| Diamond | These are termed “gems” or “precious stones.” |
| Sapphire |
| Ruby |
| Emerald |
| Topaz |
| Amethyst |
| Aquamarine |
| Garnet |
| Pearl |
| Turquoise |
| Jargoon |
| Onyx |
| Sardonyx |
| Quartz | These are crystallizations. |
| Rock-crystal |
| Tourmaline |
| Spar |
| Asbestos |
| Jasper | These are concretions. |
| Chalcedony |
| Agate |
| Carnelian |
| Flint |
| Bloodstone |
| Moss-agate |
| Weed-agate |
| Mocha-stone |
| Jet | These are exudations, depositions, or fossils. |
| Amber |
| Clay |
| Chalk |
| Coal |
| Rock-salt: a chloride of sodium. |
| Kaolin: this is from “felspar.” |
| Echinus | These are fossil animals, for the most part belonging to extinct species of “zoophytes.” |
| Ammonite |
| Alcyonite |
| Troglodyte |
| Choanite |
| Ventriculite |
| Icthyolite |
| Cray-fish |
| Sharks’ teeth |
| Sand of the Desert: this is powdered quartz. |
| Sand of the Sea-shore: sandstone dust, mixed and penetrated with salt. |
| Sea-weed: a compound of vegetable carbon, salt, and siliceous particles. |