CONTENTS

[CHAPTER VIII
THE FRENCH ALLIANCE]
PAGE
The four periods of the Revolutionary war [1-3]
Consequences of Saratoga; consternation in England [4]
Views of the different parties [5, 6]
Lord North’s political somersault [6]
Strange scene in the House of Commons [7, 8]
Treaty between France and the United States (February 6, 1778)[8, 9]
Great Britain declares war against France (March 13) [10]
Demand for Lord Chatham for prime minister [11, 12]
The king’s rage [12, 13]
What Chatham would have tried to do [13, 14]
Death of Chatham [14-16]
His prodigious greatness [16-20]
Lord North remains in power [20, 21]
His commissioners in America fail to accomplish anything [22]
Germain’s new plan for conducting the war [22, 23]
[CHAPTER IX
VALLEY FORGE]
Distress in America[24]
Lack of organization[25]
Vexatious meddling of Congress with the army[26]
Sufferings at Valley Forge[27]
Promoting officers for non-military reasons[28]
Absurd talk of John Adams[29]
Gates is puffed up with success[30]
And shows symptoms of insubordination[31]
The Conway cabal[32, 33]

Attempts to injure Washington[34, 35]
Conway’s letter to Gates[36]
Gates’s letter to Washington[37]
Washington’s reply[38]
Gates tries, unsuccessfully, to save himself by lying[39]
But is successful, as usual, in keeping from under fire[40]
The forged letters[40]
Scheme for invading Canada[41]
The dinner at York, and Lafayette’s toast[42]
Absurdity of the scheme[43]
Downfall of the cabal[43]
Decline of the Continental Congress[44, 45]
Increasing influence of Washington[45, 46]
[CHAPTER X
MONMOUTH AND NEWPORT]
Baron Friedrich von Steuben[47-49]
He arrives in America and visits Congress at York[50]
His work in training the army at Valley Forge[51-53]
His manual of tactics[54]
Sir William Howe resigns his command[55]
The Mischianza[56]
The British evacuate Philadelphia (June 18, 1778)[56, 57]
Arnold takes command there[57]
Charles Lee is exchanged, and returns to his command in the American army[58]
His reasons for returning[58, 59]
Washington pursues the British[60]
His plan of attack[61]
Battle of Monmouth (June 28)[62-65]
Lee’s shameful retreat[62]
Washington retrieves the situation[63, 64]
It was a drawn battle[65]
Washington’s letter to Lee[66]
Trial and sentence of Lee[67, 68]
Lee’s character and schemes[68-70]
Lee’s expulsion from the army; his death[71]
The situation at New York[72]
The French fleet unable to enter the harbour[73]
General Prescott at Newport[74]
Attempt to capture the British garrison at Newport[75]
Sullivan seizes Butts Hill[76]
Naval battle prevented by storm[77]

Estaing goes to Boston to refit his ships[77, 78]
Yeomanry go home in disgust[78]
Battle of Butts Hill (August 29)[79]
The enterprise abandoned[79]
Unpopularity of the French alliance[80]
Stagnation of the war in the northern states[81, 82]
[CHAPTER XI
WAR ON THE FRONTIER]
Joseph Brant, or Thayendanegea, missionary and war-chief[83-86]
The Tories of western New York[87, 88]
The valley of Wyoming and its settlers from Connecticut[89, 90]
Massacre at Wyoming (July 3, 1778)[91, 92]
Massacre at Cherry Valley (November 10)[93, 94]
Sullivan’s expedition against the Iroquois[94]
Battle of Newtown (August 29, 1779)[95]
Devastation of the Iroquois country[96]
Reign of terror in the Mohawk valley[97, 98]
The wilderness beyond the Alleghanies[99]
Rivalry between Pennsylvania and Virginia for the possession
of Fort Pitt		[100]
Lord Dunmore’s war (1774)[100-104]
Logan and Cresap[102, 103]
Battle of Point Pleasant (October 10, 1774) and its
consequences		[104]
Settlement of Kentucky[105]
And of eastern Tennessee[106]
Defeat of the Cherokees on the Watauga, and its consequences[106-108]
George Rogers Clark[108]
His conquest of the northwestern territory (1778)[109]
Capture of Vincennes (February 23, 1779)[110]
Settlement of middle Tennessee[111]
Importance of Clark’s conquest[112]
Tryon’s raids upon the coast of Connecticut[113]
Sir Henry Clinton captures the fortress at Stony Point (May 31, 1779)[114]
Wayne recaptures Stony Point by storm (July 16)[115, 116]
Evacuation of Stony Point[117]
Note on comparative humanity of Americans and British, in the Revolutionary war[116-118]
Henry Lee’s exploit at Paulus Hook (August 18)[119, 120]

[CHAPTER XII
WAR ON THE OCEAN]
Importance of the control of the water[121]
Feeble action of Congress[122, 123]
American and British cruisers[124, 125]
Lambert Wickes and Gustavus Conyngham[126]
John Paul Jones[126]
Franklin’s supervision of maritime affairs[127]
Jones’s squadron[128, 129]
His cruise on the British coast[130]
He meets a British fleet off Flamborough Head[130, 131]
Terrific fight between the Serapis and the Bon Homme Richard (September 23, 1779)[132-135]
Effect of Jones’s victory[135]
Why Denmark and Russia were interested in it[136, 137]
Relations of Spain to France and England[138]
Intrigues of Spain[139, 140]
Treaty between Spain and France (April, 1779)[141]
French and Spanish fleets attempt an invasion of England (August, 1779)[142]
Sir George Rodney[143, 144]
Rights of neutrals upon the sea[144-157]
The Consolato del Mare[145, 146]
England’s conduct in the eighteenth century[147]
Prussian doctrine that free ships make free goods[148]
Influence of the French philosophers[148, 149]
Great Britain wishes to secure an alliance with Russia[149]
Importance of Minorca[150]
France adopts the Prussian doctrine[151, 152]
The affair of Fielding and Bylandt[153]
Spanish cruisers capture Russian vessels[154]
Catherine’s proclamation (March 8, 1780)[154]
The Armed Neutrality[155, 156]
Vast importance of the principles laid down by Catherine[157]
Relations between Great Britain and Holland[158, 159]
Holland joins the Armed Neutrality[160]
Capture of Henry Laurens and his papers[160]
Great Britain declares war against Holland (December 20, 1780)[161]
Catherine decides not to interfere[162]
Capture of St. Eustatius (February 3, 1781)[163-165]
Shameful proceedings[166]
Ignominious results of the politics of George III.[166]
[CHAPTER XIII
A YEAR OF DISASTERS]

State of affairs in Georgia and South Carolina[168, 169]
Georgia overrun by the British[170, 171]
Arrival of General Lincoln (December, 1778)[172]
Partisan warfare; barbarous reprisals[172]
The Americans routed at Briar Creek (March 3, 1779)[173]
Vandalism of General Prevost[174]
Plan for arming negroes[175]
Indignation in South Carolina[176]
Action of the council[176]
End of the campaign[177, 178]
Attempt to recapture Savannah[179]
Clinton and Cornwallis go to Georgia[180]
The British advance upon Charleston[181]
Surrender of Charleston (May 12, 1780)[182]
South Carolina overrun by the British[182-184]
Clinton returns to New York[185]
An injudicious proclamation[186]
Disorders in South Carolina[186]
The strategic points[187]
Partisan commanders[187]
Francis Marion [188]
Thomas Sumter [189]
First appearance of Andrew Jackson in history [189]
Advance of Kalb [190]
Gates appointed to the chief command in the south[190, 191]
Choice of roads to Camden [192]
Gates chooses the wrong road [193]
He loses the moment for striking [193]
And weakens his army on the eve of battle [194]
And is surprised by Cornwallis [195]
Battle of Camden (August 16, 1780); total and ignominious defeat of Gates[195-197]
His campaign was a series of blunders [197]
Partisan operations [198]
Weariness and depression of the people [199]
Evils wrought by the paper currency [200]
“Not worth a Continental” [201, 202]
Taxes paid in the form of specific supplies [203]
Difficulty of keeping the army together [203, 204]
The French alliance [205]

Lafayette’s visit to France (February, 1779)[206, 207]
Arrival of part of the French auxiliary force under Count Rochambeau (July, 1780)[208]
The remainder is detained in France by a British fleet[209]
General despondency [210]
[CHAPTER XIV
BENEDICT ARNOLD]
Arnold put in command of Philadelphia (June, 1778)[211]
He gets into difficulties with the government of Pennsylvania[212]
Miss Margaret Shippen [212]
Views of the moderate Tories[213]
Arnold’s drift toward Toryism[214]
He makes up his mind to leave the army[215]
Charges are brought against him (January, 1779)[216]
He is acquitted by a committee of Congress (March) [216]
The case is referred to a court-martial (April) [217]
First correspondence with Sir Henry Clinton [218]
The court-martial acquits Arnold of all serious charges, but
directs Washington to reprimand him for two very trivial ones
(January 26, 1780)		 [219]
Arnold thirsts for revenge upon Congress [220]
Significance of West Point [221]
Arnold put in command of West Point (July, 1780) [222]
Secret interview between Arnold and André (September 22) [223]
The plot for surrendering West Point [224-225]
André takes compromising documents [226]
And is persuaded to return to New York by land [227]
The roads infested by robbers [228]
Arrest of André (September 23) [229-232]
Colonel Jameson’s perplexity [232]
Washington returns from Hartford sooner than expected[233, 234]
Flight of Arnold (September 25)[235]
Discovery of the treasonable plot[236, 237]
André taken to Tappan (September 28)[238]
André’s trial and sentence (September 29)[238]
Clinton’s arguments and protests[239]
Captain Ogden’s message[240]
Execution of André (October 2)[241]
Lord Stanhope’s unconscious impudence[242]
There is no reason in the world why André’s life should have
been spared		[243]
Captain Battersby’s story[244]

Arnold’s terrible downfall[244-246]
Arnold’s family[247]
His remorse and death (June 14, 1801)[248]
Reflections[248-250]
Mutiny of Pennsylvania troops (January 1, 1781)[251, 252]
Fate of Clinton’s emissaries[253]
Further mutiny suppressed[253, 254]
[CHAPTER XV
YORKTOWN]
Cornwallis invades North Carolina (September, 1780)[255]
Ferguson’s expedition[255]
Rising of the backwoodsmen[256, 257]
Battle of King’s Mountain (October 7, 1780)[258, 259]
Effect of the blow[260]
Reinforcements from the North; arrival of Daniel Morgan[261]
Greene appointed to the chief command at the South[261]
Greene’s daring strategy; he threatens Cornwallis on both
flanks		[262-264]
Cornwallis retorts by sending Tarleton against Morgan[265]
Morgan’s position at the Cowpens[265]
Battle of the Cowpens (January 17, 1781); nearly the whole
British force captured on the field		[266]
Brilliant movements of Morgan and Greene; they lead Cornwallis
a chase across North Carolina		[267-269]
Further manœuvres[270]
Battle of Guilford (March 15)[270, 271]
Retreat of Cornwallis[272]
He abandons the Carolinas and marches into Virginia[273]
Greene’s master-stroke; he returns to South Carolina (April 6-18)[273]
And, by taking Fort Watson, cuts Lord Rawdon’s communications
(April 23)		[274]
Rawdon defeats Greene at Hobkirk’s Hill (April 25); but is
none the less obliged to give up Camden in order to save
his army (May 10)		[275, 276]
All the inland posts taken from the British (May-June)[276]
Rawdon goes to England, leaving Stuart in command[277]
Greene marches against Stuart (August 22)[277]
Battle of Eutaw Springs (September 8)[278]
Greene’s superb generalship[278, 279]
Lord Cornwallis arrives at Petersburg (May 20)[279, 280]
His campaign against Lafayette[281-283]

Cornwallis retreats to the coast, and occupies Yorktown[284, 285]
Elements of the final catastrophe; arrival of the French
fleet		[286, 287]
News from Grasse and Lafayette[288]
Subtle and audacious scheme of Washington[289]
He transfers his army to Virginia (August 19-September 18)[290-292]
Movements of the fleets[293]
Cornwallis surrounded at Yorktown[294]
Clinton’s attempt at a counter-stroke; Arnold’s proceedings
at New London (September 6)		[295, 296]
Surrender of Cornwallis[297]
Importance of the aid rendered by the French fleet and army[298, 299]
Effect of the news in England[300, 301]
Difficult position of Great Britain[302]
Rodney’s victory over Grasse (April 12, 1782)[303]
Resignation of Lord North (March 20, 1782)[304]
Defeat of the political schemes of George III.[305]
The American Revolution was not a conflict between Englishmen
and Americans, but between two antagonistic principles of
government, each of which had its advocates and opponents in
both countries; and Yorktown was an auspicious victory won
by Washington for both countries		[306-310]