| CHAPTER I |
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| [LOUIS PHILIPPE] |
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| | PAGES |
| The Revolution of July, 1880—Louis Philippe—Louis Philippe and the |
| military democratic party—First communications with the |
| Sovereigns | 1-13 |
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| CHAPTER II |
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| [THE POWERS AND THE CITIZEN KING] |
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| Effect of the Revolution of July in England—Character and system |
| of Metternich—The chiffon de Carlsbad—Metternich’s policy |
| towards the Germanic Confederation and Prussia—Hostility of Tsar |
| Nicholas to the new régime in France—Revolution at Brussels—Talleyrand |
| in London—France proclaims the principle of non-intervention—The |
| Duchesse de Dino and the Comte de Montrond—Great |
| Britain proposes that the Belgian question be submitted |
| to a conference—Molé and Talleyrand—Change of government in |
| France and England | 14-39 |
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| CHAPTER III |
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| [THE CREATION OF BELGIUM] |
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| The Whigs in office—Talleyrand insists upon the necessity of |
| establishing a good understanding with England—Palmerston’s |
| distrust of the French Liberals—State of Europe—Revolution at |
| Warsaw—“The Frenchmen of the North”—Belgium declared |
| independent and neutral—Candidates for the Belgian throne—Bresson |
| and Ponsonby at Brussels—British government will treat |
| as a case for war the enthronement of a French prince—Flahaut |
| in London—Lawoëstine at Brussels—The Duc de Nemours elected |
| King of the Belgians—Critical situation—Louis Philippe declines |
| the throne for his son—Proceedings of Bresson—Anger of |
| Talleyrand—Casimir Périer forms a government—War in Poland |
| and insurrection in the Papal States—The Austrians at Bologna—Leopold |
| of Saxe-Coburg—Dissatisfaction of the Belgians—Reluctance |
| of French government to see coercion applied to the |
| Belgians—The protocol of 18 articles accepted by Belgium, |
| refused by Holland—Leopold enthroned—Roussin at Lisbon—The |
| Dutch invade Belgium—French army enters Belgium—Palmerston’s |
| suspicions of Talleyrand—Stockmar’s suspicions of |
| Palmerston—Excitement in London—Talleyrand’s warning—Why |
| the French army remained in Belgium—King Leopold’s |
| dilemma—The French evacuate Belgium—Londonderry attacks |
| Talleyrand in the House of Lords—“l’ordre règne à Varsovie”—Palmerston’s |
| despatch on the Polish question—The treaty of the |
| 24 articles—The Fortress Convention—Talleyrand’s advice—French |
| threaten King Leopold—Palmerston stands firm—Casimir |
| Périer gives way—Austrians re-occupy Bologna—The |
| French at Ancona—Palmerston exerts himself to avert a |
| rupture—Solution of the difficulty—Orloff’s mission to the Hague—Lamb |
| furnishes Palmerston with a copy of Orloff’s secret instructions—Austria |
| and Prussia ratify—Orloff in London—Russia |
| ratifies with certain reservations | 40-117 |
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| CHAPTER IV |
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| [THE COERCION OF HOLLAND] |
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| The Reform Bill and the House of Lords—Death of Casimir Périer—A |
| Republican insurrection in Paris and a Royalist rebellion in |
| La Vendée—Death of the Duc de Reichstadt—The Belgian treaty—Durham |
| at St. Petersburg—Palmerston’s proposals to the Court of |
| the Hague—Stockmar’s advice to Leopold—France and England |
| resolved to coerce the King of the Netherlands—The absolute |
| Courts—London Conference breaks up—Scene between Louis |
| Philippe and M. Dupin—The Doctrinaires—Broglie’s conditions—The |
| position in England—The Tories—King William IV.—Granville’s |
| warning—Attitude of the Northern Courts—The Convention |
| of October 22nd, 1832—Claim put forward by French |
| minister at Brussels—Siege of Antwerp—Sympathies of the |
| Tories with the Dutch—Proposal made to Prussia by France and |
| England—Capitulation of Antwerp—Convention of May 21, 1833—Palmerston’s |
| skilful conduct of the negotiations—Talleyrand | 118-144 |
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| CHAPTER V |
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| [MEHEMET ALI] |
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| The Sultan Mahmud II.—The Greek insurrection—Sultan invokes the |
| aid of Mehemet Ali—Intervention of the Christian Powers—Navarino—Russo-Turkish |
| War—Mehemet Ali—Ibrahim Pasha lays |
| siege to Acre—Mahmud resolves to crush his rebellious vassal—Defeat |
| of Hussein Pasha—Stratford Canning at Constantinople—Mahmud |
| appeals to England for help—Battle of Konieh—Muravieff |
| at Constantinople—Russia offers help—The policy of |
| Russia towards Turkey—Ibrahim advancing—Sultan accepts the |
| aid of Russia—Mehemet Ali rejects the Sultan’s terms—Russian |
| fleet in the Bosphorus—Roussin at Constantinople—Ultimatum |
| of the Pasha—The Convention of Kiutayeh—Anger of Nicholas—Why |
| Mahmud surrendered Adana—Ponsonby and Orloff at Constantinople—Treaty |
| of Unkiar-Skelessi—Great Britain and |
| France protest—Meeting of the two Emperors at Münchengrätz—Treaty |
| of October 15, 1833—Secret treaty of September 18, 1833—Palmerston |
| and Broglie vainly endeavour to arouse the fears of |
| Metternich | 145-170 |
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| CHAPTER VI |
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| [TWO QUEENS AND TWO PRETENDERS] |
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| Dom Miguel usurps the throne of Portugal—Dom Pedro prepares to |
| reconquer his daughter’s kingdom—Ferdinand VII. marries |
| Maria Christina—The Salic Law of Spain repealed—Birth of |
| Isabella—Stratford Canning at Madrid—Napier destroys the |
| Miguelite fleet—Great Britain recognizes Maria II. as Queen of |
| Portugal—Death of Ferdinand VII.—France and England acknowledge |
| the sovereignty of Isabella—Don Carlos and Dom Miguel—Negotiations |
| in London—Quadruple Treaty—Capitulation of the |
| two Pretenders—Don Carlos returns to Spain—Scope of Quadruple |
| Treaty enlarged—Palmerston’s policy in the Spanish question—Views |
| and secret leanings of Louis Philippe—Zumalacárregui—The |
| Whigs dismissed—Wellington at the Foreign Office—Eliot |
| sent to Spain—Louis Philippe refuses to take part in the negotiation—Palmerston |
| again at the Foreign Office—The Queen Regent |
| appeals to France for help—The Spanish legion—The Decree of |
| Durango—Louis Philippe refuses to protest—French intrigues at |
| Lisbon—The Moderados and the Progressistas—Advice given to |
| Christina by Mr. Villiers—No vigilance maintained on the French |
| frontier—Mendizabal and the British minister—The secret |
| divulged—Threatening language of the Duc de Broglie—British |
| government declines Mendizabal’s proposal—Palmerston’s |
| counter-proposal—Plans of M. Thiers—Talleyrand and England—Death |
| of Zumalacárregui—Palmerston proposes that the French |
| should enter Spain—Mendizabal dismissed—Military revolution |
| in Spain—Scene at the Palace of La Granja—Resignation of |
| Thiers—The “No mention” incident—Why Don Carlos retreated |
| from before Madrid—Dissensions among the Carlists fomented by |
| Villiers—Palmerston’s suspicions of Louis Philippe—Muñagorri—Reasons |
| which compelled Maroto to bring the war to an end—Soult—The |
| Convention of Bergara—Don Carlos driven across the |
| frontier—Cabrera and España—The Municipal Bill—Espartero—Christina |
| and Espartero—Abdication of Christina | 171-218 |
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| CHAPTER VII |
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| [SULTAN AND PASHA] |
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| Efforts to prevent a renewal of the struggle between the Sultan and |
| the Pasha—Strained relations between Great Britain and Russia—Wellington |
| and the Dardanelles—Ponsonby at Constantinople—Durham |
| at St. Petersburg—M. Thiers—M. de Lesseps—Secret |
| negotiations—General Chrzanowski—The Pasha’s monopolies—Ponsonby |
| negotiates a commercial treaty—Indian government |
| occupies Aden—Importance of the victories of Mehemet Ali over |
| the Wahabites—The Pasha announces his intention of declaring |
| his independence—Russia and the Court of Teheran—The Shah |
| lays siege to Herat—Palmerston protests—Disavowal of |
| Simonitch and Witkewitch—The general situation in the East—Mahmud |
| resolves on war—Policy of Lord Palmerston—French |
| government obtains a credit of 10 millions of francs—Harmony |
| of French and British relations—Self-restraint of Mehemet Ali—Ibrahim |
| defeats the Turks at Nezib—Death of Mahmud and |
| suspension of hostilities—The Turkish fleet treacherously |
| surrendered to Mehemet Ali—Strange conduct of the French |
| admiral—France seeks to isolate Russia—The Collective Note of |
| July 27, 1839—Satisfaction of Palmerston and uneasiness of the |
| French government—Conversation between Bulwer and Louis |
| Philippe—Palmerston does not share in the general illusion |
| respecting the military strength of the Pasha—Brunnow’s mission |
| to London—The Treaty of Unkiar-Skelessi—France scouts the |
| Russian proposal—The French party in the English Cabinet—Return |
| of Brunnow—Palmerston’s letter to Sébastiani—Guizot |
| in London—Thiers, President of the Council and Minister for |
| Foreign Affairs—Guizot’s despatches—Thiers mediates in the |
| sulphur dispute—Remains of the Emperor to be removed to |
| France—Proceedings of “Bear” Ellice—Metternich alarmed—Palmerston |
| accepts the Austrian proposal—Attitude of M. Thiers—M. |
| Coste and the French agents at Constantinople and Cairo—Princess |
| Lieven in London—Palmerston tenders his resignation—Insurrection |
| in Syria—The Quadrilateral Treaty of July 15, |
| 1840—Palmerston informs Guizot of the treaty | 219-278 |
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| CHAPTER VIII |
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| [THE ISOLATION OF FRANCE] |
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| Language of M. Thiers and Louis Philippe on learning of the |
| conclusion of the treaty—Warlike declamations of the French |
| press—Attitude of different parties in England—Thiers’ instructions |
| to Guizot—The conference at the Château d’Eu—Louis |
| Philippe seeks to alarm Queen Victoria—Louis Napoleon at |
| Boulogne—Guizot at Windsor Castle—Leopold’s proposals—Ibrahim |
| suppresses the insurrection in Syria—Palmerston’s |
| despatch of August 31—The Sultan’s ultimatum—Movements |
| of the British fleet—Threatening language of M. de Pontois—The |
| French armaments—Warlike language of Louis Philippe |
| and M. Thiers—Mehemet Ali invokes the protection of France—Interview |
| at Auteuil between Thiers and Bulwer—Intrigues |
| against Palmerston in London—A Cabinet crisis impending—Why |
| Lord John Russell “disappointed” Greville—Meeting of the |
| Cabinet of October 1—Bombardment of Beyrout—Warlike excitement |
| in Paris—Henry Reeve—Lord John Russell calls a Cabinet |
| for October 10—Two despatches from Thiers—A Cabinet crisis |
| averted—French government reported to have designs upon |
| the Balearic Islands—Melbourne writes to King Leopold—Louis |
| Philippe and M. Thiers—Resignation of M. Thiers—Thiers’ |
| proceedings reviewed—M. Guizot’s plans—Palmerston’s communications |
| with Guizot—Successful progress of the operations |
| in Syria—Proposals to Mehemet Ali—Napier’s convention and his |
| disavowal—Mehemet Ali submits—The firman of February 13, |
| 1841—M. Guizot manœuvres to bring back France into the Concert |
| of Europe—Nicholas’ proposal—Palmerston’s reply—Policy of |
| M. Guizot—Bourqueney and Palmerston—The Convention of the |
| Straits drafted and initialed—Mehemet Ali refuses to accept the |
| firman of heredity—Ponsonby’s advice to the Porte—Procrastinations |
| of the Porte—Mehemet Ali accepts the amended firman—Convention |
| of the Straits signed—Unsatisfactory character of the |
| criticisms passed upon Palmerston | 279-330 |
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| CHAPTER IX |
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| [THE CORDIAL UNDERSTANDING] |
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| Aberdeen and Palmerston contrasted—Why Guizot would not conclude |
| the right of search treaty with Palmerston—The Chamber refuses |
| to ratify the slave trade treaty of November 20, 1841—Conspiracies |
| in Paris against Espartero—The question of Isabella’s |
| marriage—Designs imputed to Louis Philippe by Bulwer—Insurrections |
| in Spain—The Spanish government demands the |
| expulsion of Christina from France—The Salvandy affair—Pageot’s |
| mission—Count Toreno and Lord Cowley—Louis |
| Philippe connives at the Spanish plots—Insurrection at Barcelona—Conduct |
| of M. de Lesseps—Military revolution in Spain—Fall |
| of Espartero—Aberdeen alarmed—Queen Victoria at the |
| Château d’Eu—“The cordial understanding”—The Duc de |
| Bordeaux in Belgrave Square—Admiral Dupetit-Thouars in the |
| Pacific—France proclaims a protectorate over Tahiti—Mr. Pritchard—Queen |
| Pomare deposed and Tahiti annexed—Dupetit-Thouars |
| disavowed—The Prince de Joinville’s pamphlet—The Tsar |
| Nicholas in London—France quarrels with Morocco—Imprisonment |
| and expulsion of Mr. Pritchard—Excitement in London—Guizot |
| and Aberdeen—Bombardment of Tangier—Violence of the |
| press in both countries—The Comte de Jarnac—The Pritchard |
| affair settled—France concludes peace with the Emperor of |
| Morocco—Louis Philippe at Windsor Castle—Condition of Spain—The |
| descendants of Philip V.—Bulwer and Bresson at Madrid—Montpensier |
| to marry the Infanta—Queen Victoria’s second visit |
| to Eu—The compact with Louis Philippe—State of affairs at |
| Madrid—The Memorandum of February 27, 1846—Christina and |
| Narvaez—The Queen-Mother entrusts to Bulwer her proposal to |
| the Duke of Saxe-Coburg—Aberdeen reprimands Bulwer and |
| informs M. Guizot of the negotiation—The Whigs once more in |
| office | 331-380 |
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| CHAPTER X |
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| [THE SPANISH MARRIAGES] |
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| Lord Palmerston in Paris—Louis Philippe and M. Guizot disconcerted |
| by Christina’s proposal to the Coburgs—Palmerston’s despatch of |
| July 19, 1846—Bresson’s letter to Guizot of July 12—Anger of |
| Louis Philippe—Bulwer implores Palmerston to promote the |
| Coburg marriage—Palmerston puts forward Don Enrique—Effect |
| at Madrid of the despatch of July 19—The double marriage |
| announced—Correspondence between the French Queen and |
| Queen Victoria—Guizot’s letter to Lord John Russell—Louis |
| Philippe’s letter to his daughter—Queen Victoria’s reply—Palmerston’s |
| protest founded upon the renunciations at Utrecht—Attitude |
| of the Northern Courts—Palmerston’s despatches of |
| October 31, 1846, and January 8, 1847—Debates in the French |
| Chamber and the British Parliament—Christina’s conduct |
| reviewed—Louis Philippe’s Bourbon policy—Why Louis Philippe |
| broke the compact of Eu—Palmerston’s Spanish policy from 1834 |
| to 1846—Weakness of Aberdeen | 381-405 |
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| CHAPTER XI |
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| [PALMERSTON AND THE REVOLUTION OF ’48] |
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| Annexation of Cracow—Political unrest in Europe—Charles Albert |
| and Pius IX.—Enthusiasm in Italy—Attitude of French government—Revival |
| of French and British rivalry—Guizot sends a |
| secret agent to Vienna—Metternich realizes the danger in Italy—The |
| Roman plot and occupation of Ferrara—Palmerston’s |
| despatch of September 11, 1847—Minto’s mission—Prince |
| Consort’s Memorandum—The situation in Switzerland—Sympathies |
| of the absolute Courts with the Sonderbund—Palmerston’s |
| attitude—Probable reason of Morier’s recall—Palmerston’s |
| despatch of October 29, 1847—The French proposal—Palmerston’s |
| counter-proposal—Palmerston master of the situation—Battle |
| of Lucerne and dissolution of the Sonderbund—Crafty designs |
| imputed to Palmerston—Policy of the Swiss Radicals—Stratford |
| Canning at Berne—The absolute Courts and France present the |
| identic note—Haughty reply of the Swiss Diet—Alarm of the |
| absolute Courts—Coloredo and Radowitz in Paris—Revolution in |
| Paris, Berlin and Vienna—Charles Albert in Lombardy—Une |
| revolution de mépris—Why the rupture of “the cordial understanding” |
| displeased the French middle-classes—Effect of M. |
| Guizot’s rapprochement with Austria—Palmerston and Thiers—Palmerston’s |
| policy substantially the same as Aberdeen’s—Why |
| “the cordial understanding” failed to justify expectations | 406-444 |
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| [ Index] | 445-452 |