A Discourse on Trade, and Other Matters Relative to it

by John Cary

NATIONAL CREDIT.

By John Cary, Esq;

The Fifth Edition, Corrected.

LONDON:

Printed in the Year M.DCC.XLV.

To the Right Honourable the LORDS Spiritual and Temporal, and to the Honourable the Commons of ENGLAND in Parliament Assembled.

HAVING lately presented your Honours with An Essay on Coin and Credit, the chief Design whereof was to shew the Necessity of Settling a well-grounded Credit in this Nation, for Support of the Government, and carrying on its Trade; I do now with all Humility lay before you Proposals to answer that End, which I have not clogg’d with Compulsion to the Subject, supposing nothing of this Nature can be good, where a common Consent, grounded upon Interest, doth not make it valuable.

Banks, as I humbly conceive, ought chiefly to be calculated for the Use of Trade, and modeled so as may best content the Traders. What gives them Satisfaction, will answer all other Occasions of the Kingdom. Money passes through the Hands of the Nobility and Gentry, only as Water doth through Conduit-Pipes into the Cistern, but Centers in the Hands of Traders, where it circulates, and may be said to be used; and among these, Ease, Profit, and Security, are Arguments to keep a Bank always full: Besides, when the Streights of the Government are taken of, greater Sums will come into Trade, which are now drawn out, in order to make Advantages, above what the Profits of Trade will bring in.

The Heads whereon I propose to build this National Credit, are these which follow:

That a Bank be erected on the Credit of Parliament, the Profit or Loss thereof to redound to the Nation, whose chief Chamber shall be settled in London, but lesser Chambers in other Places of this Kingdom, at such Distances, as may best answer the Occasions of the Country, which Chambers to account with that of London, and that to Commissioners appointed by Parliament.

That this Bank shall take in what running Cash shall be offered, and shall give their Notes for it; and shall also allow Interest after the Rate of ### per Cent. per Annum, after the first ### Days, till those Notes be paid, and shall also pay it again to the Proprietors, or any Part thereof, when demanded.

That if any Man put in his Money for a Time certain, not less than ### Months, he shall receive Interest from the Time of paying it in, to the Time he is Repaid.

That this Bank shall let out any Sum again on reasonable Security, either Real, Personal, or Goods, receiving Interest after the Rate of ### per Cent. per Annum, till the Borrower shall think fit to pay it in, which he shall do, by such Parts as will best suit his Occasions, and be discharged from the Interest of what he so pays, and only pay after the Rate aforesaid, for so much as doth remain in his Hands.

That Lombards be erected to attend this Bank, for the Benefit of Traders, under Regulations, which may Encourage Trade.

That for the Benefit of Returns, the Notes given in any one Chamber of this Bank, shall be demandable in any other, together with the Interest due till Payment, the Receiver allowing for such Returns after the Rate of ### for each Hundred Pounds, in the Chamber where he receives his Money.

That to prevent Counterfeits, all Notes given out at any Chamber, shall be made payable to ### or Order, and assigned from one to another, each Assignee to be Warrantee for the Note, both to the Bank, and also to every later Assignee.

That these Notes shall be taken by the King in all Payments, which will make them current among the Subjects.

That this Bank do supply the King with all Loans at per Cent. Interest per Ann. from the Time of borrowing, to the Time the Money is paid in again, and that it hath the Taxes, or Funds settled by Act of Parliament, for its Security.

That all Debts contracted to this Bank, shall be of the same Nature with Debts contracted to the King, and be first paid out of the Estates of the Debtors; and that Extents shall lye accordingly.

That an Account be kept of Profit and Loss in each Chamber, together with the Charges of the Officers, &c. And that it be return’d up every three Months, as also Accompt Current, to the Grand Chamber in London, where the whole shall be Examined by the Commissioners, and they be liable to the inspection of the Parliament.

That Registers for Lands be erected in all Countries, &c. where desired, by Act of Parliament.

That Bills be past on the Bank by such as are appointed to buy for the Public Use of the Nation, payable at the Time of their Agreement; by which means every one will endeavour to furnish the Government cheapest, when their Payments shall be punctual; the King will save a great deal of Money, paid now for Procuration, Excessive Interest, &c. and the Fleet and Army will be well paid.

That the Commissioners do once every Year at least, make up the Accounts depending between the Public and the Bank, allowing ### per Cent. Interest as before; and make Application to the Parliament for its Reimbursement.

That Bills and Bonds be made Assignable by Law, and the Property be thereby transfer’d to the Assignee.

That Trustees may put the Money belonging to Orphans into this Bank, which shall be a Discharge to them for so much of their Trust, the Interest to be duly issued out for the Maintenance of the said Orphans; and that all Plate and Bullion belonging to the said Orphans be by the Trustees coined up at the next Mint, and the Money put into the Bank for the use of the said Orphans.

That the Money in this Bank be freed from Taxes.

Concerning which Credit I shall briefly speak to these Four Things.

I. First, Its Security.

II. Secondly, Some of those Advantages the Nation will reap by it.

III. Thirdly, I shall make some Comparison between this Credit, and the present Bank of England.

IV. Fourthly, I shall set forth the necessity of setling the Nations Credit in this present Sessions.

I. As to the First, It hath the Legislative Power of the Kingdom of England for its Foundation, a Security strong enough, and nothing else can be so, to build this Great Superstructure upon, the well modeling whereof, will keep it from being subject to the Designs of private Persons: This will last so long as the Peoples Liberties last, for no Change can weaken it, so long as the People of England have a hand in making their own Laws, whose Common Interest will be riveted and made up with the Security of this Bank, that they will in a short time become one thing, so that nothing less than a Conquest will be able to shake it: This we cannot fear from any Nation besides the French, nor from them neither, till Holland is first subdued; therefore, as those States must first truckle, so far will our Bank be more secure than theirs: France cannot erect a Bank on any sort of Security, because the Will of the Prince being his Law, alters according to his present Occasions: Nor can Spain do it; where, not only the Government but also the Profits thereof, are divided amongst its Ministers: As for Sweden, Denmark, and Portugal, the Princes of Italy and Germany, few believe their Circumstances to be such, as to render them capable of erecting a Bank, which may draw the Eyes of Europe to look towards it; England only can do it, for as an easy Government is its own Security, so that Security encourages Trade, and these two, accompanied with the Profits offered to a running Cash, will make all Europe desire to settle their Monies here.

Seeing then, that nothing but the same Power which first constituted this Bank can destroy it, (a Power with whom we intrust our Lives, Liberties, and Estates) I cannot see the least Room left for distrust; for what Advantage can any future Parliament expect by a design of seizing this Bank, when the Treasure thereof may be drawn out, whilst they are framing the Law; and the Consequence thereof will be, the Ruining their own Estates, for which they can promise nothing to themselves, save the being possest of empty Papers.

What farther Hazard the Nation can run, must proceed from the Neglect of the Managers, or the Fraud of under Officers, which, Care in the First, and Security for the Last, will prevent.

II. The next Thing is to shew the Advantages which England will reap by setling the Credit here proposed; whereof some do immediately attend it, others are consequential.

Those which immediately attend it, are,

1st, The Rate of Interest will hereby be brought lower, to the Advance of our Lands, and Encouragement of our Trade, by Methods altogether as profitable to the Usurer, who will be willing to let his Money Cheaper, when it shall never lie dead without his Consent, his Security be unquestionable, and freed from the Charges of litigious Suits, which so frequently accompany doubtful Mortgages.

2dly, Both Gentlemen and Traders will hereby be supplied with Money to serve their Occasions, on such reasonable Security as they are able to give, when that Security shall be strengthned, by having the Preheminence above all other obligations; they may also have Liberty to pay it in by such Proportions, as they can best spare it, when it shall be equally the Interest of the Bank to receive it so, which will never want new Opportunities to let it out again.

3dly, This Credit will give us an Esteem in Foreign Parts, draw their Moneys hither, and consequently their Trade, and thereby their People, all which will be an Advantage to England.

4ly, It will supply the Government with Money to carry on the War at moderate Interest, and make its Credit good; whereby the public Revenues will reach farther to serve its Occasions, and the Ministers of State be freed from many anxious Thoughts, which now make them uneasy.

5ly, It will make Returns from place to place in England, both cheap and certain, which will help our Inland Trade, and prevent Robberies, now too much encouraged by travelling with Money; It will also be profitable to our Foreign Trade, by bringing Exchanges low in our favour.

6ly, The Frauds put on the County, by Counterfeit Notes will be prevented; for though the Method of Indentures and stained Paper now used by the Bank of England, may be a Security to it self, yet it is not so to any one else, seeing Art is able to counterfeit every Thing, at least so like, as not to be easily discover’d: Now, what Satisfaction will it be to those who have received their Notes instead of Money, to be told by the Managers that they are counterfeit, when they know not where, nor from whom to get Reparation; whereas, being Assigned from Man to Man, they are taken on the Credit of the Assignor, who runs no other risque thereby, save his Warrant that they are truly what he pays them for.

7ly, This Bank will be free from Stock-Jobbing, the Bane of all good Designs, which will find no room here, because it cannot be divided into private and particular Interests.

The Consequential Advantages will be these,

1st, By this means the Taxes for carrying on the War the ensuing Year, together with the Twenty-five hundred and Sixty-four Thousand Pounds, which fell short on the Salt Fund, may be raised, by Methods, wherein the King’s Revenue, and the Peoples Profits, shall go hand in hand, without Anticipations.

2ly, The Funds now settled on our Manufactures, which discourage our Trade, and ruin our Poor, may be sunk and taken off; such as those on the Glass-makers, Tobaccopipe-makers, Distillers, and others, many whereof have yielded little to the Government, above the charge of Collecting, and the best of them have done great Mischief to our Trade; now seeing these are only so many several Modus’s of raising Money, those Methods must doubtless do best, which least injure our Trade.

3ly, The Debt due to the Transport-Ships may be paid off, and those People, to whose early Loyalty and Reduction of Ireland is very much owing, be contented.

4ly, The Mints may be kept Imployed, and the Kingdom thereby filled with Coin.

5ly, Our Wool may be kept at home, which I humbly conceive can never be done, till a good Credit be settled, any thing less will not be large enough to cover the Sore intended to be cured.

6ly, The Plantation Trade may be better secured, especially that of Tobacco, and Methods may be proposed to render it more profitable, both to the King, and also to the Subject.

7ly, The Bank of England’s Notes may be brought to Par, and Tallies of all sorts in a short time be paid off at their full Value, which I humbly conceive will be difficult to be done, any other way, the settling a Credit on either, or grafting them both together, seem improbable Methods to answer those ends.

I humbly hope to make Proposals in this present Sessions for putting these into practise, if a good Credit be timely settled.

Besides these, many other Advantages will accrue to the Nation, many of which I have set forth in my before recited Essay on Coin and Credit. Pag. 27, 28, 29.

III. The third Thing is to make some Comparison between the Credit here proposed, and the present Bank of England; which I humbly conceive is so shaken in its Reputation, as hath rendred it uncapable to be made the Foundation of a national Credit; and whilst we labour to recover it, we may run the hazard of destroying our Trade, disturbing the Government, and keeping our selves under a lingring War, whilst we encourage the French King, to try his utmost Efforts, hoping, that our Difficulties at home, will force us to accept of a dishonourable Peace.

’Tis certain, nothing can be the Support of a National Credit, which is not better, or at least so good as Money; and this is not to be found in the Bank of England, whose Notes whilst they are One per Cent. worse than Specie, will always keep their Coffers empty, because no Man will put into it a hundred Pounds in Money, when he can purchase a Note of the same Value for Ninety-nine; and the Consequence will be this, that the Lender, or rather the Jobber, will never rest till he is repaid, that so he may be making advantage by a new Purchase; and if this will be the Effect of a Credit worse only by One per Cent. than Money, what will it be when ’tis sunk to sixteen; Whereas, on the other side, when a Credit is better than Money, the Coffers will ever be full, because all Men will endeavour to put in their Money, and be impatient till ’tis done; and thus it will be, when the Lender thinks himself secure, and makes more Profit by having his Money in the Bank then in his Chest, who will therefore receive out no more at a Time, then his Necessities shall require, and for the same Reason, those to whom he pays it, will endeavour to return it thither again so soon as they can.

IV. As to the fourth Thing proposed, The Necessity the Nation lies under to have its Credit settled this present Sessions, it will appear, if we consider, how London now stands in Competition with all England besides, as to the Specie of Money, and how it will stand before another Sessions: ’Tis generally agreed, that about one Moiety of the Money of England is already Center’d in that great City, and the rest is not enough to pay the Debts owing to it, together with his Majesty’s Revenues, Bonds already entered into, and Taxes now to be given, for Six Months longer, besides the Foreign Bills, which are generally made payable there, all which must be return’d in Specie; for though by an Act of this present Sessions: Intituled, An Act for the farther Remedying the ill State of the Coin of this Kingdom, it is among other things provided, That all Money that shall be brought in upon Account of Taxes, or Revenues, or Loans, at Five Shillings and Eight Pence per Ounce, shall be carried to the next adjacent Mint, in order to be Re-coined, yet this will no way be Serviceable to the Country, unless a Credit be settled, it must otherwise be sent up to London after coined for want of Returns, the Debts due to the Country being paid there in Bank, which is Sixteen per Cent. worse than Money, and those due from the Country demanded in Specie, so that the Money of England is every Week brought up thither; and then, if it be next considered, what Methods are left to the Country to draw it back again, viz. by Provisions and some few other Things, ’twill be reasonable to believe, that seeing the supply made from that City to the Country is greater than what is made from the Country thither, all the Cash of England will center there in a short Time, to the Ruining of the other Trading Cities, and disabling of the Country to pay future Taxes; and this will make the dependence on London still greater, till by its own Bloatiness it must at last burst, when the Estates of the Traders shall consist only in Debts due from the Country, which must still lye out for want of a Specie to pay them in; so that all the Advantage London will receive, is, that it will be last ruined.

Now if a good Credit be settled out of Hand, and the Mints continued in the Country, the Money that is now there, may be still kept there, and Methods found out to increase it, and the Trade of England carried on with an equal Circulation in all places; this will keep up the Rents of the Lands of England, which must otherwise fall in their Values, suitable to the distance they stand in from that great Metropolis.

If it be objected, That the Management of this Credit will be very costly to the Nation; I humbly conceive, that the Profits thereof will not only support its Charge, but also bring in a great Overplus, which may be usefully Imployed to the Nation’s Advantage; yet were this Objection true, nothing can be termed good Husbandry which spoils our Trade, the stopping whereof but for one Month, will be many Millions lost to the Kingdom.

If by rectifying this, or any better Proposal from a more thinking Head, the Credit of the Nation may be settled in this present Sessions, I have reaped the End I aimed at, the Good and Welfare of my Native Country; which I humbly submit to your Honours great Wisdom, and shall be ready to explain any Thing that may seem doubtful, when I am thereto commanded.

Your Honours,

Most Obedient Servant,

SOME

CONSIDERATIONS

Relating to the carrying on

The Linnen Manufacture

IN THE

KINGDOM

OF

IRELAND.

By John Cary, Esq;

The Fifth Edition, Corrected.

LONDON:

Printed in the Year M.DCC.XLV.

SOME

CONSIDERATIONS

Relating to

The Linnen Manufacture

In the Kingdom of

IRELAND.

THE Linnen Manufacture in Ireland, being a Subject so much discours’d of the last Sessions of Parliament, I humbly presume to offer some Thoughts how it may best be carried on.

But, before I enter upon it, I will consider the State of that Kingdom, with respect to its Foreign Trade; the Ballance whereof I take to be against them, and must therefore be supplied, by carrying out their Coin, which is already grown so scarce, that ’tis to be fear’d, in a short time there will be little left.

To explain this, I will lay down some of those Steps, by which the Ballance of Trade daily alters to their Prejudice.

1st, The great Fall of their Products, viz. Wool, Tallow, Hides, Beef, &c. which are abated in their Prices above one Third of what they yielded before the War; so that should the same Quantities of those Commodities be bought up for Exportation, as formerly there were, yet they would not amount to the Value they then did.

2ly, The Ports of Spain, France, and Flanders, which were their great Markets, being now shut against them, the Profits which they made by their Foreign Trade in the Times of Peace, over and above the first Value of the Commodities exported, are also lost to the Kingdom.

3ly, The Prohibiting the Exportation of their Woollen Manufactures, whereby their People were employed, and their Labours sold to Foreign Nations, hath very much lessened the Ballance of their Foreign Trade,

4ly, The great Sums of Money spent in this Kingdom by the Nobility and Gentry of Ireland, who come over hither for Pleasure, or necessary Attendances, on the Court, Parliament, or private Affairs, and send hither their Children for Education; the Purchases they have lately made of the Forfeited Estates; and the yearly Remittances thence for the Rents of Lands belonging to the Nobility and Gentry of this Kingdom, do all make against them.

5ly, The great Consumption of Commodities among them from this Kingdom, which, though it encreases our Trade, and makes it our Interest to Support that Kingdom, must be allowed to be a Prejudice to them.

All which being laid together, it seems apparent to me, that the Ballance of their Trade must every Year grow more against them, till their Money is drawn away, except some New Manufacture, fit for Exportation, be encouraged amongst them.

And I think none more proper than that of Linnen; which, besides the Employment it will give to their Poor, will also take up large Tracts of Land for raising of Hemp and Flax; and being a Manufacture no way Interfering with our own, we may take it from them, in Barter for what they have hence, without any Manner of Prejudice to the Trade of this Kingdom.

Besides, The People of Ireland, being employed on the Linnen Manufacture, would by degrees be taken off from making so much Worsted and Woollen Yarn as they now do, which they send hither at Cheaper Rates than we are able to make ’em: The Price of Labour in all Places being according to the Rents of Lands, the Poor can afford to work there on lower Terms than it can be expected they should do here: On the other side, if the low Labour of the Poor of Ireland, was employed on Spinning of Linnen Yarn, it would be an Advantage to the Kingdom of Ireland, to have it sent hither, because it would enable us to make our Fustions, and other Manufactures, where it is used, cheaper than now we do; whilst our own Poor might be employed on Spinning of Wool; and we might afford to give them better Wages, without fear of being beat out of our Manufactures by any other Nation, provided Care was taken to keep our Wool at Home.

The next Thing to be considered is, how this Work may be best carried on; which I am of Opinion must be done by a Corporation, with a Joint-Stock, sufficient, not only to buy up what Linnens shall be made, but also to furnish the Kingdom with Money on easy Terms; which will likewise encourage the Raising of Hemp and Flax.

If the High Rates of Interest in Ireland be considered, and the present State of the Linnen Manufacture there, ’twill not be difficult to see, how unlikely it is to be carried on by private Stocks, who can make Ten per Cent. per Annum, by letting out their Money; ’tis true, the late Act hath reduced it to Eight, but that Act having no regard to Incumbrances entred into before the 25th of March, 1704, I do not see how it will much help the People of Ireland at this Time, when the Scarcity of Money does disable them to discharge prior Engagements; so that private Men have Opportunities enough to settle theirs at Ten per Cent. which in all probability they will rather chute, than to lay it out in Linnens, unless they can be assured of a far greater Profit, than they can make by letting it out.

Besides, as Interest is now managed, ’tis both a Clog to the Gentlemen’s Estates, and a Discouragement to Traders and Manufacturers, considering, that the whole Sum borrowed must be paid in at once; by which means, being got into the Usurer’s Books, they can scarce ever find the way out; Now if the Borrower had Liberty to pay in the Principle, by such Parts as he is able to raise it, and the Interest for so much to cease from that time, this would encourage Industry, and promote Improvements, both in Product and Manufactures, which are the two Things that encrease the Wealth of a Nation.

An Infant-Manufacture must be carried on at a small Profit, and must as I may say, Fight its way through; which cannot be done, where Interest carries such a Load with it; and, therefore, I am of Opinion, that nothing less than a Joint-Stock, can make Ireland Flourish; which will in the Consequence turn likewise to the Advantage of England; the Gentlemen of Ireland, being by these Means made more easy in their Circumstances, and having their former Incumbrances brought Lower, will spend more of their Money here, and wear more of our Manufactures there.

Nor will this way of Lending out Money be any Disadvantage to a Corporation, who will find fit Opportunities of Employing their Stock, as fast as it is paid in; and the Profits thereof being returned hither in Linnens, they may afford to sell them cheaper than private Stocks can do.

But I do not think this Work can be presently brought about; ’twill not be easy to persuade the Landlords nor Tenants of Ireland, to leave off the way of Husbandry they are now upon, and to turn their Lands to Hemp and Flax, till they see some Encouragement; but when they shall find this new Product bring ready Money, they will soon Set upon it; if the Manufacturer receive ready Money for his Cioath, he will be able to pay ready Money both for Materials and Labour, which Circulation will Encourage both the Farmer and the Manufacturer; and by Degrees, Hemp and Flax-seed will be Sowed in all Lands proper for them, and the Owners will soon see the Difference, between raising Commodities, for which there is a present Demand, and such, as lye on their Hands: For though Ireland may in time produce greater Quantities of Hemp and Flax than they can work up, yet not more than England may Take off, without Prejudice to any Foreign Trade we drive; and their Number of Hands will in all Probability be encreased by the French Refugees, who will be glad to go thither, where they may be employed in a Manufacture, so natural to them as Linnen is; which will also give a fatal Blow to the Kingdom of France in that Manufacture.

The People in the North of Ireland, make good Cloth, sell it at Reasonable Rates, and would every Year make much more, had they Vent for it; and it is to be observed, that Money is not plentier, nor Rents paid better, in any Part of Ireland, than there.

The Rents of Ireland grow due at two Times of Payment, viz. 1st of May, and 1st of November, the first becomes payable whilst their Cattle are lean, which puts the Tenants under great Straits, and forces them to sell very low, if they are prest for Money; but the Second Payment is more easily made, their fat Cattle being sold, and their Harvest over: This is the State of that part of the Kingdom that depends on Feeding and Tillage; but where the Linnen Manufacture is, the Tenants are much easier; they spin in the Winter Nights, and at other leisure times, which being wove into Cloth, and whiten’d early in the Year, provides Money for their first Payment, without selling their Cattle before fatted for a Market.

It is necessary for a new Undertaking, to be attended with some lucky Accident; the Linnen Manufacture can never be begun in Ireland at a more seasonable Time than now, being imported hither Custom-Free, when all the other Linnens of Europe pay considerable Duties.

The Gentlemen of Ireland at this Time, seem to be Discontented, they find themselves Uneasy, but cannot tell where the Sore lies; therefore, sometimes they Complain of one Thing, and sometimes of another; but the true Ground of all is this: Their Exports are lessened, whilst their Imports encrease upon them, and the Specie of their Money decreases every Day; by which means their Rents come in slowly, their Products fall on their Hands, and will more, as they encrease above their Expence; so that their Improvements rather turn to their Disadvantage; and their Lands must fall (which ’tis our Interest to keep up) unless some new Product be encouraged, which may be Manufactured amongst them: If this was done, They would soon see where their Interest lay; and though I do not believe they would all fall on sowing Hemp and Flax, nor is it necessary they should, yet there would be so much Land turned that way, as might restrain their other Products, within the Compass of their Exports, and Home Consumption, and cause a Circulation of Money through all Parts of the Kingdom.

This will give a greater Employment to the Poor of Ireland, and encourage People to settle among them, without any Manner of Prejudice to England; and Create a mutual Friendship, and a profitable Correspondence, between both Kingdoms.

And as the Establishing such a Fund will be an Advantage to that Kingdom, so it will bring a considerable Profit to the Undertakers, besides the Benefit which may arise from it to the Government, during the Continuance of this War.

FINIS.