The Grey Book / A collection of protests against anti-semitism and the persecution of Jews issued by non-Roman Catholic churches and church leaders during Hitlers rule

by Johan M. Snoek

APPENDIX II

SOME PARTICULARS ABOUT THE CHURCHES MENTIONED [639]

Austria

The Protestant Churches in Austria are minority Churches. The (Lutheran)
Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession has 406,966 members; the
Reformed Church of Austria has 16,078 baptized members.

Belgium

The Protestant Churches in Belgium are minority Churches, together comprising less than half percent of the population. The total number is less than 50,000.

Bulgaria

The Orthodox Church in Bulgaria claims a number of six million members, being the vast majority of the population. There is no other Christian community of any numerical importance in Bulgaria. <302>

Czechoslovakia

The largest non-Roman Catholic Churches in Bohemia and Moravia are: the Evangelical Church of Czech Brethren (295,354 baptized members), the Czechoslovak Church, and the Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Silesia (48,000 members). There are two Protestant Churches in Slovakia: the Reformed Church of Slovakia (165,000 baptized members) and the Evangelical (Lutheran) Church in Slovakia (520,000 members).

Denmark

The vast majority of the people of Denmark belong to the Lutheran Church, which has 4,104,000 members.

Finland

The vast majority of the population of Finland belongs to the Finnish
Evangelical Lutheran Church, which has 4,429,137 members.

France

The Protestants in France are a small minority, numbering altogether not more than 800,000 souls. Members of the Protestant Federation of France are: The Reformed Church of France (375,000), the Reformed Church of Alsace and Lorraine (50,000), the Lutheran Church of Alsace and Lorraine (240,000) and the Evangelical Lutheran Church of France (50,000).

Germany

The vast majority of the Protestants of Germany belonged to one of the 28
Landeskirchen (Lutheran, Reformed or Uniate), of which the largest was the
Church of the Old Prussian Union, with 18 million members. In all, there were
forty-five million Germans who were, nominally at least, members of the
Protestant Church.

Great Britain and Ireland

The main non-Roman Catholic Churches in England are: the Church of England, claiming 2,989,704 members and 15 million adherents (1950); the Methodist Church (775,294 members and 2,2250,000 adherents in 1955); the Congregational Union of England and Wales (451,523 members in 1955); the Baptist Union of Great Britain and Ireland (246,400 members in 1955) and the Presbyterian Church of England, having 70,298 communicants. <303> There are four Free Presbyterian Churches in Scotland, as well as Baptist, Episcopal, Congregational and Methodist Churches. The Church of Scotland is by far the largest Church, having 1,281,559 communicants. The political partition of Ireland did not divide any of the Churches. Most of the non-Roman Catholic Churches were represented in the United Council of Christian Churches in Ireland. The (Episcopalian) Church of Ireland has 400,000 members. The Presbyterian Church in Ireland has 140,395 communicants and 397,500 baptized members. The Methodist Church has approximately 30,000 communicants and 100,000 baptized members.

Greece

The vast majority of the population of Greece belongs to the (Orthodox) Church of Greece, which has an estimated 8,000,000 members.

Hungary

According to the 1941 census, there were in Hungary 9,775,310 Catholics, 2,785,782 Calvinists (Reformed Church of Hungary), and 729,289 Lutherans (Hungarian Evangelical Church).

Italy

The Waldensian Church has 25,000 members. Other non-Roman Catholic communities are the Methodist and Baptist Churches. Their total membership amounts to about 0,19 per cent of the population.

The Netherlands

The DUTCH REFORMED CHURCH has 3,500,000 baptized members. The Reformed Churches in the Netherlands had 640,984 members in 1940. The Evangelical Lutheran Church has 52,587 members. The other Churches mentioned are of about the same size, or smaller. <304> Norway

The (Lutheran) Church of Norway has 3,456,687 members, being 96,2 per cent of the population.

Poland

Out of a population of 32,000,000 there are a 130,000 Protestants. 100,000 of them belong to the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Poland. Smaller communities are the Evangelical-Reformed Church (5,000 members); the Baptist Church (2,500 members) and the United Gospel Church (7,500 members).

Rumania

The vast majority of the population of Rumania belongs to the Rumanian Orthodox Church, which has an estimated 11,500,000 members. The Reformed Church of Rumania is the Church of the Hungarian national minority; it has 693,511 baptized members. The Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession is mainly the Church of German immigrants; it has 183,399 members.

Russia

Before 1917, the Orthodox Church of Russia claimed a membership of 100,000,000. Estimates about the present situation - "perhaps 25-50,000,000" - are unreliable. Smaller communities are the Union of Evangelical Christian Baptists of U.S.S.R. and the Lutheran Churches in former Estonia (350,000), Latvia (350,000), and Lithuania (30,000).

Sweden

The vast majority of the population of Sweden belongs to the (Lutheran) Church of Sweden, which claims 7,000,000 members.

Switzerland

The Protestant Churches of Switzerland are cantonal Churches, distinct and independent from one another. In most of the cantonal Churches, the legislative body is the Synod and the executive organ the Synodal Council. <305> The Federation of the Protestant Churches of Switzerland at first consisted only of National Churches, but it soon admitted the Free Evangelical Churches, the Methodist Church and the "Evangelische Gemeinschaft". The Federation has 2,888,122 baptized members.

The United States

The following are some of the greatest Churches affiliated to the Federal Council of Churches of Christ in America in the year 1942 with their membership for the years ending in 1941-1942.

Northern Baptist Convention 1,538,871
National Baptist Convention 3,911,611
Congregational Christian Churches 1,052,701
Disciples of Christ 1,655,580
Protestant Episcopal Church 1,074,178
United Lutheran Church (consultative) 1,709,290
The Methodist Church 6,640,424
Presbyterian Church in the U.S.A. 1,986,257

The total membership was 25,551,560

The Federal Council of Churches united with 11 other national inter- denominational organizations, to form the National Council of Churches, in 1950. Its 34 member Churches have a total membership of about 42 million persons. The most important Protestant denominations which are not members of the National Council of Churches are: Southern Baptist Convention (present membership 10,770,573); the Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod (present membership 2,692,889); the American Lutheran Church (present membership 2,541,546).

Yugoslavia

The greatest non-Roman Catholic Church is the Serbian Orthodox Church which has about 8,000,000 members. Other Churches are: the Reformed Christian Church of Yugoslavia (30,000 members) and the Slovak Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Yugoslavia.

The World Council of Churches <306> The World Council of Churches is a fellowship of more than 200 Churches of Protestant, Anglican, Orthodox and Old Catholic confessions. It includes in its membership Churches in more than 80 countries. In 1961, the Orthodox Church of Russia also joined the World Council of Churches. A number of large Churches, however, are not World Council members. These include the Roman Catholic Church, the Southern Baptist Convention (U.S.A.), the Lutheran Church - Missouri Synod, and the majority of Pentecostal Churches. Many of these Churches regularly send observers to the World Council meetings and there were five Roman Catholic observers at the World Council's Third Assembly at New Delhi in 1961. <307>

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<313>

PERIODICALS AND REPORTS

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L'Arche (Jewish monthly), Paris.

Basler Nachrichten.

Le Christianisme Social (French Protestant Bimonthly).

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Dagens Nyheter (Swedish daily).

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Federal Council Bulletin. Monthly of the Federal Council of Churches of
Christ in the U.S.A.

Glasgow Herald.

Hervormd Nederland (Dutch Protestant Weekly).

International Christian Press & Information Service (I.C.P.I.S.), Bulletin published by the World Council of Churches, Geneva.

The Interpreter (Quarterly published by the London Diocesan Council for
Christian-Jewish understanding).

The Jewish Chronicle (weekly), London.

The Jewish Review, New York.

Kristen Gemenskap (Swedish Protestant Magazine).

The Life of Faith (Protestant weekly), London.

Liverpool Post.

Manchester Guardian.

Narodno Delo (newspaper), Sofia.

The New York Herald Tribune. <314>

The New York Times.

Quarterly Newsletter from the World Council of Churches' Committee on the Church and the Jewish People; Geneva.

"Rapport van de Commissie van Onderzoek inzake het verstrekken van pakketten door het Rode Kruis en andere instanties aan Nederlandse politieke gevangenen in het buitenland gedurende de bezettingstijd alsmede inzake het evacueren van Nederlandse gevangenen kort voor en na het einde van de oorlog" ('s-Gravenhage, 1947; in Dutch).

Reformiertes Kirchenblatt fur Osterreich (Protestant monthly), Vienna.

Reports and Recommandations of the International Conference of Christians and Jews, Seelisberg, 1947. (London, 1947).

Schweiz. Evang. Pressedienst (E.P.D.), Protestant Bulletin, Zurich. "Schweiz. Sammlung fur die Fluechtlingshilfe, Oct. Nov. 1942"; Report published by the "Schweiz. Zentralstelle fur Fluchtlingshilfe".

The Spiritual Issues of the War, Bulletin published by the Religious Division of the Ministry of Information, London.

De Standaard (Dutch Protestant daily), Amsterdam.

The Times, London.

De Waarheid (Dutch Communist daily), Amsterdam.

The Wiener Library Bulletin, London.
Yad Vashem Bulletin, Jerusalem.

Yad Vashem Studies, Jerusalem.

De Zwarte Soldaat (Dutch Nazi paper). <315>

FOOTNOTES for The Grey Book by Johan M. Snoek =============================================

page I

1 The struggle of the Dutch Church for the Maintenance of the Commandments of God in the Life of the State, Documents collected and edited by W.A. Visser 't Hooft, London, 1944, p.16 (henceforth: Visser 't Hooft).

page II

2 Kirche im Kampf, Dokumente des Widerstandes und des Aufbaus der Evangelischen Kirche in Deutschland von 1933 bis 1945, herausgegeben von H. Hermelink, Tubingen-Stuttgart, 1950, p. 344 ff. On the historiographical use of the term "political messianism" in this context, cf. J.L. Talmon, The Unique and the Universal - Some Historical Reflections, London 1965, Chap. IV: Mission and Testimony - The Universal Significance of Modem Anti-semitism, p. 119 ff.

page III

3 Kirchliches Jahrbuch fur die Evangelische Kirche in Deutschland 1933- 1944, hrsg. von Joachim Beckmann, Gutersloh 1948, p. 76 f., quoted according to: Der Nationalsozialismus, Dokumente 1933-1945, herausgegeben, eingeleitet und dargestellt von Walther Hofer, Frankfurt a/M, 1957 (henceforth: Hofer), p. 140.

4 Visser 't Hooft, pp. 61, 64-65. This reference to the first of the Ten Commandments by the Church in its struggle against the totalitarian and pseudo-messianic character of the Nazi regime already appeared in: Wort der Bekenntnissynode der evangelischen Kirche der altpreussischen Union an die Gemeinden, 4/5 March 1935 in Berlin-Dahlem; par. 1: The first commandment reads: 'I am the Lord God. Thou shalt have no other gods besides me. 'We obey this commandment alone having faith in Jesus Christ who was crucified and resurrected for us. The new religion is a revolt against the first commandment." Cf. Hofer, p. 144.

page V

5 Visser 't Hooft, p. 64.

Page VI

6 Heinrich Schmidt, Apokalyptisches Wetterleuchten, Ein Beitrag der Evangelischen Kirche zum Kampf im 'Dritten Reich', Munchen, 1947, p. 305. This source also appears in: Friedrich Zipfel, Kirchenkampf in Deutschland 1933-1945 - Religionsverfolgung und Selbstbehauptung der Kirchen in der national-sozialistischen Zeit, Berlin I 965, p. 31.

7 Hofer, p. 128.

8 On the origin of the term: "metapolitics" cf. Constantin Frantz: "Offener Brief an Richard Wagner", Bayreuther Blaetter, Jahrgang 1, No. 6 (June 1878), op. 169. Cf.: Peter Viereck, Metapolitics - The Roots of the Nazi Mind, N.Y. 1961 (1941), p. 4.

9 Visser 't Hooft, p. 71.

page VII

10 See in this volume pp. 131 - 132 . Cf. Visser 't Hooft, p. 57.

page VIII

11 These sources of modem anti-semitism have recently been treated in: Shmuel Ettinger, "The Critique of Judaism in the Teachings of the 'Young Hegelians' as one of the Roots of Modem Anti-semitism", Lecture given at the Academia scientiarum Israelitica, Jerusalem, 1969 (in press, Hebrew). Ibid: "The Roots of Modern Anti-semitism", (Hebrew) Molad, Jerusalem, New Series Vol. 11 (xxv), No. (219) Jan.-March, 1969, p. 323 ff. On the theoretical relationship between theological criticism and racial theory, cf. Nathan Rotenstreich, Judaism and Jewish Rights, (Hebrew), Tel-Aviv, 1959, Chaps, 1, 3, 5, 6. Ibid. "For and against Emancipation: The Bruno Bauer Controversy", in Leo Beck Institute, Year Book IV, London, 1959, p. 3 ff. Cf. also: Eleonore Sterling, Er ist wie Du - aus der Fruehgeschichte des Anti-semitismus in Deutschland (1815-1850), Munchen 1956, 235 pp. For sources on modern anti-semitism in the Critique of positivistic religion by the deists and rationalists in France, cf. Arthur Hertzberg, The French Enlightenment and the Jews, N.Y.-Phil. 1968, 420 pp.

12 Ludwig Feuerbach, Das Wesen der Religion, Dreissig Vorlesungen, 1845 (1848), Dritte Vorlesung, Leipzig, 1908, p. 12.

page IX

13 Friedrich Nietzsche, Gesammelte Werke, Gesamtausgabe, Kroner, Leipzig,
Vol. VII, p. 273: … Das Christenthum ist ein Aufstand alles
Am-Boden-Kriechenden gegen das, was Hoehe hat; das Evangelium der
Niedrigen macht niedrig…".

14 Alexander Bein, Der moderne Anti-semitismus und seine Bedeutung fur
die Judenfrage, Vierteljahreshefte fur Zeitgeschichte, Stuttgart,
1958, pp. 345/6.

15 Moritz Freystadt, Der Christenspiegel von Anti-Marr, ein offenes
Sendeschreiben an die modernen Judenfeinde, 5e Anlage, Koenigsberg 1863,
pp. 3, 8, 20, 21, 39.

page X

16 Wilhelm Marr, Streifzuege durch das Koncilium von Trient - Voltaire frei nach erzaehlt, Hamburg, Otto Meissner Verlag, 1868, pp. 95/6. In this work Marr emphasizes the fact that the criticism of Christianity was for the most part directed against the Catholics who were called by the spokesmen of German nationalism in the period of Bismarck 'ultramontanists.' At the same time he claims: "We… reject Christianity as well as Judaism… We reject… all religions…". Cf. p. 102.

17 Marr, like most of the fathers of antisemitic ideology, is not consistent
in his antisemitic arguments or in his anti-Christian motives. Different
views are held at different times, and contradictory views are expressed
at the same time. Thus, Marr sometimes does not oppose Christianity but
seems to be a proponent of "practical Christianity" with an eye to the
social policy of Bismarck in the 80's of the last century, or as a
proponent of "Christian-German realism. Thus, we also note an anti-Christian
sentiment directed not so much against Protestantism as against Catholicism.
The Anti-Catholic attitude of the fathers of racial anti-semitism was
part of the national awakening in the days of the Second Reich, an
awakening that was based to a considerable extent on the tradition of
Protestant sovereignty.
Of the many sources of antiCatholic anti-semitism from the first days of
this movement the propaganda of Ottomar Beta is typical, as we find in his
book which he dedicated to Bismarck, "Juda-Jesuitismus, where, among other
things, he says: "The arrogant assumption of infallibility of the Jewish
descendents in Rome is nothing more than an ultramontanist firework to
divert the eyes of the Germanic peoples from the more ominous capitalistic
infallibility of their racial brethren in wordly garb… The source appears
in the anti-semitic collection: Antisemiten-Spiegel - die Antisemiten im
Lichte des Christenthums, des Rechtes und der Moral, Danzig, 1892, (A.S.
further), p. 136.

page XI

18 Walter Holsten, Adolf Stoecker als Symptom seiner Zeit - Anti-semitismus in der evangelischen Kirche des 19e Jahrhunderts? The article appears in: Christen und Juden - Ihr Gegenueber vom Apostel- konzil bis heute, herausgegeben von Wolf-Dieter Marsch und Karl Thieme, Mainz/Goettingen 1961, p. 182 ff. On this ambivalent character of anti-semitism, cf. the words of A. Stoecker to the German Kaiser, 25. 9. 1880: "…Im Ubrigen habe ich in allen meiner Reden gegen das Judentum offen erklaert, dass ich nicht die Juden angreife, sondern nur dies frivole, gottlose, wucherische, betruegerische Judenthum, das in der Tat das Unglueck unseres Volkes ist…". This source is found in: Dietrich von Oertzen, Adolf Stoecker - Lebensbild und Zeitgeschichte, Berlin 1910, Vo1.1, p. 213. Cf. also: Paul W. Massing, Vorgeschichte des politischen Anti-semitismus, Frankfurt a/M, 1959, (P. Massing: further) p. 31.

page XII

19 Adolf Stoecker, Christlich-Sozial; Reden und Aufsaetze, 1885, p. 153 f. Cf. also P. Massing, p. 238/9, note 64. According to the second edition of the addresses and works of A. Stoecker of the year 1890, P. Massing quotes the entire document which concludes with the words: "… A return to more of Germanic law and economic life, a return to Christian faith - this will be our slogan."

page XIII

20 R. Seeberg, Reden und Aufsaetze von Adolf Stoecker, Leipzig 1913, p. 141/2. Cf. also the above essay of Walther Holsten, p. 119.

21 Above, note 19, p. 211.

page XIV

22 Eugen Duhring, Wert des Lebens, 3. Auflage, 1881, p. 5: "… paradoxe Lehre von der Umkehrung oder Kreuzigung aller Fleischregungen…".

23 Eugen Doehring, Die Parteien in der Judenfrage, Separat-Ausgabe von Hefte 7, 8 des ersten Bandes der Schweitznerischen internationalen Monatschrift, Leipzig 1882, Verlag Theodor Fritsch, p. 403 ff.

page XV

24 A.S. Danzig, 1892, p. 137 fl. Cf. also: these sources in a pamphlet issued by the "Verein zur Abwehr des Anti-semitismus", which also issued the "AntisemitenSpiegel. The name of this pamphlet is: "Antisemitisches Christenthum und christlicher Anti-semitismus", Flugblatt No 7, p. 1/2 (Year not given).

25 The anti-intellectual meaning of this doctrine that seeks to relegate the image of Jesus to the mythology of racial anti-semitism was pointed out by several writers already during the Second Reich. Cf. the many publications of the "Verein zur Abwehr des Anti-semitismus," beginning in 1892, and in condensed form: Antisemiten-Spiegel, Berlin- Frankfurt a/M, 1911 , p. 161 ff. On the historical background of the anti-intellectual character of racial doctrines and on the influence of anti-intellectualism on this interpreta- tion that would transplant Jesus from his Jewish origin and make him a member of the Aryan race, cf.: Fritz Stern, The Politics of Cultural Despair - A study in the Rise of the German Ideology, Berkeley and Los Angelos, 1961, pp. 41/2: to divorce Christianity and Judaism even at this late stage would be a recognition of an unambiguous historical truth and of Jesus' own intent…". cf. pp. 139, 143, 144, 145, 163, 199.

page XVI + XVII

26 From the journal "Hammer", published in: A.S. Berlin-Frankfurt a/M, 1911, p.201.

27 Ibid. p. 203. The anti-Christian meaning of modem anti-semitism and its historical sources have recently been noted by Salo W. Baron in: Deutsche und Juden, Beitraege, etc., Frankfurt a/M, 1967, p. 84/85: "…It is unmistakable how the resistance against everything that Judaism and Christianity stand for has increased since the 70's of the 19th century, and it is no exaggeration to say that this development prepared the ground for the Nazi assumption of power…". I have dealt with this question at length in the last chapter of my book, cf. UneiTal, Christians and Jews in the Second Reich (1870-1914), Chap. V: "Christian and anti-Christian Anti-Semitism", (Hebrew), in Press, The Magnes Press, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem. On the anti-Christian elements in racial anti-Semitism, cf. also: Edward H. Flannery, The Anguish of the Jews, N.Y. London, 1965, p. 180 ff. See also: Hermann Greive, Theologie und Ideologie - Katholizismus und Judentum in Deutschland und Oesterreich (1918-1935), Heidelberg, 1969. In this book the author stresses that a clear-cut distinction between Christian anti-semitism or "kirchlicher Anti-Judaismus" and racial anti- semitism or "Rassenanti-semitismus" is not warranted. His conclusion is: "…dass anti-juedische Vorurteile im Katholizismus der diskutierten Periode auf breitester Basis nachgewiesen werden koennen… Die anfaenglich vielfach nicht unerhebliche Verschiedenheit in der Judenfeindlichen Argumentation zumindest der tonangebenden Kreise in Katholizismus und auf voelkisch-antikirchlicher Seite wich im Laufe der Zeit immer weiter reichenden Vermittlungstheorien zwischen den sozial, kulturell und religioes orientierten und den voelkisch-rassischen Anti-semitismus…"; p. 222/223. A similar conclusion that stresses the direct connection between the theological and historical anti-Jewishness of Christianity and modem anti-semitism is reached by: A. Roy Eckardt, Elder and Younger Brothers -The Encounter of Jews and Christians, N.Y., 1967, Chap. 1, The Enigma, 1, p. 8: "There can be little serious doubt that Christendom's traditional antipathy to the Jews is the major historical root of anti-semitism in the Western world. Historically speaking, anti-semitism derives from 'the conflict of the Church and the Synagogue.' Here is the Crime of Christendom. Such distinguished and authoritative historians as James Parkes and Jules Isaac have chronicled this fact definitely…". This thesis, about the historical continuation between the anti-Jewish attitude in Christianity and modern anti-semitism rests not only on the theological attitude of Christianity but also on the legal history of the persecution of Jews by Christians, beginning in the forth century. This is treated by: James Parkes, The Conflict of the Church and the Synagogue - A Study in the Origins of Anti-semitism, Cleveland, N.Y., Phil., 1961, Appendix I, p. 379 ff. A similar historiographical approach is taken by Raul Hilberg who has Drawn up a comparative list of Canonical and Nazi .Anti-Jewish Measures, in his book: The Destruction of the European Jews, Chicago, 1961 , pp. 5-6. The list also appears in the above mentioned book of A. Roy Eckhardt, p. 12 - 13, where he draws the same conclusion, namely, that the Nazis "…did not discard the past; they built upon it…". And he adds to this quotation from Hilberg: "This fact makes ludicrous any unqualified claim that the Nazis were the enemies of Christendom."

page XVIII

28 Cf. the works of E. Flannery, James Parkes, A. Roy Eckhardt, Marsch-Thieme; cf. above, and also: Karl Thieme, Der religioese Aspekt der Judenfeindschaft (Judentum und Christentum), in: "Judentum - Schicksal, Wesen und Gegenwart", hrsg. von Franz Boehm und Walter Dirks, unter Mitarbeit von Walter Gottschalk, Wiesbaden 1965, Vol. II, p. 603 IT. See also: "Judenfeindschaft. Darstellungen und Analysen," hrsg. Von Karl Thieme, Frankfurt a/M. Hamburg, 1963, 326 ff. Cf. especially the work of: Ernst Ludwig Ehrlich, "Judenfeindschaft in Deutschland von der Roemerherrschaft, bis zum Zeitalter der Totalitaet," p. 209 ff. Also: W.P. Eckert und E.L. Ehrlich, "Judenhass - Schuld der Christen?", Essen, 1964, 525 pp.

page XIX

29 Cf. the study of: Willehad Paul Eckert: "Beatus Simonius - Aus den Akten des Trienter Judenprozesses", in the above collection, note 28, edited by W.P. Eckert and by E.L. Ehrlich, p. 329 ff; also in the same collection the work of: Kurt Hruby, Verhangnisvolle Legenden und ihre Bekaempfung, p. 281 ff.

page XXI

30 Haim Hillel Ben-Sasson, Jewish-Christian Disputation in the Setting of Humanism and Reformation in the German Empire, H.T.R., 59 (1966), pp. 369-390. Salo W. Baron, Modern Nationalism and Religion, N.Y., Phil. (1947), 1960, Ch. V.: Protestant individualism, p. 117 ff. Cf. especially Salo W. Baron, Medieval Heritage and Modern Realities in Protestant-Jewish lielations, Diogenes Spring 1968, No. 61, p. 32 ff.

31 "Der Ungekuendigte Bund", hrsg. von Dietrich Goldschmidt und Hans Joachim Kraus, Stuttgart, 1962, p. 206.

32 Ibid., p. 218.

page XXII

33 Visser 't Hooft, pp. 35/36.

34 Ibid., p. 36.

page XXIII

35 Ibid.

36 A striking and instructive example to such a different approach has been given by the Bishops of Denmark, in their protest against the persecution of the Jews, 3 Oct. 1943. See below in this volume, on p. 168. Cf. "The Israel Digest", X1/22, Jerusalem, 1, 1, 1968, p. 3. A German translation in Freiburger Rundbrief, Vol. xx, 1968, No. 73-76, Dec. 1968, pp. 69/70. As to the historical background of this document, cf. Leni Yahil, Test of a Democracy - the Rescue of Danish Jewry in World War II, Jerusalem, 1966, pp. 59, 125, 145, 165.

37 World Council of Churches - Division of Studies, Commission on Faith and Order in cooperation with the Committee on the Church and the Jewish People: "The Relationship of the Church to the Jewish People, Collection of Statements", Geneva, July 1964, p. 19 ff.

page XXIV

38 Ibid., p. 22-23

39 Ibid,. P. 22

40 Ibid., p. 23

41 Ibid., p. 26

42 Ibid., p. 27

Footnotes from Preface ———————————

page 1

43 Much has been published about the subject of "Christian" anti-Semitism. Some literature: Jules Isaac, The Teaching of Contempt (New York, 1965); James Parkes, Anti-semitism (Quadrangle Books, 1961); Malcolm Hay, Europe and the Jews, The Pressure of Christendom on the People of Israel for 1900 years (Second printing, Boston, 1961; this book was first published as "The Foot of Pride", in 1950); Karl Thieme (Ed.), Judenfeindschaft (in German; Fischer Bucherei KG, 1963); E. Flannery, The Anguish of the Jews (New York, 1965).

page 2

44 Thus a Protestant minister from Switzerland who now lives in Israel, in The Jerusahlem Post, Sept. 27, 1963. The Speaker of the Israeli Parliament, Mr.Kadish Luz, made a similar statement in the session of the Parliament on April 21, 1963.

45 The Yad Vashem Martyrs and Heroes Memorial Authority, Jerusalem, was established by Law in 1953, The Yad Vashem Act assigned to "Yad Vashem" the task "to collect, investigate and publish all evidence regarding the Catastrophe and its heroic aspects and to inculcate its lesson upon our people".

page 3

46 Cf. Dr. Leny Yahil, Historians of the Holocaust; A Plea for a New Approach (in: The Wiener Library Bulletin, 1967/68, Vol. XXII, pp. 2-5).

47 Dr. Visser 't Hooft and Dr.A.Freudenberg, of the World Council of Churches, are preparing their memoirs. Rev. Armin Boyens is preparing his thesis which will have a chapter on "The Confessing Church and the Jews, 1933-1938".

48 Cf. Eberhard Bethge, Dietrich Bonhoeffer (Gesammelte Schriften, Munich, 1959; in German), Vol. I, p. 9 (Introduction).

page 5

49 Cf. "La Persecution des Juifs en Allemagne: Attitude des Eglises Chretiennes" (Geneva, 1933; in French), p.25.

50 See for the acts of individuals (Christians and non-Christians): Philip Friedman, Their Brothers Keepers (New York, 1957); Kurt R. Grossman, Die unbesungenen Helden (Berlin, 1957; in German); Heinz Leuner, When Compassion was a Crime (London, 1966); Saul Friedlaender, Kurt Gerstein Ou l'ambiguite du bien (Tournai, 1967; in French).

Footnotes Part I ————————

page 9

51 See below, on p. 113.

52 See below on p. 135-136.

53 See below, on p. 160.

54 E.H. Flannery, The Anguish of the Jews (New York,1965), p. 224.

page 10

55 See below, p. 265.

56 "Unity in Dispersion", A History of the World Jewish Congress (New York, 1948 pp. 194, 195.Also see: Dr. L. de Jong, Een Sterfgeval in Auschwitz (Amsterdam, 1967; in Dutch); an English translation will be published in Yad Vashem Studies, VII (Jerusalem, 1969), pp. 39-55: "The Netherlands and Auschwitz."

57 Cf. Flannery, op. cit., p. 227: "Criticism of passivity or collaboration under the Nazis must be tempered by an understanding of the confusion wrought by the insiduous methods of Nazi propaganda and the paralysis of wills in the Nazi terror, made all the more effective by its appeal to patriotic and anti-Communist loyalties. Resistance under the circumstances should not be entirely assessed from the comfortable perspective of the postwar era.

page 11

58 "Unity in Dispersion", pp. 193-196.

59 See below, p. 255.

60 Cf. H.C. Touw, Het Verzet der Hervormde Kerk ('s Gravenhage, 1946; in Dutch), 11, p. 388-390.

page 12

61 In February, 1941, a general strike in Amsterdam and other places in the
Netherlands was called as a protest against the deportations of Jews.
The Germans proclaimed martial law and suppressed the strike by force.
They proceeded to deport a total of 430 Amsterdam Jews to the concentration
camp of Mauthausen, where they perished.
Cf. B.A. Sijes, De Februari-Staking ('s-Gravenhage, 1954; in Dutch, with an
English summary), passim.
Also see: H. Knap, Vreemdeling, Bericht de Spartanen (Amsterdam, 1966), p.
III: "The technical conditions for massive actions of solidarity with the
Jews - if our people as a whole would have wanted them - were lacking."

62 Rolf Hochhuth, The Deputy (New York, 1963; third printing), p. 79.

63 J.J. Buskes, Waar stond de Kerk? (Amsterdam, 1947; in Dutch), p. 93.

64 Francois Mauriac, quoted by Hochhuth, op. cit., p. 6.

65 Knap, op. cit., passim.

page 13

66 See below, p 259.

page 14

67 See beyond, p. 147.

68 Cf., for instance, Exodus 32, 9; Isaiah 1, 2-15; Jeremiah 7, 24-26; Ezekiel 2, 3; Hosea 4, 7- 8.

page 15

69 Werner Warmbrunn, The Dutch under German Occupation 1940-1945 (London, 1963), p. 279.

70 See below, on p. 175.

page 17

71 Jeremiah, Amos and others. Also see: I Kings 22, 5-28.

72 See below, p. 79 ff.

73 See below, p. 245 ff.

74 See below, p. 212 ff.

page 18

75 See below, on p. 201.

76 See below, on p. 99.

page 19

77 Jenoe Levai, Black Book on the Martyrdom of Hungarian Jewry (Zurich, 1948), p. 217.

page 20

78 A.J. Koejemans in De Waarheid, Sept. 20, 1945.

page 21

79 Touw, op. cit., I , p. 69

80 Cf. Dr. J. Presser, Ondergang ('s-Gravenhage, 1965; in Dutch), 11, p. 177. For the protest, which was read from the pulpits in the Roman Catholic and Protestant Churches, see below, pp. 130 -131.

page 22

81 Cf. H. Leuner, When Compassion was a Crime (London, 1966), p. 13: "Every possible means of propaganda and subtle psychology was used to separate Germans and Jews, to create an unbridgeable gulf between the members of the Aryan master race and those belonging to the family of 'parasites'.

82 W.A. Visser 't Hooft, The Ecumenical Movement and the Racial Problem (Paris, 1954), p.40.

83 Cf. the chapters 27-30 in this book.

84 Cf. ch. 31 in this book.

85 Cf. ch. 32, p. 233

86 Cf. chapters 33 - 34 in this book.

page 23

87 "Unity in Dispersion", pp. 160-161.

page 24

88 F. Burgdoerfer, "Die Juden in Deutschland und in der Welt"; in: "Forschungen zur Judenfrage" (Hamburg, 1938; in German), pp. 152-199.

89 Cf. ch. 18, p. 95

90 Cf. ch. 30, p. 204

page 25

91 Leuner, op. cit., p. 100.

92 Touw, op. cit., 1, p. 174.
Cf. W. A. Visser 't Hooft, The Struggle of the Dutch Church for the
Maintenance of the Commandments of God in the Life of the State (London,
1944), p. 13: "When threats were of no avail the Germans attempted to
blackmail the Churches. In this way the Churches were brought into great
conflicts of conscience. Should they give up the open protests so that
this or that group of church-members might be saved? Or should they go
forward, without regard for the consequences that might arise for others?
These are difficult questions that no one can decide on the spur of the
moment or looking at the situation from the outside."
Cf. also the opinion of a group of Christians of Jewish origin (p. 130 in
this book).

93 Abel J. Herzberg, Kroniek der Jodenvervolging (Arnhem-Amsterdam, 1950; in Dutch), p. 133.

94 Presser, op. cit., 11, p. 128.

page 26

95 Cf. ch. 22, pp. 129.

96 Cf., however, Pinchas E. Lapide, The Last Three Popes and the Jews (London,
1967), p. 138:
"At that time Archbishop Roncalli, the Apostolic Delegate to Turkey and
Greece, received Mr. Ira Hirschmann, a special emissary for the U.S. War
Refugee Board… sent to interview Yoel Brand in connection with Eichmann's
'blood for goods' deal.
Mr. Hirschmann told Roncalli of the plight of several thousand Jews,
including a number of children slated for deportation and death at Auschwitz.
The Archbishop instantly made available thousands of 'baptismal certificates'
for use for the doomed Jews, without conditions, and thousands were saved
from the Nazi furnace."

page 27

97 Quoted from a letter, dated October 14, 1965, of Dr. Jan Chabada, the
present Generalbischof of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Slovakia,
to me.
Cf. Dr. L. Rothkirchen, "Vatican Policy and the 'Jewish Problem' in
'Independent' Slovakia (1939-1945)", in: "Yad Vashem Studies" (Jerusalem,
1967), Vol. VI, p. 46: "…the Protestant clergy… for the most part
supporters of the pro-Czechoslovak line, were prominent for their more
adaptable approach, mainly in the furnishing of certificates of conversion
to Christianity. Some Protestant clergymen have even been charged with
profitmaking motives and with granting hundreds of certificates of
conversion within a day or two."
Also see: R. Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews (Chicago, 1961),
p. 466: "From the ethnic German organ, the Grenzbote, criticism was more
vociferous. The baptisms were ternied a blasphemy, and the churchmen who
engaged in them were accused of having monetary motives. Two Calvinist
pastors, Puspas and Sedivy, were subsequently arrested, and Sedivy was
accused of having performed not fewer than 717 baptisms."

98 Peter Meyer (Ed.), The Jews in the Soviet Satellites (Syracuse University
Press, 1953), p. 571.

page 28

99 Yad Vashem Archives, No. 0311 708 (A summary of the evidence by the interviewer; in Hebrew).

100 Michael Molho and Joseph Nehama, The Destruction of Greek Jewry, 1941-1944
(Jerusalem, 1965; in Hebrew), p. 142.

101 Ilias Venezis, Archbishop Damaskinos (Athens, 1952;) in Greek), ch. 34.

page 29

102 Buskes, op. cit., p. 89.

103 J.J. Buskes, Hoera voor het Leven (Amsterdam, 1963), p. 193.

104 Romans 13, 8.

Footnotes Part II —————————

page 33

105 Wolfgang Scheffler, Judenverfolgung im Dritten Reich (Berlin-Dahlem, 1960), p. 26.

page 34

106 Ibid., p. 26.

page 35

107 Ibid., pp. 79-80.

page 36

108 Ibid., p.26.

109 Cf. Bruno Blau, The Last Days of German Jewry in the Third Reich (in: Yivo Annual, vol. VIII, 1953, pp. 197-204).

page 37

110 An immense number of publications appeared about the Church in Germany
during the Third Reich. We mention here: "Die Evangelische Kirche in
Deutschland und die Judenfrage", Ausgewaehlte Dokumente aus den Jahren
des Kirchenkampfes 1933 bis 1943 (Geneva, 1945);
G.van Norden, Kirche in der Krise (Dusseldorf, 1963);
W.Jannasch, Deutsche Kirchendokumente (Zurich, 1946);
Heinrich Hermelink, Kirche im Kampf (Stuttgart, 1950);
Guenther Weisenbom, Der lautlose Aufstand (Hamburg, 1953);
Wilhelm Niemoeller, Kampf und Zeugnis der Bekennenden Kirche (Bielefeld,
1948); Wilhelm Niemoeller, Die Evangelische Kirche im Dritten Reich
(Bielefeld, 1956); Renate Maria Heydenreich, Versuch theologischer
Wiedergutmachung; in D. Goldschmidt und H. J. Kraus (Ed.),
Der ungekundigte Bund (Stuttgart-Berlin, 2. Auflage, 1963), pp. 183-283;
Otto Diehn, Bibliographie zur Geschichte des Kirchenkampfes, 1933- 1945
(Gottingen, 1958);
Anton Koch, Vom Widerstand der Kirche (Freiburg, 1947);
Friedrich Zipfel, Kirchenkampf in Deutschland 1933-1945 (Berlin, 1965);
Dr. Joseph Tenenbaum, For the Sake of Historical Balance (in: Yad Vashem
Bulletin, No. 3, Jerusalem, 1958);
Philip Friedman, Was there "another Germany" during the Nazi Period? (in:
Yivo Annual of Jewish Social Studies, Vol. x, New York, 1955).

page 38

111 Cf. the "Gesetz ueber die Rechtsverhaltnisse der Geistlichen und Kirchen- beamten" (EKD und Judenfrage, pp. 35 ff.; Heydenreich, op. cit., p. 196).

112 The full contents in: Heydenreich, op. cit. ; EKD und Judenfrage, passim.

page 39

113 Hermelink, op. cit., pp. 250-251. Cf. the article of Kurt Meier,
Kristallnacht und Kirche - die Haltung der Evangelischen Kirche zur
Judenpolitik des Faschismus (in: Wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift der
Karl-Marx-Universitat Leipzig, 13. Jahrgang, 1964, pp. 91-106), p .99.

114 Heydenreich, op. cit., p. 228.

115 Ibid., p. 230.

page 40

116 Hermelink, op. cit., 351.

117 Meier, op. cit., p. 99. Also see: Wilhelm Niemoeller, Die Bekennende Kirche sagt Hitler die Wahrheit (Bielefeld, passim). On August 23, 1936, the Memorandum was published as a "Proclamation from the Pulpit" in an amended form. Cf. Eberhard Bethge, Dietrich Bonhoeffer (Gesammelte Schriften; Munich, 1958), 11, p. 277 (note).

page 41

118 Cf. "Die Evangelische Kirche und die Judenfrage", pp. 180 ff.; H.Grueber, Wemer Sylten (Berlin, 1956; in German); idem: An der Stechbahn (Berlin, 1960; in German); H.D. Leuner, When Compassion was a Crime (London, 1966). pp. 114-119.

119 Hermelink, op. cit., p. 461. Cf. Meier, op. cit., p. 100: "The reason that no joint protest was issued by the Confessing Church after the pogrom of November, 1938. was that the Confessing Church as an organization was under strong pressure at the time. On June 23, 1937, several members of the Reich Brethren Council were arrested; on July 1, 1937, also Martin Niemoeller. After that, the Reich Brethren Council was hardly able to act.

page 42

120 Die Evangelische Kirche und die Judenfrage, p. 179.

121 Meier, op. cit., p. 101

page 43

122 Cf. below, p. 244.

123 Cf. H.C. Touw, Het Verzet der Hervormde Kerk (s'Gravenhage, 1946;
in Dutch), pp. 13-34.

124 La Persecution des Juifs en Allemagne, p. 21; "De Standaard" (Protestant
Daily in the Netherlands before the war), April 7, 1933.

125 Cf. below, p. 93.

126 "De Standaard", April 7, 1933.

page 44

127 Ibid., May 5 and 12, 1933.

128 Ibid., May 16 and 20, 1933.

129 Ibid., May 24 , 1933.

130 The addresses were published in the Brochure "Vrede over Israel" (Amsterdam, 1935; in Dutch). Also see: D. Cohen, Zwervend en Dolend (Haarlem, 1955; in Dutch), pp. 27-28.

131 "Dietschen stam".

132 Th.Delleman, Opdat wij niet vergeten (Kampen, 1949; in Dutch), pp. 55-69, 481-489. Action was also taken against members of the "Christian Democratic Union", a party of Christian socialists. Also see: Werner Warmbrunn, The Dutch under German Occupation 1940-1945 (London, 1963), p. 160.

page 45

133 Ben van Kaam, Opstand der Gezagsgetrouwen (Wageningen, 1966; in Dutch), p. 16.

134 Cohen, op. cit., p. 56.

135 Cf. for - at least - questionable comments in the Protestant Press on the events in Germany: van Kaam, op. cit., pp. 25-27. Also see the article "Van eigen bodem" (in: "De Standaard", Dec. 3, 1938).

136 "De Standaard", Nov. 17, 1938.

page 46

137 Ibid., November 14, 1938.

page 47

138 Le IIIe Reich et les Juifs, pp. 191-192.

page 48

139 Ibid., p. 193.

140 The nickname of the Protestants in Belgium and the Netherlands, in the 16th century. It became their name of honour.

141 Le IIIe Reich et les Juifs, pp. 178-179.

page 49

142 Le IIIe Reich et les Juifs, pp. 200-201. La Persecution des Juifs en Allemagne, p. 6.

143 Le IIIe Reich et les Juifs, p. 201.

page 50

144 Ibid., pp. 202 ff. (2 x used)

page 53

145 "Pour la dignite humaine" (Brochure), pp. 48-52.

page 54

146 Archives of the Protestant Federation of France, Paris.

147.Ibid.

page 55

148 "Journal de Geneve", April 9, 1933; quoted in: La Persecution des Juifs en Allemagne, p. 23.

149 La Persecution des Juifs en Allemagne, p. 24.

page 56

150 Ibid., p. 24.

151 Cf. pp. 210-212.

page 57

152 Schweiz. Evang. Pressedienst (E.P.D.), Zurich, Nov. 30, 1938.

153 E.P.D., ibid., p. 2.

154 E.P.D., Dec. 14, 1938.

page 58

155 Professor Aage Bentsen, Docent Flemming Hvidberg, Professor Johannes Pedersen and Professor Frederik Torm. The declaration was published in "Berlingske Tidende".

156 Dr.Leni Yahil, Test of Democracy, The Rescue of Danish Jewry in World War II (Jerusalem, 1966; in Hebrew, with a summary in English), pp. 59-60.

page 59

157 Cf. the article of Dr. Fuglsang-Damgaard in: Chr. Refslund - M. Schmidt (Ed.),Fem Aar (Copenhagen, 1946; in Danish), II, pp. 100-108.

158 Church Magazine "Kristen Gemenskap" (in Swedish), 1933, No. 2.

page 60

159 Ibid., 1933, No. 2.

page 61

160 Ibid., 1934, No. 19.

page 63

161 Ibid., 1938, No. 4.

page 64

162 Ibid.

163 The Hungarian Upper House had 254 members, including 34 representatives of the Churches. Cf. Albert Bereczky, Hungarian Protestantism and the Persecution of the Jews (Budapest, 1946), p. 8. Also see: Hendrik Fisch (Ed.), Kerestzteny egyhazfok felsohazi beszedi a zsidokerdesben (The Speeches on the Jewish Question by Christian Church Leaders in the Upper House; Budapest, 1947; in Hungarian); and: "Schweiz. evang. Pressedienst" (Zurich), March 27, 1946, pp. 3-6.

page 65

164 Jeno Levai, Black Book on the Martyrdom of Hungarian Jewry (Zurich, 1948), p. 12.

165 Rabbi Hershkovits in my interview with him on March 29, 1966.

166 Cf. Bereczky, op. cit., pp. 9-10.

167 R.Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews (Chicago, 1961), p. 514. Cf. "Schweiz. evang. Pressedienst", March 27, 1946, p. 5: "Special endeavours were made on behalf of the Protestant Jews, not because they belonged to the Church but because it was easier to attain something for them."

page 66

168 "Dimineata", Bucharest, April 15, 1933; quoted in: "La Persecution des
Juifs en Allemagne", p. 22.

169 Other protests, statements and declarations:
Speech by the Bishop of Fulham ("The Times", April 27, 1933).
Speech by the Vicar of Leeds (Manchester Guardian, April 10, 1933).
Speech by the Bishop of Liverpool (Liverpool Post, April 6, 1933).
Speech by the Bishop of Nottingham (Manchester Guardian, May 3, 1933).
Resolution of the Council of the World Evangelical Alliance, British
Section; May 1, 1933
(Dr.A.Freudenberg, the Church and the Jewish Question; Geneva, 1944; p.18).
Resolution of the Baptist Union of Scotland (Glasgow Herald, June 6, 1933).
Message from the Bishop of Durham; "J'accuse" (brochure, London), p. 93.
Letter from the Bishop of Chichester to "The Times", May 30, 1935.

page 67

170 Freudenberg, op. cit., p. 3

171 Ibid., p. 4.

page 68

172 Ibid., p. 4

173 Ibid., p. 5

174 Ibid., p. 3.

page 69

175 Ibid., p. 5 . Cf. "Le IIIe Reich et les Juifs", pp. 218 - 219. Also see: "La Persecution des Juifs en Allemagne", pp. 12-13.

page 70

176 Freudenberg, op. cit., p. 18.

177 Reports to the General Assembly, 1933, p. 709.

178 See p. 79.

page 71

179 Acts, Proceedings and Debates of the General Assembly, 1934, p. 79.

180 Reports to the General Assembly, 1935, p. 772.

page 72

181 Freudenberg, op. cit., p. 15.

182 From the "Reports and Minutes of the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church of England", 1934.

page 73

183 The Church Assembly of the Church of England usually meets for three
sessions a year. It consists of the three houses of Bishops, clergy
and laity.
At present there are 734 members: 34 Bishops, 344 clergymen and 347
laymen.

page 75

184 "The Times", November 21, 1935. The full report in the Brochure "The Jews in Germany", Debate in the Church Assembly, Nov. 20th, 1935, London.

185 Cf. R.C.D. Jasper, George Bell Bishop of Chichester (London, 1967), passim.

186 See above, on p. 74.

187 Jasper, op. cit., pp. 137-138.

page 76

188 The Diocesan Conferences meet once a year or at most, twice. They are the local counterpart of the Church Assembly and consist of two houses, the Chamber of Clergy and the Chamber of Laity. The Bishop is always the president of the Diocesan Conference.

189 Freudenberg, op. cit., p. 7.

190 Cf. Jasper, op. cit., pp. 135-163. Also cf.: Norman Bentwich, They Found Refuge (London, 1956), pp. 43 and 51.

page 77

191 Minutes of the meetings of the Church Assembly (Archives of Church House, Great Smith Street, Westminster).

page 78

192 Jasper, op. cit., pp. 142-143.

193 "Reports and Minutes of the General Assembly", 1937.

194 Freudenberg, op. cit., pp. 12-13.

page 79

195 Reports to the General Assembly, 1936, p. 709.

196 Acts, Proceedings and Debates of the General Assembly, 1937, p. 71.

197 Reports to the General Assembly, 1938, p. 753.

page 80

198 "The Times", November 12, 1938.

199 Minutes of the meetings of the Church Assembly (Archives of Church House, Great Smith Street, Westminster).

200 See p. 101.

page 81

201 Norman Bentwich, They Found Refuge (London, 1956), p. 69. Also see pp. 78-85.

202 Freudenberg, op. cit., p. 33.

page 82

203 Reports to the General Assembly, 1939, pp. 691-693. See for the full text
of Dr.Black's letter: The Jewish Chronicle, Nov. 25, 1938, p. 26.

204 Minutes of the Conference of the Methodist Church in Ireland,
held in June, 1939.

205 Keesing's Contempary Archives, March 22, 1933; 725-E.

page 83

206 Keesing, March 30, 1933; 735-B.

207 Freudenberg, op. cit., p. 19. Cf. "La Persecution des Juifs en Allemagne", p. 5; and: "Le IIIe Reich et Les Juifs", p. 224.

page 84

208 Freudenberg, op. cit., p. 20.

page 85

209 I See above, p. 72 . ff.

210 Dr. Charles S. Macfarland, Across the Years (The Macmillan Co., 1936), p.168.

211 Ibid., p. 168.

page 86

212 Ibid., p. 169.

213 The New York Times, June 9, 1937; Freudenberg, op. cit., pp. 20 - 21.

page 87

214 Freudenberg, op. cit., p. 31.

215 Federal Council Bulletin, October 1938, p. 13.

216 Ibid., December 1938, p. 3.

page 88

217 Ibid., October 1938, p. 13.

218 Ibid., December 1938, p. 9

219 Ibid.

page 89

220 The New York Times, Jan. 10, 1939. Among the signers were: Dr. Samuel
McCrea Cavert, Federal Council of Churches; the Rt. Rev. Edwin H.Hughes,
Bishop of Washington area, Methodist Episcopal Church; Bishop Charles
Mead, Methodist Episcopal Church, Kansas City.

221 Cf. Arthur Morse, While Six Million Died (London, 1968), p. 253.

222 The New York Times, Febr. 19, 1939. Cf. Federal Council Bulletin, Febr., 1939, p. 7.

223 Morse, op. cit., p. 268. Cf. Arieh Tartakower and Kurt R.Grossmann, The Jewish Refugee (New York, 194.4). p. 90: "One of the chief arguments raised against this bill was that the admittance of 20,000 refugee children to the United States from Germany and the refusal to admit their parents would be against the laws of God, and therefore would be an opening wedge for a later request for the admission of about 40,000 adults, the parents of the children in question."

page 90

224 The New York Times, March 26, 1939.

225 Ibid., April 27, 1939.

page 91

226 National Council of Churches, Department of Information.

page 92

227 Freudenberg, op. cit., p. 51; Federal Council Bulletin, Febr, 1939, p.3 ff.

228 The New York Times, May 31, 1939

229 Ibid., June 13, 1939.

page 93

230 See above, p. 38.

231 Freudenberg, op. cit., p. 22. Cf. "La Persecution des Juifs en Allemagne", p. 27. The Resolution had been requested by the Dutch Council (see above, p. 43).

232 Freudenberg, op. cit., p. 23.

page 94

233 Jasper, op. cit., p. 101.

234 Minutes, Novi Sad, 1939, pp. 37-38. Cf. Jasper, op. cit., p. 104.

235 See above, p. 38.

236 Jasper, op. cit., p. 105.

page 95

237 "Le Christianisme Social" (French Protestant Periodical), Nov. - Dec. 1933, p. 606.

page 96

238 Freudenberg, op. cit., p. 27.

page 97

239 Ibid., pp. 28-29.

240 Cf. for the Oxford Conference: "The Churches Survey Their Task" (The Report of the Conference of Oxford, July 1937, on Church, Community, and State; with and Introduction by J.H.Oldham), London, 1937. Also see: Ruth Rouse and Stephen Charles Neil (Ed.), A History of the Ecumenical Movement 1517-1948 (London, 1954) pp. 587-592. The essential theme of the Oxford Conference, as was stated in the first announcement of it, was: "The life and death struggle between the Christian faith and the secular and pagan tendencies of our time."

page 98

241 Jasper, op. cit., pp. 221-223.

242 "The Churches Survey Their Task", pp. 58-59.

page 99

243 Ibid., pp. 230-238. Cf. pp. 72-73 (the Report on the Church and Race).

244 See p. 259.

245 See p. 142.

page 100

246 Freudenberg, op. cit., p. 24.

247 A conference about the Refugee Problem, called by President Roosevelt, was held at Evian, in July, 1938. It was attended by representatives of 32 countries.

page 101

248 Archives of the World Council of Churches, Geneva.

249 See above, on p. 88 . ff.

250 See above, on p. 95.

251 Freudenberg, op. cit., p. 32.

252 "Conversation entre le Dr.Visser 't Hooft, le Dr.Freudenberg et le Dr.Barot, concernant les activites Cimade-wcc pendant la guerre" (Archives of the World Council of Churches, Geneva; in French).

Footnotes PART III —————————-

page 107

253 See for Rev. Grueber's activities: pp. 40-41.

254 Max Krakauer, Lichter im Dunkel (Stuttgart, 1947; in German), passim.

255 Krakauer, op. cit., p. 131.

page 110

256 Hermelink, op. Cit., 651-652.

page 111

257 Ibid., p. 564-565.
Cf. Meier, op. cit., p. 104: "Apparently Wurm did not protest publicly,
as he wanted to avoid providing amunition to the foreign press and thus
provoking the National-Socialist authorities, which would have blocked
the way of sending petitions in writing to the Government".

258 Hermelink, op. cit., pp. 654-656.

259 Ibid., pp. 657-658. See for the angry reply of Dr. Lammers: Hermelink, op. cit., pp. 700-702. The letter was dated March 3, 1944. Bishop Wurm wrote another letter, dated Febr. 8, 1945, to Reichsstatthalter Murr, on behalf of the partners in mixed marriages (Hermelink, op. cit., pp. 658-660).

page 113

260 "Der ungekundigte Bund", pp. 246-247.
The Message was dated Oct. 17, 1943, and published by "The New York
Times, on August 4, 1944.
In the Lutheran Churches, the fifth Commandment is: "Thou shalt not kill.

261 See below on p. 294.

262 Quoted by Friedman, op. cit., p 100.

263 Heinrich Grueber, Dona Nobis Pacem (Berlin, 1956; in German), p. 104.

page 114

264 "Die Evangelische Kirche und die Judenfrage", pp. 6, 10, 13 and 14.

265 See below, pp. 291-295.

page 115

266 see above, on pp. 111(note I ) and 113 (note I ) Cf. p. 40 (the fate of
Dr. Weissler).

267 Guenter Lewy, The Catholic Church and Nazi Germany (London, 1964),
pp. 23-294.

page 116

268 J.Tenenbaum, Race and Reich (New York, 1956), p. 292. Also see: Jacob Robinson, And the Crooked Shall be Made Straight (New York, 1965), p. 243; Hilberg, op. cit., p. 356.

page 118

269 The original test in: H.C. Christie, Den Norske Kirke I Kamp (Oslo, 1945; in Norwegian), pp. 267-268. An English translation in: Bjarne Hoye and Trygve M. Ager, "The Fight of the Norwegian Church against Nazism" (New York, 1943), pp. 146-149.

page 119

270 See pp. 227-228.

271 "The Spiritual Issues of the War", No. 167, Jan. 14, 1943.

272 Christie, op. cit., p. 281.

page 120

273 Dr. J. Presser, Ondergang ('s-Gravenhage, 1965; two volumes; in Dutch; an English edition is in preparation). Also see: Robinson, op. cit., pp. 240-243; Hilberg, op. cit., pp. 365-381; Abel J. Herzberg, Kroniek der Jodenvervolging (Arnhem-Amsterdam, 1950; in Dutch), passim.

274 We shall write the name of this Church in capitals, in order to prevent confusion with the "Reformed Churches in the Netherlands".

page 121

275 "Interkerkelijk Overleg." Cf. H.C. Touw, Het Verzet der Hervormde Kerk ('s Gravenhage, 1946; in Dutch), 1, pp. 42-43, 138-141.

276 Cf. J.J. Buskes, Waar stond de Kerk? (Amsterdam, 1947; in Dutch), pp. 77-87. Also see: Touw, op. cit., I, pp. 47, 85 , 373-375; Delleman, op. cit., pp. 35-39.

277 Touw, op. cit., 11, pp. 259 - 260.

278 Buskes, op. cit., p. 79.

pag 122

279 A moving exception was N. H. de Graaf. See for his protest: W. A. Visser 't Hooft, The Struggle of the Dutch Church for the Maintenance of the Commandments of God in the Life of the State (London, 1944), pp. 16- 17. A few days later Mr. de Graaf was arrested and sent to a concentration camp. He did not return.

280 The full text in Touw, op. cit., 11, pp. 209-215.

281 Touw, op. cit., I, p. 392.

282 Ibid., 11, pp. 227-232. An English translation of this and most of the other documents quoted in this chapter, in Visser 't Hooft, op. cit., passim.

page 123

283 Visser 't Hooft, op. cit., pp. 23-24.

284 Cf. Touw, op. cit., pp. 132-134; Buskes, op. cit., pp. 62- 63; Delleman, op. cit., pp. 40, 78- 80.

page 124

285 Touw, op. cit., 11, p. 32; Visser 't Hooft, op. cit., pp. 26-27.

page 125

286 Cf. Buskes, op. cit., pp. 35-36; Touw, op. cit., 1, p. 171; Delleman, op. cit., pp. 81-83.

287 Delleman, op. cit., pp. 42-44, 512-516.

page 126

288 Quoted in "Hitler's Ten Year War on the Jews", p. 244.

289 Visser 't Hooft, op. cit., pp. 42-45; Touw, op. cit., 1, pp. 388-392; 11, pp. 66- 67; Delleman, pp. 92-100.

290 Ibid.

page 127

291 Touw, op. cit., 11, pp. 78- 83.

292 Visser 't Hooft, op. cit., p. 36; Touw, op. cit., 11, p. 84.

293 Touw, op. cit., I, pp. 395-397.

page 128

294 Buskes, p. 69.

295 Touw, op. cit., 11, p. 101.

page 129

296 Ibid., I, p. 404.

297 Louis de Jong, Jews and non Jews in Nazi-Occupied Holland (in: On the Track of Tyranny, ed. Max Beloff; London, 1960), pp. 148-149. Presser is of the opinion that the other Protestant Churches would not have read out the telegram from their pulpits, if they had known about the threat, but that they were not warned against doing so (Presser, op. cit., 1, pp. 260-261). Wielek (in: H. Wielek, De Oorlog die Hitler won, Amsterdam, 1947; p. 218) is of the same opinion. The other Churches, however, did know about the threat. Cf. Henberg, p. 134; Delleman, pp. 155-157; Buskes, p. 50. Also see the version of the German General Commissioner Schmidt, quoted in Touw, 1, pp. 405-406.

298 Delta, Spring 1965, Vol. VIII/No. 1 (A Review of Arts, Life and Thought in the Netherlands), pp. 28-29.

page 130

299 Touw, op. cit., 1, p. 173.

300 Ibid., 1, p. 423.

page 131

301 Visser 't Hooft, op. cit., pp. 52-55.

302 For practical results of this protest, see above, on p. 21. Also see: L. de Jong, De Bezetting (Amsterdam, 1963; in Dutch), 111, pp. 30-31.

page 132

303 Visser 't Hooft, op. cit., pp. 56-58; Touw, op. cit., pp. 150-151.

304 Touw, op. cit., 11, pp. 155-156.

305 "Delta", p. 88.

page 133

306 Touw, op. cit., pp. 169-170. Also see: pp. 177-179.

page 134

307 Visser 't Hooft, op. cit., pp. 66-67; Touw, op. cit., 1, p. 394; 11, pp. 161-169.

page 135

308 Visser 't Hooft, op. cit., p. 7.

309 Touw, op. cit., 1, pp. 371, 434.

310 Wielek, op. cit., p. 216.

311 Werner Warmbrunn, The Dutch under German Occupation 1940-1945 (London, 1963), p. 271.

312 Ibid., p. 279.

page 136

313 J. J. Buskes in the Protestant Weekly "Hervormd Nederland", May 1, 1966.

314 Touw, op. cit., 1, p. 660.

315 Hilberg, op. cit., p. 364. Cf. for the situation in France during the war: Robert Aron, L'Histoire de Vichy (Paris, 1959; in French).

316 Hilberg, op. cit., p. 392.

317 Robinson, op. cit., p. 237.

page 137

318 Tenenbaum, op. cit., p. 280.

319 Chief Rabbi Kaplan in L'Arche, No. 1 10, April 1966, p. 26.

page 138

320 L. Poliakov, Harvest of Hatred (Pocket Edition, 1960), p. 251.

321 Cf. p. 145. Cf. Rev. Boegner's letter to Laval: "Authorized to speak on
behalf of the Protestant Churches of the entire world, many of which have
already asked my intervention…" (p. 146).

322 "Les Eglises Protestantes pendant la guerre et l'occupation; Actes de
l'Assemblee Generale du Protestantisme Francais reunie a Nimes,
du 22 au 26 octobre 1945." (Paris, 1946; in French), p. 18.

323 Ibid., p. 23.

page 139

324 Ibid., p. 24.

page 140

325 Ibid., pp. 25-26.

page 141

326 Ibid., p. 26.

page 142

327 Ibid., pp. 27-28. The letter was submitted to Marshal Petain on June 27, 1942.

328 A copy of the letter is in the Archives of the "Rijksinstituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie", Amsterdam; file: "De Zwitserse weg". For the Oxford Conference, see pp. 97-99.

page 143

329 Cf. Henri Cadier in: La Chretiente au Creuset de L'epreuve, Vol. 11, p. 631 (Geneva, 1947; in French).

page 144

330 Cf. Robinson, op. cit., p. 236; Hilberg, op. cit., pp. 407-408.

331 "Les Eglises Protestantes…", pp. 28-29.

332 "Cimade" (Comite Inter-Mouvement aupres des Evacues), the organization brought into being during the second world war by the Protestant Churches and the lay youth movements in France.

333 "Les Eglises Protestantes…", pp. 28-29.

page 145

334 Ibid., pp. 30-31.

page 146

335 Hilberg, op. cit., p. 409.

336 "Les Eglises Protestantes…", p. 31.

337 Ibid., pp. 33-34.
Cf. p. 279 in this book: "Another endeavour to save lives failed.
The Ecumenical Committee for Refugees had, with the help of American
Christians, succeeded in obtaining entrance visas into the United
States for 1,000 Jewish children from France, but the occupation of
Southern France by the Germans foiled this plan." Also see: Donald A.
Lowrie, The Hunted Children (New York, 1963), pp. 218-228.

page 147

338 "Les Eglises Protestantes…", pp. 34-35.

339 Luke 10, 30-37.

page 148

340 Sami Lattes, L'Attitude de L'Eglise en France a L'Egard des Juifs pendant la persecution (in: Les Juifs en Europe, p. 169).

page 149

341 L. Poliakov, L'Hostellerie des Musiciens. Quoted by David Knout in: Contribution a L'histoire de la Resistance Juive en France (Paris, 1947), pp. 107-109.

342 C.I.M.A.D.E.: See above on p. 14 (note 2).

343 Emile C. Fabre (Ed.), Les Clandestins de Dieu (Paris, 1968; in French), p. 31.

page 150

344 Ibid., p. 31.

345 Ibid., p. 66.

346 Ibid., p. 33.

347 Ibid., p. 35.

348 Ibid., p. 117.

349 Ibid., p. 120.

350 Cf., p. 212 ff.

351 "Les Clandestins de Dieu," p. 27; cf. p. 279. in this book.

page 151

352 Particulars taken from Tenenbaum, op. cit., pp. 301, 339.

353 Cf. Edmond Paris, Genocide in Satellite Croatia, 1941-1945 (Chicago, 1959).

354 Joseph Schechtman in: "Hitler's Ten-Year War on the Jews", pp. 99-100.

355 Ibid., p. 108.

page 152

356 See, however, the chapters in this book on Greece, Rumania and Bulgaria.

357 Tenenbaum, op. cit., p. 79.

358 Hilberg, op. cit., p. 42; Tenenbaum, op. cit., pp. 307-308.

359 Philip Friedman, Their Brothers' Keepers (New York, 1957), p. 109.

page 153

360 Michael Molho and Joseph Nehama, The Destruction of Greek Jewry, 1941-1944 (Jerusalem, 1965; in Hebrew), p. 101.

361 Mr. Moissis in a letter to me dated November 2, 1966.

362 The following particulars (unless other sources are mentioned) are taken from: Ilias Venezis, Archbishop Damaskinos (Athens, 1952; in Greek); chapter 34.

page 156

363 For the text of this memorandum in French, see: Michael Molho, In Memoriam (Salonika, 1948), I, pp. 118-120. The text in Hebrew in: Molho-Nehama, op. cit., pp. 106-107.

page 159

364 Molho-Nehama, op. cit., p. 142.

365 Tenenbaum, op. cit., p. 106.

page 160

366 Nathan Eck, New Light on the Charges Against the Last Chief Rabbi of
Salonica (in: Yad Vashem Bulletin No. 17, Jerusalem; December, 1965),
p. 14.
Cf. the "Bericht eines aus Athen gefluechteten" (General Zionist Archives,
Jerusalem, No. 841/44): "Man muss gestehen, dass die Einwohnerschaft von
Athen sich menschlicher betragen haben als diejenige aus Saloniki.

367 Friedman, op. cit., p. 106.

page 161

368 Molho-Nehama, op. cit., p. 224.

369 Ibid., pp. 135-136. Cf. Friedman, op. cit., p. 107: "Leaders of the Jewish community insisted that Rabbi Barzilai take refuge, a notion he rejected until Archbishop Damaskinos prevailed upon him to change his mind."

370 "The Situation of the Jews in Greece" (Published by the World Jewish
Congress, New York, 1944), p. 7.

371 Asscher Moissis, La situation des Communautes juives en Grece (in: "Les
Juifs en Europe"), p. 54. Quoted by Tenenbaum, op. cit., p. 310.

page 162

372 Mr Moissis in his letter to me dated November 2, 1966. Another information from the same source: "After the Germans had called the Chief Rabbi of Volos, ordering him to take the necessary steps to facilitate the deportations, the latter went to the Bishop of Volos asking his advice and help. The Bishop advised him to abstain from collaboration whatsoever, and helped him to go into hiding; the majority of the Jewish population of Volos followed suit and thus was saved from deportation to Auschwitz."

373 The pastors were followers of Grundtvig (1783-1872), the teachings of whom in the opinion of Mrs. Yahil had a great influence on the views and attitude of Christians in Denmark during the German occupation. Cf. Dr. Leni Yahil, Test of Democracy, the Rescue of Danish Jewry in World War II (Jerusalem, 1966; in Hebrew, with a summary in English), p. 25.

page 163

374 Yahil, op. cit., p. 33.

Cf. Bishop Fuglsang-Damgaard in: "Chr. Refslund & M.Schmidt (Ed.), Fern Aar (Copenhagen, 1946; in Danish, p. 101: "Our Jews urgently requested [during the first years of the war] that as far as possible there should be silence about the Jewish question".

375 Yahil, op. cit., p. 33.

376 Ibid.

377 Ibid., pp. 164-165. The full text of the article in: "The Spiritual Issues of the War", No. 144, August 6, 1942.

page 164

378 "Christians Protest Persecution" (Religious News Service, "The National
Conference of Christians and Jews", New York), p. 14.

379 Boris Shub (Ed.), Hitler's Ten Year War on the Jews (New York, 1943),
p. 220.

380 Yahil, op. cit., pp. 164-165.

381 "Christians Protest Persecution", p. 14.

382 Harald Sandbaek and N. J.Rald (Ed.), Den danske Kirche UNDER BESAETTELSEN (Copenhagen, 1945; in Danish), pp. 27-28. Cf. Hugh Martin (Ed.), Christian Counter-Attack (London, 1943), pp. 74-75.

page 165

383 Robinson, op. cit., pp. 243-247; Yahil, op. cit., pp. 158-193.

384 Fuglsang-Damgaard, op. cit., p. 102 ff.

page 166

385 Ibid.
Cf. Yahil, op. cit., p. 148: "Not only Svenningsen, however, was misled
by Best and believed in his promises that the Jews were not in danger,
but also Bishop Fuglsang-Damgaard came to the congregation, on Sept. 28th,
at 3 p.m., in order to reassure its leaders, telling them that he knew
from very reliable sources that the rumours were without foundation.

386 The Danish resistance movement consisted of "study circles". In Copenhagen such circles were organized on professional lines - architects, doctors, clergymen etc. The P.U.F. was the "study circle" of pastors. Not less than 90% of all pastors belonged to it. (Cf. Yahil, op. cit., p.160).

pag 167

387 Fuglsang-Damgaard, op. cit., p. 103.

388 Ibid., pp. 104-105.

389 Ibid., p. 105.

pag 168

390 Ibid., pp. 105-106.

391 Sandbaek and Rald, op. cit., pp. 21-22. Cf. "Fem Aar", 11, pp. 141-142.

pag 169

392 Yahil, op. cit., p. 166.

pag 170

393 Fuglsang-Damgaard, op. cit., p. 106

394 Ibid., p. 107.

page 171

395 "International Christian Press & Information Service, Geneva, No. 43, December, 1943.

396 "Fem Aar", 11, p. 144.

page 172

397 Dr. Samuel Stefan Osusky, Sluzba Narodu (Bratislava, 1947; in Slovakian), 11, pp. 133, 136.

page 173

398 Cf. for the historical particulars: Hilberg, op. cit., pp. 458-475; Tenenbaum, op. cit., pp. 318-321; the article of Dr. F. Steiner, "La situation des Juifs en Slovaquie" (in: "Les Juifs en Europe", pp. 216-220); and especially the comprehensive book of Dr.Livia Rothkirchen, The Destruction of Slovak Jewry (Jerusalem, 1961), passim.

page 174

399 Osusky, op. cit., pp. 230-231.

page 175

400 Cf. for the historical data: Robinson, op. cit., pp. 258-265; Hilberg, op. cit., pp. 485-509; Tenebaum, op. cit., pp. 312-317; also see the comprehensive work of Theodore Lavi: "Roumanian Jewry in World War II" (in Hebrew; Jerusalem, 1965), especially pp. 11-13.

401 "Hitler's Ten-Year War on the Jews", p. 84.

402 Dr.Alexandre Safran, L'oeuvre de sauvetage de la population juive accomplie pendant l'oppression nazie en Roumanie (in: "Les Juifs en Europe"; in French), p. 209. Cf. Lavie, op. cit., pp. 108-110.

page 176

403 Safran, op. cit., p. 209.

404 Ibid., p. 210.

page 177

405 Dr. Safran's secretary, Israel Lebanon, related about this meeting: "Rabbi Safran quoted texts from the Old Testament and dwelt on the relationship between Judaism and Christianity, etc." (Lavie, op. cit., p. 110).

406 Safran, op. cit., pp. 211 - 212.

page 178

407 Matatias Carp, Le martyre des Juifs de Roumanie (in: "Les Juifs en Europe"), p. 204.

page 179

408 International Press & Information Service, Geneva, May 1942, No. 16.

409 Ibid.

410 For the "German Christians", see above, on p. 36.

page 180

411 Bishop Mueller's letter to me, dated Dec. 2, 1965.

412 Dr. Safran's letter to me, dated April 18, 1966.

page 181

413 Hilberg, op. cit., pp. 474-475.

page 182

414 Yad Vashem Archives, 013/7-1. On the original there is a marginal note in handwriting: "I have read and investigated and shall take into consideration the contents of the above. 15. 11. 1940."

415 B. J. Arditi, Les Juifs de Bulgarie sous le regime Nazi 1940-1944 (Tel-Aviv, 1962; in Hebrew), pp. 201-202.

page 183

416 Ibid., p. 92.

417 Robinson, op. cit., p. 258; Hilberg, op. cit., pp. 474-484 . Cf. "Bulgarian Atrocities In Greek Macedonia and Thrace", A Report of Professors of the Universities of Athens and Salonica (Athens, 1945), p. 47: "The whole Jewish population of Eastern Macedonia and Western Thrace, about 9,000 persons, were taken away in the night of the 3rd of March, 1943… Three or four days later …they were handed over to the Germans."

page 184

418 Yad Vashem Archives, 03/963, pp. 40-43 (in Hebrew).

419 Yad Vashem Archives, 03/1707 (in Hebrew).

page 188

420 Misho Leviev, Nashata Blagodarnost ("Our Gratitude", in Bulgarian; Sofia, 1945), pp. 81-86. Eleven Metropolitans signed, according to their dioceses.

page 189

421 Arditi, op. cit., p. 202.

422 Hilberg, op. cit., p. 483.

page 190

423 Yad Vashem Archives, No. 03/1707 (in Hebrew). Mr.Moshonov was a goldsmith
who supplied the King's palace with jewelry and had free access to the
palace.
Also see: Ely Barouch, Iz Istoriata na Bulgarskoto Evrejstvo ("From the
History of Bulgarian Jewry", Tel Aviv, 1960; in Bulgarian), p. 146:
IUGo, 'the Metropolitan began, 'and tell your people that the King
solemnly promised before the Prime Minister and before me, that the Jews
of Bulgaria will not be expelled from the country. Go and transmit to
them this information; reassure them and let they believe in the good
principle that the Lord never forgets his children.
Go in peace.'It was with those words that the Metropolitan Stephan received
the delegation of Rabbi Daniel Ben Zion, Rabbi Asher Hananel and Menachem
Moshonov, on May 24, 1943, when the Jews of Sofia were gathered together
in the synagogue Yutch-Bunar in order to beseech mercy and salvation from
God, as it had become known to them that Bulgarian Jewry would also be
deported to be murdered in Poland. Cf. Arditi, op. cit., pp. 216-217.

424 Cf. p. 186 in this chapter.

page 191

425 Literally: "bake your head"

page 192

426 Solomon Samuel Mashiach in his article "Who saved us?", published in the newspaper "Narodno Delo (Sofia, No. 467, July 4, 1958; in Bulgarian). Quoted by Barouch, op. cit., pp. 147-149.

427 Arditi, op. cit., p. 374. Cf. Matthew 7, 2.

428 Leviev, op. cit., p. 88.
Cf. Arditi, op. cit., p. 289: "When the Metropolitan Kyril was convinced
that the local authorities and the representatives of the Government were
not inclined to help the Jews, he sent a telegram to the King, in which
he declared that he would cease to be the King's loyal subject and that
he would act as seemed right to him and according to the dictates of
his conscience as a religious man, if the instructions for expulsion
were not cancelled."

page 193

429 Leviev, op. cit., pp. 88-89.

page 194

430 Testimony of Joseph Geron (in Hebrew); Yad Vashem Archives, No. 03/1707.

431 Cf. above, on p. 183 (note 2).

page 195

432 For the historical data in this chapter, see: Robinson, op. cit., pp. 265-269; Hilberg, op. cit., pp. 509-554; Tenenbaum, op. cit., pp. 321-332; Livia Rothkirchen, The Attitude of the Vatican and the Churches in Hungary towards "The Solution of the Jewish Question" (in: "Ha Ummah" (The Nation), Quarterly, Jerusalem; in Hebrew), 1967, No. 21, pp. 79-85.

433 For the first and second anti-Jewish law, see above, pp. 64-65.

434 Albert Bereczky, Hungarian Protestantism and the Persecution of the Jews (Budapest, 1946), p. 10. Also see: Jeno Levai, Black Book on the Martyrdom of Hungarian Jewry (Zurich, 1948), p. 25.

435 Dr. Mathe's letter to me, dated Aug. 24, 1967.

page 196

436 Bereczky, op. cit., pp. 12 - 13.

page 197

437 Levai, op. cit., pp. 92- 93; Bereczky, op. cit., p. 14.

438 Ibid.

page 198

439 Bereczky, op. cit., p. 14; cf. Levai, op. cit p 93.

440 Levai, op. cit., p. 117; cf. Bereczky, op. cit., pp. 15-16.

441 Levai, op. cit., p. 117; cf. Bereczky, op. cit., pp. 16-18.

page 199

442 Levai, op. cit., p. 217.

443 Bereczky, op. cit., p. 16.

page 200

444 ibid., pp. 19-21; Levai, op. cit., 217-218.

page 201

445 Bereczky, op. cit., pp. 21 - 24; Levai, op. cit., 218- 220. Bishop Ravasz and the Lutheran Bishop Bela Kapi had together prepared the draft. The Protest was signed by all the Bishops of the Reformed and the Lutheran Churches (Levai, pp. 218, 220).

page 202

446 Levai, op. cit., pp. 220-221; Bereczky, op. cit., p. 24.

447 Archives of the World Council of Churches, Geneva. The report was dated: Budapest, June 26, 1944.

page 203

448 Levai, op. cit., pp. 221 - 222; Bereczky, op. cit., pp. 24- 26.

page 204

449 Levai, op. cit., p. 222; Berezcky, op. cit., pp. 27-28.

450 Levai, op. cit., p. 223; Bereczky, op. cit., p. 28.

451 Dr. Mathe's letter to me, dated Aug. 24, 1967.

452 Cf. p. 256.

page 205

453 Levai, op. cit., pp. 360-361; Bereczky, op. cit., pp. 34-35.

page 206

454 Levai, op. cit., p. 361; cf. Bereczky, op. cit., pp. 35-37.

455 Bereczky, op. cit., p. 37.

456 Ibid.

457 Rothkirchen, "The Attitude of the Vatican…", p. 85. Quoted from: Erno Munkhcsi, Hogyan tortent' Adatok es okmhyok a magyar zsidesAg Tragediej Ahoz (Budapest, 1947; in Hungarian), p. 146.

page 207

458 For the press censorship in Switzerland during the war, see: Dr. Carl Ludwig, Die Fluchtlingspolitik der Schweiz seit 1933 bis zur Gegenwart (Bericht an den Bundesrat zuhanden der eidgenossischen Rate, Zu 7347), pp. 141, 142, 247, 289.

page 208

459 "Schweiz. Evang. Pressedienst" (E.P.D.), Nov. 12, 1941.

page 209

460 E.P.D. , Nov. 19, 1941. Cf. "International Christian Press & Information Service" (I.C.P.I.S.), Geneva, Nov., 1941. Also see: Alfred A. Hasler, Das Boot ist voll (Zurich, 1968; second impression, in German), pp. 131-133.

461 E.P.D., Nov. 19, 1941; cf. I.C.P.I.S., Nov., 1941.

page 210

462 E.P.D., Sept. 2, 1942. Cf. Hasler, op. cit., pp. 147-150.

463 E.P.D., Oct. 29, 1942.

page 211

464 Ibid., May 24, 1942.

page 212

465 Ibid., July 15, 1942. Cf. "The Spiritual Issues of the War", Aug. 6, 1942.

466 I.C.P.I.S., NO. 34, Oct. 1942.

467 Cf. the Report: "Schweiz. Sammlung fur die Fluchtlingshilfe, Oct.-Nov. 1942" (Erstattet von der Schweiz. Zentralstelle fur Fluchtlingshilfe), p. 15.

page 213

468 Cf. above, on p. 56.

469 Ludwig. op. cit., pp. 204-205.

470 Ibid., p. 209. Cf. Arieh Tartakower and Kurt R. Grossmann, The Jewish Refugee (New York, 1944), p. 294: "Thus the Council of the Federation of Swiss Protestant Churches appealed to the Federal authorities in August, 1942, urging that the right of asylum be not denied to non-Aryan refugees who recently arrived in Switzerland, and that liberal methods be applied to those who may yet come. Again, in September of that year, when the wave of deportations of Jews from France, Belgium, and Holland reached its crest, the Swiss National Protestant Church, in a pastoral letter concerning a nation-wide fast which was read from every pulpit, declared: '…We forsake our first love if we forget that our country must remain, as far as possible, a haven of refuge for the persecuted and refugees. To abandon this role is to betray our spiritual heritage, is 'to lose our soul in order to gain the world?. In particular, we cannot remain indifferent to the lot of the people of Israel, in whose midst our Saviour was born and who are today the object of measures whose cruelty and iniquity are the shame of our age…?"

471 Ludwig, op. cit., pp. 208-210; cf. E.P.D., August. 26, 1942; Hasler, op. cit., pp. 138-139.

page 214

472 See above, on p. 210.

473 E.P.D., Sept. 2, 1942. Cf. Hasler, op. cit., pp. 122-125. Also see Ludwig, op. cit., p. 373: "In autumn 1942, when we had 10,000-12,000 refugees, it was declared that the lifeboat was fully occupied and the possibility of accepting refugees exhausted. At the end of the war Switzerland harboured 115,000 refugees." Cf. the reply of Federal Councillor von Steiger (Ludwig, op. cit., pp. 393-394).

page 215

474 Ludwig, op. cit., pp. 222-224.

475 Cf. Ludwig, op. cit., pp. 214-222.

page 216

476 E.P.D., Oct. 29, 1942.

477 Cf. the Report "Schweiz. Sammlung fur die Fluchtlingshilfe, Oct.-Nov. 1942 ", p.8.

478 ibid., p. 40. Cf. Hasler, op. cit., pp. 186-187. Alsosee: Ludwig, op. cit., p. 228: "The result of the collection (about Fr. 1,500,000.-) organized by the Swiss Central Office for Aid to Refugees and vigorously supported by the 'Young Church', showed that a large proportion of the Swiss people was moved by the fate of the refugees.

page 217

479 "Schweiz. Sammlung fur die Fluchtlingshilfe…", p. 31. For another statement made by Prof. Karl Bart, see Hasler, op. cit., pp. 129-130.

480 Ludwig, op. cit., pp. 228-229.

page 218

481 See above, on pp. 214 - 215.

482 Ludwig, op. cit., pp. 229-231.

483 "Bericht des Schweiz. Kirchl. Hilfskommittee fur Evang. Fluchtlinge uber das Jahr 1943", p. 1.

484 Ludwig, op. cit., pp. 245-246.

485 E.P.D., June 16, 1943. Cf. Ludwig, op. cit., p. 245.

page 219

486 Ibid., Oct. 20, 1934.

page 220

487 Ibid., Nov. 11, 1943.

488 Ludwig, op. cit., p. 268.

489 Schweizerisches Evangelisches Hilfswerk fur die Bekennende Kirche in Deutschland.

page 222

490 E.P.D., June 22, 1943.

491 The following books were published : "Judennot und Christenglaube" (Zurich, 1943); "Soll ich meines Bruders Huter sein?" (Zurich, 1944); "Aus Not und Rettung" (Edited by Paul Vogt, Zurich, 1944). Some of the brochures published were: "Das Heil kommt von den Juden" (Oktober, 1938); "Thesen zu den Nachkriegsfragen der Fluchtlingshilfe"; "Vergesst die evangelische Freiplatzaktion nicht!" (1944); "Nicht furchten ist der Harnisch" (a circular letter sent monthly to regular supporters of the Refugee Aid); "Fluchtlingshilfe als christliche Diakonie" (by Paul Vogt, 1944). Rev. Vogt also pleaded the cause of the refugees in sermons and lectures (Hasler, op. cit., pp. 150-152, 206, 227-229, 301).

492 "Freiplatzaktion".

493 "Bericht des Schweiz. Kirchl. Hilfskomitees fur Evang. Fluchtlinge uber das Jahr 1943", passim.

page 223

494 ibid., pp. 6-7.

495 E.P.D. , Oct. 18, 1944.

496 Archives World Council of Churches, Geneva (file CCJP).

497 Also see: E.P.D. , July 5 , 1944: "Service of Intercession and Mourning for the persecuted Jews in Hungary"; E.P.D. , July I2, 1944: "Circular letter of the Church Council of Thurgau"; "The Committee of the Synod of Waadtland, Declaration about the persecution of the Jews"; and E.P.D., July 19, 1944: "A Service of Intercession at Schaffhausen".

page 224

498 I.C.P.I.C., July 28, 1944. Cf. E.P.D., July 12, 1944. The Press Department of the German Foreign Office circulated a confidential report ("The Church Council of Zurich condemns the persecutions of the Jews in Hungary") dated July 10, 1944. (Randolph L.Braham, The Destruction of Hungarian Jewry, New York, 1963; 11, p. 770).

page 225

499 E.P.D. July 19, 1944.

500 Ibid.

page 226

501 Ibid., Aug. 2, 1944.

page 227

502 "The Spiritual Issues of the War", December 17, 1942, No. 163.

page 228

503 "International Christian Press and Information Service", Dec. 12, 1942, No. 44-45. Cf. "Spiritual Issues", Dec. 12, 1942, No. 162; and "The New York Times., Febr. 2, 1943.

504 "International Christian Press and Information Service" (I.C.P.I.S.)., Dec., 1942, No. 44-45; "Spiritual Issues… ", Dec. 17, 1942.

page 229

505 I.C.P.I.S., Dec., 1942, No. 44-45.

506 Ibid.

page 230

507 "Spiritual Issues…", Dec. 17, 1942. Also see: "Nordiska Roster mot
Jude-forfoljelse och Vald" (in Swedish; Documents and Commentaries,
edited by Judisk Tidskrift; Stockholm, 1943), p. 17.

508 "Dagens Nyheter", Dec. 5, 1942.
The Free Churches' Co-operation Committee represents the Missionary
Society, the Baptist Church and the Methodist Church in Sweden.

page 232

509 "Nordiska Roster", pp. 15-16.

page 233

510 Dr. Leni Yahil, Test of Democracy (Jerusalem, 1966; in Hebrew, with a summary in English), pp. 228-229.

page 234

511 I.C.P.I.S., May 1944, No. 21.

512 Cf. Eberhard Bethge, Dietrich Bonhoeffer (Muenchen, 1967), p. 415.

513 Livia Rothkirchen, The Destruction of Slovak Jewry (Jerusalem, 1961),
p. XLIX. The full text: "Ministerprasident Tiso zeigte mich soeben mit
der Bemerkung, 'was seine einzelne Leute denken', ein Schreiben des
protestantischen Erzbischofs von Uppsala an den Slovakischen
Staatsprasidenten.
Der Schreiber interveniert 'fur die armen judischen Bruder' und bittet,
da der Slovakischen Staat unter den derzeitigen Verhiltnissen keine

humane Behandlung gewahrleisten konne, den in der Slovakei konzentrierten
Juden den Uebertritt auf ein neutrales Gebiet zu ermoglichen." (Files of

the German Foreign Ministry, YW/AA-K-327, Inland 11, Geheim, 571-K-2 13007).

page 235

514 William Simpson, Jews and Christians To-day (A Study in Jewish and Christian Relationships), London, 1940.

515 Reports to the General Assembly, 1940, p. 572.

page 236

516 Reports, 1941, p. 555.

517 Reports, 1942, p. 437.

518 Minutes of the Assembly, Thursday, June 11th, 1942.

page 237

519 Ernest Hearst, The British and the Slaughter of the Jews-(I); in: The Wiener Library Bulletin, Vol. XXI, No. I , p. 32.

520 Jasper, op. cit., p. 155.

page 238

521 "The Spiritual Issues of the War" (Bulletin published by the Religious Division of the Ministry of Information, London), No. 155, Oct. 22, 1942. Cf. Freudenberg, op. cit., p. 10.

522 "The Spiritual Issues…", No. 155.

page 239

523 "The Times", Oct. 30, 1942. This and the following articles from "The Times" are taken from the "Podro-collection" (in "The Jewish Historical Archives", Hebrew University, Jerusalem).

page 240

524 Hearst, op. cit., pp. 35-36. The two Archbishops of the Church of England and twenty-four Bishops (Durham, London, Winchester and the next twenty-one in order of appointment to a diocese) are members of the House of Lords.

525 Jewish Chronicle, Dec. 11, 1942.

526 "The Life of Faith" (Weekly), Dec. 16, 1942.

page 241

527 Keesing's Contempory Archives, Dec. 12-19, 1942 , p. 5506.

page 242

528 "Spiritual Issues…", No. 164, Dec. 24, 1924.

529 "Church of England Newspaper LONDON", Jan. 29, 1943. A similar statement was issued by the Executive Council of the World Evangelical Alliance (Ibid., Febr. 5, 1943). Cf. "Jewish Chronicle", Jan. 29, 1943, p 1.

page 244

530 "Spiritual Issues…", No. 176, March 18, 1943. Cf. "The Times", March 19, 1943.

531 "The Times", Dec. 31, 1942.

page 245

532 "Spiritual Issues…", No. 166, Jan. 7, 1943.

533 "Jewish Chronicle", Jan. 8, 1943.

534 Ibid., Jan. 29, 1943, p. 5. Cf. p. 10: "Derby Demands Sanctuary for Persecuted", and: "Mayor of Huddersfield calls Protest Meeting".

535 "Jewish Chronicle", Febr. I2, 1943, pp. 1, 12.

page 248

536 Cf. Luke 10, 30-37 (the Parable of the Good Samaritan).

537 "Parliamentary Debates House of Lords", Vol. 126, No. 41, pp. 811-821.

page 249

538 Luke 17, 1.

539 Isaiah 57, 14.

540 "Parliamentary Debates House of Lords", Vol. 126, No. 41, pp. 832-841.

page 250

541 A copy of this letter is in the Archives of the World Council of Churches, Geneva.

542 "Unity in Dispersion", pp. 164-165. See for the Bermuda Conference: "The Wiener Library Bulletin", Vol. xv (1961), No. 3, pp. 44-47. Also see: Morse, op. cit., pp. 43-64; Tartakower and Grossmann, op. cit., pp. 420-428.

page 251

543 "Spiritual Issues…", No. 181, April 22, 1943.

544 Reports to the General Assembly, 1943, p. 338.

page 252

545 "The Assembly", May 1943, p. 170.

546 "Minutes of the Assembly", Thursday, June 10th, 1943.

page 253

547 "The Times", May 18, 1943.

page 254

548 "The Times", May 22, 1943.

549 Jasper, op. cit., pp. 156-157.

page 255

550 "The New York Times", Dec. 9, 1943.

551 Reports to the General Assembly, 1944, p. 384. The italics are mine.

552 "The Times", June 15, 1944.

page 256

553 "The Spiritual Issues… ", July 13, 1944. Cf. R.L. Braham, The Destruction of Hungarian Jewry (New York, 1963), 11, p. 343.

554 See p. 257.

555 Ibid.

556 Federal Council Bulletin, January, 1940.

page 258

557 Department of Information of the National Council of Churches of Christ in America. The statement was prepared by the Commission on Christian Social Action and adopted by the following action: "General Synod approves Section IV and declares its condemnation of anti-Semitism. It urges upon the members of the Church in the name of Christ to regard our Jewish brethren according to the standards of Christian ethics."

558 The New York Times, Dec. 13, 1940.

page 259

559 Federal Council Bulletin, October, 1941, p. 6.

page 260

560 Freudenberg, op. cit., p. 53.

561 Federal Council Bulletin, Febr. 1942, p. 7.

page 261

562 Dr. Riegner's letter to Dr. Visser 't Hooft, April 14, 1965 (Archives of the World Council of Churches, Geneva).

563 Federal Council Bulletin, January, 1943. The italics are mine.

page 262

564 The New York Times, Jan. 1, 1943.

565 Federal Council Bulletin, February, 1943.

page 263

566 "Unity in Dispersion", a History of the World Jewish Congress (New York, 1948), pp. 162-163. The Archbishop of Canterbury described, in his message to the meeting, the Nazi extermination of the Jews as "the most appalling horror in recorded history" (Morse, op. cit., p. 47).

page 264

567 The New York Times, March I7, 1943. Cf. Federal Council Bulletin, April, 1943, p. 15.

568 See above, on p. 247.

569 See pp. 276-277.

570 See above, on p. 250.

page 265

571 The New York Times, May 2, 1943. Also see the article "Day of Compassion Praised by Rabbis" (ibid., May 2 , 1943).

572 The New York Times, Oct. 21, 1943.

page 266

573 New York Herald Tribune, Nov. 3, 1943.

page 267

574 The New York Times, Dec. 12, 1943.

575 Ibid., Jan. 16, 1944.

576 New York Herald Tribune, Oct. 14, 1944.

page 268

577 Cf. Alfred Klausner in the monthly "American Lutheran", Febr. 1965, p. 16: …In the course of research through almost all Lutheran publications in the thirties and forties I have found no direct condemnation of the persecution of the Jews in Germany. . ."

578 In: "American Lutheran", Nov. 1964, pp. 13.

579 Charles Y. Glock and Rodney Stark, Christian Beliefs and Anti-Semitism (New York, 1966), passim.

page 269

580 See above, p.84.

581 See pp. 274-277

page 270

582 Cf. W.A. Visser 't Hoofd, in: Ruth Rouse and Stephen Charles Neill (Ed.), A History of the Ecumenical Movement 1517- 1948 (London, 1954),

p. 710 ff.

page 271

583 Archives of the World Council of Churches, Geneva. The original is in German.

page 272

584 Ibid.; the original is in French.

page 273

585 Ibid.; the original is in French. Dr. Visser 't Hooft believes that no written reply was received from the International Red Cross, but he had several discussions with Dr. Burckhardt in which the latter told him what the Red Cross had tried to do unofficially (Communication to me from Dr. Visser 't Hooft).

586 Communication to me from Dr. Visser 't Hooft. For the contacts with the "Kreisau Circle". see: G.van Roon, Neuordnung im Widerstand (Munich, 1967), pp. 142, 146, 190, 247, 302, 308-309, 312, 330-332. For the contacts with Dietrich Bonhoeffer, see: Eberhard Bethge, Dietrich Bonhoeffer (Munich, 1965), pp. 243, 291, 726, 728, 818-819, 824- 835, 848-850, 859, 861, 867, and 1004.

587 Dr. Riegner's letter to Dr. Visser 't Hooft, dated April 14, 1965 (Archives of the World Council of Churches, Geneva).

page 274

588 Dr. Riegner's letter to me, dated Nov. 6, 1967.

589 Dr. Riegner to Dr. Visser 't Hooft, April 14, 1965. Cf. Arthur D. Morse, While Six Million Died (London, 1968), pp. 3-22.

page 275

590 Archives WCC, Geneva. Marginal note: "Date? Probably March, 1943".

591 Archives WCC, Geneva.
The contents of the telegram sent by Dr. Riegner to Mr. Silverman were as
follows: "Most anxious about destiny Hungarian Jewry the only important
section European Jewry still in existence because of recent political
developments stop suggesting world wide appeal of Anglo-Saxon personalities
non-Jewish and Jewish including chiefs of Protestant Catholic Churches
to Hungarian people warning them not to admit application of policy of
extermination of Jews by German butchers or Hungarian quislings and to
help Jews by all possible means in order to prevent their falling into
hands of Germans stop warning should insist upon fact that attitude
Hungarian people towards Jews will be one of the most important tests
of behaviour which Allied Nations will remember in peace settlement after
war stop similar broadcasts should be made every night in Hungarian
language during the next weeks. Geneva, March 21, 1944." (Archives wcc,
Geneva).

page 276

592 For the results - or rather: the lack of results - of the Bermuda Conference, see above, p. 250.

page 277

593 Archives WCC, Geneva.

page 278

594 Cf. "Conversation entre le Dr. Visser 't Hooft, le Dr. Freudenberg et le Dr. Barot, concernant les activitCs Cimade-wcc pendant la guerre" (Geneva, December 14, 1965; mimeographed; in French).

595 Dr. Hans Fraenkel, Die Kirche im Krieg (unpublished manuscript; archives WCC, Geneva), p. 186.

596 Dr. Visser 't Hooft in "Conversation…" (see above, note 1).

page 279

597 Report on Ecumenical Refugee Work since 1939 (Archives WCC, Geneva),
p. 2. Cf. above, on p. 150.

598 OEKUMENISCHER AUSSCHUSS FUR FLUCHTLINGSHILFE, Jahresbericht 1942
(Archives WCC, Geneva), p. 5.

599 Cf. Herbert Ford, Flee the Captor (The Story of the Dutch-Paris Underground and its compassionate leader John Henry Weidner), Nashville, 1966. For the part played by Dr. Visser 't Hooft, see: pp. 79, 85, 95, 97, 199-201, 208, 225 , 227, 277, 279, 340 and 349.

page 280

600 "Rapport van de Commissie van Onderzoek inzake het verstrekken van pakketten door het Rode Kruis en andere instanties aan Nederlandse politieke gevangenen in het buitenland gedurende de bezettingstijd alsmede inzake het evacueren van Nederlandse gevangenen kort voor en na het einde van de oorlog" (Den Haag, 1947; in Dutch), p. 111.

601 Ibid., p.112.

602 Ibid., p.114-115.

page 281

603 I.C.P.I.S. (Intern. Christian Press and Information Service), Geneva, No. 26, June 1944.. The statement was also published in "Jewish News", London, July 18, 1944, p. 224; and in "Basler Nachrichten", June 29, 1944.

page 282

604 Cf. Karl Stadler, Das einsame Gewissen (Vienna, 1966; in german), pp. 262-263. See for the persecutions in Austria: Herbert Rosenkranz, "The Anschluss and the Tragedy of Austrian Jewry 1938-1945"; (in: Josef Fraenkel (Ed.), The Jews of Austria (London, 1967), pp. 479-546.

605 Reformiertes Kirchenblatt fur Osterreich, March, 1966, p. 4.

page 283

606 Cf. Betty Garfinkels, Les Belges face a la persecution raciale 1940-1944
(Bruxelles, 1965; in French), pp. 74-75, 100. Also see: Fernand Barth,
Presence de l'Eglise (La Belgique sous l'occupation), Geneva, pp. 82, 89.

page 284

607 Cf. the "Jewish Telegraphic Agency" (Zurich, July I, 1942): "A systematic campaign against the Christian Churches, attacking them for their attitude towards the Jews, has been launched in the Czech Protectorate by the 'Aryan Society', according to the Prague newspaper 'Ceske Slovo'. It is serious, the paper declares, that the clergy of all churches mostly keeps silent about the Jews. The reason why the greater part of the clergy are not opposed to the Jews is that there exist personal and dogmatic ritual relations between the Church and Jewry. The Christian faith, the paper demands, must be purged of its Jewish ingredients. Baptisms of Jews must be declared invalid and the Old Testament must be purged of everything smuggled into it by Rabbi interpreters."

608 Archives of the World Council of Churches, Geneva. The statement was dated Dec. 7, 1945.

page 285

609 Tenenbaum, op. cit., p. 339.

610 The "Polish-Catholic Church" does not accept the authority of Rome; it is a member of the World Council of Churches.

page 286

611 Cf. Philips Friedman, Ukranian-Jewish Relations during the Nazi Occupation (in: Yivo Annual of Jewish Social Science, New York, 1958/1959, Vol. XII, pp. 290-294); also see: Philips Friedman, Their Brothers keepers, pp.133-136.

612 Robinson, op. cit., p. 292.

613 The Rev. Esko Rintala, Secretary of the Archbishop of Finland, in his letter to me dated Febr. 21, 1966.

614 Some literature: Giovanni Miegge, L'Eglise sous le joug fasciste (Geneva, 1946; in French). Einaudi (Ed.), Lettere do condanati a morte della Resistenza Italiana (Torino, 1952; in Italian); Prearo, Terra Ribelle (Torino, 1948; in Italian); Borgna, La Resistenza nel Pinerolese (Pinerolo, 1965; in Italian).

page 287

615 Friedman mentions that, according to Jewish survivors, Ukrainian priests both rescued and helped Jews. Ukrainian Baptists in Volhynia helped the Jews and in part also concealed them. Cf. Philip Friedman, Ukrainian- Jewish Relations During the Nazi Occupation (in: Yivo Annual of Jewish Social Science, Vol. XII, p. 294).

page 289

616 W.A. Visser 't Hooft, The Ecumenical Movement and the Racial Problem, p. 40.

617 Ethics of the Fathers, 11, 5.

618 Leuner, op. cit., p. 16.

Footnotes Appendix I ——————————

page 292

619 "The Relationship of the Church to the Jewish People" (Geneva, 1964;
mimeographed); pp. 48-52; Cf. Heydenrich, op. cit., pp. 248-254.

620 Heydenreich, op. cit., pp. 256-257. Cf. the comment of Rev. Niemoeller
(Ibid., pp. 257-258).

page 293

621 Frank-Wilkens, Ordnungen und Kundgebungen der Vereinigten Evangelisch- Lutherischen Kirche Deutschlands (Berlin/Hamburg, 1966; second imprint), p. 203.

622 Heydenreich, op. cit., pp. 261-262. Prof. D. Gollwitzer criticized this statement as being far too weak (ibid., pp. 262-264).

623 Heydenreich, op. cit., pp. 264-265.

page 294

624 "The Relationship of the Church to the Jewish People", pp. 73-76. Also see: "Wiener Library Bulletin", xv, 1961, No. 3, p. 45.

page 295

625 "Wiener Library Bulletin", XVII, 1963, No. 3, p. 39.

626 "The Relationship of the Church to the Jewish People", pp. 78- 79.

page 296

627 Quarterly Newsletter from the World Council of Churches' Committee on
the Church and the Jewish People, March 1967, p. 17.

628 The Interpreter (published by the London Diocesan Council for Christian-
Jewish Understanding), August, 1964, p. 2.

page 297

629 "Reports to the General Assembly", 1945, p. 389.

630 "Reports", 1947, p. 448.

631 "Reports", 1953, p. 463.

632 "Reports", 1957, p. 528. 633 "Reports", 1962, p. 544.

page 298

634 "The Relationship of the Church to the Jewish People," p. 87.

page 299

635 W.A. Visser 't Hooft (Ed.), The First Assembly of the World Council of Churches (London, 1949), pp. 160-166.

636 W.A. Visser ?t Hooft (Ed.), The Third Assembly of the World Council of Churches (Second Impression; London, 1962), p. 148. Cf. the interesting discussion which preceded the adoption of the resolution (pp. 148-150).

page 300

637 "The Relationship of the Church to the Jewish People", pp. 83-84. The total membership of the Churches affiliated to the Lutheran World Federation is 52,762,379.

page 301

638 "Reports and Recommendations of the International Conference of Christians and Jews, Seelisberg, 1947" (Published by the Intern. Council of Christians and Jews), pp. 14-16. In February, 1961, the "International Consultative Committee of Organisations for Christian-Jewish Co-operation" was established. For the history of the "International Council of Christians and Jews" see Rev. W.W. Simpson, Co-operation between Christians and Jews, Its Possibilities and Limitations; in: Gote Hedenquist (Ed.), The Church and the Jewish People (London, 1954), pp. 117-142.

page 302

639 The following publications were consulted:
"The World Alliance of Reformed Churches" (Published by The World
Presbyterian Alliance, Geneva, 1964); "Lutheran Directory", Supplement
1966 (Published by the Lutheran World Federation, Geneva);
J. Grundler, Lexikon der Christlichen Kirchen und Sekten (Vienna, 1961;
in German), Vol. 11;
Guy Mayfield, The Church of England (Oxford, 1958);
Stephen Neill, Anglicanism (London, 1958);
Timothy Ware, The Orthodox Church (Pelican Books, 1963);
J. Meyendorff, The Orthodox Church (London, 1962);
Ruth Rouse and Stephen Charles Neill (Ed.), A History of the Ecumenical
Movement 1517-1948 (London, 1954);
Figures about the Churches in the United States were received from the
Department of Information of the National Council of Churches of Christ
in the U.S.A.

***** End of footnotes ******

GJS, dec 2004