Writings of John Fiske

A HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES FOR SCHOOLS. With Topical Analysis, Suggestive Questions and Directions for Teachers, by Frank A. Hill.

CIVIL GOVERNMENT IN THE UNITED STATES. Considered with some Reference to its Origins. With Questions on the Text by Frank A. Hill, and Bibliographical Notes.

THE WAR OF INDEPENDENCE. In Riverside Literature Series, No. 62.

THE DISCOVERY AND SPANISH CONQUEST OF AMERICA. With Maps.

OLD VIRGINIA AND HER NEIGHBOURS.

THE BEGINNINGS OF NEW ENGLAND or, The Puritan Theocracy in its Relations to Civil and Religious Liberty.

The Same. Illustrated Edition. Containing Portraits, Maps, Facsimiles, Contemporary Views, Prints, and Other Historic Materials.

THE DUTCH AND QUAKER COLONIES. 2 vols. crown 8vo.

THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 2 vols.

The Same. Illustrated Edition. Containing Portraits, Maps, Facsimiles, Contemporary Views, Prints, and Other Historic Materials. 2 vols.

THE CRITICAL PERIOD OF AMERICAN HISTORY. 1783-1789.

The Same. Illustrated Edition. Containing Portraits, Maps, Facsimiles, Contemporary Views, Prints, and Other Historic Materials.

THE DESTINY OF MAN, viewed in the Light of His Origin.

THE IDEA OF GOD, as affected by Modern Knowledge. A Sequel to "The Destiny of Man."

THROUGH NATURE TO GOD.

MYTHS AND MYTH-MAKERS. Old Tales and Superstitions interpreted by Comparative Mythology.

OUTLINES OF COSMIC PHILOSOPHY. Based on the Doctrine of Evolution, with Criticisms on the Positive Philosophy.

THE UNSEEN WORLD, and other Essays.

EXCURSIONS OF AN EVOLUTIONIST.

DARWINISM, and Other Essays.

AMERICAN POLITICAL IDEAS.

HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY

Boston, New York, and Chicago

MAP OF TIDEWATER VIRGINIA

OLD VIRGINIA
AND HER NEIGHBOURS

BY
JOHN FISKE

Οὐ λίθοι, οὐδὲ ξύλα, οὐδὲ
Τέχνη τεκτόνων αἱ πόλεις εἶσιν
Ἀλλ' ὅπού ποτ' ἂν ὦσιν ἌΝΔΡΕΣ
Αὑτοὺς σώζειν εἰδότες,
Ἐνταῦθα τείχη καὶ πόλεις.
Alcæus

IN TWO VOLUMES
VOLUME I
BOSTON AND NEW YORK
HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY
The Riverside Press Cambridge

COPYRIGHT 1897 BY JOHN FISKE
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

To
MY OLD FRIEND AND COMRADE

JOHN KNOWLES PAINE

COMPOSER OF ST. PETER, OEDIPUS TYRANNUS, THE "SPRING"
AND C MINOR SYMPHONIES, AND OTHER NOBLE WORKS

I dedicate this book

"Long days be his, and each as lusty-sweet
As gracious natures find his song to be;
May age steal on with softly-cadenced feet
Falling in music, as for him were meet
Whose choicest note is harsher-toned than he!"

PREFACE.

In the series of books on American history, upon which I have for many years been engaged, the present volumes come between "The Discovery of America" and "The Beginnings of New England." The opening chapter, with its brief sketch of the work done by Elizabeth's great sailors, takes up the narrative where the concluding chapter of "The Discovery of America" dropped it. Then the story of Virginia, starting with Sir Walter Raleigh and Rev. Richard Hakluyt, is pursued until the year 1753, when the youthful George Washington sets forth upon his expedition to warn the approaching Frenchmen from any further encroachment upon English soil. That moment marks the arrival of a new era, when a book like the present—which is not a local history nor a bundle of local histories—can no longer follow the career of Virginia, nor of the southern colonies, except as part and parcel of the career of the American people. That "continental state of things," which was distinctly heralded when the war of the Spanish Succession broke out during Nicholson's rule in Virginia, had arrived in 1753. To treat it properly requires preliminary consideration of many points in the history of the northern colonies, and it is accordingly reserved for a future work.

It will be observed that I do not call the present work a "History of the Southern Colonies." Its contents would not justify such a title, inasmuch as its scope and purpose are different from what such a title would imply. My aim is to follow the main stream of causation from the time of Raleigh to the time of Dinwiddie, from its sources down to its absorption into a mightier stream. At first our attention is fixed upon Raleigh's Virginia, which extends from Florida to Canada, England thrusting herself in between Spain and France. With the charter of 1609 (see below, vol. i. p. 145) Virginia is practically severed from North Virginia, which presently takes on the names of New England and New Netherland, and receives colonies of Puritans and Dutchmen, with which this book is not concerned.

From the territory of Virginia thus cut down, further slices are carved from time to time; first Maryland in 1632, then Carolina in 1663, then Georgia in 1732, almost at the end of our narrative. Colonies thus arise which present a few or many different social aspects from those of Old Virginia; and while our attention is still centred upon the original commonwealth as both historically most important and in personal detail most interesting, at the same time the younger commonwealths claim a share in the story. A comparative survey of the social features in which North Carolina, South Carolina, and Maryland differed from one another, and from Virginia, is a great help to the right understanding of all four commonwealths. To Maryland I find that I have given 107 pages, while the Carolinas, whose history begins practically a half century later, receive 67 pages; a mere mention of the beginnings of Georgia is all that suits the perspective of the present story. The further development of these southern communities will, it is hoped, receive attention in a later work.

As to the colonies founded in what was once known as North Virginia, I have sketched a portion of the story in "The Beginnings of New England," ending with the accession of William and Mary. The remainder of it will form the subject of my next work, already in preparation, entitled "The Dutch and Quaker Colonies in America;" which will comprise a sketch of the early history of New York, New Jersey, Delaware, and Pennsylvania, with a discussion of the contributions to American life which may be traced to the Dutch, German, Protestant French, and Scotch-Irish migrations previous to the War of Independence.

To complete the picture of the early times and to "make connections" with "The American Revolution," still another work will be needed, which shall resume the story of New England at the accession of William and Mary. With that story the romantic fortunes of New France are inseparably implicated, and in the course of its development one colony after another is brought in until from the country of the Wabenaki to that of the Cherokees the whole of English America is involved in the mightiest and most fateful military struggle which the eighteenth century witnessed. The end of that conflict finds thirteen colonies nearly ripe for independence and union.

The present work was begun in 1882, and its topics have been treated in several courses of lectures at the Washington University in St. Louis, and elsewhere. In 1895 I gave a course of twelve such lectures, especially prepared for the occasion, at the Lowell Institute in Boston. But the book cannot properly be said to be "based upon" lectures; the book was primary and the lectures secondary.

The amount of time spent in giving lectures and in writing a schoolbook of American history has greatly delayed the appearance of this book. It is more than five years since "The Discovery of America" was published; I hope that "The Dutch and Quaker Colonies" will appear after a much shorter interval.

Cambridge, October 10, 1897.

CONTENTS.

VOLUME I.

CHAPTER I.

THE SEA KINGS.

PAGE
Tercentenary of the Discovery of America, 1792[1]
The Abbé Raynal and his book[2]
Was the Discovery of America a blessing or a curse to
mankind?[3]
The Abbé Genty's opinion[4]
A cheering item of therapeutics[4]
Spanish methods of colonization contrasted with English[5]
Spanish conquerors value America for its supply of precious
metals[6]
Aim of Columbus was to acquire the means for driving the
Turks from Europe[7]
But Spain used American treasure not so much against Turks
as against Protestants[8]
Vast quantities of treasure taken from America by Spain[9]
Nations are made wealthy not by inflation but by production[9]
Deepest significance of the discovery of America; it opened
up a fresh soil in which to plant the strongest type of
European civilization[10]
America first excited interest in England as the storehouse
of Spanish treasure[11]
After the Cabot voyages England paid little attention to
America[12]
Save for an occasional visit to the Newfoundland fisheries[13]
Earliest English reference to America[13]
Founding of the Muscovy Company[14]
Richard Eden and his books[15]
John Hawkins and the African slave trade[15], [16]
Hawkins visits the French colony in Florida[17]
Facts which seem to show that thirst is the mother of invention[18]
Massacre of Huguenots in Florida; escape of the painter Le
Moyne[18]
Hawkins goes on another voyage and takes with him young
Francis Drake[19]
The affair of San Juan de Ulua and the journey of David
Ingram[20]
Growing hostility to Spain in England[21]
Size and strength of Elizabeth's England[21], [22]
How the sea became England's field of war[22]
Loose ideas of international law[23]
Some bold advice to Queen Elizabeth[23]
The sea kings were not buccaneers[24]
Why Drake carried the war into the Pacific Ocean[25]
How Drake stood upon a peak in Darien[26]
Glorious voyage of the Golden Hind[26], [27]
Drake is knighted by the Queen[27]
The Golden Hind's cabin is made a banquet-room[28]
Voyage of the half-brothers, Gilbert and Raleigh[28]
Gilbert is shipwrecked, and his patent is granted to Raleigh[29]
Raleigh's plan for founding a Protestant state in America
may have been suggested to him by Coligny[30]
Elizabeth promises self-government to colonists in America[31]
Amidas and Barlow visit Pamlico Sound[31]
An Ollendorfian conversation between white men and red men[32]
The Queen's suggestion that the new country be called in
honour of herself Virginia[32]
Raleigh is knighted, and sends a second expedition under
Ralph Lane[32]
Who concludes that Chesapeake Bay would be better than
Pamlico Sound[33]
Lane and his party on the brink of starvation are rescued by
Sir Francis Drake[33]
Thomas Cavendish follows Drake's example and circumnavigates
the earth[34]
How Drake singed the beard of Philip II.[34]
Raleigh sends another party under John White[35]
The accident which turned White from Chesapeake Bay to
Roanoke Island[35]
Defeat of the Invincible Armada[36], [37]
The deathblow at Cadiz[38]
The mystery about White's colony[38], [39]
Significance of the defeat of the Armada[39], [40]

CHAPTER II

A DISCOURSE OF WESTERN PLANTING

Some peculiarities of sixteenth century maps[41]
How Richard Hakluyt's career was determined[42]
Strange adventures of a manuscript[43]
Hakluyt's reasons for wishing to see English colonies planted
in America[44]
English trade with the Netherlands[45]
Hakluyt thinks that America will presently afford as good a
market as the Netherlands[46]
Notion that England was getting to be over-peopled[46]
The change from tillage to pasturage[46], [47]
What Sir Thomas More thought about it[47]
Growth of pauperism during the Tudor period[48]
Development of English commercial and naval marine[49]
Opposition to Hakluyt's schemes[49]
The Queen's penuriousness[50]
Beginnings of joint-stock companies[51]
Raleigh's difficulties[52], [53]
Christopher Newport captures the great Spanish carrack[53]
Raleigh visits Guiana and explores the Orinoco River[54]
Ambrosial nights at the Mermaid Tavern[54]
Accession of James I[55]
Henry, Earl of Southampton, Shakespeare's friend, sends
Bartholomew Gosnold on an expedition[55]
Gosnold reaches Buzzard's Bay in what he calls North Virginia,
and is followed by Martin Pring and George
Weymouth[55], [56]
Performance of "Eastward Ho," a comedy by Chapman and
Marston[56]
Extracts from this comedy[57]-[59]
Report of the Spanish ambassador Zuñiga to Philip III[59]
First charter to the Virginia Company, 1606[60]
"Supposed Sea of Verrazano" covering the larger part of the
area now known as the United States[61]
Northern and southern limits of Virginia[62]
The twin joint-stock companies and the three zones[62], [63]
The three zones in American history[63]
The kind of government designed for the two colonies[64]
Some of the persons chiefly interested in the first colony
known as the London Company[65]-[67]
Some of the persons chiefly interested in the second colony
known as the Plymouth Company[67], [68]
Some other eminent persons who were interested in western
planting[68]-[70]
Expedition of the Plymouth Company and disastrous failure
of the Popham Colony[70], [71]
The London Company gets its expedition ready a little
before Christmas and supplies it with a list of instructions[71], [72]
Where to choose a site for a town[72]
Precautions against a surprise by the Spaniards[73]
Colonists must try to find the Pacific Ocean[73]
And must not offend the natives or put much trust in them[74]
The death and sickness of white men must be concealed from
the Indians[75]
It will be well to beware of woodland coverts, avoid malaria,
and guard against desertion[75]
The town should be carefully built with regular streets[75], [76]
Colonists must not send home any discouraging news[76]
What Spain thought about all this[76], [77]
Christopher Newport starts with a little fleet for Virginia[77]
A poet laureate's farewell blessing[77]-[79]

CHAPTER III

THE LAND OF THE POWHATANS

One of Newport's passengers was Captain John Smith, a
young man whose career had been full of adventure[80]
Many persons have expressed doubts as to Smith's veracity,
but without good reason[81]
Early life of John Smith[82]
His adventures on the Mediterranean[83]
And in Transylvania[84]
How he slew and beheaded three Turks[85]
For which Prince Sigismund granted him a coat-of-arms
which was duly entered in the Heralds' College[86]
The incident was first told not by Smith but by Sigismund's
secretary Farnese[87]
Smith tells us much about himself, but is not a braggart[88]
How he was sold into slavery beyond the Sea of Azov and
cruelly treated[88], [89]
How he slew his master and escaped through Russia and
Poland[89], [90]
The smoke of controversy[90]
In the course of Newport's tedious voyage Smith is accused
of plotting mutiny and kept in irons[91]
Arrival of the colonists in Chesapeake Bay, May 13, 1607[92]
Founding of Jamestown; Wingfield chosen president[93]
Smith is set free and goes with Newport to explore the James
River[93], [94]
The Powhatan tribe, confederacy, and head war-chief[94]
How danger may lurk in long grass[95]
Smith is acquitted of all charges and takes his seat with the
council[96]
Newport sails for England, June 22, 1607[96]
George Percy's account of the sufferings of the colonists from
fever and famine[97]
Quarrels break out in which President Wingfield is deposed
and John Ratcliffe chosen in his place[99]
Execution of a member of the council for mutiny[100]
Smith goes up the Chickahominy River and is captured by
Opekankano[101]
Who takes him about the country and finally brings him to
Werowocomoco, January, 1608[102]
The Indians are about to kill him, but he is rescued by the
chief's daughter, Pocahontas[103]
Recent attempts to discredit the story[103]-[108]
Flimsiness of these attempts[104]
George Percy's pamphlet[105]
The printed text of the "True Relation" is incomplete[105], [106]
Reason why the Pocahontas incident was omitted in the
"True Relation"[106], [107]
There is no incongruity between the "True Relation" and
the "General History" except this omission[107]
But this omission creates a gap in the "True Relation," and
the account in the "General History" is the more intrinsically
probable[108]
The rescue was in strict accordance with Indian usage[109]
The ensuing ceremonies indicate that the rescue was an ordinary
case of adoption[110]
The Powhatan afterward proclaimed Smith a tribal chief[111]
The rescue of Smith by Pocahontas was an event of real historical
importance[111]
Captain Newport returns with the First Supply, Jan. 8, 1608[112]
Ratcliffe is deposed and Smith chosen president[113]
Arrival of the Second Supply, September, 1608[113]
Queer instructions brought by Captain Newport from the
London Company[113]
How Smith and Captain Newport went up to Werowocomoco,
and crowned The Powhatan[114]
How the Indian girls danced at Werowocomoco[114], [115]
Accuracy of Smith's descriptions[116]
How Newport tried in vain to search for a salt sea behind the
Blue Ridge[116]
Anas Todkill's complaint[117]
Smith's map of Virginia[118]

CHAPTER IV.

THE STARVING TIME.

How puns were made on Captain Newport's name[119]
Great importance of the Indian alliance[120]
Gentlemen as pioneers[121]
All is not gold that glitters[122]
Smith's attempts to make glass and soap[123]
The Company is disappointed at not making more money[124]
Tale-bearers and their complaints against Smith[124]
Smith's "Rude Answer" to the Company[125]
Says he cannot prevent quarrels[125]
And the Company's instructions have not been wise[126]
From infant industries too much must not be expected while
the colonists are suffering for want of food[127]
And while peculation and intrigue are rife and we are in sore
need of useful workmen[128]
Smith anticipates trouble from the Indians, whose character
is well described by Hakluyt[129]
What Smith dreaded[130]
How the red men's views of the situation were changed[131]
Smith's voyage to Werowocomoco[132]
His parley with The Powhatan[133]
A game of bluff[134]
The corn is brought[135]
Suspicions of treachery[136]
A wily orator[137]
Pocahontas reveals the plot[138]
Smith's message to The Powhatan[138], [139]
How Smith visited the Pamunkey village and brought Opekankano
to terms[139], [140]
How Smith appeared to the Indians in the light of a worker
of miracles[141]
What our chronicler calls "a pretty accident"[141]
How the first years of Old Virginia were an experiment in
communism[142]
Smith declares "He that will not work shall not eat," but
the summer's work is interrupted by unbidden messmates
in the shape of rats[143]
Arrival of young Samuel Argall with news from London[143], [144]
Second Charter of the London Company, 1609[144]
The council in London[145]
The local government in Virginia is entirely changed and
Thomas, Lord Delaware, is appointed governor for life[146]
A new expedition is organized for Virginia, but still with a
communistic programme[147], [148]
How the good ship Sea Venture was wrecked upon the Bermudas[149]
How this incident was used by Shakespeare in The Tempest[150]
Gates and Somers build pinnaces and sail for Jamestown,
May, 1610[151]
The Third Supply had arrived in August, 1609[151]
And Smith had returned to England in October[152]
Lord Delaware became alarmed and sailed for Virginia[152]
Meanwhile the sufferings of the colony had been horrible[153]
Of the 500 persons Gates and Somers found only 60 survivors,
and it was decided that Virginia must be abandoned[154]
Dismantling of Jamestown and departure of the colony[154], [155]
But the timely arrival of Lord Delaware in Hampton Roads
prevented the dire disaster[155]

CHAPTER V.

BEGINNINGS OF A COMMONWEALTH.

To the first English settlers in America a supply of Indian
corn was of vital consequence, as illustrated at Jamestown
and Plymouth[156]
Alliance with the Powhatan confederacy was of the first importance
to the infant colony[157]
Smith was a natural leader of men[157]
With much nobility of nature[158]
And but for him the colony would probably have perished[159]
Characteristic features of Lord Delaware's administration[160]
Death of Somers and cruise of Argall in 1610[161]
Kind of craftsmen desired for Virginia[162]
Sir Thomas Dale comes to govern Virginia in the capacity of
High Marshal[163]
A Draconian code of laws[164]
Cruel punishments[165]
How communism worked in practice[166]
How Dale abolished communism[167]
And founded the "City of Henricus"[167], [168]
How Captain Argall seized Pocahontas[168]
Her marriage with John Rolfe[169]
How Captain Argall extinguished the Jesuit settlement at
Mount Desert and burned Port Royal[170]
But left the Dutch at New Amsterdam with a warning[171]
How Pocahontas, "La Belle Sauvage," visited London and
was entertained there like a princess[171], [172]
Her last interview with Captain Smith[172]
Her sudden death at Gravesend[173]
How Tomocomo tried to take a census of the English[173]
How the English in Virginia began to cultivate tobacco in
spite of King James and his Counterblast[174]
Dialogue between Silenus and Kawasha[175]
Effects of tobacco culture upon the young colony[176], [177]
The London Company's Third Charter, 1612[177], [178]
How money was raised by lotteries[178]
How this new remodelling of the Company made it an important
force in politics[179]
Middleton's speech in opposition to the charter[180]
Richard Martin in the course of a brilliant speech forgets
himself and has to apologize[181]
How factions began to be developed within the London Company[182]
Sudden death of Lord Delaware[183]
Quarrel between Lord Rich and Sir Thomas Smith, resulting
in the election of Sir Edwin Sandys as treasurer of the
Company[184]
Sir George Yeardley is appointed governor of Virginia while
Argall is knighted[185]
How Sir Edwin Sandys introduced into Virginia the first
American legislature, 1619[186]
How this legislative assembly, like those afterwards constituted
in America, were formed after the type of the
old English county court[187]
How negro slaves were first introduced into Virginia, 1619.[188]
How cargoes of spinsters were sent out by the Company in
quest of husbands[189]
The great Indian massacre of 1622[189], [190]

CHAPTER VI.

A SEMINARY OF SEDITION.

Summary review of the founding of Virginia[191]-[194]
Bitter hostility of Spain to the enterprise[194]
Gondomar and the Spanish match[195]
Gondomar's advice to the king[196]
How Sir Walter Raleigh was kept twelve years in prison[197]
But was then released and sent on an expedition to Guiana[198]
The king's base treachery[199]
Judicial murder of Raleigh[200]
How the king attempted to interfere with the Company's
election of treasurer in 1620[201]
How the king's emissaries listened to the reading of the
charter[202]
Withdrawal of Sandys and election of Southampton[203]
Life and character of Nicholas Ferrar[203]-[205]
His monastic home at Little Gidding[205]
How disputes rose high in the Company's quarter sessions[206], [207]
How the House of Commons rebuked the king[207], [208]
How Nathaniel Butler was accused of robbery and screened
himself by writing a pamphlet abusing the Company[208]
Some of his charges and how they were answered by Virginia
settlers[209]
As to malaria[209]
As to wetting one's feet[210]
As to dying under hedges[211]
As to the houses and their situations[211], [212]
Object of the charges[212]
Virginia assembly denies the allegations[213]
The Lord Treasurer demands that Ferrar shall answer the
charges[214]
A cogent answer is returned[214], [215]
Vain attempts to corrupt Ferrar[215], [216]
How the wolf was set to investigate the dogs[216]
The Virginia assembly makes "A Tragical Declaration"[217]
On the attorney-general's advice a quo warranto
is served[217], [218]
How the Company appealed to Parliament, and the king refused
to allow the appeal[217], [218]
The attorney-general's irresistible logic[219]
Lord Strafford's glee[220]
How Nicholas Ferrar had the records copied[221], [222]
The history of a manuscript[221], [222]

CHAPTER VII.

THE KINGDOM OF VIRGINIA.

A retrospect[223]
Tidewater Virginia[224]
A receding frontier[224], [225]
The plantations[225]
Boroughs and burgesses[226]
Boroughs and hundreds[227], [228]
Houses, slaves, indentured servants, and Indians[229]
Virginia agriculture in the time of Charles I[230]
Increasing cultivation of tobacco[231]
Literature; how George Sandys entreated the Muses with
success[232]
Provisions for higher education[233]
Project for a university in the city of Henricus cut short by
the Indian massacre[234]
Puritans and liberal churchmen[235]
How the Company of Massachusetts Bay learned a lesson
from the fate of its predecessor, the London Company
for Virginia[236],[237]
Death of James I[238]
Effect upon Virginia of the downfall of the Company[238]-[240]
The virus of liberty[240]
How Charles I. came to recognize the assembly of Virginia[241]-[243]
Some account of the first American legislature[243], [244]
How Edward Sharpless had part of one ear cut off[245]
The case of Captain John Martin[245]
How the assembly provided for the education of Indians[246]
And for the punishment of drunkards[246]
And against extravagance in dress[246]
How flirting was threatened with the whipping-post[247]
And scandalous gossip with the pillory[247]
How the minister's salary was assured him[247]
How he was warned against too much drinking and card-playing[248]
Penalties for Sabbath-breaking[248]
Inn-keepers forbidden to adulterate liquors or to charge too
much per gallon or glass[249]
A statute against forestalling[249], [250]
How Charles I. called the new colony "Our kingdom of
Virginia"[251]
How the convivial governor Dr. Pott was tried for stealing
cattle, but pardoned for the sake of his medical services[253]
Growth of Virginia from 1624 to 1642[253], [254]

CHAPTER VIII.

THE MARYLAND PALATINATE.

The Irish village of Baltimore[255]
Early career of George Calvert, first Lord Baltimore[255], [256]
How James I. granted him a palatinate in Newfoundland[256]
Origin of palatinates[256], [257]
Changes in English palatinates[258], [259]
The bishopric of Durham[259], [260]
Durham and Avalon[260]
How Lord Baltimore fared in his colony of Avalon in Newfoundland[261]
His letter to the king[262]
How he visited Virginia but was not cordially received[263], [264]
How a part of Virginia was granted to him and received the
name of Maryland[265]
Fate of the Avalon charter[266]
Character of the first Lord Baltimore[267]
Early career of Cecilius Calvert, second Lord Baltimore[268]
How the founding of Maryland introduced into America a
new type of colonial government[269], [270]
Ecclesiastical powers of the Lord Proprietor[271]
Religious toleration in Maryland[272]
The first settlement at St. Mary's[273]
Relations with the Indians[274]
Prosperity of the settlement[275]
Comparison of the palatinate government of Maryland with
that of the bishopric of Durham[275]-[285]
The constitution of Durham; the receiver-general[276]
Lord lieutenant and high sheriff[276]
Chancellor of temporalities[277]
The ancient halmote and the seneschal[277]
The bishop's council[278]
Durham not represented in the House of Commons until
after 1660[278]
Limitations upon Durham autonomy[279]
The palatinate type in America[280]
Similarities between Durham and Maryland; the governor[281]
Secretary; surveyor-general; muster master-general; sheriffs[282]
The courts[282], [283]
The primary assembly[283]
Question as to the initiative in legislation[284]
The representative assembly[284], [285]
Lord Baltimore's power more absolute than that of any king
of England save perhaps Henry VIII[285]

CHAPTER IX.

LEAH AND RACHEL.

William Claiborne and his projects[286]
Kent Island occupied by Claiborne[287]
Conflicting grants[288]
Star Chamber decision and Claiborne's resistance[289]
Lord Baltimore's instructions[290]
The Virginia council supports Claiborne[290], [291]
Complications with the Indians[291], [292]
Reprisals and skirmishes[293]
Affairs in Virginia; complaints against Governor Harvey[293], [294]
Rage of Virginia against Maryland[294], [295]
How Rev. Anthony Panton called Mr. Secretary Kemp a
jackanapes[295]
Indignation meeting at the house of William Warren[296]
Arrest of the principal speakers[296]
Scene in the council room[296], [297]
How Sir John Harvey was thrust out of the government[297]
How King Charles sent him back to Virginia[298]
Downfall of Harvey[299]
George Evelin sent to Kent Island[299]
Kent Island seized by Leonard Calvert[300]
The Lords of Trade decide against Claiborne[301]
Puritans in Virginia[301], [302]
The Act of Uniformity of 1631[303]
Puritan ministers sent from New England to Virginia[303]
The new Act of Uniformity, 1643[304]
Expulsion of the New England ministers[304]
Indian massacre of 1644[305]
Conflicting views of theodicy[306]
Invasion of Maryland by Claiborne and Ingle[306]-[308]
Expulsion of Claiborne and Ingle from Maryland[308]
Lord Baltimore appoints William Stone as governor[308]
Toleration Act of 1649[309]-[311]
Migration of Puritans from Virginia to Maryland[312]
Designs of the Puritans[313]
Reluctant submission of Virginia to Cromwell[314]
Claiborne and Bennett undertake to settle the affairs of
Maryland[315]
Renewal of the troubles[316]
The Puritan Assembly and its notion of a toleration act[316]
Civil war in Maryland; battle of the Severn, 1655[317]
Lord Baltimore is sustained by Cromwell and peace reigns
once more[318]

MAPS.

Tidewater Virginia, from a sketch by the author[Frontispiece]
Michael Lok's Map, 1582, from Hakluyt's Voyages to America[60]
The Palatinate of Maryland, from a sketch by the author[274]