FOOTNOTES:
[1] The photographs from which [plates 2-4], [6], [8-14] were made were taken by Mr. J. Nussbaum, photographer of the Archæological Institute of America.
[2] Ancient Ruins in Southwestern Colorado, in Rep. U. S. Geol. and Geogr. Survey of the Ter., 1874, p. 369.
[3] Report on the Ancient Ruins of Southwestern Colorado, examined during the summers of 1875 and 1876, ibid., 1876, p. 383.
[4] The Cliff Dwellers of the Mesa Verde, pp. 12, 13, Stockholm, 1893.
[5] Cliff-dwellings of the Mancos Cañons, in Appalachia, VI, no. 1, Boston, May, 1890; The American Antiquarian, XII, 193, 1890; The Land of the Cliff Dwellers, 1892.
[6] The Cliff-dwellings of the Cañons of the Mesa Verde, in Bulletin of the American Geographical Society, XXIII, no. 4, 584, 1891.
[7] Since this was written, a well-preserved mummy has been found by Wetherill in the open space (28) at the very back of the cave. This is a further example of the burial of the dead in the open space between the village and the cliff wall behind it ([see p. 47]).—[ Nordenskiöld.]
[8] On the author’s plan of Spruce-tree House from a survey by Mr. S. G. Morley, the third story is indicated by crosshatching, the second by parallel lines, while the first has no markings. ([Pl. 1.])
[9] See H. R. No. 3703, 58th Cong., 3d sess., 1905.—The Ruined Cliff Dwellings in Ruin and Navajo Canyons, in the Mesa Verde, Colorado, by Coert Dubois.
[10] See American Anthropologist, n. s., v. no. 2, 224-288, 1903.
[11] In Hopi dwellings the author has often seen a provisional sipapû used in household ceremonies.
[12] The proportion of kivas to dwellings in any village is not always the same in prehistoric pueblos, nor is there a fixed ratio in modern pueblos. It would appear that there is some relation between the number of kivas and the number of inhabitants, but what that relation is, numerically, has never been discovered.
[13] Nordenskiöld on the contrary seems to make the terraced rooms one of the points of resemblance between the cliff-dwellings and the great ruins of the Chaco. He writes:
“On comparison of the ruins in Chaco Cañon with the cliff-dwellings of Mancos, we find several points of resemblance. In both localities the villages are fortified against attack, in the tract of Mancos by their site in inaccessible precipices, in Chaco Cañon by a high outer wall in which no doorways were constructed to afford entrance to an enemy. Behind this outer wall the rooms descended in terraces towards the inner court. One side of this court was protected by a lower semicircular wall. In the details of the buildings we can find several features common to both. The roofs between the stories were constructed in the same way. The doorways were built of about the same dimensions. The rafters were often allowed to project beyond the outer wall as a foundation for a sort of balcony (Balcony House, the Pueblo Chettro Kettle). The estufa at Hungo Pavie with its six quadrangular pillars of stone is exactly similar to a Mesa Verde estufa (see p. 16). The pottery strewn in fragments everywhere in Chaco Cañon resembles that found on the Mesa Verde. We are thus not without grounds for assuming that it was the same people, at different stages of its development, that inhabitated these two regions.”—The Cliff Dwellers of the Mesa Verde, p. 127.
[14] Ibid., p. 67.
[15] Bulletin 35 of the Bureau of American Ethnology, Antiquities of the Upper Gila and Salt River Valleys in Arizona and New Mexico.
[16] In some cases the walls of the later rectangular rooms are built across and above them, as in compound B in the Casa Grande group of ruins.
[17] An examination of the best of previous maps of Spruce-tree House shows only a dotted line to indicate the location of this kiva.
[18] It has no doubt occurred to others, as to the author, that the number of Spruce-tree House kivas is a multiple of four, the number of horizontal cardinal points. Later it may be found that there is some connection between them and world-quarter clan ownership, or it may be that the agreement in numbers is purely a coincidence.
[19] The Cliff Dwellers of the Mesa Verde, p. 63.
[20] In clearing the kivas several fragments of human bones and skulls were found by the author. The horizontal passageways, called ventilators, of four of the kivas furnished a single broken skull each, which had not been buried with care.
[21] From the great amount of bird-lime and bones in these heaps it has been supposed that turkeys were domesticated and kept in these places.
[22] See The Cliff Dwellers of the Mesa Verde, pls. XXVIII, XXIX: 7.
[23] The text figures which appear in this paper were drawn from nature by Mrs. M. W. Gill, of Forest Glen, Md.
[24] The author is greatly indebted to Mr. A. V. Kidder for aid in sorting and labeling the fragments of pottery. Without his assistance in the field it would have been impossible to repair many of these specimens.
[25] The classification into cavate houses, cliff-dwellings, and pueblos is based on form.
[26] The above classification coincides in some respects with that obtained by using the forms of ceremonial rooms as the basis.
[27] Of 40 pieces of pottery called “Tusayan,” figured in Professor Holmes’ Pottery of the Pueblo Area (Second Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology), all but three or possibly four came from Chelly canyon and belong to the San Juan rather than to the Hopi ware. Black-and-white pottery is very rare in collections of old Hopi ware, but is most abundant in the cliff-houses of Chelly canyon and the Mesa Verde ruins.
[28] The pottery from ruins in the Little Colorado basin, from Wukoki at Black Falls to the Great Colorado, is more closely allied to that of the drainage of the San Juan and its tributaries.
[29] There is of course very little ancient Zuñi ware in museums, but such as we have justifies the conclusion stated above.
[30] Snake Ceremonials at Walpi, in Journal of American Archæology and Ethnology, IV, 1894.
[31] See figure of Owakulti altar in the author’s account of the Owakulti. Mr. Stewart Culin thus comments on the “hoop-and-pole” game among Pueblos: “Similar ceremonies or games were practised by the cliff-dwellers, as is attested by a number of objects from Mancos canyon, Colorado, in the Free Museum of Science and Art of the University of Pennsylvania.”—Twenty-fourth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology.
TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE
Obvious typographical errors and punctuation errors have been corrected after careful comparison with other occurrences within the text and consultation of external sources.
Some hyphens in words have been silently removed, some added, when a predominant preference was found in the original book.
The name ‘Spruce-tree’ (with a hyphen) is used consistently in the etext, except in quotations of Nordenskiöld where his use of ‘Sprucetree’ is retained.
Except for those changes noted below, all misspellings in the text, and inconsistent or archaic usage, have been retained.
[Pg 3]: ‘Gustav Nordenksiöld’ replaced by ‘Gustav Nordenskiöld’.
[Pg 16]: ‘underlie their messa’ replaced by ‘underlie their mesa’.
[Footnote 7]: ‘Nordenskjöld’ replaced by ‘Nordenskiöld’.