The Amazing Argentine: A New Land of Enterprise

by John Foster Fraser

PROSPECTS AND PROBLEMS

Argentina is a land without ideals. Religion is at a discount, and as yet nothing worthy of the world's note has been produced in art or literature. There is no national conscience. It is a country for money-making, and, although I may have been unfortunate in the men I met, I encountered few Argentines who had thought beyond money.

The Argentines are a people numbering seven millions—drawn from the sturdier sections of the Latin race, reinforced by adventurous spirits from other races, and backed by the finance of London—and their ambitions are large. Argentina is a country to count in the new regions devoted to providing the food of the world; and the end of its possibilities is many generations away.

The travelled Argentine is conscious of the shortcomings of his countrymen when engaged in the battle of commerce with men of other nations. So he sees the need of a helping and guiding hand from other folk, particularly British. Gradually, however, other countries are getting their fingers into the pie: Germany and France. The United States is making a big endeavour, but, though the North Americans lack nothing in energy, they have completely failed to win the confidence of the Argentines.

Yet the educated Argentine feels, as foreigners are quick to notice, that the amalgam of races, with the Italian leavening the whole, is creating a new people. The Argentine lad is quick-witted and adaptable, and he is alert to learn the ways of the foreigner. So, though it is true enough that you find Englishmen at the head of many of the great concerns, the Argentine is pushing his way in and sometimes beating the foreigner at his own game.

The new spirit is revealed in the way the young Argentine is taking to sport besides horse-racing: rowing, tennis, and particularly football. As every child born in the Republic is by law an Argentine, it is subject for notice that many young English fellows native born are more Argentine than those of Spanish and Italian parentage. It is inevitable that, proportionately, the strictly Spanish population will decrease. But the Spanish language remains. It has a hold in the Western continent from Mexico to Patagonia.

Notwithstanding all that has been accomplished, one has only to look at a map to realise this region is to be the home for the overflow of Latin Europe, and that the scope of commerce at present is slight compared with its probable dimensions within a few years. Having some acquaintance with the great business countries of the world, I say unreservedly that if I had a son, and intended to put him into commerce in the hope of his making a fortune quickly, I would have him taught Spanish and send him to South America.

However, there is a slowly accumulating public opinion that Argentina can do without the foreigner, that the hour is coming when she should no longer be exploited in order that large dividends be paid to investors who live on the other side of the Atlantic. There is a sort of sub-conscious feeling that it is the genius of the Argentines themselves which accounts for the sunshine, the rich soils, the general productivity. Evidence of that state of mind can be found in other countries besides Argentina. Yet, though it is apparent to the most casual observer of the world's conditions that Argentina must wax in strength and become increasingly independent, it is clear that were she to attempt to stand, far less run, alone she would come a tremendous cropper.

The pride of the Argentine has to be reckoned upon. The nation recalls its decrepit past; it sees the abundant blossom of the present; it eyes are large when viewing the future. It declines to confound its destiny with any other South American Republic. For its northern neighbour Brazil, Portuguese and negro in population, it has a scorn which raises a smile on the lips of the outsider.

It resents the patronage of the United States. When the States preaches the Monroe Doctrine, and announces it will not allow any European Power to acquire fresh territory on the American continent, Argentina says: "It is very kind of you, but we do not require your help; we are quite capable of looking after ourselves."

Behind this is the belief that the Monroe Doctrine is but a design to permit the United States to become the ruling factor in American higher politics, if not to extend her sphere of authority the entire length of the continent. The manner in which the United States got possession of territory in Central America in order to construct the Panama Canal rankles in the minds of Argentines, as it does in the minds of most other South Americans. Bitter though the feeling is between rival South American States, they are at one in their resentment of United States patronage.

Occasionally, United States Ministers of high position travel south, and beat the pan-American drum. They are received politely, but there is chilliness in the courtesy. In blunt truth these Republics—be they right or be they wrong in surmise—do not trust the United States. I think I am well within the facts when I state that there is an agreement between Argentina, Brazil, and Chili—known as the A.B.C. combination—to take common action if there is any step south of the Panama isthmus savouring of aggression on the part of the United States.

Both in Argentina and Brazil, when I conversed with public men, I was given clearly to understand how deep-seated is this dislike of the United States. There is annoyance at the manner in which President Woodrow Wilson has lectured the Latin Republics of America for granting concessions to European syndicates for the development of their countries. President Wilson laid it down that the growth of foreign interests in these Republics was unwholesome, because they were sure to influence the political life; therefore, he said, it was the duty of the United States to assist in emancipating them from such subordination. This was a considerable extension of the Monroe Doctrine. The much-preached creed that the United States will not tolerate any other Power acquiring territory in the Western hemisphere had been expanded to mean that the United States is going to use its influence to free the Latin Republics from being under obligation to European countries which have given their millions of gold towards making those Republics commercially prosperous which, so far as financial assistance from the United States counts, would have remained practically undeveloped. At the latter end of 1913 Mr. Page, United States Ambassador to Great Britain, stated at a public dinner that President Wilson was determined to assert the principle that no sort of European financial or industrial control could, with the consent of the United States, be got over the weak nations of America so far as this control affected political influence.

What European countries think about this attitude of the United States in practically warning off European financiers if the investments or concessions have an influence over politics—which, of course, they must have in all trading countries—it is not for me to discuss here. But this over-lordship, this placing of the Latin Republics in a position of tutelage to the great Republic of the north, is denounced and repudiated by every Latin American public man.

I quite agree that it would be better for countries like Argentina and Brazil if they were not so dependent on the foreign capitalist. That is a view held by probably the majority of South Americans themselves. But they are not going to accept dictation from the United States, especially as they know that United States financiers and syndicates are not only endeavouring to control the meat trade of Argentina, but within the last year or so have been engaged in gigantic negotiations to secure ultimately a controlling voice in many of the most important railway concerns.

In the Brazilian Chamber of Deputies in December of 1913, Señor Pedro Moacyr questioned whether, even should the United States spare Brazil the fate meted out to Colombia, in regard to setting up the baby Republic of Panama so that the North Americans could construct the Panama Canal, Brazil would accept the tutelage over Latin America which President Wilson, improving on the imperialism of Mr. Roosevelt himself, and yet further accentuating the disquieting deviations of the Monroe Doctrine, had proclaimed? What it came to was, said Señor Moacyr, "that the Latin Republics are no longer to have the right to grant to foreigners such concessions and privileges as it may suit them to grant, and, under pretext of preserving them from a problematical European imperialism, the United States will subject them to its own domination and control. What, in this case, becomes of the integrity and sovereignty of Latin America for which the great Republic displays so much solicitude? More and more the Monroe Doctrine, new style, displays this manifest tendency: America for the United States.... Will the great Latin Republics be willing to submit to this American control, and subordinate their foreign policy and their economic orientation to the views and interests of Washington? We do not believe it."

It is only right that United States financiers should receive privileges the same as are accorded to the financiers of other countries; but such a pronouncement as that of President Wilson only intensifies the distrust of South Americans, so that when looking beyond their own frontiers for money they are more disposed to direct their gaze across the Atlantic than to the people of the United States. What may be taken as quite certain is that the big Latin Republics have sufficient confidence in themselves to refuse to accept any lectures from North Americans.

Coming late into the field the United States is now making strenuous endeavours to increase its trade with Argentina. Operations in regard to railways, and creating a meat monopoly in the hands of Chicago firms, provide the most striking proof. In regard to the creation of a meat trust, there is now a Bill before the Argentine Parliament providing that any contract relating to commerce or transport affecting the price to the consumer of articles of prime necessity is illegal. Those who form the trust can, under this measure, be punished for misdemeanour, and directors of companies or associations will be held personally responsible, and on repetition of the offence their companies or associations dissolved and effects confiscated.

At the present time there is a great American railway scheme to link up the railway lines in Argentina and Brazil with a line running through the Republics right up to New York, making a track over 10,000 miles in length and involving the building of nearly 3,700 more miles of line. The British Consul-General at Buenos Aires, Mr. Mackie, one of the most distinguished men in the British Consular service, says, in regard to this pan-American railway enterprise: "It would seem that out of the 3,648 miles of railway over which it was sought to acquire control, only 1,906 miles needed for carrying out the scheme in Argentina have been acquired up to the present. This untoward circumstance must of necessity substantially increase the original estimates of the mileage needed for linking up the railway systems of the Republics lying between Buenos Aires and New York. The dominion of the American controlled enterprise is not apparently to be confined to the narrow limits of railway undertakings, but it would seem that a lengthy list of subsidiary companies has been grouped with the syndicate, in whose London offices appear to be centred a South American lumber company, three development and colonisation companies, a Para rubber company, a port company, two navigation companies, a tramway company, light and power company, and an hotel company."

With such endeavours on the part of the United States to extend its power in the south, it is the obvious commercial duty of Great Britain not only to take stock of what is happening, but to take steps to meet it. When I was in Buenos Aires I was glad to hear of the formation of a British Chamber of Commerce. Hitherto English people with interests in Argentina have worked independently and sometimes in rivalry. Of course, wholesome rivalry should continue; but there are occasions when the British commercial community should act in concert, and the creation of the British Chamber of Commerce, with Sir Reginald Tower, the British Minister, giving it his active patronage, should be of immense advantage.

But all foreigners, be they British, German, French, or belonging to the United States, must recognise the ambition of the Argentines ultimately to do without them and to "run the show" for themselves.

The nationality of Argentina is not founded on tradition; it comes from the fervour of self-appreciation. Despite the growth of Socialism in the ports the country gives unprecedented scope for individual daring—gambling on the future if you like. The doors are open to all the races of Europe to become Argentines. The terror of Asiatic labour, which troubles some other new countries, will be slain by the readiness with which all Europeans are received, be they Russians or Turks. By marriage the race is a jumble of Spanish, natives, Italians, and northern Europeans. In North America a man or a woman with a drop of black blood is called "a nigger." Unlike Brazil, there are few negroes in Argentina; but many of the best families have native Indian blood in their veins. In South America a half-caste, a mestizo, is always counted as a white. Thus there are no race prejudices such as are to be found in so democratic a country as the United States.

Yet there is no new country where there is such a gap between one section of the population and the other. I ascribe the scanty intellectual life of the Argentine to the big break between the plutocracy and the labouring classes. The poor immigrant has an enormous struggle to raise himself above the condition of a serf. There are plenty of exceptions, but notwithstanding this the statement holds good. To those who have wealth, money to play with, increase in possession comes rapidly. There is little scope for the salary-earning middle class—a most valuable class in all communities—and, though wages are high according to European standards, the advance is not so great when the heavy cost of living is borne in mind.

So far I have endeavoured fairly to picture Argentina as it is. It would be idle not to count the disadvantages along with the merits of the land. I did not go to South America with any preconceived ideas, but to see what I could and write about what I saw and learnt. It has not benefits for poor agriculturists such as Canada offers, though the life is more pleasant. Out on the plains the climate is splendid. It is not a country for the clerk whose knowledge of Spanish is nil.

But it is an amazing country nevertheless. For ages it has been lying in the womb of Time. It has just been born, and its growth is one of the wonders of the world. Its inhabitants are quickly adapting themselves to modern needs. The revolutionary days are of the past. It has millions of acres under the power of man; it has many millions more awaiting population. It is crying out for population. And great steamers from Spain and from Italy are driving southwards over the line of the Equator carrying what Argentina needs. She receives nearly three hundred thousand new arrivals annually. And within a couple of years most of them become Argentine citizens.

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[INDEX]

"A.B.C." combination, [273]
Abattoirs, model, at Liniers, [129]
Aconcagua, [89]
Agrarian and veterinary school, Santa Catalina, [80]
Agricultural banks, proposed establishment of, [188]
Agricultural defence, department of, [61]
Agricultural land, extent of uncultivated, [77]
Agricultural produce, and the railways, [137]
"Agricultural smalls," [243]
Agriculture, education for "colonists" in, [56-60];
conditions of, [190];
prospects of, [198];
possibilities of development of, [257]
Alfalfa, development and cultivation of, [69];
importance of, [69], [116];
value of, [194-7];
reputed influence on water level of, [233]
Alpaca, the, [116]
Alta Gracia, excursions to, [143], [165];
golf at, [172];
races at, [172-5]
Andes, the, [89];
the railway, and, [147], [215], et seq.
Anthrax, the gaucho and, [230]
Arboriculture, school for, at Tucuman, [59]
Argentina, possibilities of, [4];
railway development in, [43-51];
land question in, [52-62];
call for population, [53];
value of exportations of, [60];
and world's food supplies, [63], et seq.;
production of food supplies in, [61-71], [244];
constitution of government, methods of taxation, etc., [72-88];
characteristics of, [89], et seq.;
from the British immigrant's point of view, [43];
wheat production of, [186], et seq.;
immigration laws and regulations, [203], [223], et seq.;
the Jews and, [237-41];
indigenous fauna of, [244];
and industries, [257], et seq.;
credit of, [263];
as overflow of Latin Europe, [271];
and foreign capital, [275];
possibilities of, [278-9]
"Argentina from a British Point of View," by C. P. Ogilvie, [197]
Argentine Agricultural Society, [120];
cattle-breeding and, [121];
and railway tariffs, [137]
Argentine Club at Bahia Blanca, [177]
Argentine Railway Company, [153]
Argentine Transandine Railway absorbed by the Buenos Aires and Pacific, [145]

Argentines, the, wealth and pride of, [5], [6], [7], [20], [22-23];
source of wealth of, [24];
social life of, [29];
extravagance of, [32];
moods of, [32-3];
characteristics of, [38-40], [270-2];
ambition of, [58]
Australia and wheat supply, [186-7]
Austria and frozen meat, [127]
Avenida Alvear, "B.A.," [30]
Avon, the, [19], [54]
"B.A." See Buenos Aires
Bahia, [11]
Bahia Blanca, [43];
commercial school at, [79];
grain elevators at, [70];
Buenos Aires and Pacific Railway at, [145];
natural harbour, at, [176];
growth of, [176-7];
land values at, [177];
life in, [177];
railways at, [178];
shipments from, [178];
Victoria wool market at, [180];
and the pampas, [181]
Bahia Blanca and North-Western Railway, absorbed by the Buenos Aires and Pacific, [145]
Banco Hipotecario Nacional, and loans for building, etc., [264]
Banks, licences for, [82];
and gold reserve, [263]
Belgrano, "B.A." British colony at, [27]
Belle Ville, dairy school at, [60]
Betting regulations, [28]
Benitz Colony, forestry school, in the, [61]
Birds, curious, [92]
Bovril, [15];
and meat extract trade, [159];
cattle-breeding station of, [268-9]
Brassey, Thomas, and first Argentine railway, [139]
Brazil, agricultural riches of, [4];
gambling in, [12];
and Argentine cattle, [128];
reported coal mines in, [155];
dislike of United States in, [273], [275]
Brewing, possible development of, [261]
"Bridge of the Incas," [219]
British capital in Argentina, [7], [21], [24], [43], [46], [123];
in railways, [134]
British Chamber of Commerce at Buenos Aires, [278]
British immigrants, possibilities of sheep rearing for, [183]
British trade and Argentina, [260-1]
British trade methods, futility of, [85]
Buenos Aires, arrival at, [20];
business of, [22-3];
the streets of, [25];
hotels of, [26];
expensiveness of, [26];
railways in, [27];
Jockey Club of, [28];
Colon Theatre at, [28];
immorality of, [29];
irreligion of, [29];
showiness of, [30], [32];
"Las Damas da Beneficencia," [34];
foundling hospital at, [35];
the Recoleta, [36];
as capital, [37];
population and characteristics of, [41];
fascination of, [42];
immigrants' accommodation at, [53];
land values in, [65];
slaughter-houses at, [70];
senators from, [73];
national and normal schools in, [78];
university at, [78];
shallowness of river at, [90];
regulations against dogs in, [98];
variations of climate in, [102-3];
offices of Argentine Agricultural Society at, [120];
Jockey Club at, [123];
frozen meat works at, [124];
population and meat demands of, [129];
sheep market at, [130];
railways from, [141];
the Retiro station at, [142-3];
suburban traffic of, [143], [151];
B.A. and P. high level line at, [145];
railway connection with Valparaiso from, [146-7];
Mar del Plata and, [151];
cost of living in, [241-2];
increase of shipping trade of, [244];
labour unrest in, [258];
British Chamber of Commerce at, [278]
Buenos Aires and Pacific Railway, returns of, [140];
growth and revenue of, [145];
Light and Power Co. in connection with, [145];
port accommodation at Bahia Blanca, [145];
high level line to Buenos Aires, [145];
reclamation of land from River Plate by, [146];
transcontinental traffic, [146-7];
Transandine line, [148];
snow protection on, [148];
prospects of, [149];
Mr. Guy Calthrop and, [149];
at Bahia Blanca [178];
at Puerta Galvan, [179]
Buenos Aires-Rosario Railway, [141-2]
Buenos Aires Province, population of, [63];
five years drought in, [90];
cattle raising in, [130];
cereal growing district of, [152];
Hirsch Jewish colony in, [238]
Caja de Conversion, effect on credit of, [263];
gold reserve of, [263]
Calthrop, Mr. Guy, and Buenos Aires and Pacific Railway, [149-50]
"Camp" life in, [67], [223], et seq.
Camp towns, ugliness of, [226]
Canada and wheat supply, [186]
Cattle, introduction of, by Spaniards, [95], [117];
wild herds of, [95], [117];
wild dogs and, [97];
improvement and increase of, [99];
numbers of, [122];
and importation embargo in England, [130-1]
Cattle-breeding, [66-7];
importation of bloodstock for, [118];
improvements in, [120];
Argentine Agricultural Society and, [120-2]
Cattle disease, prevalence of, [69]
Central Argentine Railway, returns of, [140];
growth of [141-2];
electrification of, [145];
suburban traffic, [143];
excursions on, [143];
goods and agricultural traffic of, [144];
irrigation scheme of, [144];
extension of, [144-5];
weekly receipts of, [145];
works of at Rosario, [156];
excursions to Alta Gracia, [165]
Central Cordoba Railway, [153]
Cereals, value of exportation of, [67];
low yield of, [70]
Chaco, the, swamps of, [91];
Indians of, [91]
Chamber of Deputies, constitution of, [73];
qualifications of candidates and members of, [73];
salary of members of, [74];
Socialism in, [75]

Chicago and Argentine chilled meat trade, [68]
"Chico," [212], [213]
Chili, nitrates of, [4];
railway communication with, [146-7], [149];
leprosy in, [246]
"Chilled" meat compared with "frozen," [125]
Chilled meat trade, American attempts to capture, [68];
extension of, [126]
Christ, statue of, on Chilian boundary, [148]
Chubut, Welsh colony at, [225]
Citizenship, qualifications for, [77]
Clarke, Mr. Percy, and Great Southern Railway, [152]
Climate, variations of, [89], [102-3]
Coal, lack of, and importation of, [83];
possible supply from Brazil, [155]
Coal Strike, effect in Argentine of, [243]
Colon Theatre, the, gala performance at, [29]
"Colonists," system of, [54];
and storekeeper, [55];
position of, [55];
agricultural education for, [56-8];
difficulties of, [225]
Columbus and his discovery, [1], [5]
Commerce, German and British competition for, [84]5
Comodora Rivadavia, government reservation on petroleum zone of, [243]
Condor, the, [245]
Cordillera of the Andes, railway and, [147]
Cordoba, live-stock school at, [58], [59];
university at, [78];
commercial school at, [79]
Cordoba, and Central Argentine Railway, [144];
position and population of, [158];
university of, [159], [162];
social life of, [160-1];
opera performances at, [161];
cathedral of, [163];
relics at Jesuit church in, [163];
British flag in church at, [164];
schools at, [164];
observatory at, [165];
excursions to Alta Gracia from, [165]
Cordoba and Rosario Railway, [153]
Cordoba Central Buenos Aires Extension Railway, [153]
Cordoba Central Railway, extension of, [153]
Cordoba Province, locusts in, [61];
cattle raising in, [130]
Corrientes Province, Indians of, [266];
resources of, [267]
Dairying, Regional Schools in, [60]
De Costa, Señora César, and statue of Christ, [148]
De Guzman, Ruy Diaz, and introduction of horses, [49]
De Mendoza, Don Pedro, and introduction of horses, [120]
Deputy, salary of, [74]
Devolution in Government, [75]
Direccion-General de Ferrocarriles, [49]
Distilling, possible development of, [261]
Dogs, wild, and cattle, [97];
extermination of, [97];
stringent regulations against, [98]
"Door of Hell, The," [2]
Drought, evils of, [60], [70];
severity of, [90]
Duties on manufactured articles, [82]

Earthquakes in Mendoza, [201]
Education, in agricultural subjects, [57-60];
"regional schools," [60];
divisions of system of, [77];
religious instruction and, [77];
secondary, [78];
university, [78];
authorities of, [78-9];
intuitive method of, [79];
national scholarships, [81];
complaints upon methods of, [81]
Engineer White, Port of, [178-9]
England and chilled meat trade, [68]
English immigrant, prospects of, [43], [224]
Englishmen and Argentine prospects, [100-2]
Entre Rios Province, cattle raising in, [130];
resources of, [267];
foreign small freeholders in, [268];
railways in, [268];
Liebig and Bovril ranches in, [268-9]
Entre Rios Railway, [153]
"Estancieros," profits of, [60]
"Estancias," extent and equipment of, [66]
"Fakes" in trade, [108-9]
Farming, profits and possibilities of, [60-2];
equipment for, [66];
slovenly methods of, [192]
"Farquhar Group" of Railways, [152]
Farquhar, Mr. Percival, and railway extension, [152]
Fauna, [92-4], [116-7], [244]
Fisherton, Rosario, [156]
Floods, dangers and extent of, [90]
Florida, the, "B.A." [25]
Foot-and-mouth disease, and exportation of cattle, [124]
Forestry, school for instruction in, [61]
France and frozen meat, [127], [133]
Fraudulent trade descriptions, [108-9]
"Frozen Meat" compared with "chilled," [125];
methods of freezing, [124-5]
Frozen meat industry, [22-3];
influence of railways on, [43], [51];
value of exportation of, [67];
growth of, [70-1], [123], [126-7];
establishment, [123];
and England, [123-4]
Fruit culture, school for, [60]
Gambling, on steamer, [12];
at Alta Gracia, [169]
Gaucho, and horse-racing, [172-4], [228];
effect of civilisation on, [227];
duties of, [229];
and anthrax, [230];
as shepherd, [232]
Gautier, Prof. Armand, on frozen meat, [127]
German-Argentine Society and frozen meat, [127]
German influence in commerce, [84]
Gold reserve of banks, [263]
Golf at Buenos Aires, [27];
at Alta Gracia, [172]
Government, Constitution of, [72] et seq.
Government House, "B.A.," [37]
Grain elevators, at Engineer White, [179];
at Puerta Galvan, [180]
Great Britain, and importation embargo on Argentine cattle, [130-1];
and Argentine railways, [139];
and Argentine foodstuffs, [193]
Great Southern Railway, returns of, [140];
Light and Power Co. of, [145];
extent of, [150];
increase of passenger traffic on, [150];
Mar de Plata service of, [151];
goods and live stock traffic, [151];

capital and receipts of, [152];
Mr. Percy Clarke and, [152];
at Bahia Blanca, [178];
Port of Engineer White, [178]
Guanaco, The, [245]
Hirsch, Baron, colonisation scheme of, [237]
Horse breeding, excellence of, [65-6];
development of, [123]
Horse, first introduction of, [119];
increase of, [119], [122]
Horse-racing, at Palermo, [28];
universality of, [107], [122];
at Alta Gracia, [172-4];
the Gaucho and, [228-9]
Hudson, W. H., "The Naturalist in La Plata," [93]
Hurlingham, "B.A.," [27]
Ibera, Lake, [267]
Immigrants, Italians as, [10], [25], [53], [224];
nationalities of, [63];
typical English, [109-10];
and political agitation, [241]
Immigration, inducements for, [53];
organisation of, [203], [223]
Inca, [43]
Indians, of Chaco district, [91];
and horse and cattle stealing, [98];
of Corrientes, [266]
Industrial school, methods at, [80]
Irrigation, Government work in, [60];
results of, [116];
State and railway works for, [144], [150];
in Mendoza, [208-9];
in sugar district, [253]
Italians, as immigrants, [10], [25], [53];
preponderance of, [224]
Italy and frozen meat, [127], [133]
Iraola, Señor Pereyra, and champion bull, [152]
Jerked beef, trade in, [128]
Jesu Maria, sanatorium of, [160]
Jewish Colonisation Society, the, [237], [238]
Jews, and wheat market, [23], [55];
population of, [236];
agricultural colonies of, [237-40]
Jockey Club of Buenos Aires, [28], [123]
Juan de Rivadaneira, Fray, and introduction of horses, [120]
Kindergarten at Mendoza, [205]
Labour, conditions of, [54];
scarcity of, on estancias, [243], [252];
influence of scarcity of, on industrial development, [257]
Labour question at Rosario, [154-5]
Labour troubles, frequency of, [84];
in Buenos Aires, [258]
Land, profits on sale of, [47], [53], [64-5];
ownership and labour on, [52] et seq.;
conditions of ownership in, [188-9]
Land values, [65];
at Rosario, [157];
at Bahia Blanca, [177];
in Mendoza, [204]
La Plata, [19];
description of, [36-8];
slaughter-houses at [70];
university at, [78];
and frozen meat trade, [124]
"La Prensa," offices of, [41]
Las Damas da Beneficencia, [34]
Latin American, Spanish immigrants to, [2];
range of, [3];
possibilities of, [4];
riches of, [5]
Latin immigrants at Rosario, [154];
as farmers, [193]
Latin races, as emigrants, [3], [9], [25], [53];
as seen in South America, [24], [59]
Leprosy in South America, [246]
Licences for business, [82]
Liebig Co., and meat extract trade, [129], [269];
cattle-breeding station of, [268]
Liniers, slaughter-houses at, [129]
Linseed, Argentina's production of, [191]
Live stock, value of exportations of, [60], [67];
and importation embargo in Britain, [131]
Llama, the, [116]
Lloyd George, Mr., and Argentina, [24]
Locusts, depredations of, [61], [70], [233];
and sugar districts, [254]
London and River Plate Bank, gold reserve of, [263]
London, chilled and frozen meat and, [126]
Lumber tracks of Posados, [243]
Mackie, Mr., on Pan-American railway scheme, [277]
Maize, Argentina's production of, [191]
Manufactures, inability to develop, [83]
Manufacturing resources, possible development of, [257] et seq.
Mar del Plata, [53];
life at, [235];
Great Southern Railway and, [151]
Mares, distaste for, and slaughter of, [119]
Martinetta, the, [245]
Matacos Indians, [266]
Meat extracts, trade in, [129]
Meat trade and U.S.A., [23], [68]
Mendoza, Viticulture College at, [57], [58], [80];
the railway and, [147];
situation and population of, [199];
life in, [200-1];
earthquakes in, [201];
Western Park at, [202]2;
schools in, [205];
English club in, [212]
Mendoza Province, paper money of, [76];
Government of, [203];
how strikes are dealt with in, [203];
taxation and land in, [204];
vineyards of, [206];
irrigation in, [208];
fruit growing in, [211]
Mendoza River, [147], [208], [214], [217], [222]
Mercedes, [146]
Mexico and cattle, [4]
Military service, compulsory system of, [81]
Millionaires, proportion to population of, [64]
Mocayr, Señor Pedro, and U.S.A. influence, [275]
Money-lenders, licences for, [82]
Monroe Doctrine and Argentina, [272], [273], [274], [275]
Monte Video, [19];
the River Plate at, [90];
and jerked beef trade, [128]
Mutton, value of exportations of, [67];
prejudice against, [98]

National Bank of Argentina, gold reserve of, [266]
National flag, [64]
National Ministry of Education, [78]
National Railway Board, influence of, [49], [50]
National School of Commerce, [79]
National School of Pilots, [80]
Nationalisation, Law of, [24], [63], [77]
Neuquén territory, irrigation works in, [150]
"Norther," The, [103]
Nouges Bros., sugar mills of, [252]
Observatory at Cordoba, [165]
Ogilvie, Mr. C. P., on alfalfa, [194-7]
Oil for fuel, [83], [243]
Page, Mr., and financial control of South American Republics, [274]
"Palace of Gold, The," 37[37]
Palermo, fashionable life in, [27];
races at, [28]
Pampa, dreariness of the, [89];
extent and possibilities of, [181-2]
Pamperos, the, [91]
Parana River, [90];
wharves on, at Rosario, [154];
lumber on, [243]
highway of Santa Fé, [265-6]
Parana, town of, [268]
Parque Independencia, at Rosario, [156]
Patagonia, wilderness of, [89];
as sheep-rearing country, [183];
stature of natives of, [245-6];
pastures of, [246]
Pearson, Mr. C. H., and Central Argentine Railway, [141], [142], [143]
Pellegrini Law, the, and gold reserve, [263]
Pernambuco, [2], [10]
Peru, rubber in, [4]
Peso, the, [236]
Petroleum zone, Government reservation on, [243]
Pilots, National School of, [80]
Plate, River, [19];
volume of, [90];
reclamation of land from, [146];
silting of, [155], [176]
Plaza Jewell, Rosario, [156]
Plaza Mayo, "B.A.," [26], [27]
Plaza San Lopez, Rosario, [156]
Plaza San Martin, Rosario, [156]
Population, call for, [53];
growth of, [63]
Posados, lumber trade of, [243]
Port Madryn, Welsh colony at, [225]
Portugal and frozen meat, [127]
Poverty, non-existence of, [35]
President, qualifications and powers of, [72-3]
Property, State regulations on disposal of, [76]
Provincial Council of Education, [79]
Provincial Governments, powers of, [75];
relations of, with Central Government, [76]
Puerta del Inca, [219]
Puerta Galvan, [179]
Quebracho, the, [92]
Railways, luxuriance of trains on, [36], [44], [134-5];
influence on prosperity of, [43];
British capital in, [43], [134];
mileage of, [45];
State lines, [45];
limitations of dividends of, [45];
landowners and, [47];
government and direction of, [48];
profits of, for roadmaking, [49];
and mail carrying, [49];
equipment of, [49];
causes of profits of, [134];
"special cars" on, [135], [166-7], 213[213];
carriage of agricultural produce, [137];
growth of, [138];
William Wheelwright as founder of, [138];
United States and, [139];
Thomas Brassey and, [139];
dividends and prospects of, [139];
growth of the Central Argentine, [141-5];
growth and prospects of the Buenos Aires and Pacific, [140], [145-150];
growth and prospects of Great Southern Line, [150-2];
"Farquhar Group," [152];
amalgamation of, [153];
at Bahia Blanca, [178];
Transandine, [213];
influence on possible manufacturing developments, [260];
and development of Santa Fé, [265];
American scheme in connection with, [277]
Ranch, life on the, [103-8], [230-1]
Recoleta, [36]
"Regional Schools," [6]
Religion, indifference to, [29-30], [77]
Retiro Station, Buenos Aires, [142], [143]
Revolution of 1810, [64], [99];
memorials of, at Tucuman, [249]
Rideal, Prof., on frozen meat, [126]
Rio Blanco, [217]
Rio Cuarto, and Central Argentine Railway, [144]
Rio de Janeiro, Harbour of, [13];
the city, [16]
Rio Negro Valley, irrigation work in, [150]
Rio Neuquén Valley, irrigation works in, [150]
Roadmaking, railway profits taxed for, [49]
Roads, bad condition of, [48], [106], [170], [226]
Rosario, land values in, [64], [157];
grain elevators at, [70];
"The Liverpool of Argentina," [141];
railway works at, [143], [156];
as business centre, [154];
labour question at, [154-5];
growth of, [155];
life at, [156-7]
Rosario-Cordoba Railway, [141];
concession of land for, [46]
Royal Mail Company, [53]
Russia and wheat supply, [186]
Sandstorms, [103];
at Bahia Blanca, [177]
San Juan, fruit culture school at, [60];
School of Mines at, [80];
progress of, [204]
San Luis, [147]
San Martin, statues of, [37], [160-1]
San Pablo, sugar mills at, [252]
San Rafael, progress of, [205]
San Salvador, [1]
Santa Catalina, agrarian and veterinary school at, [80]
Santa Cruz, dreariness of, [246]
Santa Fé Province, cattle raising in, [130];
development of, [265]
Santos, [17], [18]
Savoy Hotel, Tucuman, [250]
Scholarships, at Agricultural Schools, [58];
for European study, [81]
School of Mines, San Juan, [80]

Schools, religious instruction in, [77];
primary, for adults, [77];
secondary, [78];
equipment of, [79];
attendance at, [79], [81];
technical and commercial, [79];
physical drill in, [80];
in Mendoza, [205]
Senate, the, constitution of, [73]
Senator, qualifications of, [73];
salary of, [74]
Servant problem, [108]
Sheep, development of local characteristics in, [94];
introduction of, [117];
increase of, [123];
precautions against disease in, [130];
for freezing works, [130];
on the pampas, [232]
Sheep-breeding, decline of, [67]
Sheep market in Buenos Aires, [130]
Sheep-rearing, drawbacks and possibilities of, [182-3]
Shoe factories, [84]
Sierra de Cordoba, [158]
Siesta, abandonment of, [40]
Small-holding, difficult of securing, [225]
Socialists, cohesion of, [75]
South America, possibilities of, [4]
Spain, and Argentina, [98-9], [116];
and frozen meat, [133]
Spaniards, and early colonisation of Argentina, [94], [116]
Spanish, necessity for use of in commerce, [87], [110-12];
firm hold of, [271]
"Special Cars" on railways, [135], [166-7], [213]
Sports, Argentine's adoption of, [271]
Stevens, Mr., and Puerta Galvan, [179]
Storekeeper, as "middleman," [55]
Strangers' Club, Rosario, [157]
Stucco, use of, in "B.A.," [30], [36]
"Suestadas," the, [91]
Sugar industry, school for instruction in, [58-9]
Sugar growing, at Tucuman, [250];
possibilities of development of, [253-5], [262]
Switzerland and frozen meat, [127],

[133]
Sydney Harbour compared with Rio, [14]
Tango, the, [235]
Tariff on sugar, [255]
Tariffs on manufactured articles, [82-3]
Taxation, methods of, [82-3]
Technical education, attention to, [79]
Textile industries, possibilities of, [262]
"The Argentine as a Market," by N. L. Watson, [255]
"The Naturalist in La Plata," by W. H. Hudson, [93]
Tigre, the, boating on, [27]
Tobas Indians, [266]
Totalisator, use of, at Palermo, [28]
Tower, Sir Reginald, [98], [278]
Trade, British and German methods of, compared, [85-6]
Trade Unions and Government, [84]
Transandine Railway, [147];
Summit tunnel of, [148]
Tucuman, [43], [49];
arboricultural school at, [58], [59];
and Central Argentine Railway, [144];
aspect of, [248];
historic house at, [249];
life in, [249-50];
sugar harvest at, [250];
development of sugar industry at, [251-6]
Tunuyan River, [147]
Underground Railway of Buenos Aires, [27]
United Kingdom and Argentine cereals, [67]
United States and Argentine development, [7], [22], [64];
and Argentine Railways, [139];
influence in Argentina of, [271], [272], [275];
wheat supply of, [186]
Universities, qualifications for and localities of, [78]
University lectures in agriculture, [57]
Uruguay and Argentine cattle, [128]
Uspallata Valley route, [147]
Valparaiso, railway connection between Buenos Aires and, [146-7]
Victoria Wool Market, Bahia Blanca, [180]
Villa Maria Rufino Railway absorbed by the Buenos Aires and Pacific, [145]
Vineyards of Mendoza, [199], [206]
Viticulture, college at Mendoza for, [57-8], [80]
"Watch Bird, The," [92]
Water supply on the pampa, [233]
Water-wheels, American, [44]
Watson, Mr. N. L., "The Argentine as a Market," [255]
Wheat, the Jews and, [23], [55];
influence of railways on exportation of, [43], [51];
average yield of, [70];
world's supply of, [186];
Argentina and, [190-2];
the world's production compared with Argentina's, [193]
Wheelwright, William, and foundation of Argentine Railways, [138]
Welsh Colony at Chubut, [225];
at Port Madryn, [225], [241]
Western Railway of Buenos Aires, returns of, [140]
Wilson, President Woodrow, and South American Republics, [273-6]
Windmills for pumping purposes, [233]
Wine, production of, in Mendoza, [206-11]
Woman, position of, in Argentina, [28], [29], [33-51]
Wool, low quality of Argentine, [183-5];
prospects of improvement of, [184-5];
values of exportation and importation of, [262]
Woollen industry, possibilities of, [259]
Woollen manufactures, crudeness of, [84]
Ypecaha, the, [93]
Zanjou Amarillo, [218]
"Zonda," the, [91]

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