EXPANSION OF LIQUIDS BY HEAT.
I am not aware of any particular labour that has recently been given to the enquiry how far pure liquids accord with each other in the law which I announced as derived from the experiments on water and mercury, and corroborated by those upon several other liquids. See Vol. 1, Table of temperature, page 14; also page 36, and following.
Perhaps all liquids should be considered as pure that are subject to uniform congelation at certain temperatures on the one hand, and on the other are capable of being distilled by heat without any alteration in their constitution. Water and mercury will rank in the first place; alcohol of .82 specific gravity and ether of .72; concentrated sulphuric acid; nitric acid of 1.42 specific gravity: naphtha and oil of turpentine, &c. will probably be thought to claim the next place. It is desirable that the temperatures at which these liquids congeal should be ascertained; also whether any decomposition is effected by the operation. If these expand proportionally to a scale of square numbers for certain given equal or unequal intervals of temperature, it may point out something relative to the collocation of the ultimate particles in liquids. The apparent coincidence of this rate of expansion in liquids, with the geometrical progressive force of steams or vapours creates an additional interest. It may be that most or all of these supposed relations are accidental, and only approximative like that of the rate of expansion of air and mercury, between the temperatures of -40° and 212°; but I cannot think this probable. Even should they be only approximations, they are of sufficient utility to be kept in view.
FINIS.
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Footnotes:
[1] Manchester Memoirs, Vol. II. (second series.)
[2] 7.9 when duly corrected. Annal. de Chimie, 78—114.
[3] Memoirs d’Arcueil 2—168.
[4] Kirwan’s Mineralogy.
[5] Annals of Philosophy, Vol. 3, p. 333.
[6] Philos. Trans. 1802.
[7] Jour. de Physique. 1805.
[8] Mem. d’Arcueil, Vol. 2. p. 168. 1809.
[9] Annals of Philosophy, Vol. 2. p. 48.
[10] By nitric acid, the result of 3 experiments all agreeing for the deutoxide; the protoxide is by calculation and less certain. He afterwards adopts 13.6 from Berzelius. Journ. de Phys. Aug. 1814.
[11] The protoxide from hydrogen by solution; the deutoxide by transmitting steam over the metal at a red heat.
[12] The 2d. by oxydizing the sulphuret of tin by nitric acid; the 1st. by inference only, one half of the oxygen of the 2d.
[13] An. of Philos. 6—198
[14] An. of Philos. 3-244
[15] An. of Philos. 8—237
[16] An. de Chimie, 54—28
[17] An. of Philos.—4—356
[18] Manchester Memoirs, Vol. v. page 120.
[19] Philos. Mag. Vol. xiii.
[20] See a very excellent essay on the alloy of copper and tin by M. Dussaussoy, in the Annales de Chimie & Physique. 5—113.
[21] This author obtained the Royal Society’s gold medal for his essay on the composition, &c. of specula for telescopes. Philos. Transact. 1787.
[22] An. of Philos. Vol. 12.
[23] An. de Chim. & Physique. 5—233.
[24] The result for this last article must be considered more uncertain than any of the previous ones, the experiment being more complicated.
[25] That is, the temperature that would be denoted by mercury inclosed in a vessel having no expansion by heat; or else in one that expanded in the same rate as mercury.
[26] By recent experiments I find the heat evolved in the union of oxygen and hydrogen, would raise the temperature of the same weight of water 6500°.
[27] See Dr. Henry’s note, Manch. Memoirs, vol. 5, page 679.
[28] The aqueous vapour in this case maybe considered as insignificant.
[29] A gas found in oil and coal gas. See Manchester Memoirs, vol. 4 (new series), page 73.
Transcriber’s Notes:
Antiquated spellings or ancient words were not corrected.
The footnotes have been moved so that they do not break up paragraphs and so that they are next to the text they illustrate.
Typographical and punctuation errors have been silently corrected.