The land of the Hittites

by John Garstang

GENERAL INDEX

For works of reference cited in the [footnotes], see [Author Index] and [App. A].

• Abîna, [331].
• Aboriginal people of southern Syria, [321].
• Abusimbel, rock-temple of, [351], [379].
• Abu-Tessub, [338].
• Abydos, Hittite warrior in a relief at, [281 n.]
• —— royal tombs of, [313].
• Adana, [15].
• Ædicula, [184].
• Ægean Archipelago, [3].
• —— coast, [17].
• —— Islands, [368].
• —— pottery, [312].
• Aeriae, temple of the mother of the gods at, [170].
• Afrîn River, [8], [12], [15], [86], [71], [98].
• Agron, king of Lydia, [63].
• Agusi, [387].
• Aintab, [4-7], [11], [14], [86], [97 n.], [106], [106 n.], [184].
• Aitakama, [331], [333], [334].
• Ak Dagh, [29], [35].
• Ak Geul (White Lake), [40].
• Akhenaten, [336].
• Akia, king of Arakhti, [333].
• Akizzi, story of, [332], [334].
• Akkar-tchai, [37].
• Akserai, [39], [154].
• Ak Su, [41], [42 n.]
• Ala Dagh, [42].
• Alakshandu, vassal of Tarkundaraus, [327].
• Albistan, [5], [145].
• —— monuments near, [143].
• Aleppo, [4], [7], [8], [15], [16], [53], [67], [85], [97], [106], [319].
• —— description of, [7].
• Alexander in Asia Minor, [56], [67].
• Alexandretta, [14], [15], [49].
• Algeria, [71 n.]
• Ali Hodje, near Bulghar-Madên, [189].
• Alliance between Hattusil and the Pharaoh, [347].
• Alshe, [332].
• Altar, [150].
• —— of stone, [146], [183].
• Altars on sculptures of Fraktin, [165].
• Am, [331].
• Amanus, [14], [49], [99], [213], [370], [383].
• Amasîa, [34], [35], [106 n.]
• Amazon figure at Boghaz-Keui, [205], [357], [373].
• Amazons, [213], [357], [373].
• —— on the Thermodon River, [35].
• Amenhetep III., [327].
• —— IV., [337].
• Amk, statue at, [98].
• Amon, [336].
• Amorite face-type, [12 n.], [34].
• —— vassalage and tribute, [336].
• Amorites, an Aramæan (Semitic) people, [318], [324].
• Amraphel of the Old Testament, [325 n.]
• Andaval, [41], [42], [80 n.], [185].
• —— inscription of, [25 n.]
• Angora, [21], [24], [28], [34-36], [66], [89], [106].
• Annals of Tiglath-Pileser, [386].
• —— of Thothmes III., [327].
• Antaraki, [332].
• Anti-Lebanon, [16].
• Anti-Taurus, [2], [4], [17], [19], [21], [24], [44], [87].
• Antioch, [8], [15].
• —— taken from Saracens, [72].
• Apis, worship in Egypt, [256].
• Arabli, [42].
• Arabs in Asia Minor, [72].
• Aramæan district of Am (or Amma), [331].
• —— monuments at Sinjerli, [277 ff.]
• —— peoples, [55].
• Aramaic influence in Hittite art, [311], [312].
• —— period at Sinjerli, [122].
• Arandas, son of Subbi-luliuma, [341].
• Ararat, Mt., [3].
• Arched gateways decorated with sculpture, [372].
• Architectural remains of Boghaz-Keui, [367].
• Archives of the Babylonian and Assyrian kings, [315].
• —— of the kings of Hatti, [315].
• —— recently discovered at Boghaz-Keui, [3].
• Ardistama, [39], [80 n.], [90-92], [154].
• Argæus, Mt., [5], [17], [18], [23], [28], [42], [88], [146], [152].
• Argistis of Ararat, Urartian king, [385].
• Ariarthes, [68].
• Arinna, the home of the sun-god, [344], [346], [353].
• Arissama, [39], [90].
• —— Dagh, [183].
• Arles, [71 n.]
• Armed priestesses, [213], [357].
• Armenia, [66].
• —— Greater, [3].
• —— southern, [62].
• Armenian hills, [17], [26].
• Arnuanta, son of Dudkhalia, [329], [351], [352].
• Arpad, downfall of, [387].
• Arslan Boghaz, [99].
• —— Tash, sculptures at, [87], [141], [144].
• —— Tepe, mound of, [132 ff.]
• Artemis, [65].
• —— at Ephesus, rites of, [355].
• Aryan immigration, [57].
• Arzawa, great Hittite state, [326].
• Arzawia, king of Rukhizi, [334].
• Asarjik, [23], [88], [152].
• Askhir, goddess of the mountains, [348].
• Asia, Roman province, [70].
• Asia Minor, geography of, [17 ff.]
• Asia Minor, tableland of, [17], [18].
• Ass with panniers for transport, [365].
• Assur-ballit II., Assyrian king, [333].
• Assurbanipal, [65].
• Assur-belkala, [371].
• Assurirba, [371].
• Assur-nazir-pal, [57 n.], [295], [381].
• Assyria, [271].
• —— revival of power of, [55].
• Assyrian influence in Hittite art, [299].
• —— invasions, [371].
• Assyrians invade Mitanni, [337].
• Assyro-Babylonian language used in earliest international correspondence, [31], [325].
• Astarte, [128].
• Astrology, great Babylonian work on, [323].
• Attis, [151], [238].
• Atyadae, [63].
• Authors. See [App. A].
• Axe with double head, [223].
• Ayazîn, sculptures of, [60].
• Ay-mi-ny-a-s of the land of Tyana, [188].
• Azriyahu, [387].
• Baal, [237], [238].
• Ba’albec, [71].
• Babylon, [3 n.], [53], [209].
• —— archives, [323].
• —— sacked by Hittites, [52].
• Baghdad, [39].
• —— railway, [15 n.]
• Bakshish, [38].
• Banti Shinni, [329], [345].
• Barbarian northern hordes, [209].
• Bargylus mts., [15].
• Barkhu-izawa, [341].
• Barrekub, king of Samaal, [271].
• Bayal, [43].
• Bedouins in Syria, [6].
• Beilan Pass, [15].
• Bell, Miss, [339].
• Birejik, monument at, [129].
• Bereketli, [383].
• Berlin Expedition at Sinjerli, [196].
• Beuyuk Kaleh, [200], [205], [300].
• —— —— walls at, [245], [249].
• —— Kayanin, [200].
• —— —— Daresi, [32].
• Bey-Keui, inscription at, [25], [37], [38], [84], [89], [93], [167].
• Beyrout, [15], [370].
• Beyshehr, lake and village of, [40], [174].
• Bin Bir Kilisse, ‘the thousand and one churches,’ [177].
• Bird, [151].
• —— offering on altar, [165].
• —— -sign, [166].
• Birejik, ford of Euphrates at, [7].
• Bir-Geuz, [24], [27].
• —— Bridge, [153].
• Bishopric of Kiskissos, [149].
• Bit Adini, [378], [382], [383].
• Bithynia, Pontus, Roman province, [68], [69].
• Biyassili (? Kasyas-sil), [371].
• Black Basalt, altar of, [183].
• —— Sea coast, [28], [34], [37], [195].
• Bogche, [49], [80 n.], [88], [155], [199].
• —— pass near, [14], [15 n.], [373].
• —— Su, [14].
• Boghaz-Keui, [7 n.], [24], [25], [27], [28], [32], [33], [64 n.], [65], [67], [79], [84], [88], [89], [93], [96 n.], [100], [107], [158], [277], [292 n.], [297], [300], [306 n.], [244-256], [269], [273], [275].
• —— priest-king in sculptures of, [256].
• Book of Omens, [323].
• Bor, [41], [42], [80 n.], [91], [305].
• —— aqueducts of, [70].
• —— inscribed sculptures of, [373].
• —— inscription from, [25 n.], [185].
• Bosphorus, [37], [62].
• Boss of Tarkudimme, [352].
• Boundary stone, [155].
• Bow, triangular, [150], [171].
• Bozanti Han, [46].
• —— Su, [42 n.]
• Bracelets on wrists of peasant-god, [193].
• Brigandage of the Amorites, [350].
• Bronze axe and trappings of Boghaz-Keui, [322].
• Building blocks, cubical, [159].
• Bulghar Dagh, [41], [46], [90].
• Bulghar-Madên, [43], [44], [54], [91], [185], [188], [373], [383].
• Bull, shrine of Eyuk, [256].
• —— identified with father-god, [359].
• Buttresses of extra-mural towers, [202].
• Byzantine church at Mahalich, [177].
• —— period, [70], [72].
• Cadastral survey, [352].
• Caduceus, [166], [167].
• Cæsarea, [5], [21], [22], [23], [24], [25], [26], [28], [29], [34], [39], [42], [88], [366].
• Calvary, [148].
• Campaigns of Subbi-luliuma, [330].
• Canaanites, [324].
• Cappadocia, [36].
• —— Phrygian influence in, [61], [69], [106 n.], [110 n.]
• Carchemish, Kybele represented at, [53], [61], [80 n.], [85], [262].
• —— early Hittites at, [52].
• —— monuments at, [122 ff.], [305], [318], [327], [330].
• —— stele at, [113], [117].
• Carvings of Sakje-Geuzi, [380].
• —— in ivory, [382].
• Caspian Sea, [3].
• Caucasus, [3], [62], etc.
• Cavalry, Hittite, [320].
• Cayster River, [37], [39].
• Ceremonial Feast, [164].
• Chair, square shaped, [166].
• Chakia Su, [42], [43].
• Chalybes, [60 n.]
• Chariot with panelled sides, [364].
• Chekerek, [32], [35].
• Cheshme Keupru, [24], [28], [34], [36], [38], [38 n.], [89], [162], etc.
• Chok-Geuz, [26].
• —— Keupru, [24], [25], [27], [155].
• Chorum, [34], [35].
• —— road to, [88].
• Christian churches, [148].
• Christianity, spread of, [70].
• Cilicia, [14], [21], [67], [68], [72].
• —— Roman province, [69].
• —— under the Hittites, [53].
• —— western plain of, [48-50].
• Cilician face-type, [48].
• Cilician gates, [24], [25], [39], [42], [383], [388].
• —— description of, [45-48].
• —— horses, [39 n.]
• —— pirates, [69].
• —— plain, [4], [6], [14].
• —— —— aqueducts of, [70].
• Cimmerians in Asia Minor, [55], [58], [62], [64], [378], [381].
• Classical writings cited. See [App. A].
• Cloak with fringed border, [187].
• Club, [363].
• Colophon, [65].
• Comana (Komana), [87], [110 n.], [146], [366].
• Combine of land and sea powers against Egypt, [368].
• Confederacy, [318].
• Conical Hittite hat, [171], [215], [223], [362].
• Constantinople, [36], [72].
• Constitution of the Hittite power, [234].
• Contemporary rulers and royal alliances, [329].
• Convention in art, [145].
• Crescent, [217], [238], [303 n.]
• Crete, early Minoan pottery of, [31].
• —— neolithic pottery of, [313], [320].
• Crœsus, [22], [33 n.], [38], [38 n.], [55], [65], [66], [92], [197], [199].
• Crosses carved on Hittite monument, [148].
• Crusaders, [45].
• Cubical building blocks decorated with sculptures, [367].
• Cult of the Nature-goddess, [235].
• Cuneiform system of writing, [317].
• —— documents found recently at Boghaz-Keui, [325].
• Curtius, Dr., [208].
• Curved dagger, [363].
• Cybele. See [Kybele].
• Cybistra, [90].
• Cydnus, [46].
• Cyprus, copper sources in, [322].
• —— terra-cotta statuette from, [142].
• Cyrus, [66], [67], [68].
• —— annexes Hittite country, [56].
• Dagger, curved, [363].
• —— with crescental hilt, [163].
• Dagger with semicircular handle, [223].
• Damascus, [16], [377], [383], [384].
• —— fall of, [388].
• Dardanians, [344].
• Daskylos, Lydian prince, [60 n.]
• Dastarkon, [149], [366].
• Delije Irmak, [29], [30].
• Deli Su, [153].
• Delta of Egypt, [2], [255].
• Denek Maden, [160].
• —— —— mines at, [34].
• Derendeh, [5], [80 n.], [87], [141 ff.]
• Develi Karahissar, [42].
• Diocletian, [70].
• Dirk, the sacred, [118].
• —— with crescent-shaped handle, [214].
• —— with midrib, [228].
• —— deity, [239].
• —— —— cult of, [360].
• Dimerli, ‘lion tomb’ at, [60].
• Disintegration of the Hittite Empire, [368].
• Disk suggestive of mirror, [217].
• Doghanlu, [25], [84], [166].
• —— Daresi, [37], [38], [89], [93].
• —— ‘tomb of Midas,’ at, [60].
• Double-axe, [363].
• —— god of the, [64 n.]
• Double Eagle, [235].
• —— —— at Eyuk, priest of the, [236].
• Downfall of the Hittite rulers, [368].
• Dress of Hittite warrior, [362].
• Dromos, decoration at Eyuk, [184].
• Dudkhalia, successor of Hattusil, [351], [352].
• Dud-khaliya, [324].
• Eagle, double-headed, [223].
• —— gigantic stone, [156].
• —— monument at Yamoola, [236].
• Eagles in Hittite religious art, [158].
• Earring, [215], [227].
• Ebed-Asherah, Amorite patriarch, [328], [334], [335].
• Edict of Dudkhalia, [326], [352], [353].
• Eflatoun-Bunar, [40], [90], [174].
• Egypt, Delta, [2], [255].
• —— early Hittite settlements on frontiers of, [52].
• Egypt, war of Esarhaddon with, [271].
• Egyptian artists, [318].
• —— face-type in Syria, [12], [16].
• —— influence in the sphinxes of Eyuk, [254].
• Ekrek, [5], [24], [54], [148].
• —— inscribed stone at, [87].
• Emblems in form of a shrine under outspread wings, [84], [217], [225].
• Emir-Ghazi, [39], [40], [41], [80 n.], [91], [169], [183].
• —— round altar at, [256].
• Eni-Tessub, [352].
• Ephesus, [37], [65], [66], [71].
• Eregli, [24], [29], [40], [41], [43], [90], [185], [191].
• Erzerum, [3 n.]
• Esarhaddon, [78], [271], [273], [278], [297], [390].
• Eshuk Tash, [203], [204].
• Eski Andaval, sculpture at, [91].
• —— Kishla (old winter quarters), [183].
• Eski-Yapân, stone lion at, [88].
• Eunuch-priest, [361].
• Euphrates, [2], [3], [4], [6], [7 n.], [15], [21], [39], [85], [106], [318].
• —— valley, [317].
• Eyuk, [35], [80 n.], [84], [102], [107], [277], [282 n.], [296 n.], [297], [301 n.], [303 n.], [306 n.], [339].
• —— Hittite site at, [33].
• —— mound and palace at, [88], [93].
• —— palace and sculptures of, [242 ff.]
• —— Phrygian inscriptions at, [56], [60 n.]
• —— sphinx at, [298], [309].
• Ezekiel, [45], [390].
• Fassiler, [40], [90], [175].
• Father-god, [237], [359], [360].
• —— of the Phrygians, [59].
• Faustinopolis, [388].
• Feather-like emblem, [238].
• Female warrior, [372].
• Ferak-Din. See [Fraktin], [149].
• Fish hieroglyph, [153].
• Flexible hats, [215].
• Footgear of the Hittites, [320].
• Fortress, ancient, [154].
• —— at Arissama Dagh, ancient, [183].
• —— at Giaour-Kalesi, [162].
• —— on Kizil Dagh, [178].
• Fortress of Arinni, [370].
• —— of Shapalulme, burnt, [383].
• Fraktin, [5], [24], [54], [87], [149], [256], [262], [339].
• Fringed skirt, [215].
• Galatia, Roman province, [69].
• Garparunda, [377], [380], [383].
• Gashuliawi, a Hittite princess married to Put-akhi, [347].
• Gauraina. See [Gurun], [143].
• Genealogical table, [329].
• Gerdschein, statue at, [311].
• Gerger, [4].
• Gerger Kalesi, [85].
• Gerger Kalesi, monument at, [131].
• Giaour Dagh, [2], [13], [27].
• Giaour-Kalesi, [36], [38], [84], [89], [90], [93], [338].
• —— sculptures at, [162].
• Gindarus, [98], [378].
• Girdle, [214], [215].
• Goat, [215].
• —— with conical cap on head, [222].
• God of Arms, [173].
• God of the Mountain, [147].
• Gordius, [61].
• Goyyim, [324 n.]
• Graffiti, [153].
• Greek colonies in Asia Minor, history of, [58], [65 ff.]
• —— face-type, [31].
• —— influence in Asia Minor, [68], [70].
• Gurgum, [376], [377], etc.
• Guriania. See [Gurun], [143], [376].
• Gurun, [4], [51], [87], [143], [371].
• Gyges of Lydia, [65].
• Hadad, statue of, [142].
• —— the Syrian god, [59 n.], [138 n.]
• Haifa, seal from, [16 n.]
• Halys Basin, monuments of the, [152].
• —— description of, [18], [22], [26 ff.]
• —— River, [2], [4], [5], [18], [21], [26], [28], [29], [34], [35], [36], [38], [54], [56], [64], [65], [66], [84], [88], [89], [92], [318], [338].
• Hamath, [53].
• —— inscriptions of, [75].
• —— kingdom of the Hattina, [331].
• —— remains at, [93 ff.]
• Hammurabi, [334].
• Harpoon cult object, [160].
• Hat with flutings, [214].
• Hathor head-dress, [217].
• Hatti, the dominant tribe, [318], [319].
• Hattina, feudal state of, [271], [377], etc., [382].
• Hattusil, [136 n.]
• Hattusil I., [326].
• —— II., [338].
• Havanda, tomb of, [73].
• Heliopolis, [71 n.]
• Helmet decorated with horns, [193].
• Hera of Samos, the, [142].
• Heraclidae of Lydia, [63].
• Herakleia, [195].
• Heraldic figure, [228].
• Hercules, [63], [64], [64 n.], [195], [240].
• Hermes, [167].
• Hermus, [2], [37].
• Hermus valley, [199].
• Herodotus, [22], [170], [197].
• Hilâni, [99], [273].
• Hilt of sword, flat, [215].
• Hittite routes, [154], [365].
• —— sites and monuments. See [Appendix B].
• Hogarth, D. G., [145], [339].
• Homer, [169].
• Homs, [16], [85], [85 n.], [106 n.]
• —— bronze figure from, [16 n.]
• Horned altar, [178].
• Horse, early use by the Hittites of the, [39 n.], [320].
• Horses and chariots employed by Aitakama, [320].
• Horus, the, title of the Pharaohs, [340].
• Huda Verdi, spring, [41].
• Human-headed bird, [157], [230].
• Huru Pegamber, [71].
• Hyksos period, [255 n.], [324].
• Iasily Kaya, sculptures at, [59 n.]
• —— —— carved walls at, [124], [126].
• —— —— reliefs at, [196], [205], [255], [257], [262], [268], [269], [303 n.]
• —— —— sanctuary at, [88], [110].
• Iaudi, [271], [367], [376].
• Iconium, [20], [38], [67], [90], [106 n.]
• —— inscription from near, [173].
• —— traces of ancient site near, [173].
• Ilgîn, [3], [67], [90].
• Imperial Ottoman Museum, [185].
• Incursions of the Assyrians, [384].
• Indo-Germanic element, [324].
• Injesu, [24], [25], [42], [199], [366].
• Inscribed Rock (Iasily Kaya), [211].
• Inscriptions, Hittite. See [App. B].
• —— on walls of Byzantine church, [178].
• Ionia, [65].
• Ionic volutes, [225].
• Iris River, [35].
• Istar, [236], [355].
• Isuwa, land of, [332].
• Ivory object, [160].
• Ivrîz, monument of, [41], [43], [187], [191], [281 n.]
• —— sculpture at, [90], [373].
• Izgîn, [5], [80 n.], [87], [146].
• Jebel Ansarîa, [15].
• Jensen, [19].
• Jerabis, reliefs at, [113].
• Jerablus, [80 n.], [84], [85].
• —— monuments at, [122 ff.]
• Jewish face-type, [34].
• Jobba Eyuk, relief at, [102].
• ‘Joggle,’ [164], [208].
• Kadesh, [16].
• —— site of, [85].
• —— the battle of, [343], [344], [345], [364].
• Kalaba, [161].
• Kara-Bel, [2 n.], [37], [63], [66], [75], [84], [89], [93], [233].
• —— pass of, [170], [338].
• Karaburna, [28], [54], [153], [154], [373].
• —— inscription at, [88], [100].
• Kara-burshlu, [80 n.], [111], [86], [108].
• Kara Dagh, [41], [54], [84], [90], [176], [373].
• —— —— pottery of, [313 n.]
• Karadinek, [10 n.]
• Kara Eyuk, pottery of, [313 n.]
• Karaja Dagh, [41], [183].
• Karakul, [9].
• Karanji Keupru, [164].
• Karashehr, [106 n.]
• Kara Su, [12], [13], [16], [85], [99], [153], [171], [321], [330], [376].
• Karduniash, [337].
• Karmalas, [149].
• Kartal, [11], [23], [34], [106].
• Kas, [110].
• Kataonians, [344].
• Katashman-turgu identified with Katashman-buriash, [350].
• Kati, king of Quë, dethroned, [384].
• Katna, [33].
• Kedabeg, [3 n.]
• Khaiani, king of Samalla, [383].
• Khaleis ‘the Khalian,’ [325].
• Khali-rabbat (the Milid of late Assyrian records), [326], [339].
• Khalpa (Aleppo), [333], etc.
• Khammu-rabi, [323].
• Khanigalbat. See [Khali-rabbat].
• Kharusa, range of, [370].
• Kheta, [77 n.], [344].
• Khetasar (Hattusil II.), [337], [346].
• Khilakku, kingdom of, [54], [373], [375].
• Khite-ruadas, [376], [386].
• ‘Khopesh,’ [228].
• Kiakku of Shinukhta, [388].
• Kibshuna, [370].
• Kibshuna, treble-walled city, [370].
• Kilisse Hissar (Tyana), [39], [41], [90].
• —— —— site of the ancient Tyana, [185].
• Killiz, [7], [8], [86], [106], [330], [388].
• Kinalua, [376], [387].
• King-priest, [192].
• Kinza, [331].
• Kirchuk Yapalak, inscribed stone at, [87].
• Kirri, king of Quë, [384].
• Kiskeui, [149].
• Kizil Dagh, [90], [178].
• —— Irmak, [26].
• Kizilja Su, [41].
• Kizlar Daresi, [201].
• Kodja Su, [41], [43], [191].
• Kölit-oghlu Yaila, [90].
• —— —— inscription found at, [173].
• Komana (Comana), [5], [24], [54], [64 n.], [70].
• —— (identified with modern Shahr), [376].
• Konia, [18], [21], [24], [38], [40], [66], [174].
• Korkun, [42 n.]
• Kuchuk Kizil-Hissar, [12].
• Kulakly, [33].
• Kullani, [388].
• Kammanu, [376].
• Kummukh, [342], [368].
• Kundashpi, [376].
• Kurds in Syria, [6], [8].
• Kurman Su, [146].
• Kurts-oghlu, [76], [80 n.], [86], [98], [112].
• Kuru-Bel, [24], [45], [80 n.], [87], [146].
• Kuru Chai, [148].
• Kû-sar (Sû-sar), [326].
• Kush Dagh, [28].
• Kushtashpi, [376].
• Kybele, [128], [151], [238], [268].
• —— in Hittite mythology, [262].
• —— in Phrygia, rites of, [355].
• Kyrrhus, ruins of, [71].
• Lake Beyshehr, monuments reflecting Hittite influence, found near, [173].
• —— Van, [378].
• Lalle, [376].
• Lamas, monument probably not Hittite, [49 n.]
• Lance, [263].
• Language of the Hittites, [319].
• Latakia, seal and bronze figure from, [16 n.]
• Lebanon, [2].
• Lepsius, [351].
• Leuco-Syrians of Strabo, [22], [245 n.]
• Lightning emblem, [357].
• —— trident, [361].
• Lion, [146].
• —— at Cheshme Keupru, [162].
• —— seated, [156].
• —— -base, columnar figure upon, [176].
• —— -gate, [203].
• —— -tank, [210], [372].
• —— of Eyuk, [211].
• —— corner-stone of Eyuk, [372], [380].
• —— -goddess and son, [235].
• Lions at Amaksiz and Yalanjak, [162].
• —— at Boghaz-Keui, [380].
• —— at Sinjerli, [380].
• —— on monuments at Fassiler, [175].
• Lituus, [217], [229].
• Lubarna king of the Hattina, [376], [377], [383].
• Lycaonia, [69].
• —— local sculptures in, [76].
• —— Western, [93].
• Lycaonian structure, [40].
• Lycians, [344].
• Lycus, [35].
• Lydia, coast of, [2 n.]
• —— empire, [21 n.]
• —— history of, [56], [58], [60], [63 ff.]
• —— under the Hittites, [53], [66].
• Lyre, the, in Egypt, [118 n.]
• Ma, Mother-goddess, prototype of Kybele, [170], [235].
• —— at Comana, rites of, [355].
• —— the Mother-goddess, [151].
• Mace, [214].
• Maden-Shehr marks the classical site of Barata, or Bin Bir Kilisse, [177].
• Mæander, [37].
• —— route by, [67].
• Magic hammer, [361].
• Magnesia, [69].
• Mahalich, Hittite site, [40], [41], [90].
• —— marked by a Byzantine church, [177].
• Maiden’s Rock, [206].
• Malatia, [4], [5], [53], [54], [57], [80 n.], [84], [86], [87 n.], [88], [107], [339].
• —— monuments at, [132 ff.]
• —— sculptures of, [279].
• Manapa-Sanda, [341].
• —— -Tessub, [341].
• Marash, [4], [5], [6], [14], [24], [25], [53], [54], [80 n.], [86], [87], [99 n.], [101 n.], [102 n.], [105 n.], [106], [184], [205], [276 n.], [279], [282 n.], [292 n.], [296 n.], [301 n.], [308 n.], [330], [333].
• Marash, inscribed objects at, [118 ff.]
• —— royal stela at, [113], [114-118].
• —— sculptured fragments, [121].
• —— statue at, [113].
• Marcus Aurelius, [46].
• Marghasi, [80 n.]
• Markhasi, [111].
• Masonry, pentagonal in shape, [163].
• Matîlu of Agusi, [387].
• Matriarchal system in Asia Minor, [59].
• Matti, [61 n.]
• Matti of Atuna or Tuna, [388].
• Mattiuaza, [325], [338].
• Mazaca (Old Cæsarea), [22 ff.], [54], [366], [375], etc.
• Mazarima, Hittite prince, [345].
• Medes, appearance in Asia Minor, [56], [64].
• Median empire, [21 n.]
• Medinet Habu, temple of, [368].
• Menuas drives back the Assyrians, [385].
• Merenptah, [2].
• Mermnad dynasty, [65].
• Mersina, [49].
• Meshech, [390].
• Midas, in history, [55], [61], [62].
• —— monument of, [38].
• —— Phrygian inscription of, [42], [91], [185].
• —— so-called tomb of, [60], [166].
• Mikhri, bordering on the Pyramus, [376].
• Milid (Miliddu), [376].
• ‘Mita of Muski,’ the Phrygian Midas, [62], [389].
• Mitanni, [7 n.], [58 n.], [328].
• —— created a special protectorate, [338].
• Mithraic type of face at Jerablus, [128].
• Mithridates, [69].
• Mohammed, flight of, [57].
• Mongol invasions, [57].
• —— type of face, [307].
• Mongoloid Hittite allies, [318].
• Monstrous figures, pair of, [218].
• Monstrous winged figures, [226].
• Mother-goddess, [164], [322], [353], [354].
• —— ‘Queen of the Rock,’ [169].
• Mouldings in Roman style, [189].
• Mount Amanus, [371], etc.
• —— Bishri, [369].
• —— Tala, [370].
• Mountain cult, [321], [327].
• Mugallu, [376].
• Mujelibeh, [100 n.]
• Mural crown, [222].
• Mursil replaced his brother Arandas, [341], [366].
• Muski, [53], [54], [57], [368].
• —— -Phrygians, [377].
• Muzri, [342], [370], [383].
• Mutallu, [326], [341], [343], [345], [376].
• Mutiny of the Amorites, [345].
• Myrsos, Lydian king, [60 n.]
• Mysians, [344].
• Nabonidus, stele of, [100 n.]
• Nahr-el-Kelb, [370].
• Naram-Sin, [313], [323].
• National deity (Sutekh), [235].
• Nature-cults, [322].
• —— -goddess, cult of the, [152].
• Nefez-Keui, description of, [30-32].
• Nefret, queen of Egypt, [255], [309].
• Nerab, stele of, [102 n.]
• Nî, [333].
• Nigdeh, altar at, [91].
• —— Hittite inscriptions at, [41], [80 n.], [185].
• —— monuments at, [189].
• —— Seljûk sculptures at, [73].
• Nineveh, [3 n.]
• —— fall of, [64].
• Niobe, [89].
• —— confused with figure on Mount Sipylus, [169].
• Nishan Tash, inscription at, [88], [158], [206].
• Nukhasse, [330], [340].
• Obelisk, [145].
• Oblation vases, [339].
• Olba, priest-kings of, [69], [70].
• Old Malatia, Hittite site at, [132 ff.]
• Ordasu, mound near, [132].
• Orontes, [8], [14], [15], [16], [93], [321], [370], [377].
• Osmaniyeh, [14].
• Osmanli Turks, [57], [72], [319].
• Oval, the emblem of sanctity, [150].
• Ovid, [169].
• Painted pottery of Sakje-Geuzi, [320].
• Palace at Beuyuk Kaleh, [206], [207].
• Palanga, [80 n.], [87], [311].
• —— monuments at, [141 ff.]
• Palmyra, [16].
• Panammu, king of Samaal, [271], [311].
• —— II., a Semitic ruler, [388].
• Pantheon, Hittite, [317].
• Panther and eagle, probably cult objects, [230].
• Paul of Tarsus, [45].
• Pausanias, [168], [170].
• Peasant-god, [192].
• —— the patron of agriculture, [379].
• Pentaur, poem of, [345].
• Pergamum, kingdom of, [57].
• Persian Empire, under Cyrus, [56].
• —— Gulf, [3].
• —— posts, [199].
• Perspective convention, [214].
• Pessinus, [110 n.], [164].
• Pharaoh, [323].
• Phœnician monuments at Sinjerli, [270 ff.]
• Phrygia, [24], [39], [93].
• —— boundaries of, [36], [37].
• —— local sculptures in, [76].
• —— monuments, [37].
• —— pine-woods of, [19], [20].
• —— Seljûks in, [72].
• —— under Hittites, [53].
• Phrygian conquerors, [317].
• —— history of the, [57].
• —— power at its height, [56].
• Pig’s Head, cape, [15].
• Pigtail, [216], [218], [222], [229], [318], [379].
• Pisidia, [343].
• Pisiris, [61], [371], [389].
• Plan of the Rock Sanctuary called Iasily Kaya, [221].
• Plato’s Spring, [40], [174].
• Pontus, kingdom of, [57], [69].
• —— Roman province, [69].
• Pottery, coloured, [210].
• Priest, [100].
• —— -king, [186], [237], [340], [378].
• —— -kings of Lydia, [64].
• Proto-Greek type of Hittite allies, [318].
• Psamtek of Egypt, [65].
• Pteria, [9], [25], [32], [60], [60 n.], [66], [196], [197].
• —— destruction of, [55].
• —— overthrow by Crœsus, [38].
• Ptolemy, [388].
• Put-akhi, chief of the Amorites, [345], [346].
• Putukhipa, Princess of Qizwadna, [340], [346].
• Putu-khipa, mentioned as co-ruler, [353].
• Pylæ Syriæ et Ciliciæ, [15 n.]
• Pyramus, [4], [5], [6], [13], [14], [49].
• —— River, [86].
• —— valley of the, [145], [365].
• —— ——, route via, [143].
• Pyrenees, [321].
• Qarqar, battle of, [384].
• Qizwadna, [346], [348].
• Quë, [375], [382], etc.
• Qurt Dagh, [7], [13], [14], [106].
• Qurts-oghlu. See [Kurts-oghlu].
• Racial character, wide difference of, [318].
• Rafts of skin, [381].
• Rameses, [77 n.]
• Rameses the Great, [209], [351].
• Rameses, Hittite ambassador, [348].
• Rameses II., [2], [12 n.], [136], [281 n.], [343].
• —— III., [77 n.]
• Ramesseum, [319].
• Ras El Khanzîr, [15].
• Renaissance of the Hittite kingdoms, [373].
• Records of the Assyrians, [375].
• Restan, [16], [85].
• Rites of Comana, [239].
• —— of Istar at Babylon, [236].
• Rock carving of Fraktin, [184].
• —— carvings, [148].
• —— —— of Ivrîz, [378].
• —— image of the Mother-goddess, [168].
• —— sculptures called Iasily Kaya, [211].
• Roman province of Asia, [69].
• —— provinces in Asia Minor, [69], [70].
• Romans in Asia Minor, [57], [69 ff.]
• Romanus Diogenes, [72].
• Rosette device on stela at Bor, [188].
• —— surrounded by horseshoe-shaped device, [217].
• Rosettes, [148].
• Rowanduz, [9].
• Royal insignia, [233].
• —— Road, [24], [25], [89], [199], [366].
• Rum Kale, monument at, [130].
• Sayce, [190], [194].
• Sacred dirk, [240].
• Sakaria (Sangarius), [35].
• Sakje-Geuzi, [13], [14], [77], [80 n.], [86], [100], [101 n.], [102], [103], [106], [109], [264], [276 n.], [282 n.], [286 n.], [289 n.], [290 n.], [297].
• —— column bases of, [142 n.]
• —— mounds and palace-portico at, [298 ff.]
• —— sphinx at, [275].
• —— technique of walls, [251].
• —— the Berlin relief, [103 ff.]
• Salamis, terra-cotta figures from, [142].
• Samalla (Samaal), identified with Sinjerli, [270], [367], [376], [377].
• Samosata (Samsat), [366].
• Samsat, [4], [84], [85], [100 n.], [333], [342], [369].
• —— monument at, [130-131].
• Samsun, [28], [34].
• Sanctuary of Iasily Kaya, [226], [234].
• Sandes, or Sandan, [160], [322], [339], [348], [358].
• Sandon of Tarsus, the prototype of Attis, [173], [235], [238].
• Sangarius, [21], [35], [36], [37], [38], [59].
• Saracens, [72].
• —— besiege Constantinople, [57].
• Sardis, [2], [38], [64], [67], [84], [89], [199].
• Sargon, [60], [61], [62], [77 n.], [273 n.], [323], [388].
• —— conquers Hittite country, [55].
• Sarisu, possibly the classical Sareisa, [348].
• Sarrupsi, king of Nukhasse, [330].
• Sarus, [5], [42].
• Satraps of Persia, [66], [67].
• Sculpture on Mount Sipylus, [168].
• —— of non-Phrygian character, [166].
• Sculptures of Iasily Kaya, [357].
• —— of Boghaz-Keui, [319].
• —— of Sinjerli, [319].
• Scythians, invasion of, [62].
• Seal of the Hittite god of the skies, [349].
• —— of Sutekh, Prince of Heaven, [349].
• Seals inscribed in Hittite hieroglyph and cuneiform, [352].
• —— of treaty, [349].
• Seated figure on throne near Kizil Dagh, [179].
• Seleucid kings, [57], [68], [69].
• Seljûk Turks, [50], [57], [72 ff.], [319].
• Sesostris, images of, described by Herodotus, [172].
• Sety I., [342].
• Shahr, [5], [146].
• Shalmaneser I., [77 n.], [342], [382].
• —— II., [381], [384].
• Shahr, Comana, [370].
• Shangara (or Sangar), [371].
• —— king of Carchemish, [381], [382].
• Shapalulme, [377].
• —— king of the Hattina, [382].
• Sharduris, [386], [387].
• Shinukhta, [376].
• Shoe with upturned toe, [320].
• Shugab, [378].
• Sickle, or scimitar, [218].
• Silver mines near Bulghar-Madên, [190].
• Silver and salt recorded as tribute in Assyrian records, [383].
• Sinjerli, site of, [13], [80 n.], [86], [88], [99 ff.], [100], [101], [102], [106], [108], [109], [122].
• —— column bases of, [142 n.]
• —— gateways of, [246 n.], [252 n.]
• —— god-figure at, [117].
• —— technique of walls, [251].
• —— town and sculptures of, [270 ff.], [300], [301 n.], [309], [310 n.], [311].
• Sinope, [199], [365].
• Sipa-zar, [345].
• Sipylene Mother, [65].
• Sipylus, Mount, [2 n.], [37], [63], [66], [84], [89], [93], [167], [262], [366].
• —— —— sculpture on, [168].
• Sites, Hittite. See [App. B].
• Sivas, [5], [26], [29], [34], [36], [66], [365].
• —— road to, [23].
• Skull-cap surrounded by three decorated fillets, [193].
• Smyrna, [37], [65], [66], [84].
• Socket-hole in granite blocks, [159].
• Soghan Dagh, [147].
• Solinus, [373].
• Son-god, [105], [235], [210], [241], [360].
• Sophocles, [169].
• Sphinx, [230].
• Sphinxes of Eyuk, [204], [253 ff.]
• Square shield, [318], [364].
• Staff with crescental knob, [179].
• Stela, C. 1, Musée du Louvre, [323].
• —— at Bor, [185].
• —— at Fassiler, [175].
• Stool with straight legs, [165].
• Storm-god, the Hittite, [138 n.]
• Strabo, [23], [185], [231], [239].
• —— ritual of Mother-goddess described by, [170].
• Suasa, inscriptions at, [88], [153].
• Subbi-luliuma of Hatti, [315], [325], [326], [330], [331], [334], [367].
• Subbi-sil (Sipa-zar), [345].
• Sultan Han, [24], [39].
• Sumur, [335].
• Sun-god, [322].
• —— invoked on Hittite treaty, [348].
• Sungurlu, [34].
• —— road to, [88].
• Susa, [67].
• —— excavations at, [313].
• Sutatarra, king of Kinza, [331].
• Sutekh, [359].
• —— national deity of the Hittites, [237].
• Sutekh cycle of the nine states in the Egyptian treaty, [358].
• Svastika, [187].
• Sword, long, [215].
• Syria, [4], [14], [19], [55], [67], [68].
• —— Assyrian influence in, [79].
• —— desert, [6].
• —— early Hittite settlements in, [52].
• —— geography of, [6 ff.]
• Syrian villages, [10], [11].
• —— wars, [336].
• Syrians, [66].
• Syro-Cappadocians, [22].
• Tabal, [375], [390].
• —— kingdom of, invaded in 858 B.C., [384].
• Tablets of brick, [198].
• —— inscribed in cuneiform script, [208].
• Taharqa, [390].
• Tal-tisebu, [348].
• Targâs-nâli, [341].
• Tarkhunazi of Malatia, [376], [389].
• Tarku, a Hittite form of Sandes, [358].
• Tarkhulara, [380], [389].
• Tarkundaraus writes to Amenhetep III., [326].
• Tarqu or Tarkhu, tutelary deity of Arzawa, [326 n.]
• Tarsus, [46], [48].
• —— falls into Assyrian hands, [384].
• —— taken from Saracens, [72].
• Tartar peoples, [320].
• Tashji, [5], [148].
• —— figures and inscription on rock, [87].
• Taurus Mountains, [2], [3], [13], [14], [17], [18], [19], [21], [41], [42], [44], [49], [68], [78], [84], [86], [92], [262], [330].
• —— —— copper sources in, [322].
• Tavium, [30].
• Teiria, [245 n.]
• Tell-Ahmar, [7 n.], [85], [129-130], [378].
• Tell el Amarna letters, [315], [316], [330].
• Tell-Halaf, [7 n.]
• Temple of the eagle, [236].
• Ten Thousand, march of, [67].
• Tessup, Hittite storm-god, [291].
• Texier, [206].
• Thebes, [53], [209], [328].
• Thermodon River, [35].
• Thothmes I., [327].
• —— III., [77 n.], [327].
• Thracian immigrants, [369].
• Throne hewn out of the rock near Kizil Dagh, [179].
• Throw-stick, [363].
• Tiglath-Pileser I., [77 n.], [273], [369], [371].
• —— III., [78], [271], [386], [388].
• Tigris, [3], [332].
• Timber used for building, [159].
• Tynne, capital of Shinukhta, [376].
• —— identified by Ramsay with Faustinopolis, [376].
• Tmolus, mountain, [167].
• Tochma Su, [4], [5], [25], [45], [86], [143], [146], [327], [365], [371].
• —— route by the, [199].
• Toga, [160], [217], [232].
• Tope Nefezi, [152].
• Track connecting Ephesus with Sardis or Smyrna, [171].
• Transport wagon, [365].
• Treaties with internal states in Syria, [325].
• Treaty between Hattusil and Rameses the Great, [234].
• Treaty, Hittite copy of, presented to the Pharaoh, [348].
• —— with Mitanni, [338].
• Triangular bow, [318].
• Tribal totems, [356].
• Tripolis, [16].
• Triumph of Assyrian conqueror, [383].
• Troad, white incised pottery of, [313], [316].
• Tubal, kingdom of, [54], [61].
• Tul Barsip, chief stronghold of the Bit Adini, [381].
• Tuna, [61 n.]
• Tunip, [343].
• Turkestan, mounds of, [320].
• Turkey in Asia, [319].
• Turkomans at Kartal, [11].
• —— in Halys Valley, [29].
• —— at Nefez-Keui, [31].
• Tushratta, [328], [337], [351].
• —— of Mitanni, [315].
• Tutammu, [376].
• Tuz Geul, [24], [28], [40].
• Twin goddesses of the Double Eagle, [236].
• Two-headed eagle, [230].
• Tyana, [19], [21], [24], [39], [40], [42], [45 n.], [54], [60], [61], [62 n.], [80 n.], [90], [91], [155], [221], [366], [373].
• —— centre of second Hittite kingdom, [25].
• —— Phrygian inscription from, [25], [56].
• —— stele at, [113].
• Types of faces, various, [33 n.]
• —— of Hittites, [318].
• Tyre, war of Esarhaddon with, [271].
• Tyriaion, [173], [174].
• Uassarmi, chief of Tabal, [389].
• Umman Manda or Nations of the North, [324].
• Underground passage, [154].
• Unki, [271], [376], [386], [387].
• Urartians exact tribute from Malatia, [385].
• Urartu, [62], [378], [382], [390].
• Urfa, seal from, [7 n.]
• Van, Lake, [54].
• Vannic inscriptions, [62], [381], [385], [388].
• —— monuments, [3 n.]
• Vassalage of the Amorite to the Hittite, [324].
• —— granted to non-Hittite tribes, [326].
• Venasa, [70].
• Vine-culture, [177].
• Walled townships, [367].
• Wan, monuments at, [98].
• War-chariot, [363].
• Warrior deities of Giaour-Kalesi, [340].
• —— statue of, [171].
• Weapon resembling a sickle, [228].
• White Syrians, [60].
• Winged animal, [153].
• —— deity, [339].
• —— disk on inscription found at Kizil Dagh, [187].
• —— rosette, [233].
• Worship of mountains and streams, [322].
• Xenophon, [67].
• Yamoola, [27], [236].
• —— sculptures at, [88], [155].
• Yapalak, [145].
• Yarre, [36], [38], [84], [89], [100].
• Yazîr Daresi, [32], [200].
• Yeni Keui, monuments near, [144].
• Yenije Kala, [205].
• Yeshil Irmak, [35].
• Yuzgat, road to, [23], [24], [30], [34], [35], [36], [106 n.]
• Zamanti Su, [5], [87], [148].
• Zeus, [237].

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at the Edinburgh University Press