NOTES.

Rates, Trains, Hotel Accommodations.—The round-trip fare from Tacoma via the Tacoma Eastern is $6.00. This includes railway transportation to Ashford and automobile-stage ride from Ashford to Longmire Springs and return. Tickets are good for the season. To parties of ten or more traveling together a single ticket is issued at $5.00 per capita. A week-end ticket, Saturday to Monday, is sold at $5.00. The rates from Seattle to the Springs are $1.50 more, in each case, than the Tacoma rates. The train schedule for 1911 follows:

SOUTHBOUND NORTHBOUND
Leave Seattle7.45 a. m. and12.30 p. m. Leave Inn7.15 a. m. and 1.30 p. m.
Arrive Tacoma8.55 a. m. and 1.40 p. m. Arrive Ashford8.30 a. m. and 2.45 p. m.
Leave Tacoma9.05 a. m. and 1.50 p. m. Leave Ashford8.40 a. m. and 2.55 p. m.
Arrive Ashford11.20 a. m. and 4.05 p. m. Arrive Tacoma10.55 a. m. and 5.10 p. m.
Leave Ashford11.30 a. m. and 4.15 p. m. Leave Tacoma11.05 a. m. and 5.15 p. m.
Arrive at Inn12.45 p. m. and 5.30 p. m. Arrive Seattle12.15 p. m. and 6.30 p. m.

The National Park Inn, Longmire Springs, provides excellent rooms in the Inn, with a large number of well-furnished and comfortable tents near by. The rates range from $2.50 to $3.75 a day, including meals. The dining-room is under the Chicago, Milwaukee & Puget Sound dining-car management, which insures a satisfactory table.

At the older Longmire Hotel, the rate is $2.50 a day for room and board. This hotel is open all the year, and in winter is much frequented by persons seeking Winter sports, or making use of the mineral springs.

The springs are of great variety, and are highly recommended for their medicinal virtues. Within an area of several acres, there are a score of these springs, varying from the normal temperature of a mountain stream almost to blood heat. Well-appointed bathhouses are maintained. Fee, including attendance, $1.00.

At Reese's Camp, in Paradise Park, and at Mrs. Hall's similar tent hotel in Indian Henry's Park, the charge for meals, with a tent for sleeping, is $2.50 per day.

Stages, Horses, Guides.—The cost of getting from Longmire Springs to Paradise or Indian Henry's is moderate. Many prefer to make the trips on foot over the mountain trails. Parties are made up several times a day, under experienced guides, for each of these great "parks," and sure-footed horses are provided for those who wish to ride, at $1.50 for the round trip. Guides and horses for the new trail to Eagle Peak are at the same rate. Guides may be had at the National Park Inn or at either of the "camps" for many interesting trips over the mountain trails. Horses also are furnished. The charge varies with the number in a party.

Stages carry passengers from the Inn over the government road to Nisqually glacier, Narada Falls and Reese's Camp in Paradise Park. The charge for the trip to Narada and return is $2.00; to Paradise and return, $3.00.

For those who wish to make the ascent to the summit over the Gibraltar trail, trustworthy guides may be engaged at the Inn or at Reese's. Arrangements should be made several days in advance. The cost of such a trip depends upon the number in a party. The guides make a charge of $25 for the first member of the party, and $5 each for the others. They furnish alpenstocks, ropes, and calks for the shoes of climbers at a reasonable charge. Each person should carry with him a blanket or extra coat and a small amount of food, for use in the event of being on the summit over night. Still heavier clothing will be required if the night is to be spent at Camp Muir. A sleeping-bag, which can be easily made, or purchased at any outfitter's, will prove invaluable to campers. Ascents from other points than Reese's are usually made in special parties. All persons are warned not to attempt an ascent unless accompanied by experienced guides. Lives have been lost through neglect of this precaution.

For persons visiting the North Side, the Northern Pacific rate from Tacoma to Fairfax is $1.25, and from Seattle to Fairfax, with change of cars at Puyallup, $1.75. Guides and horses may be engaged at Fairfax for the Spray Park trail.

Automobiles and Motorcycles.—These vehicles are permitted to use the government road, as far as the Nisqually glacier, under the following regulations of the Interior Department:

No automobile or motorcycle will be permitted within the Park unless its owner secures a written permit from the Superintendent, Edward S. Hall, Ashford, Washington, or his representative. Applications must show: Names of owner and driver, number of machine, and inclusive dates for which permit is desired, not exceeding one year, and be accompanied by a fee of $5 for each automobile and $1 for each motorcycle. All permits will expire on December 31. Permits must be presented to the Superintendent or his authorized representatives at the park entrance on the government road.

Automobiles and motorcycles will be permitted on the government road west of Longmire Springs between the hours of 7 a. m. and 8.30 p. m., but no automobile or motorcycle shall enter the Park or leave Longmire Springs in the direction of the western boundary, later than 8 p. m., the use of automobiles and motorcycles to be permitted between Longmire Springs and Nisqually glacier between the hours of 9 a. m. and 9.30 p. m., but no automobile or motorcycle shall leave Longmire Springs in the direction of the glacier later than 7 p. m.

When teams, saddle horses, or pack trains approach, automobiles and motorcycles shall take position on the outer edge of the roadway, taking care that sufficient room is left on the inside for them to pass, and remaining at rest until they have passed, or until the drivers are satisfied regarding the safety of their horses. Horses have the right of way, and automobiles and motorcycles will be backed or otherwise handled to enable horses to pass with safety.

Speed shall be limited to 6 miles per hour, except on straight stretches where approaching teams, saddle horses, and pack trains will be visible, when, if none are in sight, this speed may be increased to the rate indicated on signboards along the road; in no event, however, shall it exceed 15 miles per hour. Signal with horn shall be given at or near every bend to announce to approaching drivers the proximity of a machine.

Violation of any of the foregoing rules, or the general regulations of the Park, will cause the revocation of permit, subject the owner of the automobile or motorcycle to any damages occasioned thereby and to ejectment from the reservation, and be cause for refusal to issue a new permit without prior sanction in writing from the Secretary of the Interior.

Literature of the Mountain.—Vancouver, Winthrop, Kautz, Stevens and Van Trump have been noted in the text. Other early accounts of, or references to, the Mountain may be found in Wilkes: Narrative U. S. exploring expedition. Phil. 1845, v. 4, 413, 415, 424; U. S. War Dep't: Explorations for railroad to Pacific, 1853-4, v. 1, 192; Gibbs: Journal Am. Geog. Soc., v. 4, 354-357. Gibbs's Indian vocabularies, published at different dates, were reprinted four years after his death in Contributions to Am. Ethnol., v. 1. Wash. 1877.

For Emmons's account of his exploration in 1870, see Bulletin Am. Geog. Soc. v. 9, 44-61. Am. Jour. of Science, v. 101, 157-167, and Nation v. 23, 313. Prof. Israel C. Russell's studies of the peak are in U. S. geol. survey, 5th an. rep. 335-339 and 18th an. rep., part 2, 349-415. See also his Glaciers of N. Am., Bost. 1901, 62-67, and Volcanoes of N. Am., Bost. 1895, 241-246. For other accessible studies consult Wright: Ice age in N. Am. N. Y. 1889, and Muir: Our national parks, Bost. 1901.

The long controversy over the name of the peak is impartially reviewed in Snowden: History of Washington. N. Y. 1909, v. 4, 249-254. Snowden calls especial attention to an able paper by the late Thaddeus Hanford of Olympia on the Indian names and recommending the name Tacoma for the Territory, which was printed in the Washington Standard in January, 1866. This article should be reprinted by the State Historical Society, as it represents a movement of considerable force at one time against the inept and confusing name adopted for the State. The Indian evidence for the native name of the Mountain was collected in Wickersham: Is it "Mt. Tacoma" or "Mt. Rainier?", pamphlet, Tacoma, 1893. The argument of an eminent traveler and author against "Mt. Rainier" may be found in Finck: Pacific coast scenic tour. N. Y. 1891, 209-213, 229-230; also in the same writer's more recent article, Scribner's Magazine, v. 47, 234-5. See also Lyman: The Columbia river. N. Y. 1909, p. 32, 352-370, and The Mountains of Washington, in The Mountaineer, v. 1, 7-10; and Charles F. Lummis's editorial articles in Out West, v. 23, 367 and 494. On the other hand, Prof. Davidson, in Sierra Club Bulletin, v. 6, 87-98, presents reasons on which that club accepted "Mt. Rainier."

Wheeler: Climbing Mt. Rainier, St. Paul, 1895, and Plummer: Illustrated guide book to Mt. Tacoma, Tacoma, n. d., are two pamphlets now out of print.

The ascents by the Mazama, Sierra and Mountaineers clubs have furnished material for a great variety of articles on the geology, botany and glacier action, as well as many accounts of climbing adventures. Mazama, v. 2, Sierra Club Bulletin, v. 6, and The Mountaineer, v. 1 and 2, are mainly devoted to this peak. For articles in periodicals of wider circulation, see Review of Reviews, v. 9, 163-171 (by Carl Snyder); Out West, v. 24, 365-395 (Willoughby Rodman); National geog. mag., v. 20, 530-538 (Milnor Roberts); Scribner's v. 22, 169-171 (I. C. Russell); Outing, v. 5, 323-332 (J. R. W. Hitchcock), and v. 38, 386-392 (Ada Woodruff Anderson); Overland, n. s., v. 2, 300-312 (W. D. Lyman), v. 8, 266-278 (George Bailey), v. 32, 114-123 (J. P. Montgomery), v. 46, 447-455 (Harry H. Brown), v. 55, 552-560 (A. W. McCully), and v. 56, 150-155 (A. W. McCully); Pacific monthly, v. 8, 196-202 (John Muir); The world today, v. 9, 1047-53 (Anne Shannon Monroe); Good words, v. 42, 101-114 (Arthur Inkersley); Appalachia, v. 7, 185-205 (Ernest C. Smith), and v. 11, 114-125 (W. A. Brooks); Country life in Am., v. 14, 170-171 (C. E. Cutter); The Northwest, v. 1, 2-10 (Bailey Willis); Outdoor life, v. 26, 15-24 (Edna Cadwallader). Special studies of the rocks of the peak may be found in U. S. geol. sur., 12th an. rep. pt. 1, 612 (J. P. Iddings), and in Neues Jahrbuch, v. 1, 222-226, Stuttgart, 1885 (K. Oebeke).

Glacial debris on lower part of Winthrop Glacier, with Sluiskin Mountains beyond.

INDEX.

Figures in light face type refer to the text, those in the heavier type to illustrations.

Adams, Mount, [77], [86], [64], [66].
Allen, Prof. O. D., cottage, [49].
Alta Vista, [49], [60].
American Alpine Club, [126].
Anemones, [32];
seed pods, [138].
Appalachian Club, [126].
Ascents, Kautz, [117];
Stevens and Van Trump, [120]-4;
Emmons and Wilson, [124];
Glascock and Dudley, [125];
the mountain clubs, [126].
Automobiles, [57], [70]-72, [141], [41], [49], [54].
Avalanche on Willis Wall, [119].
Avalanche Camp, [103], [104], [105].
Avalanche Lilies, [136].

Baker, Mount, [86], [98], [99].
Ballinger, Richard, H. [75].
Basaltic Columns,—South Mowich, [23];
on Cowlitz, [93].
Bashford, Herbert,—verse, [17].
Bee Hive, [76], [80].
Beljica, view from, [27].
Brooks, Francis,—verse, [40].

Cabins needed on the ridges, [116], [144].
Camp of the Clouds, [49], [61], [60].
Carbon river, [50], [103], [114].
Cascade Mountains, [66], [87], [90], [96].
Cathedral Rocks, [85], [76], [84], [78].
Chittenden, Maj. H. M., urges trail, [69].
Columbia's Crest, [86], [88], [52], [78].
Commencement Bay, [28].
Congress, action affecting the Park, [58], [59], [67], [70].
Cowlitz Chimneys, [43], [78], [81].
Cowlitz Cleaver, [85], [76], [78], [81].
Cowlitz Park, [64], [93].
Crater, [50], [88], [89].
Crater Lake, [117].
Crater Peak, [13], [86], [60], [89].
Curtis, Camp, on the Wedge, [97].
Cushman, Francis W., [59], [108].

Dudley, Ernest, [125].

Eagle Cliff, [51].
Eagle Peak (Simlayshe), [30], [31];
new trail to, [141].
Eagle Rock in winter, [7].
East-side route to summit, [117], [126], [100].
Edmunds, George F., [96].
Electric-power development, [108]-112.
Electron, The Mountain from, [13], [19];
Power plant at, [108], [112].
Emmons, S. F., Geologist, [94]-97.

Fairfax, trail from, [50].
Fair Mountaineer, A, [35].
Fairy Falls, [73].
Fay Peak, [51], [92].
Ferns, [132].
Fires, danger of forest, [8], [58], [130].
Flett, Prof., J. B., [129], n.
Flint, Frank P., U. S. Senator, [75].
Flood, Indian legend of the, [39].
Fox Island, the Mountain from, [14].
Fountain, Paul, quoted, [43].
Fuller, Miss Fay, [126], [72].

Gap Point, [61], [54].
"Ghost Trees," [50].
Gibbs, George, on name "Mt. Tacoma," [104], [107], [142].
Gibraltar Rock, [82], [85], [116], [121], [60], [68], [71], [76], [78], [81], [82], [83], [85], [86].
Glaciers, their number and work, [79]-83;
moraines, [83], [68], [77], [79], [96];
rate of flow, [83], [72];
names, [93]-97;
rivers, [108];
—Carbon, [50], [51], [77], [103], [105], [107], [108], [118], [119], [120], [121], [129];
—Cowlitz, [50], [93], [6], [51], [78], [81], [84], [87];
—Frying-Pan, [93], [41], [96], [97];
—Ingraham, [93], [78];
—Interglacier, [93], [98], [99];
—Kautz, [93], [27], [30], [37], [60], [68];
—North Mowich, [50]-52, [96], [13], [123], [124], [128];
—South Mowich, [52], [13], [22], [23];
—Nisqually, [49], [31], [55], [57], [60], [68], [69], [71], [72], [78], [81];
—Paradise, [50], [94], [97], [25], [31], [60], [79];
—Puyallup, [52], [13], [27], [33];
—Stevens, [50], [97], [61], [64], [79];
—North Tahoma, [93], [13], [26], [27], [32], [33], [37];
—South Tahoma, [93], [17], [27], [32], [36], [37], [60];
—Van Trump, [94], [31], [60];
—White, [50], [81], [93], [9], [12], [94], [95], [96], [100], [121];
—Winthrop, [50], [51], [93], [94], [8], [17], [130], [103], [104], [107], [113], [126], [142].
Glascock, Raglan, [125].
"Goat Island," moraine, [96].
Goat Mountain (Mt. Wow), [28].
Goat Peaks, [87], [90], [94].
Grand Park, [51], [64], [98], [99].
Green River, view of the Mountain from, [140].
Guides, [113], [141].

Hanging glaciers, [51], [57].
Heather, [133].
Hellebore, [133].
Hiaqua Hunter, Myth, [32]-39.
Hood, Mt., [86].
Hylebos, P. F. (Rev.), [28], n.

Ice caves, [31], [73].
Indian Henry's Hunting Ground, [49], [25], [29], [32], [34], [36], [37], [40], [50], [131], [137];
—Mrs. Hall's Camp, [141].
Indians, nature worship of the Mountain, [25]-31, [39];
Puget Sound tribes, [25], [26];
fear of the snow-peaks, [32], [121].
Ingraham, Maj. E. S., [100].
Interglaciers, [93].
Iron and Copper mountains, [25], [30].

Jones, Wesley L., U. S. Senator, [75].
Jordan, David Starr, [67].
Judson, Miss Katharine B. [35], [39].

Kautz, Gen., A. V., [117].
Kulshan, Indian name for Mt. Baker, [98].
Kutz, Maj. C. W., [69].

Liberty Cap (North Peak), [86], [22], [89], [114].
Little Tahoma, [82], [85], [9], [31], [60], [78], [79], [94], [121].
Longmire, James, trail and road, [59].
Longmire Hotel, [141].
Longmire Springs, [44], [51], [141], [52].
Lost to the World, [69].
Lupines, [139].

McClure, Prof. Edgar, death, [115].
Marmot, [26].
Matthes, Francois E., U. S. geologist, [89], [97].
Mazama (mountain goat), [23].
Mazama Club, [126], [81], [82].
Mazama Ridge, [60].
Mineral Lake, [18].
Moraine Park, [51], [126], [105], [113], [117], [129], [136].
Mosses and ferns, [132].
Mother Mountains, [103], [114], [116], [122], [129].
Mountaineers, The, [126], [61], [121], [126].
Mountain goat, [23].
Mountain Lily, [136], [135].
Mountain Pine, [28].
Muir John, quoted, [77], [113], [129];
Portrait, [116].
Muir, Camp, [115], [60], [80], [83].
Mystic Lake, [113].

Narada Falls, [61], [107], [58].
National Park, see [Rainier Natl. Park.]
National Parks, proposed Bureau of, [75].
National Park Inn, [44], [50], [52].
Nisqually Canyon, [21].
Nisqually Glacier (see [Glaciers]).
Nisqually river, [108], [111], [21], [24], [55].
North Peak (Liberty Cap), [13], [22], [89].

Ohop Valley, [43].

Pacific Forest Reserve, [59].
Paradise River, [59].
Paradise Valley, or Park, [30], [49]-51, [61], [31], [39], [46], [53], [59], [60], [62].
Peak Success (South Peak), [86], [123]-125, [13], [24], [25], [27], [33], [37], [60], [68], [78].
Phlox, [135].
Pierce County road, [43], [49].
Piles, S. H., U. S. Senator, [70].
Pinnacle Peak, [38], [39], [46], [47].
Point Defiance Park, [18].
Power-plants on the Mountain, [108]-112, [111], [112].
Proctor, Miss Edna Dean, poem, "The Mountain Speaks," [15].
Ptarmigan, [40].
Puget Sound [18], [25], [14];
named by Vancouver, [98].
Puyallup river, [108], [40].
Pyramid Peak, [25], [60].

Railways to Puget Sound, [44];
to the Mountain, [54], [57];
rates and time table, [140].
Rainier, Rear-Admiral Peter, [7], [98], [100], [103], n., [101].
Reese's Camp, [61], [115], [141], [64].
Reflection Lake, [60], [77].
Rainier National Park, [54];
increasing use of, [56], [57];
its creation, [58]-9;
see also [Roads].
Ricksecker, Eugene, engineer, [61], [62], [70], [97].
Rivers fed by the Mountain, [108].
Rocks of the Mountain, [82], [112].
Roads and trails, Pierce County's to the Mountain, [44], [56], [42], [43], [44], [49];
government road in National Park, [57]-62, [51], [54], [55], [56];
trails, [44], [45], [50]-2, [55], [56], [121];
proposed road around the Mountain, [62]-70;
need, [58], [130].
Rough climbing, [39].
Russell, Prof. Israel C., [94].
Russell Peak, [82], [103], [105].

Saghalie Illahe, Indian land of peace, [30].
St. Elmo Pass, [8], [98], [100], [102], [104].
St. Helen's, Mt., [77], [86], [29], [36].
Seattle, [18], [43], [44], [108].
Senecio, [129].
Sierra Club, [75], [126], [57], [69].
Simlayshe (Eagle Peak), [30].
Siwashes, origin of term, [28], n.
See also [Indians].
Sluiskin, guides Stevens and Van Trump, [28], [32], [120]-1.
Sluiskin Falls, [67].
Sluiskin Mountains, [51], [103], [105], [126], [136], [142].
Snipe Lake, [98].
Snow Lake, [34].
Sour-Dough Mountains, 8, [98], [99].
Spanaway Lake, [4].
South Peak, see [Peak Success].
Spray Falls, [125].
Spray Park, [50], [51], [92], [106], [116], [122].
Steamboat Prow, [51], [85], [104].
Steam Caves in Crater, [88].
Stevens, Gen. Hazard, [28], n., [32], [96], [97], [120]-4, [115].
Stevens Canyon, [64], [66].
Storm King Peak, [18].
Summit, On the, [52];
South-side route to, [60];
East-side route, [100].
"Sunshine" and "Storm," [70].

"Tacoma," Indian name for the Mountain, [25], [100]-7.
Tacoma (City) [18], [43], [44], [111].
Tatoosh Mountains, [50], [53], [59], [60], [62], [64], [87].
Tolmie, Dr. W. F., [117].
Trees in the National Park, [129]-131, [139], [42], [130], [132].
Tyndall, Prof. John, quoted, [77].

Unicorn Peak, [65].
United States Geological Survey, [89].

Vancouver, Capt. George, discovers and names the Mountain, [98]-101.
Van Trump, P. B., [28], n., [32], [120]-5, [115].

Washington Lake, the Mountain from, [16].
Washington Torrents, [59].
Waterfall above Paradise Valley, [63].
Wedge, The, [51], [85], [8], [97], [99], [100].
White river, [110], [12], [112].
Whitney, Mt., [90].
Willis, Bailey, geologist, [96], [97].
Wilson, A. D., [96], [97].
Whulge, see [Puget Sound].
Winthrop, Theodore, [93];
describes the Mountain, [102]-4;
authority for his use of the Indian name, [104]-7.
Wind-swept trees, [28], [139].
Wow, Mt. (Goat Mountain), [28].

Yellowstone National Park, [57], [67], [72].

A climbers' cabin on one of the shoulders of Mt. Blanc.

Map Of Puget Sound Country And Roads To Mt. Rainier-tacoma.

Map of RAINIER NATIONAL PARK Compiled by EUGENE RICKSECKER U. S. Assistant Engineer FROM "THE MOUNTAIN THAT WAS 'GOD'"

Footnote 1: Among those who have studied the Puget Sound Indians most sympathetically is the Rev. Mr. Hylebos of Tacoma. He came to the Northwest in 1870, when the census gave Tacoma a white population of seventy-three. In those days, says Father Hylebos, the Tacoma tideflats, now filled in for mills and railway terminals, were covered each autumn with the canoes of Indians spearing salmon. It was no uncommon thing to see at one time on Commencement Bay 1,800 fishermen. This veteran worker among the "Siwashes" (French "sauvages") first told me the myths that hallowed the Mountain for every native, and the true meaning of the beautiful Indian word "Tacoma." He knew well all the leaders of the generation before the railways: Sluiskin, the Klickitat chief who guided Stevens and Van Trump up to the snow-line in 1870; Stanup, chief of the Puyallups; Kiskax, head of the Cowlitz tribe; Angeline, the famous daughter of Chief Seattle, godfather of the city of that name, and many others.[(Back)]

Footnote 2: This legend is well told in "Myths and Legends of the Pacific Northwest," a delightful book by Katharine B. Judson of the Seattle Public Library (Chicago, A. C. McClurg & Co.). See also Prof. W. D. Lyman's papers in "Mazama" Vol. 2, and "The Mountaineer," Vol. 2; and Winthrop's "Canoe and Saddle."[(Back)]

Footnote 3: For details as to rates for transportation, accommodations and guides, with the rules governing the National Park, see the notes at end of the book.[(Back)]

Footnote 4: For some years, Congress and the Interior Department spelled it "Ranier"! A well-known Congressman from Seattle corrected their spelling of the name of the forgotten admiral, and it has since been officially "Rainier National Park."[(Back)]

Footnote 5: Winthrop's error was a common one at that time and has remained current till to-day. The admiral's grandfather, the Huguenot exile, was "Regnier," but his descendants anglicized the patronymic into "Rainier."[(Back)]

Footnote 6: See illustration, page [14].[(Back)]

Footnote 7: Prof. Flett knows the Mountain well. He has spent many summers in its "parks," has climbed to its summit four times, has visited all its glaciers, and has made a remarkable collection of its flowers. In addition to the chapter on the botany of the National Park, this book is indebted to him for several of its most valuable illustrations.[(Back)]