STATISTICS FOR YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1884.
| Whale Fisheries | $1,517,353 | Breadstuffs exported | $162,544,715 |
| Other Fisheries | 4,731,043 | Cotton and manuf. of, | |
| Total | $6,248,396 | exported | 208,900,415 |
| Coal, exported | 5,031,959 | ||
| Total value of dutiable merchandise imported | $457,813,509 | ||
| Total value merchandise imported free from duty | 209,884,184 | ||
| IMPORTS. | EXPORTS. | |
| Merchandise | $667,697,693 | $740,513,609 |
| Coin and Bullion | 37,426,262 | 67,133,383 |
| DOMESTIC EXPORTS. | FOREIGN EXPORTS. | |
| Merchandise | $724,964,852 | $15,548,757 |
| Coin and Bullion | 50,225,635 | 16,907,748 |
Commerce of Pacific Coast.
| IMPORTS. | EXPORTS. | ||
| Europe | $5,156,311 | $31,225,433 | |
| Asia, Australasia and Oceanica | 18,766,855 | 4,166,516 | |
| Hawaiian Islands | 7,925,925 | 3,109,697 | |
| Mexico, Central and South America | 2,738,444 | 3,321,938 | |
| British Columbia | 1,283,931 | 2,502,954 | |
| All other | 1,308,064 | 2,059,746 | |
| Totals | $37,179,530 | $46,386,284 | |
| —— | |||
| Total value of products of industry | $10,000,000,000 | ||
| Average annual coal production | 77,908,874 tons. | ||
| Average annual value exports domestic merchandise | $794,060,103 | ||
| Average annual value imports domestic merchandise | 635,227,511 | ||
| Average annual value exports of cotton | 12,322,428 | ||
| Average annual value imports cotton manufactures | 32,285,660 | ||
| MAINE. | Mān. "Pine Tree State." |
Settled by the English at Bristol, 1624; admitted 1820.
Area, 33,040 square miles; extreme length, 300 miles; extreme breadth, 210 miles; shore line over 2,400 miles, including islands; the Penobscot, Androscoggin, Saco, St. Croix, Aroostook and St. John are the most important streams. Number counties, 16.
Temperature of Portland: winter, 23° to 38°; summer, 63° to 69°. Rainfall at Brunswick, 45 inches.
Portland, the metropolis and principal seaport; pop., 31,413. Augusta, the capital; pop., 8,665. Bangor, a port of entry and lumber centre; pop., 16,856. Biddeford, an important manufacturing town; pop, 12,651. Lewiston, principal seat cotton manufactures; pop., 19,083.
Number farms, 64,309; average value per acre, cleared land, $12.87; woodland, $12.66. Hay the most valuable crop, yielding l,214,033 tons in 1883; corn crop, 1884, 1,062,000 bu.: wheat, 629,400 bu.; oats, 2,428,000 bu.; latest reported dairy products, 3,720,783 gallons milk, 14,109,966 lbs. butter and 1,945,095 lbs. cheese.
Lumbering one of chief industries, forests covering over 10,000,000 acres; number saw-mills, 848; total products, $7,933,868.
Fisheries give employment to 11,071 persons, and produce an income of $3,614,178, including oyster fisheries, valued at $37,500.
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Valuable slate quarries from the Kennebec to the Penobscot; granite is obtained in blocks of immense size; latest reported product, 2,203,670 cubic feet; value, $1,175,286. Ranks fifth in buckwheat and copper; eighth in hops and potatoes.
The State has 379 shipbuilding establishments; number new vessels built, 88; boats, 970; total value, $2,909,846.
Pop., 648,936: male, 324,058; female, 324,878; native, 590,053; foreign, 58,883; white, 646,852; colored, 1,451; Chinese, 8; Indians, 625.
State elections, second Monday in September; congressional and presidential, Tuesday after first Monday in November; number Senators, 31; Representatives, 151; sessions biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting first Wednesday in January; limit of session, none; terms of Senators and Representatives, 2 years each.
Number electoral votes, 6; number voters, 187,323; paupers and Indians not taxed excluded from voting.
Number colleges, 3; system of common, high and normal schools excellent; of 519,669 persons 10 years old and upward, 3.5 per cent. are unable to read; school age, 4-21.
Legal interest rate, 6; by contract, any rate.
| NEW HAMPSHIRE. | Nū Hamp´shir. "Granite State." |
One of the thirteen original States; settled by English Puritans at Dover and Portsmouth, 1623.
Area, 9,335 square miles; length, 180 miles; average breadth, 45 miles; seacoast, 18 miles; best harbor at Portsmouth. Number counties, 10.
Average temperature at Concord, 46°; Hanover,43°; Manchester, 49°; Portsmouth, 46°. Rainfall at Hanover, 40 inches.
Manchester, chief city and manufacturing town, pop., 32,630. Pop. Nashua, 13,397; Concord, 13,843; Dover, 11,687; Portsmouth, 9690
Number farms, 32,181; average value per acre, cleared land, $15; woodland, $32. Hay the most valuable crop, yielding nearly 600,000 tons by last report; corn crop, 1884, 1,286,000 bu., 33 bu. to the acre; wheat, 170,700 bu., 14.6 bu. to the acre; oats, 993,000 bu., 32.4 bu. to the acre.
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Ranks third in manufacture of cotton goods, value, $18,228,573; value woolen goods, $8,113,839; worsted goods, $2,694,232; sawed lumber, $3,842,012; leather, $4,477,350; paper, $1,731,170; boots and shoes, $7,230,804; flouring and grist mill products, $2,542,784; hosiery and knit goods, $2,362,779.
Mica is quarried at Grafton, and is very valuable; soapstone is found at Haverhill, Keene and Francestown; granite of fine quality is quarried at Plymouth, Troy, Roxbury, Concord and elsewhere.
Population, 346,991: male, 170,526; female, 176,465; native, 300,697; foreign, 46,294; white, 346,229; colored, 685; Chinese, 14; Indians, 63.
State, congressional and presidential elections, Tuesday after first Monday in November; number Senators, 24; Representatives, 321; sessions of legislature biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting first Wednesday in June; limit of session, none; terms of Senators and Representatives, 2 years each.
Number electoral votes, 4; number voters, 105,138. Paupers are excluded from voting.
Dartmouth College, at Hanover, founded 1769; compulsory education law; common schools excellent; school age, 5-15.
Mount Washington, highest point east of the Mississippi excepting two or three peaks in North Carolina; a three-mile railroad extends to the summit.
No asylum for deaf, dumb or blind.
Legal interest, 6; usury forfeits thrice the excess.
| VERMONT. | Ver-mont´. "Green Mountain State." |
First settled by Massachusetts emigrants near Brattleboro, 1724; admitted 1791,—the first State to join the original thirteen.
Area, 9,565 square miles, a little larger than New Hampshire; length, 150 miles; breadth, 35 to 50 miles. Lake Champlain frontage, over 100 miles; Burlington the chief harbor. Number counties, 14.
Temperature at Burlington: winter, 18° to 33°; summer, 66° to 71°; rainfall, 34 inches. Death rate, only 1.07 per cent. per annum.
Burlington, seat of Vermont lumber trade; pop., 11,365. Montpelier, capital. Rutland, famous for its marble works; pop., 12,149. Pop. of Bennington, 6,333; of Saint Albans, 7,193.
First railroad, 1849, from Bellows Falls to Burlington by way of Rutland; present mileage, 937.
Number farms, 35,522. Average value per acre, cleared land, $15.28; woodland, $17.73. Corn crop, 1884, 1,998,700 bushels; wheat, 364,500 bushels; oats, 3,625,000 bushels. Latest report for hay, 1,148,100 tons; potatoes, 4,708,550 bushels; cheese, 6,121,130 lbs.; butter, 25,245,826 lbs.
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Mineral wealth of great value; manganese, copper pyrites, iron ore, and gold deposits have been found. Black, white, red and variegated marbles are abundant; annual value marble, over $3,000,000, and of slate, about $1,000,000.
Number different industries, 2,874, giving employment to 17,540 persons. Number butter and cheese establishments, 85; flour and grist, 227; furniture, 56; leather tanning, 53; lumber sawing, 688; marble and stone work, 69; wares of tin, sheet-iron and copper, 95.
Ranks fourth in copper, and seventh in hops and buckwheat.
Population: 332,286; male, 166,887; female, 165,399; native, 291,327; foreign, 40,959; white, 331,218; colored, 1,057: Indians, 11.
State elections biennial, first Tuesday in September; congressional and presidential, Tuesday after first Monday in November; number Senators, 30; Representatives, 240; sessions of legislature biennial, in even-numbered years, meeting first Wednesday in October; limit of session, none; terms or Senators and Representatives, 2 years each.
Number electoral votes, 4; number voters, 95,621. Bribers excluded from voting.
Number colleges, 2; school population, 99,463: school age, 5-20.
Legal interest rate, 6; usury forfeits excess of interest.
| MASSACHUSETTS. | Măs-sa-chū´sets. "Old Bay State." |
One of the thirteen original States; first permanent settlement made by English Puritans, at Plymouth, 1620.
Area, 8,315 square miles; length, northeast and southwest, 160 miles; breadth, 47 to 100 miles. Number counties, 14.
Temperature at Boston: winter, 27° to 38°; summer, 66° to 71°; rainfall, 45 inches.
Boston, capital and metropolis; pop., 390,406. Lowell, Lawrence and Fall River famous for cotton manufactures; pops., 64,051, 38,845 and 56,863. Worcester, great railroad and manufacturing centre; pop., 68,383. Cambridge, seat of Harvard College, the oldest in America, pop., 59,660. Lynn, famous for manufacture of boots and shoes; pop., 45,861. New Bedford, greatest whaling port in the world; pop., 33,393. Springfield contains greatest arsenal in the United States; pop., 37,577.
Number of farms, 38,406; average value per acre, cleared land, $85; woodland, $43.25. Hay, the most valuable crop; wheat, 1884, 19,000 bushels; oats, 717,000; corn, 1,941,300 bu. Ranks first in cotton, woolen and worsted goods, and in cod and mackerel fisheries, owning over half of the fishing vessels of the United States; second in wealth and commerce; third in manufactures and in printing and publishing; fourth in silk goods; fifth in soap; sixth in iron and steel; ninth in agricultural implements.
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Population 1,941,465; male, 932,429; female, 1,009,036; native, 1,459,982; foreign, 481,483; white, 1,920,498; colored, 20,361; Chinese, 229; Japanese, 8; Indians, 369.
State, congressional and presidential elections, Tuesday after first Monday in November. Number Senators, 40; Representatives, 240; sessions annual, meeting first Wednesday in January; limit of session, none; terms of Senators and Representatives, one year each. Number electoral votes, 14; number voters, 544,192; native white, 353,347; foreign white, 184,439; colored, 6,406; Paupers, persons under guardians, non-taxpayers, and men unable to read and write excluded from voting.
Number quarries, 113; ports of entry, 9; customs districts, 11. First American newspaper, Boston, 1690; first freight railroad in United States, Quincy; first American library at Harvard College.
Number colleges, 7; education compulsory; schools excellent; school age, 5-15.
Legal interest rate, 6; by contract, any rate.
| RHODE ISLAND. | Rōd I´land. "Little Rhody." |
One of the thirteen original States and smallest in the Union; supposed temporary settlement by Icelanders as early as 1000; settled by Roger Williams at Providence, 1636; last of the thirteen colonies to ratify the Constitution, which it did in 1790.
Area, 1,250 square miles; extreme length, north and south, 47 miles; extreme width, 40 miles. Good harbors at Providence, Bristol, Warren and Newport, the latter one of the finest in the world. Number counties, 5.
Temperature at Newport: Winter, 29° to 43°; summer, 64° to 71°: rainfall, 43 inches.
United States customs districts at Newport, Providence, Bristol and Warren; two capitals, Providence and Newport; populations, 117,628 and 19,552. Population of Lincoln, 17,269; of Pawtucket, 22,894; of Warwick, 13,284; of Woonsocket, 16,145.
Number farms, 6,216. Hay the most valuable crop; yield of 1883, 81,708 tons; potato crop, 845,185 bushels; corn crop, 1884, 890,000 bushels; oats, 161,000 bushels. Latest reported dairy products: milk, 3,831,706 gallons; butter, 1,007,103 lbs.; cheese, 67,171 lbs.
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Outranks, in proportion to its size, all other States in value of manufactures. Number looms, 30,274; spindles, 1,649,295, using 161,694 bales of cotton, and giving employment to 22,228 persons. Ranks second in cotton, flax and linen goods.
Value of cotton goods manufactured, $24,609,461; woolen goods, $15,410,450; worsted goods, $6,177,754; boots and shoes, rubber, $1,455,420; dyeing and finishing textiles, $6,874,254; foundry and machine-shop products, $6,281,707; jewelry, $5,650,133.
Population. 303,816; male, 146,135; female, 157,681; native, 222,697; foreign, 81,119; white, 296,585; colored, 7,127; Chinese, 27; Indians, 77.
State elections, first Wednesday in April; congressional, and presidential, Tuesday after first Monday in November; number Senators, 36; Representatives, 72; sessions annual; meeting last Tuesday in May, at Newport, and an adjourned session annually at Providence; limit of session, none; terms of Senators and Representatives, 1 year each.
Number electoral votes, 4; number voters, 84,460; persons without property to the value of $134 excluded from voting.
Number colleges. 1; Brown's University, at Providence, founded 1764; common school system excellent; school age, 5-15.
Legal interest rate, 6; by contract, any rate.
| CONNECTICUT | Kon-net´e-kut. "Nutmeg State." |
Name of Indian origin, signifying Long River.
One of the thirteen original States; first permanent settlement made by English at Hartford, 1635.
Area, 4,990 square miles; average length, 86 miles; average breadth, 55 miles; seacoast, over 100 miles. Principal river valleys: Thames, Connecticut and Housatonic. Most important harbors: Bridgeport, New Haven, New London, Saybrook and Stonington. Number counties, 8.
Temperature at New Haven: winter, 27° to 40°; summer, 68° to 74°: rainfall, 44 inches.
Hartford the capital, and noted for banking and insurance business; population, 42,015. New Haven, "City of Elms," the metropolis, and noted for educational institutions; population, 62,882. Bridgeport, noted for manufacture of fire-arms and sewing machines; population, 27,343. Waterbury, an important manufacturing city; population, 17,806. Fairfield, Middletown, New Haven, New London and Stonington are ports of entry.
Number farms, 30,598. Average value per acre, cleared land, $29; woodland, $24.50. Corn crop of 1884, 1,767,790 bu.; wheat, 86,200 bu.; oats, 1,112,000 bu. Latest reported dairy products: milk, 12,289,893 gals.; butter, 8,292,360 lbs.; cheese, 1,028,015 lbs.
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Number different industries, 4,488. Capital invested in manufacture: rubber goods, $1,681,600; carpets, other than rag, $3,085,000; clocks, $1,816,400; cotton goods, $21,104,200; woolen goods, $7,907,452; sewing machines and attachments, $6,490,650.
Ranks first in clocks, third in silk goods, fourth in cotton goods, eighth in tobacco.
Population, 622,700: male, 305,782; female, 316,918; native, 492,708; foreign, 129,992; white, 610,769; colored, 11,547; Chinese, 123; Japanese, 6; Indians, 255.
State elections, annual, at same date as congressional and presidential; number Senators, 21; Representatives, 249; meeting of legislature, Wednesday after first Monday in January; limit, none; term of Senators, 2 years; of Representatives, 1 year.
Number electoral votes, 6; number voters, 177,291. Convicts and those unable to read are excluded from voting.
Number colleges, 3, having about 160,000 volumes in libraries; Yale College, at New Haven, founded, 1701. School age, 4-16.
Legal interest rate, 6; no penalty for usury, but more than 6 per cent. can not be collected by law.
NEW YORK."Empire or Excelsior State."
One of the thirteen original States; named in honor of the Duke of York to whom the patent was granted; first settled by Dutch, on Manhattan Island, 1614.
Area, 49,170 square miles; extreme length, east and west, 412 miles; extreme breadth, 311 miles; two-thirds of boundaries formed by navigable rivers; total water frontage, 880 miles. Number counties, 60. Temperature at Albany: winter, 22° to 36°; summer, 67° to 73°. Rainfall at Buffalo, 34 inches, and at Penn Yan, 28 inches.
New York City, chief commercial point of United States, ranking 1st in exports and imports; pop., 1,206,299,—greater by nearly three-fifths than that of the Territories. Brooklyn is 2d in size; pop. 566,663. Buffalo, "Queen City of the Lakes," is, next to Chicago, most important shipping point for grain on the lakes; pop., 155,134. Rochester, noted for manufactures and extensive nurseries; pop., 89,366. Syracuse has extensive salt works; pop., 51,792. Albany, the capital; pop., 90,758; customs districts, 10.
First railroad, from Albany to Schenectady, 1831; present railroad mileage, 7,349; artificial waterways, 907 miles.
Number farms, 241,058; average value per acre, cleared land, $58.48; woodland, $40.88
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Corn crop, 1884, 22,674,300 bu.; wheat, 12,729,000 bu. Latest reported dairy products: milk, 231,965,533 gallons; butter, 116,119,847 lbs.; cheese, 117,085,442 lbs. Ranks first in value of manufactures, soap, printing and publishing, hops, hay, potatoes, buckwheat and milch cows; second in salt, silk goods, malt and distilled liquors, miles railway and barley; third in agricultural implements, iron ore, iron and steel, oats and rye.
Population, 5,082,871: male, 2,505,322; female, 2,577,549; native, 3,871,492; foreign, 1,211,379; white, 5,016,022; colored, 65,104; Chinese, 909; Indians, 819. Governor and State officers elected quadrennially, and legislature every two years; State, congressional and presidential elections, Tuesday after first Monday in November; number Senators, 32; Representatives, 128; sessions of legislature annual, meeting first Tuesday in January; limit of session, none; term of Senators, 2 years; of Representatives, 1 year.
Number electoral votes, 36; number voters, 1,408,751; native white, 852,094; foreign white, 536,598. Election betters or bribers, and convicts, excluded from voting.
Number of colleges, 28; school pop., 1,681,101; school age, 5-21.
Legal interest rate, 6; usury forfeits principal and interest.
| NEW JERSEY. | Jer´zee. "Jersey Blue." |
Named in honor of a grantee, Sir George Carteret, at one time Governor of the Island of Jersey. One of the thirteen original States, settled by Dutch, at Bergen, 1620. Area, 7,815 square miles; extreme length, 157 mls.; breadth, 37 to 70 mls.; frontage on Atlantic and Delaware Bay, about 120 miles each. Number counties, 21.
Temperature at Atlantic City: winter, 32° to 42°; summer, 66° to 73°. Rainfall at Newark, 45 inches.
Newark, Perth Amboy, Great Egg Harbor, Tuckerton, Bridgeton and Lumberton are ports of entry. Newark, metropolis; population, 152,988. Jersey City, a suburb of New York; population, 153,513. Trenton, capital; pop. 34,386. Paterson, manufacturing city; pop., 63,273. Extensive zinc works at Newark and Jersey City. Pop. Elizabeth, 32,119; Hoboken, 37,721; Camden, 52,884.
Number farms, 34,307. Average value per acre, cleared land, $82.52; woodland, $56.82. Number engaged in agriculture, 59,214.
Hay the most valuable crop; potato yield, 1883, 4,275,857 bu.; wheat, 1884, 2,022,000 bu.; corn 10,992,032 bu.; cranberry growing a specialty, Burlington, Ocean and Atlantic counties being especially adapted to this industry. Central region a vast market garden.
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Latest reports give, for cotton used, 20,569 bales; 108 factories for silk and silk goods, and number hands employed, 12,549; 2,234 hands employed in jewelry factories; number of flour and grist mills, 481; brick and tile factories, 107.
Latest figures received for iron ore, 757,372; value sea fisheries, $1,115,154; oysters sold, $2,080,625; marl dug in 1882, 1,080,000 tons.
Ranks first in fertilizing marl, zinc and silk goods; fourth in iron ore; fifth in iron and steel; sixth in buckwheat and soap; seventh in rye.
Population, 1,131,116: male, 559,922; female, 571,194; native, 909,416; foreign, 221,700: white, 1,092,017; colored, 38,853; Chinese, 172; Indians, 74.
State elections annual; same date as congressional and presidential; number of Senators 21, of Representatives, 60; meeting of legislature, 2d Tuesday in January; limit of session, none; term of Senators, 3 years; of Representatives, 1 year. Number electoral votes, 9; number voters, 300,635. Paupers, idiots, insane and convicts excluded from voting.
Number colleges, 4; number enrolled in public schools, 209,526; school age, 5-18.
Legal interest rate, 6; usury forfeits entire interest.
| PENNSYLVANIA. | Pen-sil-va´ne-ah. "Keystone State." |
Named in honor of William Penn, the grantee. One of the thirteen original States. First permanent settlement made by Swedes at Chester, 1638.
Area, 45,215 square miles; extreme length, 303 miles; greatest breadth, 176 miles. Largest rivers, Delaware, Susquehanna, Alleghany Monongahela, Ohio. Number counties, 67. Temp. at Philadelphia: winter, 31° to 42°; summer, 70° to 75°: rainfall, 44 in.
Philadelphia founded 1682; chief city of State, and second in U. S.; contains U. S. mint and navy yard; pop., 846,984. Pittsburg, extensive manufacturing city; pop., 156,389. Harrisburg is capital; pop., 30,762. Philadelphia, Pittsburg and Erie are ports of entry.
Number farms, 156,357, averaging about 100 acres each. Average value per acre, cleared land, $45.75; woodland, $29.75. Corn crop, 1884, 43,466,000 bushels; wheat, 20,820,000 bushels; annual value butter, milk and cheese, over $35,000,000.
Manufacture of pig iron the great industry; total production in U. S., 1880, 4,295,414 tons, of which Penn. produced 2,083,121 tons. Number manufacturing establishments, 10,381; flour and grist, 2,873; iron and steel, 321; sawed lumber, 2,826; paper, 78; woolen goods, 324.
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Anthracite coal field central division; bituminous in west and southwest. Produces all the anthracite and more than half the bituminous coal of the United States.
Ranks first in rye, iron and steel, petroleum and coal; second in buckwheat, potatoes and printing and publishing; third in milch cows, hay, soap and miles railway; fourth in oats and tobacco; fifth in silk goods, malt and distilled liquors; sixth in salt, copper, and agricultural implements; eighth in horses and sheep.
Population, 4,282,891: male, 2,136,655; female, 2,146,236; native, 3,695,062; foreign, 587,829; white, 4,197,016; colored, 85,535; Chinese, 148; Japanese, 8; Indians, 184.
State elections annual, same date as congressional and presidential; number Senators, 50; of Representatives, 201; sessions biennial, meeting first Tuesday in January; limit of session, 150 days; term of Senators, 4 years; of Representatives, 2 years. Number electoral votes, 30; number voters, 1,094,284. Non-taxpayers and political bribers excluded from voting.
Number colleges, 26; enrolled in public schools, 945,345; school age, 6-21.
Legal interest rate, 6; usury forfeits excess of interest.
| DELAWARE. | Del´a-war. "The Diamond State." |
One of the thirteen original States; named in honor of Lord Delaware, Governor of Virginia, who entered the bay, 1610. First permanent settlement made by Swedes, near present city of Wilmington, 1638. First to ratify Federal constitution, 1787.
Area, 2,050 square miles; extreme length, 96 miles; breadth, about 36 miles on south, and 10 miles on north. Number counties, 8. Temperature at Delaware breakwater: winter, 30° to 38°; summer, 69° to 74°: rainfall, about 50 inches.
Wilmington, metropolis, and has important coasting trade; population, 42,478. Dover is capital. Breakwater protecting Delaware Bay at Cape Henlopen greatest work of its kind in America, cost the United States $2,127,400, and was over 40 years in course of construction.
Number farms, 6,658, of which 5,041 are occupied by owners. Average value per acre, cleared land, $19; woodland, $15.
Corn crop of 1884, 3,975,000 bushels; wheat, 1,007,000 bushels; peaches, berries and garden products find ready market. Value peach crop, over $1,500,000 annually. The growing of sweet potatoes a valuable industry.
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Number different industries, 746; flour and grist mills, 81; canning and preserving, 33; shipbuilding, 18; lumber sawing, 86.
Canning and preserving fruits and vegetables an important industry; capital invested, $396,379; value of products, $634,940.
Capital invested in fisheries, $268,231; persons employed, 1,979. Value products general fisheries, $309,029: menhaden, $941; oysters, $687,725: total, $997,695.
Value manufactured cotton goods, $1,057,257; iron and steel, $2,347,177; iron pipe, wrought, $2,000,000; leather, dressed skins, $1,886,597; shipbuilding, $2,162,503. Products of all manufacturing and mechanical industries, $20,514,438.
Pop., 146,608: male, 74,108; female, 72,500; native, 137,140; foreign, 9,468; white, 120,166; colored, 26,442; slaves, 1860, 1,798.
State, congressional and presidential elections, Tuesday after first Monday in November; number Senators, 9; Representatives, 21; sessions of legislature biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting first Tuesday in January; limit of session, 21 days; term of Senators, 4 years; of Representatives, 2 years. Number electoral votes, 3; number voters, 38,298. Idiots, insane, paupers and criminals excluded from voting.
Colleges at Newark and Wilmington; school age: 6-21.
Legal interest rate, 6; usury forfeits the principal.
MARYLAND.Mā´re-land.
One of the thirteen original States; named in honor of Maria, wife of Charles II., King of England; first permanent settlement made by English Roman Catholics at St. Mary's, 1634.
Area, 12,210 square miles; greatest length, east and west, 196 miles; seacoast, 83 miles, or, including the tidewater region of Chesapeake Bay, 411 miles, and, with shores of islands, 509 miles. Number counties, 23. Temperature at Baltimore: winter, 33° to 41°; summer, 73° to 79°; rainfall, 41 inches.
Baltimore, the metropolis; laid out 1730; port of entry and commercial centre; has regular lines European steamers; pop., 332,313. Annapolis, capital; contains United States Naval Academy; pop. 5,744. Cumberland, depot of western mining region; pop., 10,693.
Number farms, 1860, 25,494; 1880, 40,517. Average value per acre cleared land, $24.65; woodland, $35.50.
Value principal orchard products,—peaches, pears, plums and apples,—nearly $2,000,000; canned and preserved fruits and vegetables, over $2,000,000; oyster fisheries, nearly $5,000,000.
Wheat crop, 1884, 8,260,000 bu.; corn, 15,237,000 bu.; oats, 1,980,000 bu.; buckwheat, 1883, 117,800 bu.; tobacco, 31,570,793 lbs.
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Number manufacturing establishments, 6,787; capital invested $58,742,384; hands employed, 74,945; bales cotton used, 46,947; pig iron produced, 61,437 tons; flour and grist mills, 546; tons coal mined, 2,227,844.
Ranks fourth in coal, seventh in tobacco, eighth in copper, ninth in iron ore. Copper is found in Frederick and Carroll counties; iron ore, in Alleghany, Anne Arundel, Carroll, Baltimore, Frederick and Prince George's counties.
Population, 934,943: male, 462,187; female, 472,756; native, 852,137; foreign, 82,806 white, 724,693; colored, 210,230; Chinese, 5; Indians, 15. Slaves, 1860, 87,189.
State, congressional and presidential elections, Tuesday after first Monday in November; number Senators, 26; Representatives, 91; sessions biennial, in even-numbered years; meeting of legislature, first Wednesday in January; limit of session, 90 days; term of Senators, 4 years; of Representatives, 2 years.
Number electoral votes, 8; number voters, 232,106; native white, 144,586; foreign white, 38,936; colored, 48,584. Insane, convicts and bribers excluded from voting.
Number colleges, 11; school population, 319,201; school age, 5-20.
Legal interest rate, 6; usury forfeits excess of interest.
| VIRGINIA. | Ver-jin´e-ah. "Old Dominion." |
Named in honor of Elizabeth, the Virgin Queen. One of the thirteen original States. Settled by English at Jamestown, 1607. Slavery introduced 1619. Seceded May, 1861; re-admitted Jan., 1870.
Area, 42,450 square miles; greatest length, east and west, 440 miles; greatest breadth, 190 miles. Coast line, about 120 miles, or tidal frontage, 1,500 miles. Number counties, 100. Temperature at Norfolk: winter, 40° to 48°; summer, 75° to 80°. Rainfall at White Sulphur Spring, 38 inches.
Richmond, capital and metropolis; pop., 63,600. Pop. of Norfolk 21,966; of Petersburg, 21,656. Hampton Roads is one of the best harbors on Atlantic coast. Seven ports of entry.
Number farms, 118,517; 51 per cent. of laborers are engaged in agriculture. Average value per acre, cleared lands, $9.42; woodland, $7.48.
Marble quarried on Potomac. Number sandstone quarries, 10; shipbuilding establishments, 65; saw-mills, 907; sawed lumber, $3,434,163; flour and grist mills, 1,385; value products, $12,210,272; foundry and machine-shop, $1,361,231; iron and steel, $2,585,999; cotton goods, $1,040,962; leather tanned, $1,011,830; slaughtering and meat packing, $1,054,500. Total number industries, 5,710; capital invested, $26,968,990; value products, $51,780,992.
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Gold produced, 1882, $15,000; latest reported iron ore product, 182,326 tons; zinc, 10,448 tons; lead, 11,200 tons.
Ranks first in peanuts, second in tobacco, eighth in salt and iron ore.
Population, 1,512,565; male, 745,589; female, 766,976; native, 1,497,869; foreign, 14,696; white, 880,858; colored, 631,616; Chinese, 6; Indians, 85; slaves, 1860, 490,865.
State, congressional and presidential elections, Tuesday after first Monday in November; number Senators, 40; Representatives, 100; sessions of legislature biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting first Wednesday in December; limit of session, 90 days; term of Senators, 4 years; of Representatives, 2 years.
Number electoral votes, 12; number voters, 334,505; colored, 128,257; native white, 198,277; foreign white, 7,971. Lunatics, idiots, convicts, duelists, United States army, and non-taxpayers of capitation tax excluded from voting.
Number colleges, 7; school population, 555,807; school age, 5-21.
Legal interest, 6; by contract, 8: usury forfeits excess over 6 per cent.
| WEST VIRGINIA. | Ver-jin´e-ah. "Pan-Handle State." |
Composed of northern and western counties of the original State of Virginia; denounced passage of secession ordinance. April 22d, 1861; became a State, 1863.
Area, 24,780 square miles; greatest length north and south, about 240 miles; greatest breadth, 160 miles. Big Sandy, Great and Little Kanawha, Guyandotte and Monongahela are navigable rivers. Number counties, 54. Temperature at Morgantown: winter, 34° to 42°; summer, 70° to 75°. Rainfall at Romney, 45 inches.
Charleston, capital; pop. 4,192. Wheeling metropolis, principal seat of manufactures, and port of delivery; pop. 30,737. Parkersburg, port of delivery; pop. 6,582. Pop. of Martinsburg, 6,335.
Number farms, 1870, 39,778; 1880, 62,674. Average value per acre cleared land, $21.05; woodland, $9.39. A rich agricultural tract, 61 per cent. of laborers engaged in agriculture; staples are tobacco, wheat and corn, the last being the most valuable crop; number bu. grown 1884, being 11,900,000; wheat, 3,318,000; oats, 2,212,000; tobacco, 1883, 1,952,872 lbs.
On farms, Jan., 1884: Sheep, 671,226; swine, 424,626: annual wool clip, 2,000,000 lbs. The yield of butter, 1880, was 9,315,895 lbs; of fruit, over $1,000,000. Wine made 1880, 71,026 gallons; total value lumber products, $2,431,857.
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Iron ore yields 50 to 80 per cent. pure metal, latest amount reported, 61,216 tons; coal, 1,792,570 tons; salt, 2,679,438 bu.; petroleum is extensively produced in Ritchie, Pleasants, Wood and Wirt counties. Ranks fifth in salt and coal; eighth in buckwheat, iron and steel.
Population, 618,457; male, 314,495; female, 303,962; native, 600,192; foreign, 18,265; white, 592,537; colored, 25,886; Indians, 29; 40 per cent. increase in pop. 1870 to 1880; number slaves, 1860, 18,371. Governor and State officers elected quadrennially, and legislature every two years; State elections, second Tuesday in October; congressional and presidential, Tuesday after the first Monday in November; number Senators, 26; Representatives, 65; sessions biennial, in odd-numbered years; limit of session, 45 days; term of Senators, 4 years; of Representatives, 2 years. Number electoral votes, 6; number voters, 139,161; native white, 123,569; foreign white, 9,208; colored, 6,384. Insane, paupers and convicts excluded from voting.
Flourishing free school system; school population, 216,605; school age, 6-21.
Legal interest, 6; by contract, 6; usury forfeits excess of interest.
NORTH CAROLINA."Old North State," "Tar State."
One of the thirteen original States; discovered by Lord Raleigh, 1584; settled by English at Albemarle, 1650; seceded May, 1861, re-admitted June, 1868.
Area, 52,250 square miles; length, 450 miles; breadth, 185 miles; coast line, over 400 miles; area dismal swamp, 150,000 acres; number counties, 96.
Temperature at Wilmington: winter, 46° to 51°; summer, 76° to 80°. Frost seldom occurs before November. Rainfall at Gaston, 43 inches. Deaths by consumption, 1.5 per 1,000 of population.
Wilmington, principal seaport and chief city; pop., 13,446; Raleigh, capital, and contains the State institutions; pop., 7,790 Charlotte contains assay office; pop., 4,473; pop. New Bern, 5,849.
Farms in 1860, 75,203, increased to 157,609 in 1880; average value per acre, cleared land, $9.77; woodland, $5.53.
Agriculture the leading industry; corn the most valuable crop; tobacco the leading product; value orchard products over $900,000. Latest reports give 4,576,148 bu. sweet potatoes; 5,609,191 lbs. rice; value tar and turpentine products, $1,758,488; tobacco crop, 1883, 29,048,213 lbs.; wheat crop, 1884, 4,650,000 bu.; oats, 4,632,000 bu.; corn, 31,499,000 bu.
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Ranks first in tar and turpentine, second in copper, third in peanuts and tobacco, fourth in rice, ninth in cotton.
Number of different industries, 3,802; flour and grist mills, 1,313; saw mills, 776; latest reported value oyster fisheries, $60,000; number boats engaged in general fisheries, about 3,000; copper mined, 1,640,000 lbs.
State, congressional and presidential elections, Tuesday after first Monday in November; number Senators, 50; Representatives, 120; sessions biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting Wednesday after first Monday in January; limit of session, 60 days; terms of Senator and Representatives, two years each. Number electoral votes, 11; number voters, 294,750; native white, 187,637; foreign white, 2,095; colored, 105,018. Convicts are excluded from voting.
Population, 1,399,750: male, 687,908; female, 711,842; natives, 1,396,008; foreign, 3,742; white, 867,242: colored, 531,278; Indians, 1,230. Slaves, 1860, 331,059.
Public school system adopted 1840; at present over 2,000 public schools in operation; school age, 6-21.
Legal interest rate, 6; by contract, 8; usury forfeits interest.
| SOUTH CAROLINA. | South Kar-o-lī´na. "Palmetto State." |
Named in honor of Charles II. of England, by whom the province was created in 1663. One of the thirteen original States. First permanent settlement made by English at Port Royal, 1670. Famous nullification troubles occurred 1832-33; led by J. C. Calhoun, and opposed vigorously by Pres. Jackson, during which his famous expression "by the Eternal" was first used. Seceded November, 1860; re-admitted June, 1868.
Area, 30,170 square miles; extreme length, 275 miles; greatest breadth, 210 miles; coast line, 200 miles. Largest rivers, Savannah, Great Pee Dee, Santee and Edisto. Number counties, 84.
Temperature at Charleston: summer, 79° to 83°; winter, 50° to 54°; rainfall, 43 inches; frosts seldom occur. Aiken, noted winter resort for consumptives. Deaths, consumption, 1.5 per 1,000 population.
Charleston, largest city; laid out 1680; population, 49,984; port of entry; seat of a Catholic bishop. United States customs districts at Beaufort, Charleston and Georgetown.
First railroad to use American locomotives, the South Carolina, built 1830-33; number miles railroad January 1, 1886, 1,693.
Number farms, 1860, 33,171; 1870, 51,889; 1880, 93,864. Average value per acre, cleared land, $6.24; woodland, $8.64.
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Number of flour and grist mills, 720; value of lumber products, $2,031,507; tar and turpentine, $1,893,206; oyster fishery, $20,000; sea, river and lake fisheries, $192,482. Ranks first in phosphates; production, 332,077 tons; value, $1,992,462.
Gold mines in Abbeville, Edgefield and Union counties; first mint deposits, $3,500 in 1827; aggregate to June 30, 1883, $1,468,854. White and variegated marbles found in Spartanburgh and Laurens counties.
Population 995,577: male, 490,408; female, 505,169; native, 987,891; foreign, 7,686; white, 391,105; colored, 604,332; Chinese, 9; Indians, 131. Number persons per square mile, 33. Slaves, 1860, 402,406.
State, congressional and presidential elections, Tuesday after first Monday in November; State Senators, 35; Representatives, 124; sessions annual, meeting fourth Tuesday in November; limit of session, none; term of Senators, 4 years; of Representatives, 2 years.
Number electoral votes, 9; number voters, 205,789; colored, 118,889; native white, 82,910; foreign white, 3,990. Insane, inmates of asylums, alms-houses and prisons, U. S. army and duelists excluded from voting.
Number colleges, 9; school population, 262,279; school age, 6-16.
Legal interest rate, 7; by contract, any rate.
| GEORGIA. | Jor´je-a. "Empire State of the South." |
Farthest south and latest settled of the thirteen original States; named in honor of George II., King of England; settled by English at Savannah, 1753; seceded Jan., 1861; re-admitted Dec. 1870.
Area 59,475 square miles; extreme length, 320 miles; extreme breadth, 254 miles; coast line, 480 miles; number harbors, 3. Savannah, Ogeechee, Altamaha, Satilla, St. Mary's, Flint, Chattahoochee and Upper Coosa are navigable rivers. Number counties, 137.
Temperature at Augusta: winter, 46° to 52°; summer, 79° to 83°. Rainfall at Savannah, 48 inches.
Savannah, Brunswick and St. Mary's are ports of entry. Savannah, chief seaport; pop., 27,891. Columbus contains largest cotton mill in the South; pop., 10,123. Atlanta is capital; pop., 37,409. Andersonville, seat of largest rebel prison during the Rebellion.
Number farms, 1860, 62,003; 1880, 138,626. Average value per acre, cleared land, $6.93; woodland, $5.45. 72 per cent. of laborers engaged in agriculture; rural income, $155 per individual.
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Sheep on farms, Jan., 1884, 543,415. Corn crop, 1884, 30,925,000 bu.; wheat, 3,130,000; oats, 6,270.000 bu.; cotton, 760,000 bales. Latest reported rice crop, 25,369,687 lbs.; sweet potatoes, 4,397,778 bu.; tobacco, 228,590 lbs; wool, 1,289,560 pounds. Ranks second in rice and sweet potatoes, third in cotton and molasses, fourth in sugar, seventh in mules, tenth in hogs.
Gold production, 1793-1883, $8,043,250. Latest mining reports give 100,000 tons coal and 91,416 tons iron ore.
Population, 1,542,180: male, 762,981; female, 779,199; native, 1,531,616; foreign, 10,564; white, 816,906; colored, 725,133; Chinese, 17; Indians, 124. State elections, first Wednesday in October; congressional and presidential, Tuesday after first Monday in November; number Senators, 44; Representatives, 175; sessions biennial, in even-numbered years, meeting first Wednesday in November; limit of session, 40 days, unless extended by special vote; terms of Senators and Representatives, 2 years each.
Number electoral votes, 12; number voters, 321,438; colored, 143,471; native white, 172,044; foreign white, 5,923. Idiots, insane, criminals and non-taxpayers excluded from voting.
Number colleges, 7; State University at Athens, organized 1801; public schools excellent; school age, 6-18.
No State license law governing commercial travelers; but Atlanta, Athens, Augusta and Savannah exact a tax.
Legal interest, 7; by contract, 8; usury forfeits excess of interest.
| FLORIDA. | Flor´e-dah "Peninsula State." |
Discoverer landed on Easter Sunday, or "Flowery Easter;" hence the name.
Settled by Spaniards at St. Augustine, 1565; organized as a Territory, 1822; admitted as a State, 1845; seceded 1861; re-admitted 1868
Area, 58,680 square miles; coastline, 1,146 miles, 472 being on the Atlantic; length, north and south, 350 miles; length, east and west, 340 miles; mean width of peninsula, 100 miles; greatest elevation, 250 feet. Number counties, 39.
Temperature at Jacksonville: winter, 55° to 61°; summer, 80° to 83°. Rainfall at Fort Myers, 57 inches.
Key West, the metropolis, and has good harbor and naval station pop., 9,890. Jacksonville, an important commercial point; pop., 7,650. St. Augustine, oldest town in United States. Tallahassee, the capital. Pop. Pensacola, 6,845.
Number farms, 23,438; owned by State, 15,000,000 acres; value per acre, cleared land, $9.48; woodland, $3.03; swamp, $1; school lands, $1.25.
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Corn most valuable crop, returns of 1884, 3,837,200 bushels; oats, 494,000 bu.; cotton, 60,000 bales; latest reported tobacco, 24,239 pounds; rice, 1,294,677 pounds; peaches, 89,028 bushels; sugar, 1,273 hogsheads; honey, 210,357 pounds; molasses, 1,029,868 gallons. Over 3,000,000 orange trees planted since 1870, and millions of oranges exported yearly.
Latest reported fisheries, $78,408; lumber products, $3,060,291; oysters, 20,000 bushels.
Ranks third in sugar and molasses, sixth in rice, tenth in cotton.
Population, 269,493: male, 136,444; female, 133,049; native, 259,584; foreign, 9,909; white, 142,605; colored, 126,690; Indians, 180; slaves, 1860, 61,745.
State, congressional and presidential elections, Tuesday after first Monday in November; number Senators, 32; Representatives, 76; sessions of legislature biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting Tuesday after first Monday in January; limit of session, 60 days; term of Senators, 4 years; of Representatives, 2 years.
Number electoral votes, 4; number voters, 61,699; colored, 27,489; native white, 30,351; foreign white, 3,859. Idiots, insane, criminals, betters on elections and duelists excluded from voting.
School population, 88,677; enrolled in public schools, 39,315 school age, 4-21.—Legal interest rate, 8; by contract, any rate.
ALABAMA.Al-a-bah´mah.
Name derived from an Indian word signifying, "Here we rest."
Settled near Mobile Bay by French, 1702; admitted as a State, 1819; seceded 1861; re-admitted 1868.
Area, 52,250 square miles, same as North Carolina; length, 330 miles; average breadth, 154 miles; seacoast, about 60 miles. Inland steam navigation about 1,500 miles; Mobile the only seaport. Number counties, 66.
Temperature at Augusta: winter, 46° to 52°; summer, 79° to 83°. Rainfall at Huntsville, 55 inches. July the hottest month. Fruit trees blossom February 1st to March 1st.
Montgomery, capital; pop., 16,713. Huntsville, the northern trade centre; pop., 4,977. Selma, an important railroad centre; pop., 7,529. Mobile, metropolis; pop., 29,132.
Number farms, 135,864. Average value per acre, cleared land, $6.53; woodland, $4.08. Sugar product, 94 hogsheads; molasses, 795,199 gallons; tobacco crop, 1882, 475,456 lbs.; hay, 10,882 acres, or 12,513 tons; oats, 1884, 405,830 acres, or 5,015,000 bu.; corn, 30,197,000 bu.; cotton, 661,000 bales.
Number industries, 2,070; flour and grist mills, 807; saw mills, 354. Total capital invested, $9,668,008; value products, $13,565,504.
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Mineral region in northeast corner, extending southwest, about 160 miles, with average width of about 80 miles; contains three distinct coal fields, area over 5,000 square miles, and beds, 1 to 8 feet thick; limestone, sandstone, and iron ore near the coal.
Ranks fourth in cotton, fifth in mules and molasses, sixth in sugar, seventh in rice and iron ore.
Population, 1,262,505: male, 622,629; female, 639,876; native, 1,252,771; foreign, 9,734; white, 662,185; colored, 600,107; Indians, 218; slaves, 1860, 435,080.
State elections biennial, first Monday in August; congressional and presidential, Tuesday after first Monday in November; number Senators, 33; Representatives, 100; sessions of legislature biennial, in even-numbered years, meeting Tuesday after second Monday in November; limit of session, 50 days; term of Senators, 4 years; of Representatives, 2 years.
Number of electoral votes, 10; number of voters, 262,737; colored, 118,423; native white, 136,058; foreign white, 8,256. Indians, idiots and persons convicted of crime excluded from voting.
Number colleges, 4; school population, 401,002; school age, 7-21.
Legal interest rate, 8; usury forfeits entire interest.
| MISSISSIPPI. | Mis´sis-sip´pi. "The Bayou State." |
Name of Indian origin, signifying "Father of Waters."
First permanent settlement at Natchez, 1716; admitted 1817; seceded 1861; re-admitted 1870.
Area, 46,810 square miles; extreme length, 332 miles; extreme breadth, 189 miles; mean breadth, 142 miles; gulf frontage, including irregularities and islands, 287 miles; harbors at Pascagonia, Biloxi, Mississippi City and Shieldsborough. Number counties, 74.
Temperature at Vicksburg: winter, 47° to 56°; summer, 80° to 83°. Rainfall, Natchez, 54 inches.
Jackson, the capital; pop., 5,204. Natchez, an important shipping point; pop., 7,058. Vicksburg, an extensive cotton market; pop., 11,814.
Railroad mileage, 1844, 26; Jan. 1, 1886, 1,947.
Number farms, 101,772. Average value per acre: cleared land, $7.88; woodland, $3.78.
Latest reports give 3,501 acres in rice; sugar cane, 4,555 acres; tobacco, 1,595 acres; corn, 1,889,600 acres; cotton, 847,000 bales; sweet potatoes, 3,610,660 bu.; wine, 209,845 gals.; molasses, 536,625 gals.; bales cotton used, 6,411; looms, 704; spindles, 26,172.
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Forest area very large; pine, oak, chestnut, walnut and magnolia trees grow on uplands and bluffs, and long-leafed pine on islands and in sandy regions of the south; cotton lands mostly in Yazoo and Mississippi bottoms.
Ranks second in cotton, fifth in rice, sixth in mules and molasses, seventh in sugar.
Population, 1,131,597: male, 567,177; female, 564,420; native, 1,122,388; foreign, 9,209; white, 479,398; colored, 650,291; Chinese, 51; Indians, 1,857; slaves, 1860, 436,631.
Governor and State officers elected quadrennially, and legislature every two years; State, congressional and presidential elections, Tuesday after first Monday in Nov.; sessions of legislature biennial, in even-numbered years, meeting Tuesday after first Monday in January; limit of session, none; number Senators, 37; Representatives, 120; term of Senators, 4 years; of Representatives, 2 years.
Number electoral votes, 9; number voters, 238,532; colored, 130,278; native white, 102,580; foreign white, 5,674. Idiots, insane and criminals excluded from voting.
Number colleges, 8; school population, 444,131; school age, 5-21.
Legal interest, 6; by contract, 10; usury forfeits excess of int.
| LOUISIANA. | Loo-ee-ze-ah´na. "Creole State." |
Named in honor of Louis XIV., King of France, when Louisiana was first colonized; first permanent settlement made by French at New Orleans, 1718: admitted 1812; seceded January, 1861; re-admitted June, 1868.
Area, 48,720 square miles; greatest length, east and west, 300 miles; breadth, 240 miles; coast line, 1,256 miles; internal water communication, 2,500 miles; number counties, 58.
Temperature at New Orleans: winter, 53° to 61°; summer, 81° to 83°; rainfall, 51 inches.
New Orleans, metropolis, port of entry and largest cotton market in the world; pop., 216,090; capital until 1847, and again from 1868 to 1881. Baton Rouge, capital; pop., 7,197. Pop. Shreveport, 8,009. Morgan City, port of entry. State institution for insane at Jackson; for deaf mutes and blind, Baton Rouge.
Number farms, 1860, 17,328; 1870, 28,481; 1880, 48,292. Average value per acre, cleared land, $14.36; woodland, $3.53; 57 per cent. of laborers are engaged in agriculture; rural income, per capita, $209. Latest statistics give 312,000 bu. salt; 1,318,110 bu. sweet potatoes; 175,000 acres sugar cane; 122,982 hhds. sugar; 11,696,248 gals. molasses; 23,188,311 lbs. rice; corn crop, 1884, 11,007,000 bu.; acreage of oats, 35,119, producing 404,000 bu.; cotton, 995,000 bales.
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Ranks first in sugar and molasses, third in rice, seventh in cotton, ninth in salt. Total number industries, 1,553; capital invested, $11,462,468; value products, $24,205,183.
Population, 939,946: male, 468,754; female, 471,192; native, 885,800; foreign, 54,146; white, 454,954; colored, 483,655; Chinese, 489; Indians, 848; slaves, 1860, 331,726. Legislature and State officers elected quadrennially; members Congress, biennially. State elections, Tuesday after third Monday in April; number Senators, 36; Representatives, 98; sessions biennial, in even-numbered years, meeting second Monday in May; limit of session, 60 days; terms of Senators and Representatives, 4 years each.
Number electoral votes, 8; number voters, 216,787; colored, 107,977; native white, 81,777; foreign white, 27,033. Idiots, insane and criminals excluded from voting.
Sugar cane first cultivated in the United States, near New Orleans, 1751, and first sugar mill used 1758.
Exports, 1882, $90,238,503; imports, $10,611,353; duties collected, $2,046,804; railroad mileage, Jan. 1, 1886, 1,397.
Legal interest, 5; by contract, 8; usury forfeits entire interest.
| TEXAS. | Tex´as. "Lone Star State." |
Origin of name not definitely known; supposed by some have been name of Indian tribe.
First settlement by French on the Lavaca, 1685; admitted 1845; seceded February, 1861; re-admitted 1868.
Area, 265,780 square miles; extreme length, 825 miles; extreme breadth, 740 miles; coastline, 400 miles; number counties 230. Temperature at Galveston: winter, 53° to 63°; summer, 82° to 84°. Rainfall at Fort Brown, 33 inches.
Brownsville, El Paso, Indianola and Galveston are ports of entry. Houston, important railroad centre; pop., 16,513. Galveston, metropolis, has best harbor, and is chief shipping point; pop., 22,248. Austin, the capital; pop., 11,013. San Antonio, oldest town; pop., 20,550. Pop. Dallas, 10,358.
Number farms, 174,184; average value per acre, cleared land, $8.98; woodland, $4.
Cotton most valuable crop; acreage, 1883, 3,034,922; crop, 1,118,000 bales. Latest reported products, 4,951 hhds. sugar, 13,000 bbls. molasses, 1,460,079 bu. sweet potatoes, 5,560,600 bu. wheat, 60,290,000 bu. corn, 35,528 gals. wine, 13,899,320 lbs. butter, 50,600 bu. salt, 3,600 tons iron ore; coal area, 6,000 square miles.
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Cotton picking, July to December; corn planting, middle of February; grain harvest, May; corn harvest, July.
Ranks first in cattle and cotton; second in sugar, sheep, mules and horses; sixth in miles railway; seventh in milch cows; eighth in rice and hogs.
Value flouring and grist mill products, $7,617,177; sawed lumber, $3,673,449; total number industries, 2,996; capital invested, $9,245,561; value products, $20,719,928.
Pop., 1,591,749: male, 837,840; female, 753,909; native, 1,477,133; foreign, 114,616; white, 1,197,237; colored, 393,384; Chinese, 136; Indians, 992.
State, congressional and presidential elections, Tuesday after first Monday in November; number Senators, 31; Representatives, 106; sessions of legislature biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting second Tuesday in January; limit of session, 60 days; term of Senators, 4 years; of Representatives, 2 years.
Number electoral votes, 13; number voters, 380,376. U. S. army, lunatics, idiots, paupers and convicts excluded from voting.
Number colleges, 10; school pop., 295,344; school age, 8-14.
Legal interest, 8; by contract, 12; usury forfeits entire interest.
| ARKANSAS. | Ar´kan-saw. "Bear State." |
Name of Indian origin, signifying "Smoky Water," with prefix from French meaning "Bow."
Settled at Arkansas Post by French, 1685; became a Territory, 1819; admitted as a State, 1836; seceded March 4, 1861; re-admitted 1868
Area, 53,850 square miles; length, north and south, 240 miles; breadth, from 170 to 250 miles; Mississippi river frontage, about 400 miles. Number counties, 75.
Temperature at Little Bock: winter, 42° to 51°; summer, 79° to 82°. Rainfall, at Fort Smith, 40 in.; and at Washington, 55 in.
Hot Springs, in Garland county, famous for valuable medicinal springs; temperature of water, over 140°. Little Rock, the capital and metropolis; population, 13,138.
Number farms, 94,433. Average value per acre, cleared land, $11.78; woodland, $3.48.
Corn crop, 1884, 32,465,000 bushels; wheat, 1,885,000 bushels; cotton, 513,000 bales. Latest reported tobacco crop, 1,952,872 pounds; oats, 3,542,000 bushels; sweet potatoes, 881,260 bushels. Ranks sixth in cotton, and ninth in mules.
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Number different industries, 2,070; for tar and turpentine, 26; sawing lumber, 354; flour and grist, 807.
Coal along Arkansas river; iron ores in Ozark Mountains; salt springs near Ouachita; oilstone near Hot Springs; kaolin in Pulaski county.
Population, 802,525; male, 416,279; female, 386,246; native, 792,175; foreign, 10,350; white, 591,531; colored, 210,666; Chinese, 133; Indians, 195; slaves, 1860, 111,115.
State elections biennial, in even-numbered years, meeting first Monday in September; congressional and presidential elections, Tuesday after first Monday in November; number Senators, 31; Representatives, 94; sessions of legislature biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting second Monday in January; limit of session, 60 days; term of Senators, 4 years; of Representatives, 2 years.
Number electoral votes, 7; number voters, 182,977; native white, 129,675; foreign white, 6,475; colored, 46,827. Idiots, Indians, and persons convicted of crime excluded from voting.
Number colleges, 5; school population, 289,617; school age, 6-21.
Legal interest rate, 6; by contract, 10; usury forfeits principal and interest.
| MISSOURI. | Mis-soo´ree. "The Pennsylvania of the West." |
Name signifies "Mud River," and was taken from that of the river of same name. First settled at Ste. Genevieve by the French in 1755; organized as a Territory, 1812; admitted 1821.
Area, 69,415 square miles, nearly that of combined ares of New England States; length, north and south, 275 miles; average breadth, 245 miles; Mississippi river frontage, nearly 500 miles; number counties, 115.
Temperature at St. Louis: winter, 30° to 43°; summer, 75° to 80°; rainfall, 42 inches.
St. Louis, largest city west of the Mississippi, port of entry and great commercial and manufacturing point; pop., 350,518. Capital, Jefferson City; pop., 5,271. Pop. St. Joseph, 32,431; of Kansas City,—Chicago of the West,—55,787.
Number farms, 215,575; average value per acre, cleared land, $14.52; woodland, $8.25.
Corn crop, 1884, 197,850,000 bu.; wheat, 27,500,000 bu.; oats, 30,774,000 bu.; potatoes, 1883, 6,535,570 bu.; tobacco, 10,540,000 lbs.
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Latest reports give 548,990 tons coal; iron ore, 388,197 tons, value at $1,674,875; marble and limestone, 4,419,300 cubic feet. Lead is found in southwest, centre and southeast, having area of over 5,000 square miles.
Latest reported stock on farms; horses, 701,702; milch cow, 674,565; cattle other than cows and oxen, 1,410,507; sheep, 1,439,880; swine, 4,087,566. Hogs packed winter 1881-82, 804,239.
Ranks first in mules; third in oxen, hogs, corn and copper; sixth in iron ore, milch cows and horses; seventh in oats; eighth in wheat and tobacco; ninth in railroad mileage, sheep and potatoes.
Population, 2,168,380; male, 1,127,187; females 1,041,193; native, 1,966,802; foreign, 211,578; white, 2,022,826; colored, 145,350; Chinese, 91; Indians, 113.
Governor and State officers elected quadrennially, and legislature every two years. State, congressional and presidential elections, Tuesday after 1st Monday in November; number Senators, 34; Representatives, 141; sessions of legislature biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting Wednesday after January 1st; limit of session 70 days; term of Senators, 4 years; Representatives, 2 years. Number electoral votes, 16; number voters, 541,207. U. S. army and inmates of asylums, poorhouses and prisons, excluded from voting.
Number colleges, 17; school population, 741,632; school age, 6-20.
Legal interest rate, 6; by contract, 10; usury forfeits entire interest.
| TENNESSEE. | Tĕn-nê-see´. "Big Bend State." |
Name derived from "Tannassee," Indian name for Little Tennessee river. First permanent settlement, 1756, on Tennessee river about 30 miles from present site of Knoxville; first Anglo-American settlement west of the Alleghanies and south of Pennsylvania; admitted 1845; seceded February, 1861; re-admitted 1868.
Area, 42,050 square miles, nearly that of Virginia; greatest length east and west, 432 miles; greatest breadth, 109 miles. Number of counties, 96.
Temperature at Nashville: winter, 37° to 48°; summer, 75° to 81°. Rainfall at Memphis, 45 inches.
Nashville, capital and metropolis, also most wealthy and prosperous city; population, 43,350. Memphis, principal grain and cotton market between St. Louis and New Orleans; pop., 33,592. Population Chattanooga, 12,898; of Jackson, 8,377; of Knoxville. 9,693.
First railroad; a portion of the Nashville & Chattanooga, between Nashville and Bridgeport, 1853; mileage, Jan. 1, 1886, 2,178.
Number farms, 165,650. Value per acre, cleared land, $13; woodland, $7.28. Corn crop of 1884, 65,723,000 bu.; wheat, 9,320,000 bu.; cotton, 314,000 bales; potatoes, 1883, 2,404,647 bu.
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Most valuable minerals are iron, copper and coal; area coal fields, over 5,000 square miles; product of pig iron, 70,873 tons; copper region in southwest, producing, from 1870 to 1880, nearly 13,000,000 lbs. ingot copper; excellent marbles and limestones, $131,700 being invested in quarries.
Ranks second in peanuts, average yield being 40 bu. per acre; third in mules; sixth in tobacco, yield being 707 lbs. per acre; seventh in copper; seventh in hogs; ninth in corn and cotton. Hemp, broom corn and flax are also valuable products.
Population, 1,542,359: male, 769,277; female, 773,082; native, 1,525,657; foreign, 16,702; white, 1,138,831; colored, 403,151; Chinese, 25; Indians, 352. Slaves, 1860, 275,719.
State, congressional and presidential elections, Tuesday after first Monday in November; number Senators, 33; Representatives, 99; sessions biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting first Monday in January; limit of session, 75 days; terms of Senators and Representatives, 2 years each. Number electoral votes, 12; number voters, 571,244; native white, 240,939; foreign white, 250,055; colored, 80,250. Non-payers of poll-tax excluded from voting.
Legal interest rate, 6; by contract, any rate; usury forfeits excess of interest and $100 fine.
KENTUCKY."Corn Cracker State."
Name signifies "Dark and Bloody Ground," the country being the ancient hunting grounds of the Indians.
Earliest explorations made by John Finley and others, 1767; Daniel Boone established himself there, 1769, admitted as a State, 1792. Area, 40,400 square miles; greatest length, 350 miles; greatest breadth, 178 miles; river frontage, 812 miles; navigable waters, about 4,000 miles. Number counties, 118.
Temperature at Louisville: winter, 34° to 44°; summer, 75° to 80°. Rainfall at Springdale, 49 inches.
Louisville, the commercial emporium of the State, has large tobacco warehouses and pork-packing establishments; population, 123,758. Frankfort, the capital: population, 6,958. Population of Covington, 29,720. Lexington, former capital, founded 1776; population, 16,666. Newport connected with Covington by suspension bridge; population, 20,433. Louisville and Paducah, ports of entry.
Number farms, 166,453. Average value per acre, cleared land, $18.86; woodland, $12.82.
Ranks high as an agricultural State. Corn crop, 1884, 71,880,800 bu.; wheat, 13,425,000 bu.; oats, 7,865,000 bu.; tobacco, 1882, 198,905,994 lbs.
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Has a world-wide reputation for thoroughbred horses and cattle. Latest reports give for stock on farms, horses, 370,028; milch cows, 304,720; cattle other than cows and oxen, 505,746; sheep, 980,166; swine, 1,954,919. Ranks first in tobacco; fourth in malt and distilled liquors; sixth in hogs; seventh in corn; eighth in rye, coal and mules.
Population, 1,648,690; male, 832,590; female, 816,100; native, 1,589,173; foreign, 59,517; white, 1,377,179; colored, 271,451; Chinese, 10; Indians, 50; slaves, 1860, 225,483.
State elections biennial, first Monday in August, in odd-numbered years; congressional and presidential elections, Tuesday after first Monday in November; number Senators, 38; Representatives, 100; sessions of legislature biennial, in even-numbered years, meeting last day of December; limit of session, 60 days, unless extended by vote; term of Senators, 4 years; of Representatives, 2 years.
Number electoral votes, 13; number voters, 376,221. Bribers, robbers and forgers excluded from voting.
Number colleges, 15; public school system framed, 1838; school age, 6-20.
Legal int., 6; by contract, 10; usury forfeits excess over 10 per cent.
| OHIO. | O-hi´o. "Buckeye State." |
Name of Indian origin, signifying "Beautiful River."
First permanent settlement at Marietta, 1788; admitted as a State, 1802.
Area, 41,060 square miles; greatest length east and west, 225 miles: extreme breadth, 200 miles; Ohio river frontage, 430 miles; lake frontage, 230 miles; number counties, 88.
Temperature at Cleveland: winter, 27° to 38°; summer, 68° to 72° At Cincinnati: winter, 34° to 45°; summer, 74° to 79°. Rainfall at Cleveland, 38 inches.
Cincinnati, "Queen City of the West," founded 1789, the metropolis; pop., 255,139. Cleveland has one of the best harbors on the lake; pop., 160,146. Columbus, capital and great railroad center; pop., 51,647. Chillicothe, capital, 1800 to 1810; Zanesville, 1810 to 1812; Chillicothe, 1812 to 1816; Columbus, 1816. Toledo, Sandusky, Cleveland and Cincinnati ports of entry.
Number farms, 247,189, of which 199,562 are occupied by owners; average value per acre, cleared land, $47.53; woodland, $41.37 wheat crop, 1884, 41,186,000 bu.; corn, 85,393,000 bu.; Oats, 23,419,000 bu.; potatoes, 1883, 16,452,315 bu.; tobacco, 29,947,536 lbs. Average value corn, 1881, 41 cents; wheat, 75 cents; oats, 29 cents.
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Latest reported dairy products give: milk, 46,801,537 gallons; butter, 67,869,604 lbs.; cheese, 19,978,436 lbs. Pork packing extensively carried on; hogs packed winter 1881-82, 618,348.
Ranks first in agricultural implements and wool; second in petroleum, iron and steel; third in wheat, sheep, coal, malt and distilled liquors; fourth in printing and publishing, salt, miles railway and soap; fifth in milch cows, hogs, horses, hay, tobacco and iron ore.
Population, 3,198,062; male, 1,613,931; female, 1,584,126; natives 2,803,119; foreign, 394,943; white, 3,117,920; colored, 79,900; Chinese, 109; Indians, 130.
State and congressional elections, Tuesday after first Monday in November; number Senators, 33; Representatives, 105; sessions biennial, but "adjourned sessions" practically amount to annual meetings; time, first Monday in January; limit of session, none; terms of Senators and Representatives, 2 years each.
Number electoral votes, 23; number voters, 826,577; insane and idiots excluded from voting.
Number colleges, 35; school population, 1,081,321; school age, 6-21.
Legal interest rate, 6; by contract, 8; usury forfeits excess above 6 per cent.
| INDIANA. | In-de-ah´nah. "Hoosier State." |
First settled by Canadian voyagers at Vincennes, 1702; organized as a Territory, 1800; admitted 1816.
Area, 36,350 square miles; extreme length, 276 miles; average breadth, 140 miles; shore line on Lake Michigan, 40 miles. Michigan City the lake port. Number counties, 92.
Temperature at Indianapolis: winter, 29° to 41°; summer, 73° to 78°. Rainfall at Richmond, 43 inches.
Indianapolis is the capital and most flourishing city, and contains deaf and dumb, blind, and insane asylums; pop., 75,056. Terre Haute, extensive iron, whisky and pork market; pop., 26,042 Evansville, commercial centre of the southwest; pop., 29,280. Fort Wayne, emporium of the northeast; pop., 26,880.
Number farms, 194,013; average value, per acre, cleared land, $30.46; woodland, $26.90. Corn the most valuable crop; yield of 1884, 104,757,000 bu.; wheat, 31,270,000 bu.; oats, 78,650,000 bu. Dairy interest large and increasing; also the business of pork packing. Latest reports give 37,659,029 lbs. butter, and 1,521,275 lbs. cheese. Number hogs packed, winter 1881-82, 349,261.
Coal fields, about 6,500 square miles, extending from Warren county south to the Ohio; varieties are coking coal, Indiana block and cannel.
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Ranks second in wheat; fourth in corn, hogs and agricultural implements; sixth in coal; seventh in horses, oxen and other cattle, malt and distilled liquors, and miles of railway; ninth in hay and milch cows.
Pop., 1,978,301: male, 1,010,361; female, 967,940; native, 1,834,123; foreign, 144,178; white, 1,938,798; colored, 39,228; Chinese, 29; Indians, 246.
State, congressional and presidential elections. Tuesday after first Monday in November; number Senators, 50; Representatives, 100; sessions of legislature biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting Thursday after first Monday in January; limit of session, 60 days; term of Senators, 4 years; of Representatives, 2 years.
Number electoral votes, 15; number voters, 498,437. Fraudulent voters and bribers excluded from voting.
Number colleges, 15; State University at Bloomington; medical school at Indianapolis; university at Notre Dame; flourishing common-school system; school population, 708,596; school age, 6-21.
Legal interest rate, 6; by contract, 8; usury forfeits excess of interest.
| ILLINOIS | Il-lin-oí "Prairie or Sucker State." |
From a tribe of Indians, signifying "a superior class of men."
First permanent settlement by French at Kaskaskia, 1682; organized as a Territory, 1809; admitted as a State, 1818.
Area, 56,650 square miles; greatest length, 385 miles; greatest breadth, 218 miles; highest land, 1,150 feet. Number of counties, 102. Has 4,000 miles navigable streams. Temperature at Chicago: winter, 25° to 37°; Summer, 68° to 73°. At Cairo: winter, 35° to 54°; summer, 76° to 80°. Rainfall at Peoria, 35 inches.
Kaskaskia, first capital, which was removed to Vandalia, 1818; and to Springfield, 1836. Chicago, "Garden City of the West;" pop., 503,185. Peoria ranks second; pop., 29,259. Quincy, third; pop., 27,268. Springfield, capital; pop., 19,743.
Number of farms, 255,741, of which 175,497 are occupied by owners. Value per acre, cleared land, $33.03; woodland, $23.68; 8,151,463 acres in corn, 1884, producing 244,544,000 bu.; wheat, 2,790,900 acres, producing 32,374,000 bu.; oats, 2,990,983 acres, producing 98,153,000 bu.
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First recorded coal mine in America located near Ottawa, 1669. Coal area, over three-fourths of entire State; estimated to contain one-seventh of all known coal in North America; product, 1882, 9,000,000 tons.
Superior quality limestone on Fox and Desplaines rivers; lead most important mineral; Galena in centre of richest diggings of the Northwest. Rich salt wells in Saline and Gallatin counties, 75 gallons brine making 50 pounds salt.
Ranks first in corn, wheat, oats, meat packing, lumber traffic, malt and distilled liquors and miles railway; second in rye, coal, agricultural implements, soap and hogs; fourth in hay, potatoes, iron and steel, mules, milch cows and other cattle.
Population, 3,077,871: male, 1,586,523; female, 1,491,348; native, 2,494,295; foreign, 583,576; white, 3,031,151; colored, 46,368; Chinese, 209; Japanese, 3; Indians, 140.
State, congressional and presidential elections, Tuesday after first Monday in November; number Senators, 51; Representatives, 153; sessions biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting first Monday in January; limit of session, none; term of Senators, 4 years; Representatives, 2 years. Number electoral votes, 22; number voters, 796,847; convicts are excluded from voting.
School system excellent; number colleges, 28: school age, 6-21.
Legal interest, 6; by contract, 8; usury forfeits entire interest.
| MICHIGAN. | Mish´e-gan "Wolverine or Lake State." |
Name of Indian origin, signifying Lake country.
First white settlement within limits of State, Sault Ste. Marie, 1668; organized as Territory, 1805; admitted 1837.
Area, 58,915 square miles; length of lower peninsula, from north to south, 277 miles; greatest breadth, 259 miles. Length of upper peninsula, east to west, 318 miles; width, 30 to 164 miles. Length lake shoreline, 1,620 miles. Number counties, 82.
Temperature at Detroit, winter, 24° to 36°; summer, 67° to 72°: rainfall, 30 inches.
Detroit the metropolis; pop., 133,269. Grand Rapids, manufacturing city; pop., 41,934. Lansing, the capital; pop., 9,776. Pop. Bay City, 29,413; East Saginaw, 29,100; Jackson, 19,136; Muskegon, 17,845; Saginaw, 13,767. Detroit, Marquette, Port Huron and Grand Haven are ports of entry.
Number farms, 154,008. Value per acre, cleared land, $34.39; woodland, $20.27. Corn crop, 1884, 26,022,000 bu.; wheat, 29,772,000 bu.; oats, 19,990,000 bu. Fruit raising an important industry.
Copper mines in Houghton, Ontonagon, and Keweenaw counties; valuable iron ores in Marquette and Delta counties; coal in Shiawassee, Eaton, Ingham and Jackson counties. Salt manufactured in year ending November 30, 1884, 3,252,175 barrels.
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Ranks first in copper, lumber and salt; second in iron ore; third in buckwheat; fifth in sheep, hops and potatoes; sixth in wheat and barley; seventh in agricultural implements; eighth in miles railway; ninth in oats.
Grand Haven, Au Sable and Detroit are centres of valuable fishing interests; principal catch is trout and whitefish.
Population, 1,843,369: male, 958,551; female, 884,818; native, 1,419,395; foreign, 423,974; white, 1,817,562; colored, 17,548; Indians, 8,259.
State, congressional and presidential elections, Tuesday after first Monday in November; number Senators, 32; Representatives, 100; sessions of legislature biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting first Wednesday in January; limit of session, none; terms of Senators and Representatives, 2 years each.
Number electoral votes, 13; number voters, 467,687. Duelists are excluded from voting.
Number colleges, 9; efficient public schools; school age, 5-20.
Legal interest, 7; by contract, 10; usury forfeits excess of interest.
| WISCONSIN. | Wĭs-kŏn´sĭn. "Badger State." |
From river of same name; an Indian word signifying "Wild-rushing River." First settled by French, at Green Bay, 1669; organized as a Territory, 1836; first Territorial legislature at Belmont, Sept. 1, 1836; admitted as a State, 1847.
Area, 56,040 square miles; greatest length, 300 miles; greatest breadth, 260 miles; Mississippi river navigable throughout southwest boundary; excellent harbors in Lake Superior on north, and Lake Michigan on east. Port Washington, one of the finest natural harbors in tie world. Number counties, 67. Temperature at Milwaukee; winter, 19°to 31°; summer, 63° to 70°; rainfall, 30 inches.
Milwaukee, port of entry, great pork packing and beer brewing centre; also grain and wheat market: pop., 158,509. Madison, capital; pop., 12,064. Population Eau Claire, 21,668; Fond du Lac, 12,726.
Number farms, 102,904; average value per acre, cleared land, $26.27; woodland, $19.55. Wheat most valuable crop; cultivation of flax increasing; many acres devoted to culture of cranberries; buckwheat crop, 1883, 177,792 bu.; hay, 2,354,835 tons; corn, 1884, 26,200,000 bu.; oats, 45,940,000 bu.; wheat, 20,083,000 bu. Latest reported dairy products: milk, 25,156,977 gals.; butter, 33,739,055 lbs.; cheese, 19,088,405 lbs.
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Extensive lead mines in Grant, Lafayette and Iowa counties; native copper in the north, in Crawford and Iowa counties. Milwaukee clay famous for making cream-colored brick. Iron ores in Dodge, Sauk, Jackson and Ashland counties.
Ranks second in hops, third in barley and potatoes, fourth in rye and buckwheat, fifth in oats and agricultural implements, seventh, in iron and steel, eighth in hay and milch cows, and ninth in copper.
Population, 1,563,423: male, 811,051; female, 752,372: native, 1,069,433; foreign, 493,990: white, 1,555,152; colored, 5,576; Indians, 2695
State, congressional and presidential elections, Tuesday after first Monday in November; number Senators, 33; Representatives, 100; sessions biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting second Wednesday in January; limit of session, none; term of Senators, 4 years; of Representatives, 2 years. Number electoral votes, 11; number voters, 340,482; insane, idiots, convicts, bribers, betters and dualists excluded from voting.
Number colleges, 7; number public schools, 6,588; school population, 495,233; school age, 4-20.
Legal interest, 7; by contract, 10; usury forfeits entire interest.
| IOWA | Ī´o-wah. "Hawkeye State." |
Name is of Indian origin, and means "The Beautiful land."
Part of the Louisiana purchase; merged into Missouri Territory, 1812; into Michigan, 1834; into Wisconsin, 1836. First white settlement at Dubuque, 1788. Admitted as a State, 1846.
Area, 56,025 square miles, about that of Illinois; extent north and south, 208 miles; east and west, about 300 miles. Principal rivers within State: Des Moines, Iowa and Little Sioux. Number counties, 99. Temperature at Davenport: winter, 21° to 37°; summer, 70° to 76°. Rainfall at Mascutine, 43 inches.
Des Moines, metropolis and capital: pop., 32,469. Pop. of Dubuque, 26,330; of Davenport, 23,830; of Burlington, 23,459; of Council Bluffs, 21,557. Keokuk, Burlington and Dubuque are United States ports of delivery.
Number farms, 185,351; average value per acre, cleared land, $27.36; woodland, $39.36. Corn crop, 1884, 252,600,000 bu.; wheat, 31,270,000 bu.; oats, 78,650,000 bu.; potatoes, 1883, 13,216,868 bu.; barley, 4,638,348 bu.; sorgham syrup, 2,640,000 gals.
Dairy interest growing in importance, creamery and factory products bringing high prices. There were 60,940,553 lbs. of butter and 3,378,924 lbs. cheese made in 1880.
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Manufacturing establishments are numerous, including canning factories, stove and other foundries, engine-building, paper and woolen mills, lumber and saw mills, etc.
Ranks first in hogs; second in milch cows, oxen and other cattle, corn, hay and oats; third in horses; fifth in barley and miles of railway: sixth in potatoes and rye; seventh in wheat and coal.
Pop., 1,753,980: male, 911,759; female, 842,221: native, 1,443,576; foreign, 310,404: white, 1,753,980; colored, 9,310; Chinese, 33; Indians, 466
State elections annual, Tuesday after second Monday In October, excepting years of presidential elections, when State congressional and presidential elections occur together; number Senators, 50; Representatives, 100; sessions of legislature biennial, in even-numbered years, meeting second Monday in January; limit of session, none; term of Senators, 4 yrs.; of Representatives, 2 yrs.
Number electoral votes, 13; number voters, 416,658. Idiots, insane and criminals excluded from voting.
Number colleges, 19: school pop., 604,739; school age, 5-21.
Legal interest rate, 6; by contract, 10; usury forfeits 10 per cent. per year on amount. State has adopted prohibition.
| MINNESOTA. | Min´ne-sōta. "Gopher State." |
Named from the river; term of Indian origin, signifying "whitish or sky-colored water."
Explored by Hennepin and La Salle, 1680; Fort Snelling built 1819; organized as a Territory, 1849; admitted 1858.
Area, 83,365 square miles, extreme length, 380 miles; breadth near north line, 337 miles; near middle, 183 miles; and on the south line, 262 miles. Number counties, 80.
Temperature at St. Paul: winter, 11° to 30°; summer, 67° to 74°. Rainfall at Fort Snelling, 25 inches.
Pembina, port of entry on Red river. St. Paul, port of delivery and capital; population, 148,074. Minneapolis, metropolis and great commercial centre for lumber, wheat and flour; population, 147,810. Land offices at Taylor's Falls, Fergus Falls, Worthington, Redwood Falls, Benson and Duluth.
Number farms, 140,000; value per acre, cleared land, $20; woodland, $15. Total acreage of the State, 53,353,600; in farms, 16,000,000; in forests, 1,800,000.
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Wheat the staple, and milling the great industry, giving employment to nearly 4,000 people. Capital invested in flour and grist mills, $21,000,000; value of products, $45,000,000. Corn crop, 1884, 28,630,000 bu., valued at $7,797,900; wheat, 50,117,481 bu., valued at $25,000,000; oats, 36,100,000 bu., valued at $7,220,000. Average value of corn, 1884, 33 cents; of wheat, 50 cents; of oats, 20 cents.
Ranks fourth in wheat and barley, sixth in hay, eighth in oats.
Dairy interest increasing in value; production of butter and cheese becoming one of great industries; latest reports give 19,223,835 lbs. butter; cheese, 975,329 lbs.
Population, 1,118,486: male, 605,551; female, 512,935: native, 733,320; foreign, 381,340: white, 1,115,358; colored, 1,814; Chinese, 99: Indians, 1,215.
State, congressional and presidential elections, Tuesday after first Monday in November; number Senators, 47; Representatives, 103; sessions of legislature biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting Tuesday after first Monday in January; limit of session, 60 days; term of Senators, 4 years; of Representatives, 2 years.
Number electoral votes, 7; number voters, 306,435; idiots, insane and convicts excluded from voting.
Number colleges, 5; school population, 400,000; school age, 5-21.
Legal interest rate, 7; by contract, 10; usury forfeits excess over 10 per cent.
DAKOTA.Da-kō´ta.
So called from a tribe of Indians of the same name.
First permanent white settlements made by Lord Selkirk at Pembina, 1812; organized as a Territory, 1861; first legislature at Yankton, March, 1862.
Area, 149,100 square miles; average length, 450 miles; breadth, 350 miles; ranks in size next to Texas and California. General elevation, 1,000 to 2,500 feet; Red river frontage, about 250 miles; the Missouri navigable throughout the Territory. Number counties, 136.
Temperature at Bismarck: winter, 4° to 27°; summer, 63° to 71°. Climate dry, and cold not so penetrating as in moister regions further east. Rainfall at Fort Randall, 17 inches; 73 per cent. of year's rain falls in spring and summer.
Fargo, the metropolis of Northern Dakota, an enterprising city, does a large business; has gas, electric lights, and street railway. Bismarck, capital, rapidly developing into an important business centre. Yankton, chief town of the south. Land offices at Fargo, Bismarck, Huron, Deadwood, Yankton, Mitchell, Aberdeen, Watertown and Grand Forks. Railway mileage, 1870, 65; 1884, 2,494. The Northern Pacific has a mileage of 375, crossing the northern central portion from Fargo through Bismarck in an almost direct westerly line through the Territory.
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Finest wheat-growing country on the continent; corn crop, 1884, 13,950,000 bu.; oats, 11,812,000; wheat, 22,330,000 bu.; 2,800,000 bu. reported as freighted over Northern Pacific in four months of 1883, 76 per cent. being of best grade. Oats yield 50 to 75 bu. per acre; potatoes yield well and are of great size. Nutritious grasses at all seasons and abundant water offer remarkable advantages for stock raising; wool growing an important industry; climate especially favorable for sheep. Ranks fourth in gold, and ninth in silver; latest reported gold product, $4,123,081; mineral wealth centred in Black Hills; coal found in workable quantities west of the Missouri.
Population, 135,177 in 1880, with sufficient increase since then to entitle her to admission as a State: male, 82,296; female, 52,881; native, 83,382; foreign, 51,795; white, 133,147; colored, 401; Chinese, 238; Indians, 1,391.
Territorial, congressional and presidential elections, Tuesday after first Monday in November; number Senators, 12; Representatives, 24; sessions biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting 2d Tuesday in January; limit session, 60 days; terms of Senators and Representatives, 2 years each. Number voters, census 1880, 51,003.
Legal interest rate, 7; by contract, 12; usury forfeits excess.
NEBRASKA.Ne-bras´ka.
Name first applied to the river, and is of Indian origin, signifying Shallow Water. Organized as a Territory, 1854; admitted 1867.
Area, 76,855 square miles; width, north and south, about 210 miles; greatest length in centre, about 420 miles. Platte, the principal river, extending through the State east and west. Number counties, 80.
Temperature at Omaha: winter, 20° to 34°; summer, 72° to 78°. Rainfall, Fort Kearney, 25 inches.
Omaha, U. S. port of delivery, principal city and commercial centre; population, 61,835. Lincoln, a thriving city, containing State University; population, 1870, 2,441, and 1885, 20,004. Population Plattsmouth, 5,796; of Nebraska City, 5,597.
Number farms, 63,387. Average value per acre, cleared land, $8.93; woodland, $25.85.
Corn crop, 1884, 122,100,000 bushels; wheat, 28,325,000 bushels; oats, 21,630,000 bushels. Rye, buckwheat, barley, flax and hemp yield abundant crops. Apples, pears, plums, grapes and berries are plentiful. Ranks eighth in corn and barley, and ninth in rye.
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Herd law excellent, and grazing land good. Cattle raising the great industry of the State, next to agriculture.
Manufacturing establishments show a wonderful increase of from 670 in 1870 to 1,403 in 1880. Capital invested, $4,881,150; number hands employed, 4,773.
Homesteads obtained under timber claims or by pre-emptions; cash expense of first, $18 to $36; of second, $14. U.S. land offices at Dakota City, Norfolk, Grand Island, Lincoln, Beatrice, Bloomington and North Platte.
Population, 452,402: male, 249,241; female, 203,161; native, 354,988; foreign, 97,414; white, 449,764; colored, 2,385; Chinese, 18; Indians, 235.
State, congressional and presidential elections, Tuesday after first Monday in November; number Senators, 33; Representatives, 100; sessions biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting first Tuesday in January; limit of session, 40 days; terms of Senators and Representatives, 2 years each. Number electoral votes, 5; number voters, 129,042. U.S. army, idiots and convicts excluded from voting.
Number colleges, 9; school population, 135,511; school age, 5-21.
Legal interest, 7; by contract, 10; usury forfeits interest and cost.
Railroad mileage, 1865, 122; 1885, 2,891.
| KANSAS. | Kăn´zas. "Garden of the West." |
From Kansas river. Indian name, signifying "Smoky Water". Visited by Spaniards, 1541, and by French, 1719. Part of Louisiana purchase, and afterward of Indian Territory. Organized as a Territory, 1854. Admitted as a State, January, 1861.
Area, 82,080 square miles. Length, 400 miles; breadth, 200 miles. Geographical centre of United States, exclusive of Alaska. Missouri river frontage, 150 miles; largest rivers, Solomon, Neosho, Saline, Arkansas, Republican and Kansas. Number counties, 100.
Temperature at Leavenworth: summer, 74° to 79°; winter, 25° to 35°: rainfall, 81 inches.
Metropolis, Leavenworth; population, 29,268. Capital, Topeka; population, 23,499. State University at Lawrence; State asylums for insane and feeble-minded at Topeka and Osawatomie; institution for education of the blind, Wyandotte; for deaf-mutes, Olathe.
First railroad built, 1865; length, 40 miles. Railroad mileage, 1875, 2,150; Jan. 1, 1886, 4,888.
Number farms, 1860, 10,400; 1880, 138,561. Average value per acre, cultivated land, $11.82; woodland, $19.12. Peculiarly adapted for stock raising. Gain, per cent., in horses, for ten years, 138; cows, 149; mules, 1,040; other cattle, 203; sheep, 210; hogs, 132.
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Latest reported crop: castor beans, 765,143 bu.; cotton, 33,589 lbs.; flax, 622,256 bu.; hemp, 557,879 bu.; corn, 1884, 168,500,000 bu.; wheat, 34,990,000 bu.; oats, 27,419,000 bu.
Number hands employed in manufactories, 1860, 1,735; in 1870, 6,844; in 1880, 12,064. Net value of manufactured products increased 67 per cent. in first period, 95 per cent. in second.
Ranks fifth in cattle, corn and rye; seventh in hay, and ninth in hogs, horses, wheat and coal. Coal area, 17,500 square miles.
Population, 996,096: male, 536,667; female, 459,429; native, 886,010; foreign, 110,086; white, 952,155; colored, 43,107; Chinese, 19; Indians, 815. State, congressional and presidential elections, Tuesday after first Monday in Nov.; Senators, 40; Representatives, 125; sessions biennial, meeting second Tuesday in January in odd-numbered years; limit of session, 50 days; term of Senators, 4 years; of Representatives, 2 years.
Number electoral votes, 9; number voters, 265,714. Idiots, insane, convicts and rebels excluded from voting.
Number colleges, 8; number schoolhouses, over 5,000; school attendance, 69 per cent. of school population; school age, 5-21.
Legal interest, 7; by contract, 12; usury forfeits excess of interest.
INDIAN TERRITORY.
Portion of great Louisiana purchase set apart for home of peaceable Indian tribes; organized 1834.
Cut down to form States and Territories, leaving but 64,690 square miles, or 41,401,600 acres; nearly 26,000,000 acres being Indian reservations.
Length east and west on the north, 470 miles; breadth west of 100th meridian, 35 miles, and east of that line, about 210 miles. Reservations of Cherokees, 5,000,000 acres in north and northeast; Seminoles, 200,000 in east central; Creeks, 3,215,495 in east; Chickasaws, 4,377,600 in south; the Oklahoma country near centre. Principal rivers, Arkansas and Red. Number nations, agencies and reservations, 22.
Temperature at Fort Gibson: winter, 35° to 48°: summer, 77° to 82°. Rainfall in extreme northwest, 20 inches, and at Fort Gibson, 36 inches.
Most important town, and capital of Cherokees, Tahlequah. Railroad mileage, 372. Capital of Chickasaws, Tishomingo; of Choctaws, Tushkahoma; of Creeks, Muscogee; of Osages, Pawhuska; of Seminoles, Seminole Agency; of Pawnees, Pawnee Agency; of Kiowas and Comanches, Kiowa and Comanche Agency.
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Corn, wheat, tobacco, cotton and potatoes yield luxuriantly. Number horses, January, 1883, 125 per cent. of previous year; mules, 110 per cent.; hogs, 80 per cent.; milch cows, 85 per cent.; number sheep, 55,000, at average value of $2; oxen and other cattle, January, 1884, 520,000, valued at $8,840,000.
Stringent laws to protect from encroachments by whites. They can hold land only by marrying into one of the tribes. Recent official reports give Indian population about 80,000: Cherokees, 20,000; Choctaws, 16,500; Creeks, 14,500; Chickasaws, 7,000; Seminoles, 2,500; Osages, 2,390; Cheyennes, 3,298; Arapahoes, 2,676; Kiowas, 1,120; Pawnees, 1,438; Comanches, 1,475.
No Territorial government has as yet been organized, owing to differences in the views of Congress and the tribes. For each agency, a deputy is appointed by the President to represent the United States, but each tribe manages its own internal affairs. Most of the tribes governed by chiefs.
Of first five tribes, 33,650 can read, and have 16,200 houses, 195 schools, and 6,250 pupils. Expended from tribal funds for educational purposes, $156,856; from government appropriations for freedmen, $3,500.
| COLORADO. | Kol-o-rah´do. "Centennial State." |
Part of Louisiana purchase of 1803. First explored by Vasquez Coronado under the Spanish, 1540. First expedition sent out by United States Government, under Major Pike, 1806; a second under command of Col. S.H. Long, 1820, and in 1842-44, Gen. John C. Fremont made his celebrated trip across the Rocky Mountains. First settlements made by miners, 1858-9; formed from parts of Kansas, Nebraska, Utah and New Mexico; organized as a Territory, February, 1851; admitted August 1, 1876.
Area, 103,925 square miles; length, 380 miles; breadth, 280 miles; principal rivers, North and South Platte, Arkansas, Snake, White and Green. Number counties, 40. Temperature at Denver: winter, 25° to 37°; summer, 72° to 74°. Rainfall of the State from 15 to 20 inches, falling mostly between May and July.
Five United States land districts, with offices at Denver, Pueblo, Fairplay, Lake City and Central City. Denver, capital and metropolis, and contains assay office; pop., 54,308; Leadville, 10,925; Silver Cliffs, 900; Colorado Springs, 4,563. State University at Boulder; Agricultural College at Fort Collins; School of Mines at Golden City.
Richest State in the Union in mineral productions, ranking first in silver, and fourth in gold.
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Corn crop, 1884, 710,000 bushels; wheat, 2,348,000 bushels; oats, 1,516,000 bushels; 1,209,000 bushels produced 1883, the yield being 29.3 bushels per acre; hay, 114,505 tons, valued at $1,545,818. Cattle raising a safe and profitable business; sheep husbandry still more profitable; latest reported estimate gives 815,674 cattle, 1,248,360 sheep and 12,342 swine.
Population, 243,910: male, 144,781; female, 99,129: native, 192,568; foreign, 51,342: white, 239,585; colored, 3,262; Chinese, 861; Indians, 202.
State, congressional and presidential elections, Tuesday after first Monday in November; number Senators, 26: Representatives, 49; sessions biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting first Monday in January; limit of session, 40 days; term of Senators, 4 years; of Representatives, 2 years.
Number electoral votes, 3; number voters, 93,608; native white, 65,215; foreign white, 26,873; colored, 1,520. Persons in prison excluded from voting.
Not a mile of railroad in use in 1870; mileage, January 1, 1886, 2,857. Number colleges, 3; school population, 40,208; school age, 6-21.
Legal Interest rate, 10; by contract, any rate.
NEW MEXICO.
Named in honor of one of the gods of the Aztecs, the ancient inhabitants of Mexico.
Colonized by Spaniards, 1582; Santa Fé being oldest town in United States, next to St. Augustine; organized 1850.
Area, 122,580 square miles; length eastern boundary, 345 miles; western, 390 miles; average breadth north of 32°, 335 miles; altitude, 3,000 to 4,000 feet. Number counties, 13.
Temperature at Santa Fé, winter, 27° to 37°; summer, 66° to 70°. Rainfall, Fort Marcy, 17 inches.
Santa Fé is capital and principal city; pop., 6,635. Las Vegas, Silver City and Albuquerque are growing in importance.
But 8 miles railroad in operation in 1878, having increased to 1,140, January 1, 1884.
Crops abundant wherever water can be obtained, and corn will ripen almost anywhere; 6,060 square miles irrigable land; number farms, 5,053; corn crop, 1884, 950,000 bu.; wheat, 930,000 bu.; oats, 252,000 bu. Total acreage of the Territory, 78,451,200; in farms, 631,131; in forests, 219,224; unoccupied, 77,820,069; proportion woodland area in the farm lands, 35 per cent. Average value corn, 1884, 68 cents; wheat, 90 cents; oats, 40 cents.
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Grazing interest extensive and valuable. Recent reports give mules, 10,183; sheep, 4,435,200, valued at $7,539,840; hogs, 23,353, valued at $187,758.
Mineral wealth is rapidly developing. Gold is found in Grant, Lincoln, Colfax and Bernalillo counties; rich copper mines on the San Pedro Grant, in Bernalillo county, and in the Pinos Altos region. Zinc, quicksilver, lead, manganese, and large deposits of coal have been found. Gold production, 1882, was $150,000; silver, $1,800,000.
Population, 119,565: male, 64,496; female, 55,069; native, 111,514; foreign, 8,051; white, 108,721; colored, 1,015; Chinese, 57; Indians, 9772
Territorial and congressional elections, Tuesday after first Monday in November; number Senators, 12; Representatives, 24; sessions of legislature biennial, in even-numbered years, meeting first Monday in January; limit of session, 60 days; terms of Senators and Representatives, 2 years each. Voting population, 34,076; native white, 26,423; foreign white, 4,558; colored, 3,095.
School population, 20,255; school age, 7-18.
Legal interest rate, 6; by contract, 12.
ARIZONA.Ar-ĭ-zō´na.
First visited by Spanish explorers as early as 1526; set off from New Mexico and became a Territory, 1863.
Area, 113,020 square miles; greatest length, 375 miles; greatest breadth, 340 miles. Country drained by Colorado and Gila, with their tributaries; number counties, 11.
Temperature at Prescott: winter, 34° to 42°; summer, 71° to 73°. Rainfall at Fort Defiance, 14 inches.
Tucson, the largest town: population, 7,007. Prescott, the capital. Railroad mileage, 865; Southern Pacific crosses from east to west near southern boundary, and Atlantic & Pacific north of the central portion, making ready communication with East and West.
Crop reports, 1883: wheat, 222,200 bu.; barley, 330,775 bu.; potatoes, 52,936 bu.: hay, 10,710 tons; corn acreage, 1884, 2,850, producing 60,300 bu. Soil fertile in river bottoms and among valleys of Middle and Eastern Arizona, corn planting following wheat or barley harvest, giving two crops yearly; oranges and other fruits and potatoes produce well wherever there is water; principal portion of irrigable land lies in valley of Gila and its northern branches; rich and abundant grasses, together with mild climate, make much of the Territory well adapted to stock raising; valuable timber on the mountains and along the streams.
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Abundant mineral wealth, which can now be developed with profit, owing to completion of railways; nearly all mountain ranges contain gold, silver, copper and lead; gold production, 1882, $1,065,000; silver, $7,500,000.
Ranks second in silver, and ninth in gold.
Superior quality of lime found near Prescott and Tucson; beds of gypsum in San Pedro valley; remarkable deposits of pure, transparent salt near Callville.
Population, 40,440: male, 28,202; female, 12,238; native, 24,391; foreign, 16,049; white, 35,160; colored, 155; Chinese, 1,630; Indians, 3493
Territorial and congressional elections, Tuesday after first Monday in November; number Senators, 12; Representatives, 24; sessions of legislature biennial, in even-numbered years, meeting first Monday in January; limit of session, 60 days; terms of Senators and Representatives, 2 years each. Voting population, 20,398; native white, 9,790; foreign white, 8,256; colored, 2,352.
School population, 10,283; school age, 6-21.
Legal interest rate, 10; by contract, any rate; no penalty for usury.
UTAH.Yoo´tah.
Settled by Mormons under the leadership of Brigham Young, Salt Lake, 1847. Territorial government formed 1850.
Area, 84,900 square miles, very nearly same as Idaho; average length, 350 miles; breadth, 260 miles. Largest rivers, Grand and Green, together with the Colorado, which they unite to form. Number counties, 24.
Temperature at Salt Lake City: winter, 29° to 40°; summer, 69° to 77°: rainfall, 24 inches.
Salt Lake City, capital and metropolis; pop., 20,768. Ogden, at junction of Union and Central Pacific, pop., 6,069. Railroad mileage, 1,134; Union and Central Pacific through the north.
Number farms, 9,452; land under cultivation, over 400,000 acres; value farm products, $10,000,000. Valleys of the Cache, Salt Lake, Jordan, Sevier and Rio Virgin, are irrigable, and produce fine crops of cereals and vegetables. Wheat crop of 1884, 1,675,000 bushels.
Annual income from stock raising, about $2,000,000, though grazing interest perhaps not so important as in neighboring States and Territories.
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Gold, copper and silver found in Wahsatch Mountains, the metal found being mostly silver. Gold production, 1882, $190,000; silver, $6,800,000.
Production coal, 1882, 250,000 tons; principal source of supply in valley of Weber river.
Ranks third in silver, and seventh in salt, an inexhaustible supply of the latter being furnished by the lake.
Population, 143,963: male, 74,509; female, 69,454; native, 99,969; foreign, 43,994; white, 142,423; colored, 232; Chinese, 501; Indians, 807
Territorial elections annual, first Monday in August; congressional elections, Tuesday after first Monday in November; number Senators, 12; Representatives, 24; sessions of legislature, biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting second Monday in January; limit of session, 60 days; terms of Senators and Representatives, 2 years each.
Voting population, 32,773: native white, 13,795; foreign white, 18,283; colored, 695.
School population, 43,303; school age, 6-18; number colleges, 1.
Legal Interest rate, 10; by contract, any rate.
WYOMING.Wī-ō´ming.
First settlements, trading posts of Forts Laramie and Bridger; organized 1869.
Area, 97,890 square miles; very nearly a rectangle, and about the same area as Oregon; length, 350 miles; breadth, 275 miles. Largest rivers, Green, Snake, Big Horn, Powder, Big Cheyenne and North Platte. Number counties, 9. Temperature at Cheyenne: winter, 23° to 33°; summer, 63° to 69°. Rainfall at Fort Laramie, 15 inches.
Cheyenne is the capital and principal distributing point. Railroad mileage, 625; Union Pacific runs through extreme south from east to west, and connects Cheyenne with Denver.
Wheat, rye, oats and barley flourish, but frosts too frequent for corn. Big Horn country, in northwest, has area 15,000 square miles; fine agricultural country; water plentiful; game and fur-bearing animals numerous, rendering it one of most desirable hunting grounds of America. Grazing interest important, and increasing rapidly, more than half the area being rich grazing land. Mountains covered with forests of coniferæ, which will prove very useful for lumber.
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Mineral resources extensive; iron ore abundant; copper, lead, plumbago and petroleum found; gold, in the Sweetwater country and near Laramie City; valuable deposits of soda in valley of the Sweetwater. Coal abundant and of good quality at Evanston, Carbon, Rock Springs and other points; these deposits extensively worked, and furnish nearly all the coal used by the railroads and by settlements hundreds of miles east and west.
But little attention has as yet been given to mechanical and manufacturing industries. Capital, as last reported, $364,673, of which $212,603 is invested in manufacture of iron and steel. Value of products of the latter is $491,345; total value of products, $898,494. Number hands employed, 391.
Population, 20,789: male, 14,152; female, 6,637; native, 14,939; foreign, 5,850; white, 19,437; colored, 298; Chinese, 914; Indians, 140.
Territorial and congressional elections, Tuesday after first Monday in November; number Senators, 12; Representatives, 24; sessions of legislature biennial, in even-numbered years, meeting second Tuesday in January; limit of session, 60 days; terms of Senators and Representatives, 2 years each. Voting population, 10,180; native white, 6,042; foreign white, 3,199; colored, 939.
Good school system started; school pop., 4,112; school age, 7-21.
Legal interest rate, 12; by contract, any rate.
MONTANA.Mŏn-ta´nah.
Formerly a part of Idaho; became a Territory, 1864; received about 2,000 square miles from Dakota, 1873.
Area, 146,080 square miles; length, east and west, 460 to 540 miles; average breadth, 275 miles. Drained by the Missouri and its tributaries and the tributaries of the Colorado. Number of counties, 14
Temperature at Virginia City, winter, 17° to 30°; summer, 55° to 65°: rainfall seldom exceeds 12 inches per annum.
Three U.S. districts; court held twice a year at Helena, twice at Virginia City, and three times at Deer Lodge. Helena, the capital and most important town. Railroad mileage, 1,032; Northern Pacific extends through the Territory from east to west.
Immense areas cultivable land; cereal productions, 1882, were 1,857,540 bu., of which 1,100,000 were oats; potatoes yielded 300,000 bu., and hay 93,000 tons. Wheat crop in 1884, 1,372,000 bu.; oats, 1,740,000 bu. Some varieties of corn grown in portions of Territory, but generally too cold.
Grazing interest of value; estimated area valuable grazing land, 100,000 square miles; great extent of plains and mountain valleys yet untouched by herdsmen. Latest returns give 686,839 cattle, 465,750 sheep, and 17,544 swine.
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One of richest mining countries in the world; mineral wealth almost inexhaustible. Product for 1879 was $3,629,000, of which ⅔ was gold and ⅓ silver; product, 1880, was $3,822,379, of which ⅔ was silver and ⅓ gold; production, 1882, $6,920,000, of which ⅔ was silver and ⅓ gold.
Manufacturing interests mainly smelting works, and flour and lumber mills. Ranks fifth in silver and in gold.
Population, 39,139; male, 28,177; female, 10,982; native, 27,638; foreign, 11,521; white, 35,385; colored, 346; Chinese, 1,765; Indians, 1663
Territorial and congressional elections, Tuesday after first Monday in November; number Senators, 12; Representatives, 24; sessions of legislature, biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting second Monday in January; limit of session, 60 days; terms of Senators and Representatives, 2 years each. Voting population, 21,544; native white, 12,162; foreign white, 7,474; colored, 1,908.
School population, 10,482; school age, 4-21; graded schools in Deer Lodge City, Virginia City and Helena.
Legal interest rate, 10; by contract, any rate.
IDAHO.Ī´dah-ho
White population previous to 1850, mainly trappers, prospectors and missionaries; permanent settlement began with discovery of gold, 1860; organized as Territory, 1863.
Area, 84,800 square miles; length in west, 485 miles, and on Wyoming boundary, 140 miles; width, 45 miles in north, and nearly 300 miles in south. Drainage mainly by Salmon and Snake rivers and their tributaries. Number counties, 15.
Temperature at Boisé City: winter, 30° to 40°; summer, 68° to 75°.
Boisé City, the capital, and contains national bank and penitentiary. Florence and Silver City are flourishing mining towns. Railroad mileage, 777; Northern Pacific crosses northern part.
Extreme north well timbered and much fertile land; extreme southeast populated almost entirely by Mormons, chiefly farmers; 4,480,000 acres suitable for agriculture, and 5,000,000 for grazing, most of the ranges being as yet unoccupied. Latest reports give, cattle, 220,612; sheep, 187,500; swine, 24,780.
Cash value per acre of corn in 1883, $18; wheat, $13.77; rye, $11.79; oats, $21.31; barley, $21.30; potatoes, $73.44; hay, $10.40.
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Most of the gold is found in Idaho, Boisé and Alturas counties; silver, in Owyhee county; some of the mines being very rich. Gold production, 1883, $1,500,000; silver, $2,000,000. Wood River District on southern slope of Salmon River Mountains, at headwaters of Wood or Malade river, gives promise of valuable mining operations. Coal in vicinity of Boisé City. Ranks sixth in gold and silver.
Manufactures, chiefly production of flour and lumber, and smelting of ores.
Population, 32,610: males, 21,818; female, 10,792; native, 22,636; foreign, 9,974; white, 29,013; colored, 53; Chinese, 3,379; Indians, 165
Territorial and congressional elections, Tuesday after first Monday in November; number Senators, 12; Representatives, 24; sessions of legislature biennial, in even-numbered years, meeting second Monday in December; limit of session, 60 days; terms of Senators and Representatives, 2 years each.
Voting population, 14,795; native white, 7,331; foreign white, 4,385; colored, 3,126.
School population, 9,650; school age, 521.
Legal interest rate, 10; by contract, 18; usury forfeits three times excess of interest.
| NEVADA. | Ne-vah´dah. "Sage Hen State." |
Name of Spanish derivation, signifying "Snow-covered."
First white settlements in Washoe and Carson valleys, 1848; organized as a Territory from Utah, 1861; admitted, 1864.
Area, 110,700 square miles; extreme length, 485 miles; length western boundary, 210 miles; extreme breadth, 310 miles. Humboldt the longest river; its valley, extending east and west, determined course of Central Pacific. Number counties, 15.
Temperature at Winnemucca: winter, 30° to 38°; summer, 66° to 73°.
Virginia City, metropolis and chief commercial centre; population, 10,917. Carson City, capital, and contains a branch mint; population, 4,229. Railroad mileage, 948; Central Pacific extends through the State, east and west. Waters of rivers usually fresh, and abound in fish.
Number farms, 1,404; many valleys easily cultivated, and crop yield good. Corn, 1884, 830 acres; wheat, 5,515 acres; oats, 7,858 acres. Area grazing land, 7,508,060 acres. Reported January 1, 1884, 40,732 horses and mules; 385,350 sheep, valued at $793,821; 13,200 hogs, valued at $110,880.
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Mineral resources of enormous value; Comstock lode supposed to be richest silver mine in the world; Eureka one of the most productive. Amount of gold produced, 1882, $2,000,000; silver, $6,750,000. Rich lead and copper ores; also zinc, platinum, tin and nickel have been found. Extensive deposits of borax in Churchill and Esmeralda counties.
Ranks second in gold, and fourth in silver.
Population, 62,266; male, 42,019; female, 20,247; native, 36,613; foreign, 25,653; white, 53,556; colored, 488; Chinese, 5,416; Indians, 2803
Governor and State officers elected quadrennially, and legislature every 2 years; State, presidential and congressional elections Tuesday after first Monday in November; number Senators, 20; Representatives, 40; sessions of legislature biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting first Monday in January; limit of session, 60 days; term of Senators, 4 years; of Representatives, 2 years. Voting population, 31,255; native white, 11,442; foreign white, 14,191; colored, 5,622. Idiots, insane and convicts excluded from voting.
Number colleges, 1; school population, 10,483; school age, 6-18.
Legal Interest rate, 10; by contract, any rate.
| CALIFORNIA. | Kal-e-for´ne-ah. "The Golden State." |
Name of Spanish origin, signifying "Hot Furnace."
First settlement by Spaniards at San Diego, 1768; admitted 1850.
Area, 158,360 square miles, the second largest State; extreme length, 770 miles; extreme breadth, 330 miles; least breadth, 150 miles; coastline, over 700 miles; San Francisco Bay, best harbor on western coast. Number counties, 52.
Temperature at San Francisco: winter, 50° to 55°; summer, 58° to 69°. Rainfall, Sacramento, 20 inches.
San Francisco, metropolis and only port of entry. Regular line of steamers to Australia, Panama, Mexico, China and Japan; pop., 233,959. Sacramento, capital; pop., 21,420. Population Oakland, 34,555; San José, 12,567; Stockton, 10,282; Los Angeles, 11,183; U.S. navy yard at San Pablo Bay.
Number farms, 35,934. Average value per acre, cleared land, $27.16; woodland, $8.55.
One of the richest agricultural tracts in the Union; rich soil and favorable climate, often insuring two crops per year on same field; wheat the most valuable crop; crop of 1884, 44,320,000 bu.; corn, 8,800,000 bu.; oats, 2,149,000 bu.
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Ranks very high as a fruit-growing state; fruits of temperate climates, about 4,000,000 trees; sub-tropical fruits and nuts, 250,000 trees; grape region north to 41°, with an average breadth of 100 miles, and contains over 21,000,000 vines.
Fine sheep-raising country. Cashmere goats have been introduced and are doing well.
Ranks first in barley, grape culture, sheep, gold and quicksilver; third in hops; fifth in wheat and salt; seventh in silk goods; eighth in soap and silver.
Population, 864,694: male, 518,176; female, 346,518; native, 571,820; foreign, 292,874; white, 767,181; colored, 6,018; Chinese, 75,132; Japanese, 86; Indians, 16,277.
Governor and State officers elected quadrennially, and legislature every two years; number Senators, 40; Representatives, 80; sessions of legislature biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting first Monday after January 1st; limit of session, 60 days; term of Senators, 4 years; of Representatives, 2 years.
Number electoral votes, 8; number white voters, 262,583. Idiots, Indians, convicts and Chinese excluded from voting.
School population, 216,330; school age, 5-17.
Legal interest rate, 7; by contract, any rate.
OREGON.Or´e-gon.
Name derived from Spanish word signifying "Wild Thyme," so called on account of the abundance of the herb found by early explorers. Credit of discovery generally given to Captain Gray, of Boston, 1792; Fur Company's trading post at Astoria, 1811; organized as a Territory, 1848; admitted 1859.
Area, 96,030 square miles; average length, 360 miles; breadth, 260 miles; coast line, 300 miles; Columbia river frontage, 300 miles. Number counties, 27. Temperature at Portland: winter, 38° to 46° summer, 62° to 68°: rainfall at Dalles, 22 inches, and at Fort Hoskins, 67 inches.
Portland, Astoria and Coos Bay are ports of entry; Oregon City, Roseburgh and La Grande are land offices. Portland, the metropolis; population, 33,400. Salem is capital.
Number farms, 16,217; about 25,000,000 acres arable land, and same of grazing land; forest, 10,000,000 acres. Average value per acre, cleared land, $21.71; woodland, $4.50.
Wheat the staple; noted for superiority of its flour and for weight, often reaching 65 pounds per bu. Wheat crop, 1884, 15,462,000 bu.; oats, 5,470,000 bu.
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Cattle raising ranks 2d only to agriculture; wool is of fine quality.
Extremely rich in minerals; gold found in Jackson, Josephine, Baker and Grant counties; copper, in Josephine, Douglas and Jackson counties; iron ore, throughout the State; coal, along Coast Range.
Principal exports are wheat, flour, lumber and canned salmon. Over 10,000,000 feet lumber out annually, and over 600,000 cases salmon packed.
Population, 174,768: male, 103,381; female, 71,387; native, 144,265; foreign, 30,503; white, 163,075; colored, 487; Chinese, 9,510; Indians, 1694
Governor and State officers elected quadrennially, and legislature every two years; number of Senators, 30; Representatives, 60; sessions of legislature biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting first Monday in January; limit of session, 40 days; term of Senators, 4 years; of Representatives, 2 years.
Number of electoral votes, 3; voting population, 59,629. U.S. army, idiots, insane, convicts, and Chinese excluded from voting.
Number of colleges, 7; school population, 65,216; school age, 4-20.
Legal interest rate, 8; by contract, 10; usury forfeits principal and interest.
WASHINGTON.Wŏsh-ing-ton.
First settlement of white Americans at Tumwater, 1845, though trading posts had before been established by fur traders; organized 1853
Area, 69,180 square miles, nearly same as Missouri; greatest length, 340 miles; greatest breadth, 240 miles; Pacific coast line, about 180 miles. Number counties, 33.
Temperature at Olympia: winter, 37° to 44°; summer, 59° to 62°. Rainfall, Ft. Colville, 10 inches; at Ft. Vancouver, 39 inches, and at Neah Bay, 123 inches.
Olympia is the capital, and Walla Walla and Seattle the largest towns. Harbors of Puget Sound numerous and excellent. Railroad mileage, 716; Northern Pacific from Wallula Junction to Idaho line, and from Kalama to New Tacoma, which is connected by railway with Seattle.
About 25 per cent. of area well fitted for agriculture; cereals all thrive, but generally too cold for corn; wheat crop, 1884, 4,118,000 bushels; oats, 2,623,000. Fruits of temperate zone, excepting peaches, attain perfection. Considerable attention paid to hop culture, latest reports giving 703,277 pounds; also 1,003,530 bushels potatoes.
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Grazing interest valuable and rapidly increasing; grazing region east of Cascade Range, the bunch grass furnishing an inexhaustible food supply.
Coal mined at Bellingham Bay and Seattle; area coal-bearing strata, 20,000 square miles. Gold-bearing quartz and silver lodes exist in Cascade and Coast ranges; copper, cinnabar, lead and other minerals are found.
Lumber resources almost inexhaustible; amount lumber cut annually, 250,000,000 to 300,000,000 feet, 150,000,000 being exported.
Population, 75,116: male, 45,973; female, 29,143; native, 59,313; foreign, 15,803; white, 67,199; colored, 325; Chinese, 3,186; Indians, 4,405.
Territorial and congressional elections, Tuesday after first Monday day in November; number Senators, 12; Representatives, 24; sessions of legislature biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting first Monday in October; terms of Senators and Representatives, 2 years each; limit of session, 60 days. Voting population, 27,670; native white, 15,858; foreign white, 8,393; colored, 3,419.
Number colleges, 2; school population, 23,890; school age, 4-21.
Legal interest rate, 10; by contract, any rate.
CENTRAL AMERICA AND WEST INDIES.
Central America is an irregular mass of land in southern part of North America, and lies about midway between the two great continental masses of the New World. It includes the republics of Guatemala, Honduras, San Salvador, Nicaragua and Costa Rica, together with British Honduras.
The West Indies, an extensive system of islands lying southeast of North America, contain the large islands of Cuba, Hayti, Jamaica and Porto Rico, and are arranged mostly in three groups; viz., Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles and the Bahamas.
| Area, Sq. Miles | Pop. | Capital. | Pop. | ||||
| British Honduras | 7,562 | 27,452 | Belize | 5,767 | |||
| Costa Rica | 26,040 | 190,000 | San Jose | 20,000 | |||
| Guatemala | 41,830 | 1,278,311 | New Guatemala | 55,728 | |||
| Honduras | 39,600 | 458,000 | Tegucigalpa | 12,000 | |||
| Nicaragua | 49,500 | 400,000 | Managua | 12,000 | |||
| San Salvador | 7,225 | 554,785 | San Salvador | 18,500 | |||
| Cuba | 43,220 | 1,521,684 | Havana | 25,000 | |||
| 10,204 | 572,000 | Port-au-Prince | 35,000 | |||
| 18,045 | 400,000 | San Domingo | 10,000 | ||||
| Jamaica | 4,362 | 585,536 | Kingston | 38,566 | |||
| Porto Rico | 3,550 | 754,313 | San Juan | 27,000 |
| Statement of Exports and Imports at Belize for the year ending Dec. 31, 1882. | |||
| EXPORTS. | IMPORTS. | ||
| Bananas | $10,980 | Boots and Shoes | $13,918 |
| Cocoanuts | 25,132 | Butter | 14,783 |
| Sarsaparilla | 14,278 | Cotton Goods | 190,436 |
| Logwood | 306,072 | Beef and Pork | 59,405 |
| Mahogany | 215,807 | Hardware and Cutlery | 38,234 |
| Rubber | 18,064 | Flour | 71,200 |
| Raw Sugar | 218,913 | Fancy Goods | 24,844 |
| Exports of Cuba, 1882-83. | |||
| Baracoa—1883. | |||
| Cocoanuts, hundreds | 9,083,305 | ||
| Bananas, bunches, hundred | 628,916 | ||
| Value | $671,925 | ||
| Cocoanut Oil | 98,930 | ||
| Santa Cruz—1882. | Sagua and Cardenas—1882. | ||
| Mah'any and cedar logs | $166,577 | Sugar | $17,484,884 |
| Palm Leaf | 8,453 | Molasses | 3,941,522 |
| Mahogany Crutches | 1,490 | Melada | 262,233 |
| Exports of Porto Rico, 1882-83 | |||
| Mayaguez—1883. | Aquadilla and Arecibo—1882. | ||
| Sugar | $1,141,784 | Sugar | $1,409,972 |
| Coffee | 1,566,327 | Coffee | 567,073 |
| Molasses | 326,690 | Tobacco | 104,173 |
| Exports of Hayti, 1883. | |||
| Coffee | $57,341,162 | Orange Peels | $459,917 |
| Logwood | 264,135,490 | Crude Sugar | 561,479 |
| Cocoa | 2,735,555 | Mahogany | 245,999 |
| Cotton | 1,619,891 | Lignum-vitæ | 1,062,000 |
| Exports of Jamaica, 1881-82. | |||
| Sugar | 38,392 hhds. | Oranges | $163,928 |
| Rum | 22,742 puncheons | Coffee | 649,848 |
| Bananas | $481,838 | Dye-woods | 501,415 |
COSTA RICA.Kos´ta Ree´ka.
The most southern republic of Central America. Area, 26,040 square miles. Population, 190,000. There are many volcanic peaks: Turrialba, 12,500 feet high; Chiriqui, 11,265 feet high; Los Votos, 9,840 feet high.
The chief executive, the President, elected for a term of 4 years, is assisted by 5 ministers. Legislative power is vested in a Congress of Deputies, chosen for 4 years. Capital, San José; pop., 20,000.
The principal products of the soil are coffee, sugar, maize, cocoa, sarsaparilla and fruits. The principal export is coffee. Value of exports, 1883, $2,431,625; of which coffee amounted to $2,000,590. Imports chiefly manufactures from England, $2,081,805. Revenue for fiscal year of 1885, $2,867,170, mainly derived from customs duties and the monopoly on spirits; expenditure, $2,961,110. In 1884, $841,440 were expended for public works. There are about 104 miles of railway: telegraph, 451 miles.
The state religion is the Roman Catholic; constitution guarantees religious liberty. There are 341 national schools and 584 private schools; total number of pupils, 13,924.
NICARAGUA.Nik-ar-a´gwa.
Largest of the Central American states. Area, 49,500 square miles. Population, 400,000. Fifty-five per cent, of inhabitants are Indians. Climate is healthy; mean annual temperature about 80°; rainfall about 100 inches. Constitution adopted 1858. Presidential term, 4 years. Legislative power rests with a Senate and a House of Representatives. Capital, Managua; population, 12,000.
Through want of peace and industry the great natural resources are undeveloped. Lead, iron, zinc, antimony, tin, quicksilver and gold are found. The vegetable products are cotton, coffee, indigo, rice, tobacco and corn. There are about 400,000 cattle in the country. Leading exports in 1882: coffee, $659,550; India rubber, $638,010; gold, $150,000. Imports for the same year, $1,477,340; exports, $1,895,760.
Army, 703 regulars and 9,600 militiamen. Number of schools, 178; pupils, 8,330. Vessels entered, 1882, 213; tonnage, 256,000. Telegraph, 1882, 800 miles; railway, 83 miles.
SAN SALVADOR.Săl-vă-dōr´.
In area the smallest, in population the second, of the Central American republics. It extends along the Pacific coast 170 miles. Average breadth, 43 miles; area, 7,225 square miles. Population, 554785
Constitution adopted 1864; amended 1883. Government administered by a President, elected for 4 years, and a ministry of 4 members. The legislative power is vested in a Senate and House of Representatives. Capital, San Salvador; population, 18,500.
The temperature varies greatly; but the climate is generally considered healthful. This is the most advanced and best cultivated of the republics. Principal agricultural products, indigo, coffee, sugar and balsam. Minerals are not abundant, though there are some rich veins of silver. Value of silver ores, 1882, $700,000.
Latest reports give value of imports as $2,327,765; exports, $5,638,080. Value of coffee exported, $3,416,100; indigo, $1,812,590; sugar, $93,230. In the same year 265 vessels entered the ports.
The army consists of 1,200 men and 2,500 militia.
GUATEMALA.Gaw-te-mah´la.
The most populous of the five Central American republics. Area, 41,830 square miles. Population, 1884, 1,278,311. Climate healthful; snow never falls; frequent violent earthquakes occur. Watered by numerous rivers.
Constitution adopted 1859; amended 1879. President is chief executive; legislative power in the hands of National Assembly; President and members of Assembly elected for 6 years; suffrage universal. Capital, New Guatemala; pop., 55,728.
The soil is fertile; cotton, sugar cane, coffee and tobacco are grown. Roads are poor. Coffee crop, 1884, over 42,000,000 lbs. Sugar, wool and fruit trade recently developed. In 1882, number of land-owners 5,334.
Imports, 1884, valued at $2,630,100; exports, $3,716,340. Miles of railway, 105. Miles of telegraph, 2,880; 1,100 miles controlled by the state.
Army consists of 2,180 men, rank and file; 33,000 militiamen. There is no navy.
In 1882, sum spent on education, $434,753; state contributed $323,860; in 1883 there were 844 primary government schools; number night schools, 48; pupils attending all schools, 42,021.
HONDURAS.Hon-doo´ras.
Republic established November 5, 1838. Area, 39,600 square miles. Population, 458,000. Capital, Tegucigalpa; pop., 12,000. Numerous mountains; between them fertile valleys. Coast line on the Pacific, 40 miles: Atlantic, 400 miles. Many excellent harbors; many rivers, some of them navigable.
Government consists of President, 6 ministers, and an Assembly of 37 Representatives. Finances badly disordered; foreign debt, $26,125,106; interest unpaid, $24,308,846. Standing army, 830 men; militia, 31,500. Navy, 2 steam corvettes, with 8 guns.
The products are mahogany, fruit, cotton, cattle, coffee, tobacco, indigo, India rubber and rosewood. Exports from Truxillo, 1883, $804,550; 26,000 head of cattle; mahogany valued at $88,000; hides and deer skins, $40,000. Total exports, 1883, $2,193,149; imports, $1,749,146.
Railway, 29 miles. Telegraph, 1,800 miles; offices, 23; messages, 107,730. Universities, 2; several colleges; 573 schools, with attendance of 20,518.
BRITISH HONDURAS.Hon-doo´ras.
A British Colony in Central America. Area, 7,562 square miles. Population, 27,452. Coast low and swampy; land gradually rises; on the inland boundary are hills of from 800 to 1,000 feet high; mountains 4,000 feet high. Sixteen rivers descend from elevated lands. Climate hot and damp; temperature, 1878-79, 75°; rainfall 105.49 inches, unusually heavy.
Government in the hands of Lieutenant Governor, an executive and a Legislative Council. Capital, Belize; pop., 5,767. Soil fertile. Sugar cane is grown; fruits flourish; the staple products, however, are the natural woods of the colony. Annual export of mahogany, 3,000,000 feet; logwood, 15,000 tons; estimated value of fruit exports, $100,000. Total imports, 1883, $1,344,865; exports, $1,514,345. Large trade with neighboring republics.
JAMAICA.Ja-mā´ka.
An island of the West Indies; formally ceded to Great Britain, in 1670, by the treaty of Madrid; most valuable possession of the British Crown in the West Indies. Area, including the Turks and Caicos Islands, annexed in 1873, 4,362 square miles. Population, 585,536. Surface mountainous. There is a great variety of climate. Temperature in lowlands, 95° at night, 85° in the day; in highlands, 40° to 50°. Produces most of the tropical staples; the rosewood, mahogany and ebony of the island are well known.
Latest reports give 121,457 acres under crops; 120,264 in guinea grass, and 318,549 in pasture. Principal exports: coffee, 9,572,714 lbs.; ginger, 908,603 lbs.; pimento, 6,195,109 lbs.; 29,000 hhds. of sugar; 18,115 puncheons of rum, and 35,157 tons of logwood. Value of fruit exported in same year, $197,255. Total value of imports, 1889, $6,609,810; exports, $7,745,290.
Governor is assisted by a Privy Council and Legislative Council. Kingston, the chief city and port, is the capital; pop., 38,566.
Miles of railway, 25; 60 miles in process of construction. Telegraph stations and post offices in every town and village.
SAN DOMINGO.San Do-meeng´go.
A republic occupying the eastern and larger portion of the island of Hayti. Area, 18,045 square miles. Country first settled by Spaniards under Columbus in 1492. Republic founded 1844. President elected for a term of 4 years; legislative power in the hands of a National Congress. Capital, San Domingo, founded 1494; population, 10000
The country is very fertile. Principal products, sugar, molasses, tobacco, cotton, coffee, cacao, fruits, mahogany and live stock. The production of sugar and molasses is largely on the increase. Latest reports give $5,000,000 capital invested in sugar factories; amount of product, 10,000 tons.
Value of imports, 1883, $3,142,100; exports, $2,129,265. At the two most important ports, San Domingo and Puerto Plata, there entered, in 1883, 297 vessels, of 192,042 tons.
HAYTI.Hā´tee.
A republic, occupying the west part of the Island of Hayti. Area, 10,204 square miles. Population, 572,000. Capital, Port au Prince; pop., 35,000. Nine-tenths of total population are negroes. Essentially mountainous. In plains, temperature rises to 96° and 100°; on high lands, ranges between 60° and 76°. Constitution was adopted 1867. President is elected for 4 years; National Assembly consists of Senate and House of Commons. Mountains cultivable almost to their summits; covered with valuable timber. Agriculture is backward, though the soil is probably the most fertile in the West Indies. Business of the country transacted by foreigners.
Finances badly deranged; foreign debt, $6,409,970; no interest paid on debt for years. Revenue, $4,500,000; expenditures, $7,000,000. Three-fourths of revenue derived from duties on imports and exports. Imports, 1881, $7,283,620; exports, $6,240,460. In same year, 792 vessels entered, and 768 vessels cleared, the ports of Hayti.
By a law of 1878, army consists of 6,828 men; the Guard of the Government, 650 men.
Language of the country, French; religion, Roman Catholic.
CUBA.Kū´ba.
A Spanish colony in the West Indies. Area, 43,220 square miles. Population, 1,521,684; 50 per cent. of the inhabitants are blacks and enfranchised slaves. The greatest length of the island is 760 miles; width varies from 20 to 135 miles; coast line about 2,000 miles. Surface is broken by a mountain chain running through its centre from east to west; average altitude of summit is between 5,000 and 6,000 feet. Pico de Turquino, 7,670 feet, is the highest peak. There are over 260 rivers, all valueless for navigation purposes, except the Canto. Mineral springs abound.
But little attention has been paid to the development of the mineral wealth. Gold was obtained by the early colonists, but for two centuries comparatively none has been found. There are extensive copper mines, and coal is abundant. Copperas and alum have also been obtained.
Rainfall at Havana: in the wet season, 27.8 inches; dry season, 12.7 inches. Average temperature: at Havana, 77°; at Santiago de Cuba, 80°. Yellow fever and earthquakes are frequent.
Thirteen million acres of Cuban territory are uncleared forests; 7,000,000 wild and uncultivated. Principal woods grown and exported are mahogany, rosewood, Cuban ebony, and cedar.
Tobacco and sugar raising principal occupation of the people. Many sugar plantations comprise 10,000 acres each.
Two crops of Indian corn grown per year; rice, cotton, cacao and indigo also produced; most tropical fruits are abundant. Sugar product averages 520,000 tons per year; molasses, 79,365 hogsheads. Total value of agricultural products over $90,000,000. United States receives 80 per cent. of Cuban sugar. No manufactures deserving mention.
Latest reports give exports of cigars 225,000,000 per annum; leaf tobacco, 13,500,000 pounds. There are about 900 miles of railway. Marine cable connects Cuba with Florida.
Roman Catholicism is the only religion tolerated. Education compulsory; school attendance, 34,813.
Havana is the capital; Pop., 25,000. Government administered by a Captain General, appointed by the Spanish Crown. The island is now represented in the Spanish Cortes, Madrid.
PORTO RICO.Pōr´to Ree´ko.
The smallest of the Greater Antilles. Area, including dependencies, 3,550 square miles. Population, 754,313. Rectangular in shape; length, 100 miles; breadth, 40 miles. A range of mountains extends across the island from east to west; highest peak, 3,678 feet.
The island is very fertile; its principal products are sugar cane, coffee, tobacco, cotton, rice and Indian corn. In proportion to its area, it produces more sugar than any other West India island.
Government is administered under a constitution granted by the Spanish Cortes, 1869. Slavery was abolished in 1873. Capital, San Juan; pop. about 27,000. Climate warm; more healthful than that of the other Antilles. Destructive hurricanes are frequent. The natural productions are very numerous; medicinal plants and many valuable woods, as mahogany, ebony, logwood, and cedar, abound in the forests. Business in the hands of foreigners. Imports, 1871, $17,500,000; exports $15,500,000. Export of sugar, 111,084 tons; molasses, 7,590,915 gallons.
Telegraphic cable connects Porto Rico with other West Indies; telegraph lines connect the principal towns; there are no railroads.
SOUTH AMERICA.
A vast, compact, triangular peninsula, forming southern portion of Western Continent. Area, 6,827,230 square miles; extreme length, 4,550 miles; extreme breadth, about 3,300 miles. Number political divisions, 11.
| Divisions. | Area, Sq. Miles. | Population. | Capitals. | Pop. |
| Argentine Republic | 1,125,086 | 3,026,000 | Buenos Ayres | 295,000 |
| Bolivia | 842,729 | 2,300,000 | La Paz | 76,372 |
| Brazil | 3,288,963 | 9,883,622 | Rio de Janeiro | 274,972 |
| Chili | 256,399 | 2,271,949 | Santiago | 200,000 |
| Colombia | 504,773 | 4,000,000 | Bogota | 100,000 |
| Ecuador | 248,370 | 946,033 | Quito | 80,000 |
| Guiana, British | 76,000 | 248,110 | Georgetown | 36,562 |
| Guiana, French | 48,000 | 36,760 | Cayenne | 10,000 |
| Guiana, Dutch | 46,060 | 68,255 | Paramaribo | 27,416 |
| Paraguay | 91,970 | 346,048 | Asuncion | 16,000 |
| Peru | 503,718 | 2,699,945 | Lima | 101,488 |
| Uruguay | 73,538 | 438,245 | Montevideo | 115,500 |
| Venezuela | 632,695 | 2,121,988 | Caracas | 55,638 |