| CHAPTER I. |
| INTRODUCTORY. |
| | PAGE |
| The Succession of the Stone, Bronze, and Iron Ages—A Copper Age in America—ScripturalNotices of Bronze—Bronze preceded Iron in ancient Egypt—Bronzein ancient Greece—The Metals mentioned by Homer—Iron in ancient Greece—Bronzesamong other ancient Nations—Use of Iron in Gaul and Italy—Disputesas to the three Periods—The Succession of Iron to Bronze—The Preservationof ancient Iron | [1] |
| CHAPTER II. |
| CELTS. |
| Origin of the word Celt—Views of early Antiquaries—Conjectures as to the Use ofCelts—Opinions of modern Writers | [27] |
| CHAPTER III. |
| FLAT AND FLANGED CELTS. |
| Flat Celts from Cyprus and Hissarlik—Discoveries of Flat Celts in Barrows—Thoseornamented on the Faces—Flanged Celts—Those from Arreton Down—Andfrom Barrows—Decorated Flanged Celts—Flat Celts found in Scotland—DecoratedScottish Specimens—Flat Celts found in Ireland—Decorated Irish Specimens—Characterof their Decorations—Flat Celts with Lateral Stops | [39] |
| CHAPTER IV. |
| WINGED CELTS AND PALSTAVES. |
| Origin of the term Palstave—Celts with a Stop-ridge—Varieties of Winged Celts—TransitionalForms—Palstaves with Ornaments on Face—With Central Ribon the Blade—Shortened by Wear—With a Transverse Edge—Looped Palstaves—WithRibs on Blade—With Shield-like Ornaments—With VerticalRibs on Blade—With semicircular Side-wings hammered over—Iron Palstavesimitated from Bronze—Palstaves with two Loops—Scottish Palstaves—IrishPalstaves—Looped Irish Palstaves—Irish Palstaves with Transverse Edge—Comparisonwith Continental Forms | [70] |
| CHAPTER V. |
| SOCKETED CELTS. |
| Terms, “the Recipient” and “the Received”—Evolution from Palstaves—With“Flanches,” or curved Lines, on the Faces—Plain, with a Beading round theMouth—Of a Gaulish type—With vertical Ribs on the Faces—With Ribs endingin Pellets—With Ribs and Pellets on the Faces—With Ribs and RingOrnaments—Variously ornamented—Of octagonal Section—With the Loop onone Face—Without Loops—Of diminutive Size—Found in Scotland—Foundin Ireland—Comparison with Foreign Forms—Mainly of Native Manufacturein Britain—Those formed of Iron | [107] |
| CHAPTER VI. |
| METHODS OF HAFTING CELTS. |
| The perforated Axes of Bronze—Celts in Club-like Handles—Their Hafts, as seenin Barrows—Hafting after the manner of Axes—Socketed Celts used asHatchets—Hafted Celt found at Chiusi—Hafts, as seen at Hallstatt—Celts insome instances mounted as Adzes—No perforated Axe-heads in Britain—HaftingCelts as Chisels | [146] |
| CHAPTER VII. |
| CHISELS, GOUGES, HAMMERS, AND OTHER TOOLS. |
| Simple form of Chisel rare—Tanged Chisels—Chisels with Lugs at sides—SocketedChisels—Tanged Gouges—Socketed Gouges—Socketed Hammers—Irish Hammers—Methodof Hafting Hammers—French Anvils—Saws and Files almostunknown in Britain—Tongs and Punches—The latter used in Ornamenting—Awls,Drills, or Prickers frequently found in Barrows—Awls usedin Sewing—Tweezers—Needles—Fish-hooks | [165] |
| CHAPTER VIII. |
| SICKLES. |
| Method of Hafting—Sickles with Projecting Knobs—With Sockets—Sickles foundin Scotland and Ireland—Found on the Continent | [194] |
| CHAPTER IX. |
| KNIVES, RAZORS, ETC. |
| The Socketed Form—Scottish and Irish Knives—Curved Knives—Knives withbroad Tangs—With Lanceolate Blades—Of peculiar Types—Double-edgedRazors—Scottish and Irish Razors—Continental Forms | [204] |
| CHAPTER X. |
| DAGGERS AND THEIR HILTS.—RAPIER-SHAPED BLADES. |
| Tanged Knives or Daggers—Knife-Daggers with three Rivets—Method of HaftingDaggers—Bone Pommels—Amber Hilt inlaid with Gold—Hilts with numerousRivets—Inlaid and Ivory Hilts—Hilts of Bronze—Knife-Daggers with five orsix Rivets—Knife-Daggers from Scotland—From Ireland—Daggers withOrnamented Blades—With Mid-ribs—With Ogival Outline—Rapier-shapedBlades—Rapiers with Notches at the Base—With Ribs on the Faces—Rapierswith Ox-horn and Bronze Hilts—Bayonet-like Blades | [222] |
| CHAPTER XI. |
| TANGED AND SOCKETED DAGGERS OR SPEAR-HEADS, HALBERDS, AND MACES. |
| Arreton Down type of Spear-heads—With Tangs and with Socket—Scandinavianand German Halberds—The Chinese Form—Irish Halberds—Copper Bladesless brittle than Bronze—Broad Irish Form—Scottish Halberds—English andWelsh Halberds—The Form known in Spain—Maces, probably Mediæval | [257] |
| CHAPTER XII. |
| LEAF-SHAPED SWORDS. |
| Their Occurrence in British Barrows not authenticated—Occur with Interments inScandinavia—The Roman Sword—British Swords—Disputes as to their Age—Hiltsproportional to Blades—Swords with Central Slots in Hilt-plate—Withmany Rivet-holes—With Central Rib on Blade—Representation of Sword onItalian Coin—Those with Hilts of Bronze—Localities where found—Comparisonwith Continental Types—Swords found in Scotland—In Ireland—In France—Swordswith Hilts of Bone—Decorated with Gold—Continental Types—EarlyIron Swords | [273] |
| CHAPTER XIII. |
| SCABBARDS AND CHAPES. |
| Sheaths with Bronze Ends—Wooden Sheaths—Bronze Sheaths—Ends of Sword-Sheathsor Scabbard Ends—Chapes from England and Ireland—SpikedChapes—Mouth-pieces for Sheaths—Ferrules on Sword-Hilts | [301] |
| CHAPTER XIV. |
| SPEAR-HEADS, LANCE-HEADS, ETC. |
| Different Types—Leaf-shaped—With a Fillet along the Midrib—Ornamented onthe Sockets—With Loops at the Sides—From Ireland—Decorated on theBlade—With Loops at the Base of the Blade—Of Cruciform Section near thePoint—With Openings in the Blade—With Flanges at the Side of the Openings—WithLunate Openings in the Blade—Barbed at the Base—Ferrules forSpear-shafts—African Spear Ferrules—Continental Types—Early Iron Spear-heads | [310] |
| CHAPTER XV. |
| SHIELDS, BUCKLERS, AND HELMETS. |
| Shields with numerous raised Bosses—With Concentric Ribs—With ConcentricRings of Knobs—Shields found in Scotland—In England and Wales—WoodenBucklers—The Date of Circular Bucklers—Bronze Helmets—Their Date | [343] |
| CHAPTER XVI. |
| TRUMPETS AND BELLS. |
| Trumpets found in Ireland—Trumpets with Lateral Openings—The Dowris Hoard—RivetedTrumpets—The Caprington Horn—Trumpets found in England—Bellsfound in Ireland | [357] |
| CHAPTER XVII. |
| PINS. |
| Pins with Flat Heads—With Crutched Heads—With Annular Heads—Those oflarge Size—With Spheroidal Heads—With Ornamental Expanded Heads—FromScotland—From Denmark—Their Date difficult to determine | [365] |
| CHAPTER XVIII. |
| TORQUES, BRACELETS, RINGS, EAR-RINGS, AND PERSONAL ORNAMENTS. |
| The Gaulish Torque—Gold Torques—Funicular Torques—Ribbon Torques—Thoseof the Late Celtic Period—Penannular Torques and Bracelets—Bracelets engravedwith Patterns—Beaded and Fluted—Looped, with Cup-shaped Ends—LateCeltic Bracelets—Rings—Rings with others cast on them—Coiled Ringsfound with Torques—Finger-rings—Ear-rings—Those of Gold—Beads of Tin—OfGlass—Rarity of Personal Ornaments in Britain | [374] |
| CHAPTER XIX. |
| CLASPS, BUTTONS, BUCKLES, AND MISCELLANEOUS OBJECTS. |
| Difficulty in Determining the Use of some Objects—Looped Sockets and Tubes—PossiblyClasps—Perforated Rings forming a kind of Brooch—Rings used inHarness—Brooches—Late Celtic—Buttons—Circular Plates and Broad Hoops—PerforatedDiscs—Slides for Straps—Jingling Ornaments—Objects of UncertainUse—Rod, with Figures of Birds upon it—Figures of Animals | [396] |
| CHAPTER XX. |
| VESSELS, CALDRONS, ETC. |
| Fictile Vessels—Gold Cup—Bronze Vessels not found in Barrows—Caldrons foundin Scotland—In Ireland—Some of an Etruscan Form—The Skill exhibited intheir Manufacture | [407] |
| CHAPTER XXI. |
| METAL, MOULDS, AND THE METHOD OF MANUFACTURE. |
| Composition of Bronze—Lead absent in early Bronze—Sources of Tin and Copper—Analysesof Bronze Antiquities—Cakes of Copper and Lumps of Metal—Tindiscovered in Hoards of Bronze—Ingots of Tin—Methods of Casting—Mouldsof Stone for Celts, Palstaves, Daggers, Swords, and Spear-heads—Moulds ofBronze for Palstaves and Celts—The Harty Hoard—Bronze Mould for Gouges—Mouldsfound in other Countries—Moulds formed of Burnt Clay—Jets orRunners—The Processes for Preparing Bronze Instruments for Use—Rubbersand Whetstones—Decoration—Hammering out and Sharpening the Edges | [415] |
| CHAPTER XXII. |
| CHRONOLOGY AND ORIGIN OF BRONZE. |
| Inferences from number of Types—Division of Period into Stages—The Evidenceof Hoards—Their different Kinds—Personal, Merchants’, and Founders’—Listsof Principal Hoards—Inferences from them—The Transition from Bronzeto Iron—Its probable Date—Duration of Bronze Age—Burial Customs of thePeriod—Different Views as to the Sources of Bronze Civilisation—SuggestedProvinces of Bronze—The Britannic Province—Comparison of British andContinental Types—Foreign Influences in Britain—Its Commercial Relations—ImportedOrnaments—Condition of Britain during the Bronze Age—GeneralSummary | [455] |
