius, [282].
• Du Guesclin, [10].
• Duomo, [377].
• Edessa, fall of, [154], [155].
• Edgar Atheling, [122].
• Edmund, prince of England, [363].
• Edward, prince of England, [363], [366].
• Egypt, caliph of, [105], [122].
• Eleanor, Queen, [167], [171];
  • rupture with Louis, [173];
  • divorce, [198];
  • character, [201];
  • released by Richard, [202];
  • appeals to Pope, [233];
  • ransom of Richard, [234].
• Eleemon, John, [157].
• Elizabeth of Hungary, [316].
• Elvira, daughter of Alfonso VI., [83].
• Emico, [80].
• England, during crusades, [370];
  • Magna Charta, [377];
  • Parliament, [377].
• Eremi, [7].
• Estate, Third, [377].
• Eustace, son of Godfrey, [83].
• Eustace Grenier, [151].
• Evrard des Barras, [172].
• Exerogorgo, siege of, [81].
• Fakr Eddin, [340], [345].
• Fatimites, [181].
• Feudalism, [32] sq.
• Finlay, quoted, [62].
• Florine, [104].
• Foulcher of Chartres, [110];
  • desertion, [113];
  • scepticism, [115].
• Foulque of Anjou, [152], [158].
• Foulques the Black, [20], [69].
• France, effect of crusades on, [161];
  • at close of crusades, [369].
• Francis of Assisi, [19], [308], [309].
• “Frank,” meaning, [371].
• Frankfort, Synod of, [49].
• Frederick I. See [Barbarossa].
• Frederick II., fifth crusade, [302];
  • sixth crusade, [313] sq.;
  • life and character, [313] sq.;
  • acquires Jerusalem, [319];
  • returns, [321], [323];
  • relations to Innocent IV., [329], [334];
  • generosity, [337];
  • death, [357].
• Frederick of Swabia, [209], [213], [218].
• Frotmonde, [69].
• Fulque, priest, [254].
• Gaita, [24].
• Galata, [273].
• Galileo, [60].
• Garnier, [144].
• Gautier of Brienne, [327].
• Gaza, [326].
• Genghis Khan, [324].
• Geoffrey, son of Henry II., [201].
• Geoffrey de Sargines, [349].
• Gerard, Master of Hospitallers, [157].
• Gerard of Avernes, [141].
• “German tax,” [246].
• Germany, during crusades, [370].
• Ghibelline, [334].
• Gibbon, quoted, [79], [81], [89].
• Gilbert, [172].
• Godfrey of Bouillon, [8];
  • career, [82] sq.;
  • expedition, [86];
  • relations to Alexius, [86];
  • at Dorylæum, [97];
  • Antioch, [107];
  • straits, [113];
  • discretion, [120];
  • services to Moslems, [121];
  • attacks Jerusalem, [121] sq.;
  • spoils, [133];
  • Baron of Holy Sepulchre, [134] sq.;
  • Ascalon, [136] sq.;
  • quarrel with Raymond, [138];
  • rule, [140];
  • attacks Asur, [141];
  • submission to Pope, [142];
  • Assizes of Jerusalem, [142];
  • death and character, [142], [143];
  • assists Hospitallers, [157];
  • gifts to Papacy, [371].
• Godric, [146].
• Golden Horn, captured, [273].
• Gottschalk, [80].
• Green, quoted, [21].
• Gregory V., [45].
• Gregory VI., [45].
• Gregory VII. See [Hildebrand].
• Gregory IX., [300], [315], [316] sq., [322], [323];
  • weakness, [374].
• Grosseteste, Robert, [374].
• Guelph, [334].
• Guibert, antipope, [50].
• Guibert, quoted, [77], [105].
• Guiscard, Robert, [24], [83], [84], [247].
• Guizot, quoted, [33], [37], [199];
  • portrait of Richard I., [202];
  • of Louis VIII., [330].
• Gunther, [288], [289].
• Guy d’Ibelin, [354].
• Guy of Lusignan, [185], [188], [189];
  • disregards oath, [214];
  • maintains right to sceptre, [218];
  • supported by Richard, [223];
  • Cyprus, [228].
• Hadrian IV., [201].
• Hallam, quoted, [9], [11], [30], [34].
• Hamah, [154].
• Hanifs, [52].
• Hanseatic League, [378].
• Harding, [147].
• Haroun-al-Raschid, [55], [67].
• Hassan, [228].
• Helena, [65], [133].
• Henry, brother of Baldwin, [294].
• Henry I., England, [21], [138], [164].
• Henry II., England, [34];
  • crown of Jerusalem, [186];
  • possessions, [199], [201];
  • death, [201];
  • relations to Philip Augustus, [206] sq.
• Henry III., England, [331], [357].
• Henry III., Germany, [46].
• Henry IV., Germany, papal opposition, [23], [47], [49];
  • relations to Godfrey, [82].
• Henry V., Germany, [161].
• Henry VI., Germany, [232], [234], [237];
  • in Sicily, [238];
  • death, [240];
  • “German tax,” [246].
• Henry Dandolo. See [Dandolo].
• Henry of Hesse, [334].
• Henry of Sicily, [247].
• Heraclius, Greek emperor, [67], [133].
• Heraclius, Patriarch of Jerusalem, [186].
• Herbaud, [10].
• Hezas, emir of, [121].
• Hildebrand, [8], [39];
  • reforms, [44], [46], [47];
  • claims, [47] sq.;
  • reliance on emperor, [49];
  • bull against Henry IV., [49];
  • negotiations with Greeks, [50];
  • alliance with Saracens, [58];
  • summons against the Turks, [62];
  • sends Cencius on pilgrimage, [70].
• Holy Lance, [114] sq.
• Honorius II., [166].
• Honorius III., [303].
• Hospitallers, [156] sq.;
  • Saladin’s revenge, [190];
  • permitted to remain in Jerusalem, [193];
  • rivalries, [236], [297], [367];
  • refuse help to Frederick II., [318];
  • overtures to Louis IX., [338], [355];
  • at Mansourah, [345], [347].
• Hovenden, quoted, [221].
• Hugh Capet, [33].
• Hugh de Payen, [158].
• Hugh de Puzas, [219], [232].
• Hugh of Vermandois, [116], [140].
• Humphrey, [218].
• Iconium, Sultan of, [170], [246].
• Ida of Austria, [139], [140].
• Ida of Bouillon, [8], [82].
• “Il Consolato del Mare,” [379].
• Innocent II., [162].
• Innocent III., [253], [262];
  • hastens crusaders, [265], [279];
  • rebuke, [290];
  • preaches fifth crusade, [301]-303;
  • guardianship of Frederick II., [313];
  • absolute power, [374].
• Innocent IV., [328], [329], [334], [357], [374].
• Inquisition, [374].
• Iolante, [314].
• Ireland, time of Henry II., [200].
• Irene, daughter of Isaac Comnenus, [247].
• Irene, opinion of Alexius, [88].
• Isaac, King of Cyprus, [222].
• Isaac Angelus, [211], [212], [217], [258], [267], [278], [281], [282].
• Isaac Comnenus, [244].
• Isabella, widow of Conrad, [228].
• Isabella, wife of Amaury II., [297].
• Jaffa, in third crusade, [226], [230], [238];
  • conquered by Bibars, [363].
• James of Vitri, [302].
• Jean Tristan, [351], [365].
• Jerome, St., to Paulinus, [66].
• Jerusalem, Assizes of, [142].
• Jerusalem, Patriarch of, [72], [303].
• Jerusalem, under Omar, [55];
  • fall of, [63];
  • captured by Chosroes, [66];
  • by crusaders, [125] sq.;
  • under Saladin, [192];
  • acquisition by Frederick, [319];
  • carnage under Carismians, [326], [327].
• Jews, persecution of, [204].
• Joanna, sister to Richard I., [222], [227].
• John, Cardinal, [247].
• John, King of England, [232], [233];
  • fifth crusade, [302].
• John VIII., [56].
• John X., [57].
• John Baliol, [363].
• John Comnenus, [152].
• John Eleemon, [157].
• John of Brienne, [297], [298], [307], [310], [311], [318], [320], [322].
• Joinville, Prince de, [335], [336], [338], [344], [347], [348], [350], [353]-355, [358].
• Josselin II., [155].
• Josselin de Courtenay, [147], [150], [154].
• Kanabos, Nicholas, [282].
• Kerbogha, [109], [112], [115], [116];
  • routed, [117];
  • revenge, [140].
• Khalil, [367].
• Kilidge-Arslan, [81], [91], [94], [97];
  • routed, [117];
  • revenge, [139];
  • third crusade, [212].
• Koran. See [Mohammed].
• Koutouz, [362].
• La Marche, [331].
• Lance, Holy, [114] sq.
• Lanfranc, [7].
• Lascaris, [275], [322].
• Lateran Councils. See [Councils].
• Leo IX., [46].
• Leopold of Austria, [227], [232] sq.
• Liegnitz, battle of, [325].
• Litz, Martin, [288].
• Longchamp, [220], [232].
• Longsword, William, [342], [345], [346].
• Lothaire, [164].
• Louis, St. See [Louis IX.]
• Louis, St., laws of, [34], [35].
• Louis IV. (the Fat), [36], [161].
• Louis VI., [33].
• Louis VII., [164], [166], [167];
  • rupture with Eleanor, [173];
  • at Jerusalem, [173];
  • Damascus, [174];
  • return, [176];
  • divorce, [198].
• Louis VIII., [330].
• Louis IX., [330];
  • character, [331] sq.;
  • seventh crusade, [333], [335] sq.;
  • valor, [339], [346], [349];
  • illness, [348], [350];
  • overtures to sultan, [348];
  • prisoner, [350] sq.;
  • liberation, [353] sq.;
  • treaty with sultan, [358];
  • broken, [358];
  • grief at death of Blanche, [359];
  • return, [359], [360];
  • eighth crusade, [363] sq.;
  • death, [365], [366];
  • revolt against Rome, [375].
• Louis of Chartres and Blois, [255].
• Lucius III., letter to Henry II., [186].
• Ludwig, Landgrave of Thuringia, [316].
• Lydda, [123].
• Lyons, Council of, [329].
• Maarah, [121].
• Mad Hakem, [57], [68].
• Magna Charta, [377].
• Malek-Ahdel, [192], [227], [236], [238], [240];
  • treaty with Dandolo, [262], [280];
  • renewal of truce, [297];
  • policy, [304];
  • death, [306].
• Malek-Kamel, [308], [309], [316], [318], [320].
• Malek-Shah, [62], [63].
• Mamelukes, [361] sq.
• Mansourah, [310], [343], [344] sq.
• Manuel, [168], [170], [179].
• Manzikert, battle of, [62].
• Marco Polo, [378].
• Margaret of Hungary, [237], [241].
• Margarit, Admiral, [214].
• Marguerite, wife of Louis IX., [330], [335], [339], [341], [351], [353], [354], [359].
• Maria, daughter of Manuel, [259].
• Maria, widow of Isaac, [292].
• Maria of Constantinople, [246].
• Mariolatry, [53].
• Marozia, [44].
• Martin Litz, [288].
• Mary, daughter of Isabella, [297], [298], [314].
• Matilda, Countess, [8];
  • gift to Papacy, [372].
• Matilda, wife of William the Conqueror, [21], [199].
• Matthew Paris, reference to Tartars, [325];
  • to Blanche of Castile, [330];
  • to Henry III., [357].
• Melisende, [152], [173].
• Melun, Count of, [113].
• Merlin, prediction of, [202].
• Merseburg, crusading army at, [80].
• Michael, Emperor, [63].
• Michaud, criticised, [3].
• Michelet, quoted, [161].
• Milman, quoted, [4], [132].
• Milo de Plausy, [182].
• Moguls, [324].
• Mohammed, [51] sq.
• Mohammed, Sultan of Carismia, [324].
• Mohammed II., [275], [380].
• Mohammedanism, [51] sq.
• Montferrat, Marquis of, [184], [214].
• Mortmain, Statute of, [375].
• Mourtzouphlos, [282], [283], [285], [294].
• Nahr Falik, [225].
• Nazareth, destroyed by Bibars, [363].
• Negmeddin, [338], [343].
• Nicæa, fall of, [91] sq.
• Nicephorus, [25].
• Nicetas, quoted, [212], [270], [271], [273], [285]-287.
• Nichita, Bulgarian prince, [79].
• Nicholas, boy, [299].
• Nicholas IV., [367].
• Nicholas Kanabos, [282].
• Nicholas Roux, [271].
• Nisch, Peter’s army at, [79].
• Norgate, quoted, [200].
• Nourredin, [155], [175];
  • character, [178];
  • magnanimity, [179];
  • supreme, [181];
  • death, [182].
• Octai, [324].
• Odoacer, [242].
• Oleron, Laws of, [379].
• Oliver, [20].
• Omar, [55].
• Ortuk, [73].
• Othello, Shakespeare’s, [59].
• Othman, [70].
• Otho, contest with Philip of Swabia, [298], [302].
• Otho the Great, [34].
• Oxford, University of, [378].
• Padua, University of, [378].
• Palazzo Vecchio, [377].
• Papacy, effect of crusades on, [161] sq., [371] sq.
• Paris, University of, [378].
• Parliament, English, [377].
• Paschal II., [23];
  • sanctions Hospitallers, [157], [162].
• Paula, companion of Jerome, [66].
• Paulinus, [66].
• Pears, Edward, quoted, [295].
• Pelagius, Cardinal, [307], [309]-311.
• Pelusium, captured, [180].
• Pembroke, Earl of, [363].
• Peter Barthelemi, [114], [118];
  • Ordeal, [119].
• Peter Capuano, [262].
• Peter the Hermit, not solely responsible for crusades, [3];
  • career, [71] sq.;
  • meets chieftains, [91];
  • desertion, [105];
  • messenger to Kerbogha, [115];
  • before Jerusalem, [129];
  • end of career, [138].
• Petrarch, [377].
• Pharamella the Moor, [196].
• Philip, son of Louis IX., [365].
• Philip I., [148], [152].
• Philip Augustus, [199], [201];
  • third crusade, [207] sq., [219] sq.;
  • anger at Richard, [222];
  • declares for Conrad, [223];
  • jealousies, [223];
  • returns, [225];
  • plots, [232], [233], [237];
  • fifth crusade, [302].
• Philip of Swabia, [258], [261];
  • message to Zara, [266];
  • contest with Otho, [298];
  • emperorship, [292].
• Philip the Fair, [375].
• Phirous, [108], [109], [111].
• Piacenza, Synod of, [74].
• Pilgrimages, [64] sq.
• Pisano, [377].
• Poitiers, Count of, [343], [355].
• Portugal, King of, [363].
• Pragmatic Sanction, [375].
• Ptolemaïs. See [Acre].
• Ptolemaïs, emir of, [123].
• Ramleh, [123];
  • capture of, [146].
• Raymond d’Agiles, [133].
• Raymond de Puy, [157].
• Raymond of Poitiers, [172].
• Raymond of Toulouse, [22], [83];
  • expedition, [87];
  • at Dorylæum, [97];
  • Antioch, [106];
  • defiance of Bohemond, [108];
  • straits at Antioch, [113];
  • quarrels with Bohemond, [120], [121];
  • attacks Maarah, [121];
  • besieges Arkas, [122];
  • Jerusalem, [130], [131];
  • clemency, [133];
  • plots, [135];
  • sulks, [136];
  • at Ascalon, [137];
  • claims Ascalon, [137];
  • quarrel with Godfrey, [138];
  • after first crusade, [139];
  • flight, [140];
  • submission to Pope, [142];
  • death, [148].
• Raymond of Tripoli, [182], [183], [187], [189].
• Redowan, [121].
• Renaud of Carac, [183], [189], [190].
• Renoart, [20].
• Reynier, brother of Boniface, [259].
• Rheims, Archbishop of, [94].
• Rheims, Council of, [45].
• Richard I., [24], [34], [201];
  • character, [202];
  • releases Eleanor, [202];
  • crowned, [203];
  • vow, [205];
  • recklessness, [208];
  • third crusade, [219] sq.;
  • quarrels with Tancred and Philip, [222], [223];
  • subdues Cyprus, [222];
  • declares for Guy, [223];
  • massacres Moslems, [225];
  • at Nahr Falik, [225];
  • Jaffa, [226];
  • finesse, [227];
  • retreat, [229], [230];
  • recaptures Jaffa, [230];
  • peace, [231];
  • returns, [232];
  • prisoner, [232] sq.;
  • release, [234];
  • hatred of Philip Augustus, [237];
  • gives Cyprus to Templars, [246];
  • traditional author of “Laws of Oleron,” [379].
• Richard of Cornwall, [323].
• Robert, brother of Henry I., England, [21].
• Robert d’Artois, [342], [344], [347].
• Robert de Clari, quoted, [260].
• Robert Guiscard. See [Guiscard].
• Robert of Flanders, [23], [85];
  • expedition, [87];
  • at Antioch, [110].
• Robert of France, [18].
• Robert of Leicester, [233].
• Robert of Normandy, [70], [85];
  • expedition, [87];
  • at Dorylæum, [96] sq.;
  • desertion, [105];
  • refuses help, [136];
  • at Ascalon, [137], [138];
  • end of career, [138].
• Roger de Wendover, [202].
• Roger of Sicily, [11], [168], [247].
• Roland, [20].
• Rollo, [7].
• Romanus IV., [62].
• Rosamond, [201], [202].
• Rudolph, [82].
• Rufinus, Bishop of Acre, [189].
• Sa’di, [297].
• Safed, destroyed by Bibars, [363].
• Saif Eddin, [362].
• St. John, Knights of. See [Hospitallers].
• St. Sophia, Church of, [250].
• Saladin, [176], [180];
  • rise, [181];
  • defeat at Ascalon, [183];
  • revenge on Renaud, [183], [190];
  • victories, [187] sq.;
  • revenge on Templars, [190];
  • fall of Jerusalem, [191] sq.;
  • generosity, [192], [193];
  • challenge of Barbarossa, [210];
  • his reply, [211];
  • attacks Tyre, [214];
  • Tripoli, [214];
  • Carac, [214];
  • releases Guy, [214];
  • at Acre, [215] sq., [225];
  • courtesies, [223], [224];
  • at Nahr Falik, [225];
  • burns Ascalon, [227];
  • finesse, [227], [228];
  • captures Jaffa, [230];
  • peace, [231];
  • death, [235].
• Saladin’s tithe, [207], [208].
• Salisbury Cathedral, [377].
• Santa Croce, [377].
• Saracens. See Mohammedans.
• Saxony, Duke of, [237], [240].
• Scott, Walter, quoted, [24];
  • opinion of Alexius, [88].
• Seljuk, [61].
• Semlin, looted by Peter, [79].
• Shirkuh, [180].
• Sibylla, [184], [185], [192];
  • death, [218].
• Sidon, capture, [149].
• Sigur of Norway, [149].
• Simeon, Patriarch of Jerusalem, [72].
• Simon de Montfort, [237], [298].
• Sismondi, quoted, [15].
• Soissons, Bishop of, [284], [293].
• Solyman, [63], [102].
• Stanley, quoted, [19].
• Stephen, boy, [299].
• Stephen, King, [199].
• Stephen of Blois, [85], [87], [101];
  • desertion, [113], [139];
  • slain, [147].
• Stephen of Burgundy, [147].
• Suger of St. Denis, [168], [176], [177], [199].
• Sweno of Denmark, [104].
• Sylvester II., [7], [45].
• Tancred, agent of William II., [247].
• Tancred de Hauteville, [84], [85], [90], [97];
  • at Tarsus, [99];
  • quarrel with Baldwin, [99];
  • character, [105];
  • valor, [106];
  • at Bethlehem, [124];
  • Jerusalem, [131];
  • clemency, [133];
  • Ascalon, [136] sq.;
  • Godfrey’s right hand, [141];
  • escape, [147];
  • death and character, [149].
• Tancred of Sicily, [222].
• Tarik, [56].
• Tarsus, [99].
• Tartars, [324] sq.;
  • overtures to Louis IX., [337];
  • progress, [362].
• Tasso, quoted, [24], [25], [126].
• Templars, [158], [159];
  • Saladin’s revenge, [190];
  • rivalries, [236], [298], [367];
  • get Cyprus, [246];
  • refuse help to Frederick II., [318];
  • overtures to Louis IX., [338];
  • at Mansourah, [345], [347];
  • ask Louis to remain in Syria, [355];
  • abolished, [375].
• Teutonic Knights, [159];
  • ask Louis to remain in Syria, [355].
• Theobald of Champagne, [228], [255], [258].
• Theodora, [44].
• Theodora, daughter, [44].
• Theodora, sister of Isaac Angelus, [259].
• Theodora, wife of Baldwin II., [179].
• Theodore Lascaris, [275], [322].
• Thibaut V., [322], [323].
• Thibaut of Champagne, [164].
• Thierri, [172], [175].
• Thierry, quoted, [12].
• Third Estate, [377].
• Thoron, [239].
• Thoros, [100].
• Tiberias, battle of, [187] sq.
• Tolosa, battle of, [298].
• Tortosa, [122].
• Tripoli, captured, [148];
  • resists Saladin, [214];
  • fall, [297].
• Tristan, Jean, [357], [365].
• Troubadours, [377].
• Troyes, Bishop of, [284].
• Truce of God, [17].
• Tunis, [364].
• Turkomans, [358].
• Turks, [60] sq.;
  • advance of, [379], [380].
• Tyre, fall of, [152], [297].
• Urban II., not solely responsible for crusades, [3];
  • his opportunity, [50], [63];
  • speech at Clermont, [70], [74];
  • commissions Peter, [72];
  • synod at Piacenza, [74];
  • absolves crusaders, [373].
• Urban III., [194].
• Vataces, [322].
• Vaux, Abbot of, [264].
• Vecchio, Palazzo, [377].
• Venice, relations with East, [248].
  • See [Dandolo].
• Victor III., [45].
• Villehardouin, [255], [256], [263], [278], [285].
• Vivien, [23].
• Volkman, [80].
• Waldenses, [197], [198], [375].
• Waldo, Peter, [197], [198].
• Walter the Penniless, [78].
• Warwick, Earl of, [363].
• Westminster Abbey, [377].
• William, brother of Tancred, [97].
• William II., Sicily, [247].
• William of Champeaux, [8].
• William of Orange, [23].
• William of Poitiers, [139], [140].
• William of Salisbury, [342], [345], [346].
• William of Scotland, [201].
• William of Sicily, [247].
• William of Tyre, [80], [182], [184];
  • third crusade, [206] sq., [213].
• William Rufus, [21], [85].
• William the Conqueror, [21].
• Worms, Concordat of, [162].
• Zara, [261] sq.
• Zenghi, [152] sq.