How and Where to Find Them.

A KEY
FOR THE READY DETERMINATION OF ALL THE USEFUL
MINERALS WITHIN THE UNITED STATES.
BY JAMES ORTON, A.M.,
Late Professor of Natural History in Vassar College, N. Y.; Cor.
Mem. of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia,
and of the Lyceum of Natural History, New York;
Author of “The Andes and the Amazon,” etc.
A NEW EDITION WITH ADDITIONS.
———
ILLUSTRATED.
———
PHILADELPHIA:
HENRY CAREY BAIRD & CO.,
INDUSTRIAL PUBLISHERS, BOOKSELLERS AND IMPORTERS,
810 Walnut Street.
1881.

Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1872, by
WORTHINGTON, DUSTIN & CO.,
In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C.
—————
Copyright:
HENRY CAREY BAIRD & CO.
1881.

Table of Contents.

[CHAPTER I.]
PAGE.
Introduction.—Money in the Rocks—The UndergroundWealth of our Country—Valuable Minerals Disguised—HowGreat Fortunes are Missed—Number of Minerals in theUnited States—Object of this Work and How to Use it—TheBest Mineral Regions [9]
[CHAPTER II.]
Directions for Determining Specimens by the Key.—Howto Test Minerals with the Simplest Means—Prospectingwith a Jack-knife and Common Sense—Use of the Key—Howto Tell Pyrites from Gold, and Quartz from Diamond—All theUseful Minerals Grouped According to Hardness and Color[15]
[CHAPTER III.]
Descriptive List of Useful Minerals.—The Gems—PreciousMetals—Valuable Ores and Useful Minerals of theUnited States from Agate to Zinc—Their DistinguishingCharacters, Uses and Localities—A Mineralogy for Miners—Agate—Alum—Amethyst—Anthracite—AntimonyOre—Asbestus—Asphaltum—Azurite—Baryta—BituminousCoal—Blende—BogIron Ore—Brittle Silver Ore—Brown Coal—Calamine—CannelCoal—Carnelian—Celestine—Cerussite—ChromicIron—Cinnabar—Cobalt Pyrites—Copper—CopperGlance—Copper Nickel—Copper Pyrites—Diamond—Emery—FluorSpar—Franklinite—Galena—Garnet—Gold—Graphite—GrayCopper Ore—Gypsum—Horn Silver—IronPyrites—Jasper—Kaolin—Lenticular Iron Ore—Limonite—MagneticIron Ore—Magnetic Pyrites—Malachite—ManganeseSpar—Marble—Mica—Micaceous Iron Ore—Nitre—Oxydof Manganese—Platinum—Red Copper Ore—RedHematite—Red Silver Ore—Rensselaerite—Rock Crystal—RockSalt—Rutile—Serpentine—Silicate of Copper—Silver—SilverGlance—Smaltine—Smithsonite—Spathic Iron—SpecularIron—Spinel Ruby—Steatite—Strontianite—Sulphur—TinOre—Topaz—Tourmaline—Variegated CopperOre—Wad—Willemite—Zincite[20]
[CHAPTER IV.]
Prospecting for Diamonds, Gold, Silver, Copper, Leadand Iron.—Mineral Riches, how Discovered—Indications—Searchingfor Diamonds, and how to Distinguish them—PayingLocalities of Gold—“Fool’s Gold”—Prospecting for Silverand Copper—Where to Look for Lead and Iron[81]
[CHAPTER V.]
Assay of Ores.—When an Ore will Pay—Washing for Goldand Platinum—How to Assay Gold in the Simplest Way—ToTest any Rock for Gold and Silver—To Find the Purity ofGold—To Detect and Assay Silver Ores—Assay of Copper,Iron, Zinc, Tin and Lead Ores-Ready Method of TestingGraphite[92]
[CHAPTER VI.]
Mineral Springs.—What are Mineral Springs—General Location—GasSprings—Iron Springs—Sulphur Springs—AlumSprings—Epsom Springs—Salt Springs—Warm Springs—ArtesianWells and Oil Wells, and Where to Bore for Them[105]
[CHAPTER VII.]
Artificial Jewelry—How Made and How Detected.—MockDiamonds—“Paris Brilliants”—The Manufacture ofPastes—False Ruby, Topaz, Sapphire, Emerald and Carnelian—Howto Distinguish True and False Gems—ImitationPearl and Coral—Artificial Gold—List of Precious Stones[114]
[CHAPTER VIII.]
Discovery of Gold in California[127]
[CHAPTER IX.]
Discovery of Silver in Nevada, and United StatesGold and Silver Statistics[134]

Inscribed
TO
ROSSITER W. RAYMOND, PH. D.,
UNITED STATES
Commissioner of Mining Statistics;
EDITOR OF THE
ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL;
AUTHOR OF
“The Mines of the West,” etc.

NOTE.

This little work was not written for mineralogists, but expressly for the landholder, the farmer, the mechanic, the miner, the laborer, even the most unscientific. It is designed to enable such to discover for themselves, minerals and ores of use in the arts, and thus develop the resources and ascertain the value of any particular farm or region. It may save the owner from ruinous bargains, and may reveal a mine of mineral wealth, more sure and more profitable than any bank.

[PROSPECTING THE GROUND][Frontispiece.]
[FAC-SIMILE OF NUGGET OF GOLD, (California,)][Illuminated Title Page.]
[PROSPECTING DIAMOND DRILL][40]
[WASHING AURIFEROUS SANDS][47]
[SEARCHING FOR DIAMONDS][121]
[THE SAW-MILL OF COLOMA][129]
(The place where Gold was first discovered in California.)

A K E Y
FOR THE READY DETERMINATION OF ALL
THE USEFUL MINERALS WITHIN THE
UNITED STATES.

CHAPTER I.
INTRODUCTION.

MONEY IN THE ROCKS—THE UNDERGROUND WEALTH OF OUR COUNTRY—VALUABLE MINERALS DISGUISED—HOW GREAT FORTUNES ARE MISSED—NUMBER OF MINERALS IN THE UNITED STATES—OBJECT OF THIS WORK AND HOW TO USE IT—THE BEST MINERAL REGIONS.

MINERALS head the list of the sources of our nation’s wealth. Gold, iron, coal and marble have not only contributed largely to the enterprise and opulence of America, but at this very moment they exert a commanding influence in political circles. No one can prophesy the greatness of the commercial power which is sure to rise on their foundations.

No other country can boast of such vast and valuable mineral deposits. Yet our country is not half developed. Treasures lie undiscovered in our mountains and under our farms,—gems of “purest ray serene” and still more precious metals. Some will be accidentally brought to light; but the majority are so disguised that their real nature is not seen. How unpromising are the best ores of iron, zinc and silver and the rarest gems! Then, again, there is “mimicry” in the mineral kingdom; worthless stones are often good imitations of the valuable, and fortunes have been sunk in mining pyrites for gold, mica for silver and slate for coal. But if we wait for mineralogists to develop our mineral resources, we must wait a millenium, our country is so vast and scientific laborers so few. Fortunately, however, nature has stamped upon each mineral some peculiar feature or assemblage of characters which enable any one with average common sense to distinguish those which are of value in the arts.

The object of this work is to point out those distinctions so clearly and in popular language that those who do not claim to be scientific may determine specimens for themselves; in other words, to furnish a key for the ready determination of all the useful minerals within the United States.[1]

Two hundred and forty-four mineral species have been found within the bounds of the Union. Of these only one-third are of any use to the practical man. These eighty have certain general characters in common, but always some specific differences. The object is to divide them into groups, as the botanist divides the plants, and then to separate the individuals by some properties or features peculiar to each. Only those minerals are mentioned which are useful: any specimen, therefore, which does not fit any of the descriptions given, may be considered of no special value. By the term “color,” is meant the color of a fresh fracture, for the exposed surface often misrepresents the true aspect. Exact color is not meant, but “red” stands for reddish, “yellow” for yellowish, “white” for a light gray up to the perfectly transparent. “Magnetic” means that the specimen disturbs the needle of a compass, or that a magnet will take up fine particles. A mineral is “opaque” if the light will not pass through either the edges or a thin fragment. A “translucent” mineral is either clear as crystal or only allows light to pass dimly through a thin portion. “Effervescence” is the bubbling produced by the escape of a gas, as in soda-water. “Gravity” is the weight compared with that of an equal bulk of water. In the majority of cases the specimen can be determined without it; but there may be several doubtful cases which can be settled only by obtaining the gravity. This is done by first weighing a fragment of the mineral in a small apothecary or jeweler’s balance, reckoning it in grains. Then by a thread suspend it below one of the scales in a tumbler of water, taking care that the specimen is covered with water and does not touch the sides. Subtract the weight in grains as it hangs in the water from the first weight, and divide the first weight by the difference: the result is the gravity. Five per cent. should be allowed for impurities. Where exactness is not required, the gravity of a specimen may be judged by comparing it with well-known substances. Thus,

The gravity of anthracite coal is about1.5
The gravity of brick is about1.8
The gravity of clay is about2.0
The gravity of marble and glass is about2.5
The gravity of slate is about2.8
The gravity of cast-iron is about7.0
The gravity of copper is about9.0
The gravity of lead is about11.0

If the gravity of a mineral is 1.5, a cubic inch of it will weigh about ¾ ounce; if 2., 1 oz.; if 2.5, 1¼ oz.; if 3., 1½ oz.; if 4., 2 oz.; if 5, 2½ oz., etc.

There is no section of our country that may not reward a diligent search for precious or useful minerals. The rocks, however, between the Alleghanies and the Atlantic and between the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific furnish the greater variety and abundance. Here are found the best ores. Gold and silver seem to abound more on the western than eastern sides of both mountain-chains. A trap-region, like the shore of Lake Superior and the Connecticut River Valley, is likely to be a good locality for copper and iron. The Mississippi Valley, or the region of Bituminous Coal, furnishes chiefly iron and lead; gold, silver and copper are seldom found. In general, where the layers of rock lie level and contain fossil shells, it is a locality good only for soft coal, (New York excepted), iron ore, gypsum and salt. The regions of granite, slate, limestone, marble, etc., offer the greatest inducement to search for useful minerals.

CHAPTER II.
DIRECTIONS FOR DETERMINING SPECIMENS BY THE KEY.

HOW TO TEST MINERALS WITH THE SIMPLEST MEANS—PROSPECTING WITH A JACK-KNIFE AND COMMON SENSE—USE OF THE KEY—HOW TO TELL PYRITES FROM GOLD AND QUARTZ FROM DIAMOND—ALL THE USEFUL MINERALS GROUPED ACCORDING TO HARDNESS AND COLOR.

FIRST see whether it will scratch common window-glass. If it will make the least mark, it belongs to division A; if not, it is to be found in group B. Next notice whether the light will shine through it: if it does not pass through even the edges or a thin splinter, it is opaque; if any light is allowed to pass, it is translucent. With a knife see if it is harder or softer than pure white marble; then, noting its color, compare it with the descriptions of minerals referred to by the numbers. If it agree with none, it may be considered of no use in the arts. To make doubly sure, get the gravity as described on page 12.

Examples: Suppose we have an unknown mineral in hand. We first try to scratch glass with it and find it impossible. It therefore belongs to section B. Next we find it is opaque and yellow, and evidently heavier and harder than marble. It must be one of two: 44 attracts the compass-needle, and this will not; it is consequently 26 or Copper Pyrites, if it agree with the description. If not, it is something of no great value.

You have found what you think is a diamond, Does the specimen scratch glass? Yes, easily, and is brittle. Can you see through it? You say it is clear as glass. Look now under section A, “translucent” series, number 6 (for it is colorless), and decide which of the four it is. The first one (27), is diamond; but do not let your wishes make it agree. Turning to the description, you read that it can not be scratched with a file or worn down on a grindstone. This decides against it. Besides, the gravity (2.5) is too little. With the next (57) it agrees perfectly, and you need not go further. Should the specimen, however, agree very well with rock crystal, only that its gravity (3.5) is too great, then it is topaz.

☞ All minerals that scratch glass are brittle, and all (save 32 and 46) are infusible or melt with great difficulty.

☞ The following minerals will burn, evaporate or melt without a flux in an ordinary fire: Nos. 2, 4, 5, 7, 10, 13, 14, 16, 18, 19, 21, 23, 24, 26, 29, 33, 35, 37, 44, 53, 55, 62, 63, 70, 71, 75. All but the following are heavier than marble: 2, 4, 6, 7, 10, 14, 16, 34, 36, 40, 47, 48, 56, 60, 61, 69, 71. Nos. 2, 50 and 58 alone dissolve in water.

☞ In determining color, be sure you have a fresh surface, for the outside is often deceptive. By “blow-pipe” is meant the tapering tube used by watch-makers.