FOOTNOTES:
[1] "What can be more extraordinary, than that a person of mean birth, no fortune, no eminent qualities of body, which have sometimes, or of mind, which have often, raised men to the highest dignities, should have the courage to attempt, and the happiness to succeed in, so improbable a design, as the destruction of one of the most ancient, and most solid founded monarchies upon the earth? That he should have the power, or boldness, to put his prince and master to an open and infamous death? To banish that numerous and strongly allied family? To do all this under the name and wages of a parliament? To trample upon them, too, as he pleased, and spurn them out of doors when he grew weary of them? To raise up a new and unheard-of monster out of their ashes? To stifle that in the very infancy, and set up himself above all things that ever were called sovereign in England? To oppress all his enemies by arms, and all his friends afterwards by artifice? To serve all parties patiently for a while, and to command them victoriously at last? To over-run each corner of the three nations, and overcome with equal facility both the riches of the south and the poverty of the north? To be feared and courted by all foreign princes, and adopted a brother to the gods of the earth? To call together parliaments with a word of his pen, and scatter them again with the breath of his mouth? To be humbly and daily petitioned, that he would please to be hired, at the rate of two millions a year, to be the master of those who had hired him before to be their servant? To have the estates and lives of three kingdoms as much at his disposal, as was the little inheritance of his father, and to be as noble and liberal in the spending of them? And, lastly, (for there is no end of all the particulars of his glory,) to bequeath all this with one word to his posterity? To die with peace at home, and triumph abroad? To be buried among kings, and with more than regal solemnity? And to leave a name behind him, not to be extinguished but with the whole world, which as it is now too little for his praises, so might have been too for his conquests if the short line of his human life could have been stretched out to the extent of his immortal designs?"—Cowley's Works, Vol. II. p. 583.
Perhaps the facetious Tom Brown has hit upon the true reason of Dryden's choice of a subject, when he makes him say, "that he had no particular kindness for the person of Oliver; but that it was much the same with the poets as with the Jews—a hero cannot start up in any quarter of the world, be his quarrel right or wrong, but both are apt to think him the Messias, and presently pitch upon him as the fittest person to deliver the twelve tribes and the nine muses out of captivity."—Reasons of Mr Bayes' changing his religion.
Nor only didst thou for thy age provide,
But for the years to come beside;
Our after times, and late posterity,
Shall pay unto thy fame as much as we;
They too are made by thee.
When Fate did call thee to a higher throne,
And when thy mortal work was done;
When Heaven did say it, and thou must be gone,
Thou him to bear thy burden chose,
Who might, if any could, make us forget thy loss.
Nor hadst thou him designed,
Had he not been,
Not only to thy blood, but virtue, kin;
Not only heir unto thy throne, but mind:
'Tis he shall perfect all thy cares,
And with a finer thread weave out thy loom.
So one did bring the chosen people from
Their slavery and fears;
Led them through their pathless road,
Guided himself by God;
H'ad brought us to the borders, but a second hand
Did settle and secure them in the promised land.
Verses to the happy Memory of the late Lord Protector.
[3] This edition occurs in the Luttrell Collection, and the title runs thus: "An Elegy on the Usurper O. C. by the Author of 'Absalom and Achitophel;' published to show the loyalty and integrity of the Poet."
Postscript.
The printing of these rhimes afflicts me more
Than all the drubs I in Rose-Alley bore;
This shows my nauseous, mercenary pen,
Would praise the vilest and the worst of men.
A rogue like Hodge[4] am I, the world well know it;
Hodge was his fiddler, and I, John, his poet.
This may prevent the pay for which I write;
For I for pay against my conscience fight.
I must confess, so infamous a knave
Can do no service, though the humblest slave:
}
{ Villains I praise, and patriots accuse;
{ My railing and my fawning talents use;
{ Just as they pay, I flatter or abuse
But I to men in power a —— am still,
To rub on any honest face they will.
}
{ Thus on I'll go; for libels I declare;
{ Best friends no more than worst of foes I'll spare;
{ And all this I can do, because I dare.
He who writes on, and cudgels can defy,
And, knowing he'll be beaten, still writes on, am I.
London, printed for J. Smith, 1681. J. D.
[4] Sir Roger L'Estrange, whose skill in music is said to have amused Cromwell, who had some turn that way.
Thou, as once the healing serpent rose,
Was lifted up, not for thyself, but us.
When Ajax died, the purple blood,
That from his gaping wound had flowed,
Turned into letters; every leaf
Had on it wrote his epitaph:
So from that crimson flood,
Which thou by fate of times wert led
Unwillingly to shed,
Letters and learning rose, and arts renewed.
Like steel, when it much work hath past,
That which was rough does shine at last;
Thy arms, by being oftener used, did smoother grow.
Beneath the tropics is our language spoke,
And part of Flanders has received our yoke.
[19] To which deity the Romans usually sacrificed before marching to war, according to an ancient institution of Romulus.
[23] The author seems to allude to the old proverb, "Sapiens dominabitur astris." The influence of the stars yielded reluctantly to Cromwell's heroic virtues, as the commons submit sullenly to be taxed.
[30] A principal evil, amongst the native Scottish judges, was a predilection for their own allies and kinsmen. A judge, who lived within the eighteenth century, justified this partiality for "kith, kin, and ally," by saying, "that, upon his conscience, he could never see any of his friends were in the wrong;" and the upright conduct of Cromwell's English judges being objected to him, he answered, "it was not wonderful, since they were a set of kinless louns who had no family connections to bias them."
[31] There are all shapes and forms of poetical addresses upon this occasion, by clergymen, and scholars, and persons of honour. Among them, the verses by Waller are most celebrated; though inferior to those which he composed on the Protector's death. When Charles made this remark, the bard, with great felicity, reminded his Majesty, that poets always excel in fiction. Among other topics, he enlarges on the "tried virtue, and the sacred word," of the witty monarch. It is singular, that, of the three distinguished poets, who solemnized by elegy the death of the Protector, Dryden and Waller should have hailed the restoration of the Stuart line, and Sprat have favoured their most arbitrary aggressions upon liberty.
[32] In "A Poem to His Most Excellent Majesty, Charles the Second, Ego beneficio tuo (Cæsar) quas ante audiebam hodie vidi Deos: Nec feliciorem ullum vitæ meæ aut optavi aut sensi Diem, by H. Buston, Winton; together with another, by Hen. Bold, olim Winton," the royal genealogy is thus deduced from the primitive father of mankind:
On which side shall we trace your stock? beyond
The loins of Egbert, or of Pharamond;
Now sunk in Adam's entrails it is found,
And thence shoots through the world to you all crowned.
Vain boldness of the age (age of deceits),
Knew this, and therefore coined Præ-Adamites.
His wounds he took like laurels on his breast,
Which by his virtue were with laurels dressed.
With alga, who the sacred altar strews?
To all the sea-gods Charles an offering owes;
A bull to thee, Portunus, shall be slain;
A lamb to you, ye tempests of the main.
[42] Henry IV. of France, maternal grandfather of Charles II.
[44] First edition, epoches.
[45] This mode of forming the genitive is adopted from the first edition, as smoother than "Charles's."
[51] Salmoneus, tyrant of Elis made such a contrivance to imitate thunder, for which he was destroyed with lightning by Jupiter; which is here fancifully compared to the military terrors, by which the fanatics supported their religious tenets.
[54] First edition has, "like glass."
[58] So the first edition; the others read standards. The royal standard is meant.
[69] The first edition reads and for all.
[74] Spain and Portugal, both desirous to ally themselves with Charles by marriage.
[76] Ogilby's relation of his Majesty's entertainment passing through the city of London to his coronation.
[77] Alluding to the hoped for union between France and England, and to the cure, by touching, for the Evil.
[78] Cato is said to have laid before the Senate the fine figs of Africa, and to have reminded them, that the country which produced these choice fruits was but three days sail from Rome. He used also to conclude every speech with the famous expression, Delenda est Carthago.
[79] See Memoires de Grammont, Chapitre VIII. for the Duchess's conduct towards these temoins a bonne fortune, as Hamilton happily calls them.
[80] Even Harman did not escape suspicion on this occasion. Marvell gives the following account of his examination before Parliament:
"Yesterday Harman was brought to the house, to give an account of slackening sail in the first victory. He had a very good reputation at his coming in; but when he said, that Mr Bronkard only used arguments, and justified the thing himself, saying, 'That he had been a madman had he not done it;' and other witnesses clearly contradicting this, and proving, that Bronkard brought him orders in the Duke's name, he lost all credit with us; and yet more, when, upon recollection, he confessed that Mr Bronkard did bring orders as from the Duke: so he is committed to the sergeant, and will doubtless be impeached. Both he and Mr Bronkard, who was also heard, will probably, on Tuesday next, taste the utmost severity of the house." Andrew Marvell to the Mayor of Hull. See his Works, Vol. I. p. 104.
[83] Essay by Dr Aikin on the Heroic Poem of "Gondibert."
[84] See stanza 146, and those which follow.
[85] Stanzas 213, 214.
[86] See stanzas 131, 132. I wish, however, our author had spared avouching himself to have been eye-witness to so marvellous a chase. The "so have I seen" should be confined to things which are not only possible, but, in a certain degree, of ordinary occurrence. Dryden's ocular testimony is not, however, so incredible as that of the bard, who averred,
So have I seen, in Araby the blest,
A Phœnix couched upon her funeral nest.
Such chaces, if not frequent, have sometimes happened. In the north of England, in ancient days, a stag and a famous greyhound, called Hercules, after a desperate course, were found dead within a few paces of each other, and interred with this inscription:
Hercules killed Hart of grece,
And Hart of grece killed Hercules.
[87] Malone's Prose Works of Dryden, Vol. III. p. 250.
[88] Sir Robert Howard was son to the Earl of Berkshire, and brother to Lady Elizabeth Dryden, our author's wife. This epistle is dated from Charlton, the seat of Lord Berkshire.
[89] Probably "The Indian Queen," which was a joint production of Dryden and Howard.
[90] The author alludes to the privilege, anciently used, of throwing an accentuation on the last syllable, of such a word as noble, so as to make it sound nobley. An instance may be produced from our author's poem on the Coronation:
Some lazy ages, lost in sleep and ease,
No action have to busy chronicles.
[91] These translations are, however, in fourteen, not twelve syllables; a vile hobbling sort of measure, used also by Phayr, and other old translators.
[92] This is one of Dryden's hasty and inaccurate averments. The ancient dramatic authors were particularly well acquainted with nautical terms, and applied them with great accuracy. See a note in Gifford's excellent edition of Massinger, vol. II. p. 229.
[93] We need not here suppose, that Dryden speaks particularly of those to whom he had offered panygyricks: undoubtedly, he had written poems on many subjects, which, remaining unpublished, have not descended to us.
[94] Understood in the large sense, of the regulated exercise of the imagination.
[95] Commonly called a pun.
[96] These notes are all retained in this edition, as well as the smaller foot notes, by which the poet thought proper to explain difficult passages. They are distinguished by the addition of his name.
[97] In the early editions of the Annus Mirabilis, the verses to the Duchess are here inserted.
[99] Precious stones at first are dew condensed, and hardened by the warmth of the sun, or subterranean fires. Dryden.
[100] According to their opinion who think, that great heap of waters under the Line, is depressed into tides by the moon towards the poles. Dryden.
[102] The Spaniard.
[104] Alluding to the successful war of Cromwell against the Dutch, in 1653.
Cœruleus Proteus immania ponti
Armenta, et magnas pascit sub gurgite phocas.
[108] The planet Venus, which was visible in the day-time about the birth-day of Charles II., was by court astronomers affirmed to be a new star. See page 51.
[111] Protesilaus, the first Grecian who landed on the Trojan shore, was killed in disembarking.
[112] Opdam, the admiral of Holland. See [note VIII.]
[113] The war began, by mutual aggressions, on the coast of Guinea.
[116] Si bene calculum ponas, ubique fit naufragium. Petronius.
[120] Prince Rupert, and duke Albemarle. See note [XV.]
[122] Examina infantium, futurusque populus. Plin. jun. in pan. ad Trajanum.
[124] Where the Olympic games were celebrated.
[125] Credas innare revulsas Cyclades.
[126] "Ahey! what, in the wind's eye, brother? Where did you learn your seamanship."—Commodore Trunnion.
[127] Built, for build or structure.
[130] The Gauls, when they first entered the Roman senate, were so much struck with the solemn appearance of the venerable senators on their chairs of state, that, for a time, their fury was absorbed in veneration.—Liv. His. Lib. V. cap. 41.
[133] Spem vultu simulat, premit alto corde dolorem.—Virgil.
[134] Tell, for number.
Ille autem —— —— —— ——
Faucibus ingentem fumum, mirabile dictu
Evomit, involvitque domum caligine cæca,
Prospectum eripiens oculis, glomeratque sub antro
Fumiferam noctem, commixtis igne tenebris. Virgil.
[139] A falcon, I believe, is said to fly at check, when, having missed her stroke, she deserts her proper object of pursuit for a crow, or some other bird.
[142] Vestigia retro improperata refert.—Virgil.
Nec trucibus fluviis idem sonus: occidit horror
Equoris, antennis maria acclinata quiescunt.
Statius.
[144] The third of June, famous for two victories by the English fleet over the Dutch in 1653 and 1665. On the last occasion, the fleets met on the third, though the Dutch avoided fighting till the fourth of the month.
Quum medii nexus, extremæque agmina caudæ
Solvuntur; tardosque trahit sinus ultima orbes.
Virgil.
[148] Corruptly for flax; her down or fur.
——Quos opimus,
Fallere et effugere triumphus est.
[152] To imp, generally, is to ingraft; but here there is a reference to falconry, in which, when the broken feather in a hawk's wing is supplied by art, it is said to be imp'd.
Qualis apes, æstate nova, per florea rura,
Exercet sub sole labor, cum gentis adultos
Educunt fœtus, aut cum liquentia mella
Stipant, et dulci distendunt nectare cellas;
Aut onera accipiunt venientum, aut agmine facto
Ignavum fucos pecus a præsepibus arcent;
Fervet opus, redolentque thymo fragrantia mella.
Æneid. Lib. I.
[154] Sweden was the only continental ally of Britain during this war.
[155] Marline, a piece of untwisted rope, dipped in pitch, and wrapped round a cable to guard it.
[156] Tarpawling, pitched canvas.
[158] Extra anni solisque vias.—Virgil.
[159] By a more exact measure of longitude. Dryden.
[160] Apostrophe to the Royal Society.
[168] Gross, used as a substantive for "main body."
[169] Levat ipse tridenti, et vastas aperit syrtes.—Virgil.
[171] Expires, in the unusual sense of "is blown forth."
[172] Possunt quia posse videntur.—Virgil.
[174] Spar-hawk. A lark is said to be dared by any object of terror which makes it sit close.
Farewell nobility! E'en let his grace go forward,
And dare us with his cap, like larks.——
[175] St James, patron of Spain, on whose festival this battle was fought. See note XLI.
[176] Philip II. of Spain, against whom the Hollanders rebelling, were aided by Queen Elizabeth. See [notes XLI. and XLII.]
[180] Hæc arte tractabat cupidum virum, ut illius animum inopia accenderet.
[182] Sigæa igni freta late relucent.
[184] The word gross, as already noticed, signifies "main body." It was a military phrase of the time.
[194] Alluding to the city's request to the king, not to leave them.
[195] Note LVI.
[196] Note LVII.
[197] Mexico.
[198] Augusta, the old name of London.
[200] Alluding to the alliance betwixt France and Holland.
[201] The disgraceful surprise of Chatham, in 1667, baffled this prophecy.
[202] Referring to the monsoons, which the navigators fall in with upon doubling the Cape of Good Hope.
[203] "Memoirs of English affairs, chiefly naval, from 1660 to 1673, by his Royal Highness James Duke of York." Lond. 1729, 8vo.
[204] While these sheets were going to press, (to use the approved editorial phraseology,) I have discovered that these abstruse truths were asserted, not by Lilly himself, but a brother Philo-math, Richard Kirby, in his Vates Astrologicus, or England's Astrological Prophet.
[205] Sir Thomas Clifford was the person through whose medium Tydiman carried on a treaty with the Danish governor Alfeldt, for the surrender of the Dutch fleet; the sincerity of which, on the part of the Danes, may be greatly doubted, since their after conduct evinced an unrighteous desire of securing the whole booty of the unfortunate Dutchmen for themselves, which they must otherwise have divided with the English. See Ralph's Hist. Vol. I. p. 118.
[206] The wits of that age, who laughed at every thing, made themselves very merry with this accident. Denham exhorts the painter thus:
But most with story of his hand and thumb,
Conceal, as honour would, his grace's bum,
When the rude bullet a large collop tore
Out of that buttock never turned before;
Fortune, it seems, would give him by that lash
Gentle correction for his fight so rash;
But should the Rump perceive't, they'd say that Mars
Has thus avenged them upon Aumarle's ——.
The bard elsewhere gives his grace the admonition,
Guard thy posteriours, George, ere all be gone;
Though jury-masts, thou'st jury-buttocks none.
Instructions to a Painter, part 2d.
[207] This is taken from the narrative imputed to Harman himself.—See Lives of the Admirals, Vol. II. p. 262. Its authenticity is questioned by Ralph, on account of the lubberly phrases, cordage and crossbeam for slings and yard. But the same circumstances occur in a letter from Alborough, dated June 2d, and published in the London Gazette for June 4th, giving an account of the crippled state in which the Henry had come into that port, and of the part she had sustained in the action. A doggrel poet, on the same occasion, apostrophises
——Brave Harman now, his fiery ordeals past,
Submits unto his watery trial last;
Whose sober valour shall encrease his glory,
And gain new plumes to enrich a future story.
On the Declaration of Toleration, and Publication of War.
[208] "Naboth's Vineyard, or the Innocent Traitor, copied from the original Holy Scriptures, in Heroic Verse, printed for C. R. 1679."
"Since holy scripture itself is not exempt from being tortured and abused by the strainings and perversions of evil men, no great wonder were it if this small poem, which is but an illustration of a single, yet remarkable, passage thereof, be also subject to the like distortions and misapplications of the over-prying and underwitted of one side, and of the malicious on the other: But all ingenious and ingenuous men (to whose divertisement only this poem offers itself) will be guarantees for the author, that neither any honourable and just judge can be thought concerned in the character of Arod, nor any honest and veracious witness in that of Malchus: And as, by the singular care and royal goodness of his Majesty, whom God long preserve, our benches in this nation are furnished with persons of such eminent integrity and ability, that no character of a corrupt judge can, with the least shadow of resemblance, belong to them; so it is to be wished, that also, in all our courts of judicature, a proportionable honesty and veracity were to be found in all witnesses, that so justice and peace might close in a happy kiss."
In this piece, Scroggs is described under the character of Arod, an ambitious judge and statesman:
The chief was Arod, whose corrupted youth
Had made his soul an enemy to truth;
But nature furnished him with parts and wit
For bold attempts, and deep intriguing fit.
Small was his learning, and his eloquence
Did please the rabble, nauseate men of sense;
Bold was his spirit, nimble and loud his tongue,
Which more than law or reason takes the throng,
Him, part by money, partly by her grace,
The covetous queen raised to a judge's place;
And as he bought his place, he justice sold,
Weighing his causes, not by law, but gold.
He made the justice-seat a common mart;
Well skilled was he in the mysterious art
Of finding varnish for an unsound cause,
And for the sound, imaginary flaws.
Malchus—Oates.
Malchus, a puny Levite, void of sense
And grace, but stuff'd with noise and impudence,
Was his prime tool; so venomous a brute,
That every place he lived in spued him out.
Lies in his mouth, and malice in his heart,
By nature grew, and were improved by art;
Mischief his pleasure was, and all his joy,
To see his thriving calumny destroy
Those, whom his double heart, and forked tongue,
Surer than vipers' teeth, to death had stung.
Naboth—Stafford.
Naboth, among the tribes, the foremost place,
Did, with his riches, birth, and virtue grace,
A man, whose wealth was the poor's common stock;
The hungry found their market in his flock.
His justice made all law contentions cease;
He was his neighbours' safeguard, and their peace:
The rich by him were in due bounds contained;
The poor, if strong, employed; if weak, maintained.
Well had he served his country and his king,
And the best troops in all their wars did bring;
Nor with less bravery did he lead them on,
Warding his country's danger with his own.
[209] The following lines occur in "The Badger in the Fox-trap," published, as appears from Mr Luttrell's jotting, about 9th July, 1681, four months before the appearance of Dryden's poem:
Besides, my titles are as numerous
As all my actions various, still, and humourous.
Some call me Tory, some Achitophel,
Some Jack-a-Dandy, some old Machiavel;
Some call me Devil, some his foster-brother,
And Turncoat rebel all the nation over.
An accidental anticipation of the names imposed on Shaftesbury and the King occurs, where the author seems to have been inspired with prophecy at least, if not with poetry; namely, in "Verses on the blessed and happy Coronation of Charles II. King of England, &c. printed at the hearty desires of Persons of Quality; by John Rich, Gentleman:"
Preserve thy David; and he that rebells,
Confound his councells, like Achitophell's.
[210] See the Dedication of "Tyrannic Love," addressed to Monmouth, Vol. III. p. 346; and the "Vindication of the Duke of Guise," where Dryden says, "The obligations I have had to him were those of his countenance, his favour, his good word, and his esteem, all of which I have likewise had in a greater measure from his excellent Duchess, the patroness of my poor unworthy poetry." Vol. VII. p. 162.
[211] By recommending, it is said, his son to the charter-home, of which Shaftesbury is said to have been a governor. But, from the records of the foundation, it appears that Erasmus Henry Dryden, the third son of the poet, to whom, if to any, the story must apply, was not admitted a scholar till more than a year after the publication of the second edition of the poem, containing the additional lines above quoted, to which the said admission is stated to have given occasion. There are, besides, two admirable reasons for believing that Shaftesbury had no hand in this matter, since, first, young Dryden was admitted on the recommendation of the king himself; secondly, Shaftesbury happened to be dead at the time. See Malone's Dryden, Vol. I. p. 148. The following is the note of admissions referred to by Mr. Malone:
"October 6th, 1681, [six weeks before the publication of 'Absalom and Achitophel'] Samuel Weaver, admitted for the Lord Shaftesbury.
"Feb. 5th, 1682-3, Erasmus-Henry Dryden, admitted for his majesty (in the room of Orlando Bagnall); aged 14 years, 2d of May next.
"Nov. 2d, 1685, Erasmus Dryden and Richard Tubb left the house.
"Elected to the University."
[212] Of this it would be endless to quote proofs: The following four extracts from the libels of the time are more than sufficient.
"A Congratulatory Poem upon the Happy Arrival of his Royal Highness James Duke of York, at London, April 8th, 1682:"
And Absalom, thou piece of ill-placed beauty,
As happy be as fair, and know thy duty;
For somewhat in that noble frame I saw,
Which, or a father, or a king can awe.
"The Norwich Loyal Litany:"
But may the beauteous youth come home,
And do the thing that's fit,
Or I must tell that Absalom,
He has more hair than wit.
May he be wise, and soon expell
The old fox, th' old fawning elf;
The time draws near, Achitophel
Shan't need to hang himself.
"His Royal Highness the Duke of York's Welcome to London, a congratulatory Poem:"
So let it mourn, and Ignoramus find
How unsuccessfully it spared its kind,
When sneaking, trembling, false Achitophel
Hath refuge to the cunning Hangman's spell;
And by one fatal tie, those numerous knots
Dissolves, of all his rogueries, shams, and plots.
"Good News in Bad Times; or Absalom's Return to David's Bosom. 30th Nov. 1683."
[213] Mr Malone quotes two instances of sermons upon this topic; one entitled, "Achitophel's Policy Defeated;" preached on the thanksgiving after the Rye-house conspiracy, and another on the same subject, with nearly the same title, Vol. III. p. 293.
[214] An address from Liverpool assures Charles, that "the councils of your faithful Hushais shall ever prevail against the united force of all-aspiring Absaloms, and the desperate advice of all pestilent Achitophels." Another, from Morpeth, denounces "all mutinous Corahs, rebellious Absaloms, and perfidious Achitophels."
[215] This appears by a note upon Mr Luttrell's copy, "17th November, ex dono amici Jacobi Tonson." He has further labelled it "An excellent Poem against the Duke of Monmouth, Earl of Shaftesbury, and that party, and in vindication of the king and his friends."
[216] "Towser the second, a bull-dog, or a short reply to Absalom and Achitophel;"
In pious times, when poets were well banged
For sawcy satire, and for sham plots hanged,
A learned bard, that long commanded had
The trembling stage in chief, at length ran mad.
— — — — — — — — — —
For, since he has given o'er to plague the stage
With the effects of his poetic rage,
Like a mad dog he runs about the streets,
Snarling and biting every one he meets:
The other day he met our royal Charles,
And his two mistresses, and at them snarls;
Then falls upon the numbers of state,
Treats them all a-la-mode de Billinsgate.
[217] These famous expressions of party distinction were just coming into fashion. Whig, a contraction of Whigamore, is a word used by the peasantry in the west of Scotland in driving their horses, and gave a name to those fanatics who were the supporters of the Covenant in that part of Scotland. It was first used to designate an insurrection of these people in 1648, called the Whigamore's road. It has been less accurately derived from the sour-milk used by these people, called whig. But the former use of the word was much more likely to afford a party appellation.—The Tories owe their distinctive epithet to the Irish banditti, who used the word Toree, or "give me," in robbing passengers. Hence, in the old translation of Buchanan's History, the followers of Buccleuch are called the Tories of Teviotdale. As, from religion and other motives, the Irish were almost all attached to the Duke of York, the word Tory was generally applied to his party by the opposite faction, who, on the other hand, were called Whigs, as having embraced the fanatical and rebellious principles of the Scottish covenanters. The Duke of York's followers are supposed to be thus described by his Grace himself, in a lampoon called "Popish Politics unmasked:"
I have my teagues and tories at my beck,
Will wring their heads off like a chicken's neck.
— — — — — — — — — —
Others wo'nt serve you but on constant pay,
My hounds will hunt and live upon their prey;
A virgin's haunch, or well-baked ladies breast,
To them is better than a ven'son feast;
Babes pettitoes cut large, with arms and legs,
They far prefer to pettitoes of pigs.
One of the first applications of the word Tory to a party purpose, occurs in "a True Relation of a late Barbarous Assault committed on Robert Pye, Esq." in which one John Bodnam, of Brunguin, in the county of Hereford, "an obstinate and violent papist," is said by the author to have defended himself against the constable and his assistants "so well, or rather so ill," that they were forced to retire and leave him "than which a Toree or an Outlaw could have done no more." Finally, the justice having appeared in person, Mr Bodnam, "in good earnest let fly at his head with a hedge-bill," which, the author says, is "no bad argument for the truth of the black bills prepared for the papists in Ireland." This paper is dated 1681.
[218] Birmingham was already noted for base and counterfeit coinage. In a Panegyrick on their Royal Highnesses congratulating their return from Scotland, 1682, mention is thus made of Shaftesbury's medal:
The wretch that stamped it got immortal fame;
'Twas coined by stealth, like groats at Birmingham.
Tom Brown also alluded to the same practice; "I coined heroes as fast as Brumingham groats."[219] The affected zeal of the country party for the Protestant religion, led them to be called Birmingham Protestants, while the pretensions of Monmouth to legitimacy led his adversaries to compare him to a spurious impression of the king's coin; and thus Birmingham became a term of reproach for him, his assumed title, and his faction in general. There are numerous allusions to this in the libels of the age. Thus, in "Old Jemmy, an excellent new Ballad,"
Old Jemmy is the top,
And cheef among the princes;
No mobile gay fop
With Bromingham pretences.
In another ballad bearing the same title, the same phrase occurs:
Let Whig and Bremingham repine,
They shew their teeth in vain;
The glory of the British line,
Old Jemmy's come again.
These are in Mr Luttrell's collection; where there is another Tory song, entitled, "A proper new Birmingham ballad, to the tune of Hey Boys Up Go We."
In another Grubstreet performance, entitled, "a Medley on the plot, by Mathew Taubman:"
Confound the hypocrites, Birminghams royal,
Who thinks allegeance a transgression;
Since to oppose the king is counted loyal,
And to rail high at the succession.
— — — — — — —
Let them boast of loyal Birminghams, and true,
And with these make up their kirk of separation;
We have honest Tory Tom, Dick, and Hugh,
Will drink on, and do more service for the nation.
North, however, gives rather a different derivation. He says, that the loyalists, becoming anxious to retort some nickname in return for that of tories with which they had been branded, first called their "adversaries true blues; because such were not satisfied to be Protestants as the churchmen were, but must be true Protestants, implying the others to be false ones, just not Papists. Then they went on, and stiled the adversary Birmingham Protestants, alluding to the false groats struck at that place. This held a considerable time; but the word was not fluent enough for hasty repartee, and after divers changes, the lot fell on the word whig, which was very significative, as well as ready, being vernacular in Scotland, whence it was borrowed, for sour and corrupted whey. Immediately the train took, and, upon the first touch of the experiment, it ran like wild fire, and became general." Examen. p. 321.
By the phrase of Anti-Brominghams, used in the text, Dryden therefore means those who opposed the duke of Monmouth's pretensions, and were execrated for doing so by his fanatical followers.
[219] Reasons for Mr Bayes' changing his Religion, p. 14.
[220] A character in sir John Denham's Sophy.
[221] Charles II. See [note I.]
[222] Queen Catherine. See [note II.]
[223] First edit. this.
[224] Duke of Monmouth. See [note III.]
[225] First edit. with.
[226] Duchess of Buccleuch and Monmouth. See [note IV.]
[228] Cromwell.
[229] Richard Cromwell.
[230] Charles II.
[231] Here, Flanders or Holland; afterwards Scotland.
[232] London.
[233] Roman Catholics.
[234] First edit. and.
[236] A sneer at the doctrine of transubstantiation, which our author afterwards attempted to defend.
[238] Shaftesbury. See [note VIII.]
[241] First edit. A patron's. The next twelve lines were added after the first edition. See Introduction.
[244] First edit. Shuts up.
[245] The land of exile, more particularly Brussels, where Charles long resided.
[246] Dover.
[247] King of France.
[248] France.
[250] James Duke of York, whose exclusion, as a Catholic, was warmly urged in the House of Commons.
[252] The allusion is to the Republic, who acknowleged God alone for their king, but were dispossessed by Cromwell, here, as formerly, called Saul.
[253] First edit. 'Tis.
[255] First edit. Prevail.
[257] A thrifty and frugal doctrine, not forgotten by the reformers of our own day.
[259] The dissenting clergymen, expelled by the Act of Conformity.
[260] The Duke of Buckingham. See [note XVIII.]
[261] Balaam, the earl of Huntingdon; Caleb, lord Gray of Wark; Nadab, lord Howard of Escrick. [Note XIX.] [XX.] [XXI.]
[262] Sir William Jones. See [note XXII.]
[263] Slingsby Bethel, one of the sheriffs of London. See note [XXIII.]
[265] He wrote a treatise on the Interest of Princes.
[266] Titus Oates. See [note XXV.]
[268] Oates pretended to have taken his degree of doctor at Salamanca. See [note XXVII.] Also vol. VII. p. 164.
[269] Sir Edmondbury Godfrey. See [Note XXVIII.]
[270] First edit.—Dissembling joy.
[271] France and Holland.
[272] Duchess of Portsmouth, mistress to Charles II.
[273] Note XXIX.
[274] Thomas Thynne, Esq. See [note XXX.]
[276] The Duke of Ormond. See [note XXXII.]
[277] In Ireland.
[278] The Earl of Ossory. See [note XXXIII.]
[279] Alluding to Lord Ossory's services in the Dutch war against the French.
[280] First edit, birth.
[281] First edit, worth.
[291] The four following lines were added after the first edition. See Introduction.
[292] Note XLIII.
[294] See a very scurrilous one, entitled, "The Queen's Ball," in the State Poems, Vol. III. p. 74, beginning,
Reform, great queen, the errors of your youth,
And hear a thing you never heard, called Truth.
Poor private balls content the Fairy Queen;
You must dance, and dance damnably, to be seen.
Ill-natured little goblin, and designed
For nothing but to dance and vex mankind,
What wiser thing could our great monarch do,
Than root ambition out, by showing you?
You can the most aspiring thoughts pull down.
[295] Sheffield Duke of Buckingham's Memoirs.
[296] "A Letter to a Person of Honour concerning the Black-box." "A Letter to a Person of Honour concerning the King's disavowing the having been married to the Duke of Monmouth's Mother."
[297] Sir John Rereby's Memoirs, p. 170.
[298] See note XX.
[299] Sir John Dalrymple narrates this anecdote, Vol. I. p. 187. 8vo edit. The Editor has often heard it mentioned by his father, who was curious in historical antiquities, and who gave it on the report of his grandfather, to whom Captain Scott had told the story. According to this last authority, which the relationship between the parties renders probable, the intercepted letter contained some details concerning the Prince of Orange's intrigues with Monmouth, and the duplicity of Sunderland. It is more than probable, if that wise prince encouraged Monmouth in his enterprise, it could only be with the purpose of hastening his destruction.
[300] Sheffield Duke of Buckingham's Memoirs, p. 12.
[301] Cartes' Life of the Duke of Ormond. Vol. II. pp. 531, 533.
[302] Memoirs, p. 12.
[303] Vol. VII. p. 80.
[304] It is entitled, "On the three Dukes killing the Beadle on Sunday morning, February 26th 1670-1." The moral runs thus:
See what mishaps dare even invade Whitehall;
This silly fellow's death puts off the ball;
And disappoints the Queen, poor little chuck,
I warrant 'twould have danced it like a duck:
The fidlers voices entries all the sport;
And the gay show put off, where the brisk court
Anticipates in rich subsidy coats,
All that is got by mercenary votes;
Yet shall Whitehall, the innocent, the good,
See these men dance all daubed with lace and blood.
[305] Alluding to the king's well known intrigue with Nell Gwyn.
[306] The Duke was then captain of the king's horse guards.
[307] The first effectual step taken by the court to defend themselves against popular clamour, was in the "Observator," and other periodical or occasional publications of L'Estrange, which had a great effect on the public mind. But during the first clamorous outcry after the Popish plot was started, nothing of this kind was, or probably could be, attempted; while, on the other hand, the press teemed with all manner of narratives of the plot, every one stuffed with more horrid circumstances than those which preceded it; and the sale of which was no inconsiderable part of the recompence of the various witnesses by whom they were composed, sworn to, and published.
[308] Examen, p. 204.
[309] Thus, to instance the "pedantic manner, vanity, defiance of criticism, rhodomontade and poetical bravado" of modern poets, he gives some extracts from the preface of "Don Sebastian," and adds, "who can after this say of the Rehearsal author, that his picture of our poet was over charged?"—Miscellany 5. Chap. 2. His lordship also glances repeatedly at Dryden in his Advice to an Author.
[310] Raleigh's Redivivus, p. 53.
[311] North's Examen, p. 60.
[312] Ibid. p. 57.
[313] Shaftesbury.
[314] This horrid story is alluded to by the author of Absalom's IX Worthies:
Next Zimri, banckrupt of wit and pence,
Proved Jew by's circumcised evidence;
T' enjoy his Cosbi, he her husband killed;
The rest o' the story waits to be fullfilled.
[315] Cartes' life of the Duke of Ormond, vol. II. p. 345.
[316] To the memory of the illustrious Prince, George Duke of Buckingham. (25 May, 1637.)
[317] A committee man.
[318] Sir Denzil Hollis. Luk's Annus Mirabilis.—(His Grace mistakes; it is Sir Frescheville Hollis.)
[319] See his poem on Cromwell.
[320] See his poem, p. 27, 28.
[321] In "Absalom's nine Worthies" he is thus commemorated:
The next Priapus Balaam, of whom 'tis said,
His brains did lie more in his tail than's head,
Sprouted of royal stem, in ancient days;
'Tis an ill bird that his own nest bewrays.
Next, Monmouth came in with an army of fools,
Betrayed by his cuckold, and other dull tools,
Who painted the turf of green Sedgemore with gules.
The Riddle of the Roundhead.
Perkin makes fine legs to the shouting rabble,
Who to make him king he thinks are able;
But the bauble
Is only shewed for use:
The silly ideot serves but for a tool still,
For knaves to work their feats;
And will remain a dull mistaken fool still,
For all their damned cabals, and Wapping treats.
— — — — — —
Oxford loyal youths, who scorn to sham us
With a perjured bill of Ignoramus,
Or name us
For loyal traitors known;
Soon found a flaw i'the bottom of the joyner,
By justice, and the laws,
Of church and commonwealth an underminer,
Who fell a martyr in the good old cause.
[324] He protested to Burnet, that God and his holy angels could witness, he only went among them for this purpose. After which, the Bishop says, he paid no regard to any thing he could say, or swear.
[325] One can hardly help exclaiming, with the punning author of a ballad called "Oates well thresh't,"
A curse on every thing that's hight Oates;
Both young and old, both black and white Oates
Both long and short, both light and Tite Oates!
He is thus stigmatized as one of Absalom's nine worthies:
Last Corah, unexhausted mine of plots,
Incredible to all but knaves and sots;
He surely may for a new Sampson pass,
That kills so sure with jaw-bone of an ass.
[326] Examen, p. 223.
[327] Ibid. p. 254.
[328] Ibid. p. 225.
[329] This man told a fable of forty thousand Spanish pilgrims, who were to invade Britain, and eke of a number of black bills, wherewith the Irish Catholics were to be armed. Some wag has enumerated his discoveries in the verses entitled, "Funeral Tears upon the Death of Captain William Bedlow:"
"England, the mighty loss bemoan,
Thy watchful centinal is gone.
Now may the pilgrims land from Spain,
And, undiscovered, cross the main;
Now may the forty thousand men.
In popish arms, be raised again.
Black bills may fly about our ears,
Who shall secure us from our fears?
}
{ Jesuits may fall to their old sport,
{ Of burning, slaying, town and court,
{ And we never the wiser for't.
Then pity us; exert thy power,
To save us in this dangerous hour;
Thou hast to death sworn many men,
Ah! swear thyself to life agen."
[330] A hackney-coachman, named Corral, was very cruelly treated in Newgate, in order to induce him to swear, that he conveyed the dead body of Godfrey out of town in his coach. But he resisted both threats and torments; so that at length another means of conveyance was hit upon, for Prance bore witness that he carried it upon a horse.
[331] This gentleman was, after Monmouth's defeat, fain to pay the famous Jeffries 15,000l. to save his life, though he never could learn what he was accused of.
[332] There were two brothers of this name. One was convicted of a misdemeanour for aiding Braddon in his enquiry into the death of the Earl of Essex. The other was executed for joining in Monmouth's invasion. Jefferies exclaimed on his trial, that his family owed justice a life, and that he should die for the sake of his name.
[333] An Historical Account of the Heroic Life and Magnanimous Actions of the most illustrious Protestant Prince, James, Duke of Monmouth, 12mo. 1683. p. 99. et sequen.
[334] Ibid, p. 113.
[335] Two of these, Captain Vratz and Lieutenant Stern, had distinguished themselves as brave officers; and it is remarkable that neither seemed to have a feeling of the base and dishonourable nature of their undertaking. The third, Borosky, was a poor Pole, who thought himself justified by his master's orders. There is an interesting account of their behaviour in prison, and at execution, in the Harleian Miscellany.
[336] This circumstance is alluded to in a ballad on the occasion, which mentions Monmouth's anxiety to discover the assassins:
But heaven did presently find out
What, with great care, he could not do;
'Twas well he was the coach gone out,
Or he might have been murdered too;
For they, who did this squire kill,
Would fear the blood of none to spill.
From a Grub-Street broadside, entitled "Murder Unparalleled," in Luttrel Collect.
"Captain Vratz's Ghost to Count Coningsmark," 18. March, 1681-2, by a Western Gentleman:
"Who was't thus basely brought unto his end
The loyal Monmouth's wealthy western friend."
[337] It is probable either Stern or Boroski, if not Vratz, would have justified themselves at the Count's expence, had it suited the crown to have promised them a pardon on such conditions.
[338] The Duke of Ormond's eldest son.—See next note.
[339] Appendix to Life of Ormond, No. XCIII.
[340] Sir Richard Southwell. See Life of Ormond, Vol. II. p. 161.
War, and war's darling goddess, left him last;
As living he adored her, he embraced
Her dying, in his pangs he held her fast;
Still at Tangier his waving ensigns flye,
Forts, bulwarks, trenches, glide before his eye;
And though, by fate itself disarmed, he dies,
Even his last breath his sooty foes defies;
He still his visionary thunder poured,
And grasped the very shadow of a sword.
These lines occur in Settle's poem, and are illustrated by this Note: "All the delirium of his fever was wholly taken up with defending Tangiers, and fighting the Moors."
[342] See some particulars concerning this nobleman, Vol. V. p. 174.; and in the introductory observations to the "Essay on Satire."
[343] "A young Lord (Mulgrave,) newly come of age, owned himself to his majesty disobliged, because, after a voyage to Tangier, his great valour there, and spending his youth in the king's service, (these were his own words to the king,) another was preferred to the command of the Lord Plymouth's regiment. I cannot but commend this nobleman's ingenuity, in owning the true cause, and not pretending, as others, conscience and public good for his motives. But I am sorry he should forget, not only the obligations of gratitude, which he is under for his bread, and for his honour, but also who says, "Appear not wise before the king, and give not counsel unasked." He has learning enough to understand the meaning of, In concilium non vocatus ne accesseris. It is to be hoped he may repent, and with more years his wit may be turned into wisdom." Seasonable address to parliament. Somers' Tracts, p. 118.
[344] Reresby's Memoirs, p. 172.
[345] Hume, Vol. VIII. p. 209.
[346] See the Dedication to "King Arthur," Vol. VIII. p. 113.
Next Jonas stands, bull faced but chicken-souled,
Who once the silver Sanhedrim controuled,
Their gold tipped tongue; gold his great council's bawd,
Till by succeeding Sanhedrims outlawed.
He was preferred to guard the sacred* store,
There lordly rolling in whole mines of ore;
To dicing lords a cully favourite,
He prostitutes whole cargoes in a night.
Then to the top of his ambition come,
Fills all his sayls for hopeful Absalom;
For his religion's as the reason calls,
God's in possession, in reversion Baal's;
He bears himself a dove to mortal race,
And though not man, he can look heaven i' th' face.
Never was compound of more different stuff,
A heart in lambskin, and a conscience buff.
[348] Otway attributes the same magic power to the king's speech. After calling on a painter to depict a tumultuous senate, he adds,
But then let mighty Charles at distance stand,
His crown upon his head, and sceptre in his hand,
To send abroad his word; or, with a frown,
Repel and dash the aspiring rebels down.
Unable to behold his dreaded ray,
Let them grow blind, disperse, and reel away;
Let the dark fiends the troubled air forsake,
And all new peaceful order seem to take.
Windsor Castle.
[349] The ridicule attached to the translation by Sternhold and Hopkins is proverbial; yet there is at least little pretension in that despised version, and it gives us, in a homely old-fashioned metre and diction, the sense of the Hebrew authors. But, in Tate and Brady, there is a vain attempt to grace the inspired songs with the incongruous ornaments of modern taste. On the whole, it is perhaps impossible to transfuse the beauties of oriental poetry into a metrical translation. It is remarkable, that, in this very poem, Dryden uses these translations to express nearly the lowest of all poetry. He calls the Whig poets,
Poor slaves, in metre dull and addle-pated,
Who rhyme below even David's psalms translated.
This was an odd prophetic denunciation, concerning what was doomed to be the principal work of his assistant. Tate and Brady, however, did not undertake their task till after the Revolution.
[350] Part of Achitophel's speech to Absalom, beginning,
The crown's true heir, a prince severe and wise,
is copied verbatim from the first part; and whole lines in many other places.
[351] First edit. Goodness was e'en.
[352] First edit. Flatterie's.
[354] Titus Oates. See [note II.]
[355] The queen, accused by Oates of being engaged in the conspiracy against the king's life. See note XXXI. on Part I.
[356] The great plague.
[357] The Dutch wars.
[358] The fire of London.
[359] See note II. as above.
[362] Alluding to the Duke of Monmouth's return from Holland without the king's license. See Vol. viii. p. 7.
[364] The Earl of Shaftesbury was at the head of the Cabal, which advised the measures of repealing the test, of shutting the Exchequer, of breaking the triple alliance and uniting with France, to the destruction of Holland. See the Earl of Ossory's spirited speech against him, p. 297.
[365] Parliaments.
[366] See the introduction to the "Medal" for Shaftesbury's proposed Association.
[367] Sir Robert Clayton. See [note VI.]
[368] Sir Thomas Player, chamberlain of London. See [note VII.]
[370] What follows is entirely written by Dryden, down to the conclusion of the character of Og.
[371] Robert Ferguson. See [note IX.]
[372] Scotland.
[375] Julian the Apostate.
[376] Burnet. See [note XII.]
[377] Pordage. See [note XIII.]
[378] Hall. See [note XIV.]
[379] Settle. See [note XV.]
[380] In Settle's poem, he calls the Duke of York Absalom. For his apology, see note XV.
[381] There is a ballad on this loathsome story among the Rump Songs.
[382] Settle gave his poem, in answer to Dryden, the title of "Absalom Senior, or Absalom and Achitophel transprosed." And the first verse runs thus:
In gloomy times, when priestcraft bore the sway.
And made heaven's gate a lock to their own key.
[383] Shadwell, See [note XVI.]
[385] Sir William Waller. See [Note XVIII.]
[386] Member of Parliament.
[389] Dutch wars.
[392] Lord Dartmouth. See [Note XXIII.]
[393] General Sackville. See [Note XXIV.]
[395] Duke of Beaufort, President of Wales.—See [Note XXVI.]
[396] Lord Herbert.
[397] The second Duke of Albemarle, son of General Monk.—See [Note XXVII.]
[398] Earl of Arlington.— [Note XXVIII.]
[399] Duke of Grafton. [Note XXIX.]
[400] Earl of Feversham.— [Note XXX.]
[401] Sir Heneage Finch, Earl of Winchelsea and Lord Chancellor. [Note XXXI.]
[402] First edit. Ziba. Sir Roger L'Estrange.— [Note XXXII.]
[403] Dryden.
[404] The thunder was anciently supposed to spare the laurel.
[405] The Duchess of York.
[407] The grammar requires to read, he's.
[408] Sir John Moore, Lord Mayor of London.— [Note XXXIV.]
[409] First edit. Syrges.
[410] Mr Pilkington and Mr Shute, Sheriffs.— [Note XXXV.]
[411] "An excellent new Ballad between Tom the Tory, and Toney the Whig. (Danby and Shaftesbury.) Scene, the Tower."
Toney. Thou wants not wickedness, but wit,
To turn it to thy profit;
Who but a sot would hatch a plot,
And then make nothing of it?
'Twas I was fain to rear thy barn,
And bring it to perfection;
I made the frighted nation sue
To me for my protection.
[412] They were on such bad terms, that, while Shaftesbury was sitting as Chancellor, he had occasion to call the Duke of York to order; the Duke, as he passed the chair, told Shaftesbury, in a low voice, he was "an insolent scoundrel:" "I thank your Grace," retorted the Chancellor, with inimitable readiness, "for having called me neither a coward nor a Papist."
[413] "A modest Vindication of the Earl of Shaftesbury, in a Letter to a Friend, concerning his being elected King of Poland."—Somers' Tracts, p. 153.
[414] Witness an excellent ballad, which calls itself, "The Suburbs' Thanks for the City's Election:"
We gave commission, that our thanks should wait on
The kind electors of Sir Robert Clayton,
Sir Thomas Player, Pilkington, and Love;
Thus we our joy by this return do prove.
— — — — — — —
Meekly and modestly they played their parts;
I do not wonder that they won your hearts:
Had you elected others in their stead,
Sure you had done a very evil deed;
For who could equalize the love and care
Of Clayton, Pilkington, of Love, and Player?
[415] See Vol. VII. p. 4.
[416] Who kept a noted bagnio.
[417] Somers' Tracts, p. 185.
[418] Debates of the Westminster and Oxford Parliaments, 1689. p. 39.
[419] The citizens are invited to go to the top of the Monument, and to fancy to themselves the following objects, which are sure to come to pass whenever popery prevails, i. e. when the Duke of York succeeds to the throne.
"First, imagine you see the whole town in a flame, occasioned this second time by the same popish malice that set it on fire before. At the same time fancy, that, among the distracted crowd, you behold troops of Papists ravishing your wives and daughters, dashing your little childrens' brains out against the wall, plundering your houses, and cutting your own throats, by the name of heretic dogs. Then represent to yourselves the Tower playing off its cannon, and battering down your houses about your ears. Also, casting your eye towards Smithfield, imagine you see your father, or your mother, or some of your nearest and dearest relations, tied to a stake, in the midst of flames, when, with hands and eyes lifted up to heaven, they scream and cry out to that God, for whose cause they die, which was a frequent spectacle the last time Popery reigned amongst us. Fancy you behold those beautiful churches, erected for the true worship of God, abused and turned into idolatrous temples, to the dishonour of Christ, and scandal of religion; the ministers of God's word torn to pieces before their eyes, and their very best friends not daring even to speak in their behalf. Your trading's bad, and in a manner lost already, but then the only commodity will be fire and sword; the only object, women running with their hair about their ears, men covered with blood, children sprawling under horses feet, and only the walls of houses left standing; when those that survive this fatal day may sigh and cry, Here once stood my house, there my friend's, and there my kinsman's; but, alas! that time is past. The only noise will then be, O my wife, O my husband, O my dearest children! In fine, what the devil himself would do, were he upon earth, will, in his absence, infallibly be acted by his agents the Papists." See State Tracts, p. 102. Burnet mentions Ferguson being the author, in his "Letter occasioned by a Second Letter to Dr Burnet."
[420] Letter occasioned by a Second Letter to Dr Burnet, p. 7.
[421] House-keeper to the excise-office, worth 500l. a-year, with little trouble.
[422] Balcarras' Account, p. 524.
[423] Ralph. Vol. II.
[424] Carte's "Life of Ormond," vol. II. p, 444.
[425] After the Revolution these pieces were collected into a volume, and entitled, "A second five years Struggle against Popery and Tyranny." The preface bears, that "they were written, not out of harm's way, but in the enemy's quarters, with so great danger as well as difficulty, that I lived for many years together only from term to term. But no man ought to count his life dear to him in the cause of his country; for he that is bound to love one neighbour as himself, must in proportion love ten millions of neighbours so many times better than himself."
[426] That of James II., then encamped on Hounslow Heath.
[427] They omitted to strip off his cassock; and that slight circumstance rendered the degradation imperfect, and saved his benefice.
[428] Oliver Cromwell.
[429] He had not so totally lost his poetical reputation, but that a brother bard was left to bewail his apostacy, as a disgrace to his talents:
For one, who formerly stood candidate
For wit and sense with men of highest rate.
Apostatises from his former acts,
And from his own Cambyses' fame detracts;
No more in verse his mighty talent shows,
But libels princes with malicious prose.
This man in Cornhill if you chance to meet,
Or near the middle of Threadneedle street,
Know, 'tis to pay his homage to the sun,
Or rather to the hot-brained Phæton,
Whom Ovid blames; but he does more commend,
Advising straight the chariot to ascend.
Loyalty Triumphant, 1st July, 1681.
[430] Elkanah had forfeited reputation for valour, by his conduct in a quarrel with Otway; as may be interred from the line,
Settle's a coward, because fool Otway fought him.
In an answer to "The Character of a Popish Successor," called, "A Character of the true-blue Protestant Poet," Settle is termed, "a fool, an arrant knave, a despicable coward, and a prophane atheist."
[431] The full title is, "Absalom Senior, or Achitophel Transprosed, a Poem. Si populus vult decipi, &c. Printed for S. E., and sold by Langley Curtis, at the sign of Sir Edmondbury Godfrey, near Fleetbridge, 1682."
[432] This pithy objection would prove the impossibility of two persons bearing the same name, and existing at different periods of history. Elkanah did not observe, that, as there might have been an hundred, so there actually were at least two Zimris in scripture story; the second of whom rebelled against his master, Elah, king of Israel, and usurped the kingdom. If Dryden meant to apply either of these characters distinctly to the factious Duke of Buckingham, it was probably the last, whose treason had become proverbial: "Had Zimri peace, who slew his master?"
[433] Jefferies once, when recorder of London, called himself the Mouth of the city; and the name became attached to him, from the natural expansion of that feature. The scandalous circumstance, alluded to by Settle, is the subject of a libel in the "State Poems." But Settle lived to write, "A Panegyric on the Loyal and Honourable Sir George Jefferies, Lord Chief Justice of England, 1683."
[434] The Duke of Buckingham. See note on Zimri, p. 353.
[435] Wood's Athenæ Oxonienses, p. 1076. et sequen.
[436] North's Examen, p. 96.—It does not appear, that the Tories welcomed the return of their lost sheep. It is talked lightly of in their ballads and libels. For instance, we have these two lines in "The Poet's Address to King James II., surnamed the Just:"
Character Settle, if you please to hate,
Who, Judas-like, repented when too late.
[437] At this time Bartholomew and Smithfield fairs exhibited many theatrical representations. From a letter of the facetious Tom Brown, we learn, that a variety of performers appeared upon temporary stages during these festive assemblies. To write drolls for them, and for the puppet-shows, though the last state of literary degradation, may have been attended with some scantling of profit. Dryden calls Settle "a Bartholomew-fair writer," in the "Vindication of the Duke of Guise," Vol. VII. p. 193.
[438] "The Whigs' Lamentation for the Death of their dear Brother Colledge, the Protestant Joiner:"
Brave Colledge is hanged, the chief of our hopes,
For pulling down bishops, and making new popes.
Our dear brother Property calls on the ground,
In Poland, King Antony ne'er will be crowned;
For now they're resolved that harts shall be trump,
And the 'prentices swear they will burn the old rump.
— — — — — — —
Our case to the corrector-men we must refer,
To Shadwell and Settle, to Curtis and Carr;
To know who succeeds our late captain the joiner,
He must be some artist, some carver, or coiner.
[439] Examen, p. 394.
[440] Examen, p. 373.
[441] Examen. p. 277.
[442] See L'Estrange's "Narrative of the Plot." A similar, and still more strange, mistake of the worthy justice, is coupled with an allusion to the necklace, in a pasquinade called "Gate's Boarding School at Camberwell, writ by J. Dean, Author of the Wine Cooper, the Hunting of the Fox, the Badger in the Fox Trap, the Lord Russell's Farewell, the Loyal Conquest, the Dutch Miller, &c."
"Waller his pots of venison,
He took for priests, may sell;
His amber necklaces make known
Our saints at Camberwell."
[443] Mr Prance's "Answer to Mrs Cellier's Letter, containing also a Vindication of Sir William Waller, &c. with the Adventure of the Bloody Bladder, &c." The good justice was perhaps quite innocent of these aspersions; but the evidence of Mr Miles Prance is a little suspicious.
[444] As appears from numerous ballads upon his meeting Mrs Cellier in Newgate, &c. For example, we have "Dagon's Fall, or the Knight turned out of Commission;" (on Sir William Waller, printed 12th April, 1680, Luttrell's note;) which was answered by a Whig ballad, bearing in front this bold defiance; "An Answer to Dagon's Fall, being a Vindication of Sir William Waller", (printed 15th May, 1680, L.)
He that lately writ the fall of Dagon,
Is a rigid Papist, or a Pagan.
[445] "By the Reverend Thomas Jekyll," says Anthony a Wood; and adds, "it was published under the title of "True Religion makes the best Loyalty." But Anthony was not a man to detect the irony, which I rather think Mr Jekyll had in view; his text being xxiv. Proverbs, 21. I suspect the clergyman hung out false colours to delude the Whigs; for surely he could never have intended to preach before Monmouth and Shaftesbury upon the words, "fear God, and honour the king, and meddle not with them that are given to change." Athenæ, p. 1075.
[446] The addressors for the county of Devon, are ironically said to have been "introduced by that wise and high-born prince, Christopher, Duke of Albemarle." History of Addresses, p. 47.
[447] In 1685. It is remarkable, that Goodman the actor, when a student at Cambridge, had been expelled for being concerned in cutting and defacing that same picture, which the university, by a solemn act, appointed to be burned in public. Stepney has a poem on this solemnity, with the apt motto, which applies to mobs, whether composed of the learned or ignorant:
———Sed quid
Turba Remi? Sequitur fortunam ut semper, et odit
Damnatos.
[448] Sheffield Duke of Buckingham's character of the Earl of Arlington. See his works, Vol. II. p. 60.
[449] It is said, that, while he was abroad, Lord Colepepper saw Charles and him come together from mass, and expressed his resentment against Bennet in such terms, that he, not piquing himself on personal valour, did not chuse to visit Britain till after the death of that incensed and unceremonious protestant.
[450] London, August 4th, 1681. This day the Loyal Apprentices of this city, who made lately the humble address to his majesty, dined at Sadler's Hall. The king had been pleased to give them a brace of bucks, and many of the principal nobility, and other persons of quality, did them the honour to dine with them; there was a very handsome entertainment, managed with great order; and they intending to keep an annual feast, desired his grace the Duke of Grafton, and some others of the nobility, to be stewards for the next year." Gazette, No. 1640. Accordingly, the next year, the Duke of Grafton presided on the 9th August, 1682. This was one of the devices by which the court endeavoured to strengthen their ground in the city against Shaftesbury and Monmouth, and was much canvassed in the pamphlets, &c. of the time. In Luttrell's Collection, are the following poems on the 'Prentices feast:
"To the Loyal Company of Citizens met at Merchant Taylors' Hall."
"A Poem on the 'Prentices Feast (satirical.)"
"A Rejoynder to the Whiggish Poem, upon the Tory 'Prentices Feast at Merchant Taylors' Hall (ironical.)"
"An Answer to the Whiggish Poem, on the Loyal Apprentices Feast."
"Loyalty Rewarded, or a Poem on the Brace of Bucks bestowed on the Loyal Apprentices by his Majesty", (3d August, 1681.) Answered by the Boys whipt Home, or a Rythme upon the Apprentices Poem."
Poor boys! a brace of bucks was made their cheer,
To show their courage hearted like a deer,
Whose spreading horns foretell the future fates,
Their wives shall fix upon their spreading pates.
[451] Ralph, Vol. I. p. 657.
[452] Ibid. 879.
[453] In Villiers Duke of Buckingham's works, Vol. II., is a little squib, called "The Battle," in which Feversham is introduced, giving, in broken English, a very ludicrous account of his campaign. It is in dialogue, and concludes thus:
Lord. I suppose, my lord, that your lordship was posted in a very strong place?
General. O begarra, very strong, vid de great river between me and de rebella, calla de Brooka de Gutter.
Lady. But they say, my lord, there was no water in that brook of the gutter?
General. Begar, madama, but dat no be my faulta; begar me no hinder de water from coma; if no will rain, begar me no can make de rain.
Lady. But did you not go to some other place?
General. O pardon me, madama, you no understand de ting.
Lord. And so your lordship, it seems, encamped with your horse and foot?
General. Ay vid de foota, no vid de horsa; begar me go vid de horsa on de gentlemen-officera, to one very good villash, where begar, be very good quartera, very good meta, very good drinka, and very good bedda.
Lady. But pray, my lord, why did you not stay with the foot?
General. Begarra, madama, because dire be great differentia between de gentlemen-officera and de rogua de sogiera; begarra de rogua de sogiera lye upon the grounda; but begar de gentlemen-officera go to bedda.
[454] There is amongst the records of the order of the Garter, written in Latin, and deposited in St George's chapel, an account of the manner in which the Duke of Monmouth's banner, which had been suspended over his stall, was taken down by the command of James the II.—Garter king at arms, the heralds, and all the officers of the Garter, attended; and, amidst a great concourse of people, took down the banner, treated it with every mark of indignity, and kicked it out of the western door of the church into a ditch, which at that time was near the church.
[455] William Symthies, curate at Cripplegate, intimates, that he kept his coach and six horses.—Reply to the Observator, p. 2.
[456] Examen, p. 596.
[457] Carte, Vol. II. p. 522.
[458] Examen, p. 616. North mentions a song having for burden,
—the worshipful Sir John Moor,
Age after age that name adore.
Besides a congratulatory poem to Sir John Moor, Knight, Lord Mayor elect of London, 30th September, 1682, there is another in the Luttrell Collection, comparing the feats of Sir John with those of his predecessors in the government of the city, to the ancient tune of "St George for England," entitled, "Vive Le Roy, or London's Joy," a new song on the installation of the present Lord Mayor of London. (To the tune of 'St George for England.')
Sir Patience[459] calls for justice, and then the wretch will sham us;
Sh. Bethel,[460] he packs a jury, well versed in Ignoramus;
Sir Tom[461] would hang the Tory, and let the Whig go free;
Sir Bob[462] would have a commonwealth, and cry down monarchy;
While still the brave Sir George[463] did all their deeds record;
But Sir John, Sir John, your loyalty restored.
Sir John he is for justice, which rebels would destroy;
Vive, vive, vive le roy.
[459] Sir Patience Ward.
[460] Sheriff Bethel.
[461] Sir Thos. Player.
[462] Sir Robert Clayton.
[463] Sir George Jefferies.
[464] Ralph, Vol. I. p. 634.
[465] He fled to the Hague, as appears from a ballad called "The Hue and Song after Patience, (23 May, 1683.)"
Have but a little patience, and you shall hear,
How Patience had the gift to lie and swear;
How Patience could with patience stand a lie;
But Patience wants to stand the pillory.
Out of all patience, to the Hague he steers;
To stay he had not patience for his ears.
[466] One often occurs, struck generally in lead. It represents, on the obverse, Sir Edmondbury Godfrey walking, though strangled; on the reverse, St Dennis, with some such legend as this:
Godfrey walked up the hill after he was dead;
Dennis went o'er the sea wanting his head.
Others are recorded by Evelyn.
[467] It is alluded to in an occasional epilogue, by Otway, to "Venice Preserved," acted on the Duke's return, April 21, 1682:
Nail all your medals on the gallow's post,
In recompence the original was lost;
At these illustrious repentance pay,
In his kind hands your humble offerings lay.
Duke also, in an epistle to Otway, talking of his retirement from the political world, declares,
I have forgot whatever there I knew,
Why men one stocking tie with ribbon blue;
Why others medals wear, a fine gilt thing,
That at their breasts hangs dangling by a string.
[468] The line is this:
Thou leap'st o'er all eternal truths in thy pindaric way.
It seems to be alluded to by Hickeringell in the following lines on Dryden's challenge to the Whig poets, in his preliminary epistle:
If Whigs be silent, then the Tory says,
They're silenced, cannot answer Mr Bayes,
The poet laureat; and if we write,
He swears we learn of him how to indite;
Nay, he's so charitable, we so poor,
He bids us take, and welcome, of his store;
And lest our verses happen to want feet,
He frankly proffers his; and 'tis most meet
We should, in charity, accept his proffer now,
For his, like that, has more than should by two.
The same circumstance is noticed by Tom Brown, who says, it is the longest line in Christendom, except one, which went round some old hangings, representing the history of Pharoah and Moses, and measured forty-six good feet of metre, running thus:
Why, was he not a rascal?
Who refused to suffer the children of Israel to go into the wilderness,
with their wives and families, to eat the pascal.
I notice this buffoonery, because it is common to ascribe this strange Alexandrine to the Rev. Zachary Boyd, whose scriptural poems are preserved in the University of Glasgow.
[469] Elegy on Shaftesbury, in Raleigh Redivivus.
[470] See Note I.
[471] William Bower, who engraved the medal.
[472] See the engraving of Shaftesbury's medal where the sun breaks from a cloud over the Tower, in which he had lately been imprisoned. Dryden intimates, his head should have been placed there; and indeed the gory heads and members of Shaftesbury's adherents were shortly afterwards too common a spectacle on Tower-Hill, the Bridge, Temple-Bar, &c. Roger North mentions it as a very unpleasant part of his brother Dudley's office of sheriff, that the executioner came to him for orders, touching the disposal of the limbs of those who had suffered. "Once, while he was abroad, a cart, with some of them, came into the court-yard of his house, and frighted his lady almost out of her wits. And she could never be reconciled to the dog hangman's saying, 'he came to speak with his master." Life of the Hon. Sir Dudley North, p. 138.
[473] A tract, in three parts, written to prove the innocence of Shaftesbury, Colledge, and the Whigs, from the alleged machinations against the king at Oxford. The first part is said to have been written chiefly by the earl himself; the two last, by Robert Ferguson, the plotter.
[474] Alluding to the king's proclamation against tumultuous petitions, dated 12th December, 1679.
[475] A pamphlet written by Andrew Marvel, and reprinted in the State Tracts. It was published in 1677-8; and, as it traced the intrigues of the court of England with that of France, it made a great impression on the nation. I cannot help thinking, that it was upon the horror which this piece had excited for the progress of Popery, that Oates and Tongue grounded their legend, and that they found the people prepared to receive it by the previous tract of Marvel.
[476] See "The Defence of the Duke of Guise," and the "Postscript to the Translation of Maimbrurg's History of the League," where Dryden pursues this parallel.
[477] The Whig writers observed a prudent degree of ambiguity concerning the draught of the Association, found in Shaftesbury's study; for, while they endeavoured to defend the purpose and principles for which it was proposed, they insinuated, that it might possibly have been shuffled in amongst Lord Shaftesbury's papers, by the messenger who seized them. It was said, to strengthen this suspicion, that Wilson, the earl's secretary, was employed by him to indorse all the papers which the messengers seized and carried off, and that this scroll bore no such indorsement: it was even added, that Wilson himself was imprisoned, to deprive Shaftesbury of the benefit of his evidence to this point. There is, however, no reason to think the paper was not actually found in the earl's repositories.
[478] In 1584, there was a general association entered into by the subjects of Queen Elizabeth, for the defence of her person, supposed to be endangered by the plots of the Catholics and malcontents. Many of its most striking expressions are copied into the draught found in Shaftesbury's house. It was confirmed by act 27th of Queen Elizabeth, and cannot but be supposed as acceptable to the crown, as that of Shaftesbury would have been obnoxious.
[479] How literally Dryden's opponents adopted the licence here given, appears from the "Loyal Medal Vindicated," published in 1681, and addressed,
"To the Disloyal Tories.
"To all, I mean, except the author of the Medal; for he being a Tory of two editions, it seems impossible to appropriate his genius more to King Charles than Oliver Cromwell. And if Noll was so kind, though a saucy tenant, to leave him as a heriot of the muses, unto whomsoever should possess Whitehall, let none admire that he, that could so deify an usurper, does afterwards endeavour to expiate that crime by Torifying the government of a legal monarch, &c. I have no more to say to him, and his Tory friends, by way of argument, but rather greet him, in conclusion, as poetically as he can pretend to deserve." The following introduction may suffice to shew how far the poetry was commensurate to the deserts of Dryden:
If nothing can the worth of men excuse,
Thus meanly blasted by a sculking muse;
If what's against humanity and sense,
Finds from the world a horrid complaisance;
If one must flout another's mould or face,
Because discretion there has ancient place;
Then let thy hireling verse such fictions raise,
As long may fatten thy desertless praise,
But may heaven stay thy much licentious pen,
When to spite faces thou shall write again,
Lest thou thy sovereign's image next should stain,
Since looks, and men, thou darest traduce for gain;
And all to allow thy forehead so much brass,
As stiles thee there a stigmatized ass.
Conclusion to Shaftesbury:
Fame must be posed, unless you shall admit
To leave your image written by your wit;
}
{ Yet still by you memoirs are so designed,
{ Your medal does oblige, in which we find
{ The outward graces of so firm a mind;
Though, in this gift, best Protestants allow
They're tempted even to superstition too,
As hard 'tis such a patriot to admire,
And not than common man to grant him higher.
[480] One writer was so much incensed at this challenge, as to plead it for the apology of having degraded himself by a controversy with Dryden. "I have more honourable employ, than, like a schoolboy, to cap verses, or to blemish my larger name with that of Bayes or Laureat. Only, it moved my indignation, as well as scorn, when I read his challenge to the Whigs, p. 6. of his Epistle, and the bravado extorted from me this nimble check, but just rebuke, for such arrogance, opiniatry, and petulancy, to abate, if possible, his pride, and the contempt he seems to have of the Whigs, whom the hackney laureat does so magisterially despise at such a rate, that the Tory courtiers (poor hearts, they know no better) hug and admire the imbost rhodomontade."—Mushroom, p. 18. How far the author's talents were equal to the purpose of chastizing Dryden, and raising the renown of Whig poetry, may be seen by some curious specimens in Note XII. on the following poem.
[481] As I have not as yet been able to meet with the "Whip and Key," I subjoin the account which Mr Malone has given of it: "A Whip for the Fool's Back, who styles honourable marriage a cursed confinement, in his profane poem of Absalom and Achitophel;" and this was followed, on the 18th of January, by "A Key (with the Whip) to open the mystery and iniquity of the poem called Absalom and Achitophel, shewing its scurrilous reflections on both king and kingdom." In the latter piece, which was written by the same hand as the former, the author's principal object is to show, that Dryden's Jewish names were not well chosen. As probably very few of my readers have ever seen this poem, I will add a short extract:
"How well this Hebrew name with sense doth sound,
A fool's my brother,[483] though in wit profound!
Most wicked wits are the devil's chiefest tools,
Which, ever in the issue, God befools.
Can thy compare, vile varlet, once hold true,
Of the loyal Lord, and this disloyal Jew?
Was e'er our English Earl under disgrace,
And, as unconscionable, put out of place?
Hath he laid lurking in his country-house,
To plot rebellions, as one factious?
Thy bog-trot bloodhounds hunted have this stag,
Yet cannot fasten their foul fangs,—they flag.
Why did'st not thou bring in thy evidence,
With them, to rectify the brave jury's sense,
And so prevent the Ignoramus?—nay,
Thou wast cock-sure he would be damn'd for aye,
Without thy presence;—thou wast then employ'd
To brand him 'gainst he came to be destroy'd:
'Forehand preparing for the hangman's axe,
Had not the witnesses been found so lax."
Malone's Life of Dryden, Vol. I. p. 159.
It must also be noticed, that the author of the "Whip and Key" opens his poem with the ten first lines of "Absalom and Achitophel."
[482] Derrick is pleased to explain "the brother of Achitophel," by favouring us with an account of Shaftesbury's brother, George Cooper, Esq. This is a remarkable instance of a knavish speech sleeping in a foolish ear. For the benefit of any person of equally obtuse intellects, it may be necessary to say, the non-conformist parson is the party meant, whom Dryden styles "brother to Achitophel," if Achitophel, according to his own derivation, be brother to a fool; and truly the commentator seems to have been of the kindred.
[483] Achi, my brother, and tophel, a fool.—Orig. Note.
[484] The epithet was still more whimsically assumed by the famous Nell Gwyn, when her carriage was beset by the mob, who took it for that of the Duchess of Portsmouth, and loaded the inmate with all the opprobrious epithets which could be applied to a Papist, or a woman; Nell at length looked out, and convinced them of their mistake, by assuring them "she was the Protestant whore."
[485] Alluding to the Irish witnesses brought against Shaftesbury, to whom the Whigs refused credit as soon as they ceased to swear on their side; a great subject of complaint to the Tories.
Poor Teague and Rory, who renewed the story,
Were babes of grace while swearing was in fashion;
But when the Whig was charged by the true Tory,
The joyner's flail did thresh them out of the nation;
Then all was gospel-proof, and now all subornation;
Against old Tony, perjured every mother's son,
And now poor Teague and Rory,
To his nation's glory,
May plot at home, and sing, O hone! O hone!
[486] There seems to have been some uncertainty, both among Tories and Whigs, concerning the author of "The Medal." Settle, himself, did not recognize the hand of Dryden; for he thus expresses himself:—"I am not of opinion, that the author of "The Medal," and that of "Absalom and Achitophel," is one person, since the style and painting is far different, and their satires are of a different hue, the one being a much more slovenly beast than the other; yet, since they desire to be thought so, let the one bear the reproaches of the other."—Preface to Medal Reversed.
[495] Crassus, according to Lucilius, only laughed once in his life, and that at the miserable joke in the text.
[498] See the parable of the vineyard, in the gospel of St Matthew, chap. xxi. ver. 33.
[502] Collatinus was, after the expulsion of the Tarquins, exiled from Rome, in hatred to his surname of Rex.
[503] Blood, famous for his attempt upon the crown jewels, and other ruffian adventures, was at this time a true blue Protestant. "And here the good Colonel Blood, (that stole the Duke of Ormond, and, if a timely rescue had not come in, had hanged him at Tyburn, and afterwards stole the crown, though he was not so happy as to carry it off,) no player at small games; he, even he, the virtuous colonel, was to have been destroyed by the Papists. It seems these Papists would let no eminent Protestant be safe. But some amends were made; the colonel, by the sale of the narrative, licensed Thomas Blood. It had been strange if so much mischief had been stirring, and he not come in for a snack."—Examen, p. 311. The narrative is now before me, in which I observe Colonel Blood very feelingly complains, "that those who are to deal with Jesuits and their disciples, had need to have as well the prudence of serpents, as the innocence of doves."
[504] Examen. p. 41.
[505] Ibid. p. 60.
[506] Note X. on Astrea Redux, p. 44.
[507] Whitelock's Memorials, p. 679.
[508] Raleigh Redivicus, p. 29.
[509] Clifford, Arlington, Buckingham, Ashley, (i. e. Shaftesbury,) Lauderdale.
[510] Hume, Vol. VIII. p. 158.
[511] See Vol. VI. p. 148.
[512] Raleigh Redivivus, p. 48.
[513] See Albion and Albanius, Vol. VII. p. 266.
Transcriber notes:
[P.6.] Footnote 3, 'Villians' changed to 'Villains'.
[P.37.] 'Vote' changed to 'Note'.
[P.41.] 'fidler' changed to 'fiddler'.
[P.119.] 'grapling' changed to 'grappling'.
[P.164.] 'Phænix' is 'Phoenix', changed.
[P.174.] 'unparellelled' changed to 'unparalleled'.
[P.175.] 'powderd' is 'powder'd'in other volume, changed.
[P.179.] 'Note XXXVI' should be 'Note XXXVII', changed.
[P.215.] 'royal-bloud' is 'royal-blood'in other volume, changed.
[P.270.] Footnote 321, 'fullfilled', leaving.
[P.278.] 'run' is 'ran' in another volume, changed.
[p.379.] 'sattin' changed to 'satin'.
Fixed various punctuation.