SYNTAX.--Concord.
§ 71. All words placed under the same construction agree together in all the accidents which they possess in common.
§ 72. "Apposition" occurs as in English.
§ 73. Adjectives agree with their nouns in gender, number, and case.
§ 74. The noun is often understood, especially if neut., ("things.")
§ 75. Sometimes a relative is "attracted" into the case of the omitted antecedent.
§ 76. A verb agrees with its subject nominative in number and person.
§ 77. The case of the subject of the Infin. depends upon other relations.
§ 78. Neuters plur. generally have a sing. verb.
Government.
§ 79. Any word may govern another (or others) which in sense is dependent upon it in the case appropriate for expressing such relation either with or without a preposition.
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Genitive. Dative. Accusative.
§ 80. GENITIVE, denoting origin, answering to Whence? and expressed by from.
§ 81. "Local," involving external relations of space, either in a literal or a figurative sense. This includes actual motion from an object, generally with a preposition, (ἀπό ἐκ παρά;) separation from it, usually with verbs compounded with a preposition; and commencement.
§ 82. "Causal," denoting a more internal relation, as if the outgoing of some agency or property, as follows:--
§ 83. Active, either direct, inferential, or metaphysical. This includes relations of source, (e.g., derivation, [commonly with ἐκ, sometimes ἀπό, direct authorship with ὐπό,] possession, property, [often with an Infin.]) partitive use, (e.g., a class, material, partial relations,) and the Gen. of time, (in the course of which,) especially the "Gen. absolute," with a Participle, as affording occasion.
§ 84. Passive, that is, indirect, the act being for the sake of the Gen. This includes verbs implying a mental operation, adjectives, and other words denoting skill, and the Gen. of crime or purpose, (the last mostly an Infin. with the article.)
§ 85. Mutual, e.g., comparison and price or penalty.
§ 86. The "attributive Gen." is a comprehensive relation, arising under several of the above heads, between two nouns designating different objects, which may be thus expressed: When two nouns are connected with each other, that one which completes the idea of the other and defines it more fully is put in the Gen.
§ 87. Dative, denoting position, answering to Where? and expressed by at.
§ 88. "Local," involving the more palpable relations of position. This includes the place, (at, by, near, in the midst of; generally with ἐν, ἐπί, παρά, etc.,) association, accompaniment, (frequently with σύν,) and the time (as a date) or circumstances of a transaction.
§ 89. "Causal," denoting the object upon which the act or state appears, thus conceived as sharing in producing it, as follows:--
§ 90. Personal, either actually or so imagined. This includes words expressing a correlative idea, as community, (in varied relations,) likeness, possession, agency, reference, etc.
§ 91. Instrumental, as the mediate cause, e.g., the ground or reason, the means, the instrument, manner, and the measure of excess or deficiency.
§ 92. In comprehensive phrase the "attributive Dat." expresses many indirect relations of an object to or for which an act is performed or a condition sustained.
§ 93. Accusative, denoting direction, answering to Whither? and expressed by toward.
§ 94. "Local" involving the boundary, place, or object of motion, especially with εἰς.
§ 95. "Causal," involving an influence, change, or result, as impressed upon the object, as follows:--
§ 96. The effect, either the thing effected, an attribute of the effect, or the effect intended.
§ 97. The object acted upon, e.g., with directly transitive verbs, those expressing a good or bad influence, patience, swearing, sometimes a mental affection, etc.; also the space or way after a verb of motion; the time, (throughout which,) measure, and weight; and finally ("Attributive Accusative") with any verb or adj. (sometimes other words) to define its application more closely, especially if of kindred signification.
Order of Words in a Sentence.
§ 98. This is usually not, as in English, that of grammatical dependence, but rather the order of thought; important or emphatic words come first, after the connecting particles; prepositions and the article precede their nouns; and qualifying terms are grouped in a harmonious balance around the principal ones.