A classical dictionary / containing a copious account of all the proper names mentioned in ancient authors with tables of coins, weights, and measures used among the Greeks and Romans and a chronological table

by John Lemprière

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Eanes, a man supposed to have killed Patroclus, and to have fled to Peleus in Thessaly. Strabo, bk. 9.

Eānus, the name of Janus among the ancient Latins.

Eărĭnus, a beautiful boy, eunuch to Domitian. Statius, bk. 3, Sylvæ, poem 4.

Easium, a town of Achaia in Peloponnesus. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 6.

Ebdŏme, a festival in honour of Apollo at Athens on the seventh day of every lunar month. It was usual to sing hymns in honour of the god, and to carry about boughs of laurel.——There was also another of the same name celebrated by private families the seventh day after the birth of every child.

Ebon, a name given to Bacchus by the people of Neapolis. Macrobius, bk. 1, ch. 18.

Ebora, a town of Portugal, now Evora.

Eborăcum, York in England.

Ebūdæ, the western isles of Britain, now Hebrides.

Eburōnes, a people of Belgium, now the country of Liege. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 2, ch. 4; bk. 6, ch. 5.——The Eburovices Aulerci were the people of Evreux in Normandy. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 3, ch. 17.

Ebŭsus, one of the Baleares, 100 miles in circumference, which produces no hurtful animals. It is near the coast of Spain in the Mediterranean, and now bears the name of Yvica, and is famous for pasturage and figs. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 5.——A man engaged in the Rutulian war. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 12, li. 299.

Ecbatăna (ōrum), now Hamedan, the capital of Media, and the palace of Deioces king of Media. It was surrounded with seven walls, which rose in gradual ascent, and were painted in seven different colours. The most distant was the lowest, and the innermost, which was the most celebrated, contained the royal palace. Parmenio was put to death there by Alexander’s orders; and Hephæstion died there also, and received a most magnificent burial.—Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 98.—Strabo, bk. 21.—Curtius, bk. 3, ch. 5; bk. 5, ch. 8; bk. 7, ch. 10.—Diodorus, bk. 17.——A town of Syria, where Cambyses gave himself a mortal wound when mounting on horseback. Herodotus, bk. 3.—Ptolemy, bk. 6, ch. 2.—Curtius, bk. 5, ch. 8.

Ecechiria, the wife of Iphitus. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 10.

Ecetra, a town of the Volsci. Livy, bk. 2, ch. 25; bk. 3, ch. 4.

Echecrătes, a Thessalian who offered violence to Phœbas the priestess of Apollo’s temple at Delphi. From this circumstance a decree was made by which no woman was admitted to the office of priestess before the age of 50. Diodorus, bk. 4.

Echedamia, a town of Phocis. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 3.

Echelătus, a man who led a colony to Africa. Strabo, bk. 8.

Echelta, a fortified town in Sicily.

Echĕlus, a Trojan chief killed by Patroclus.——Another, son of Agenor, killed by Achilles. Homer, Iliad, bks. 16 & 20.

Echembrŏtus, an Arcadian, who obtained the prize at the Pythian games. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 7.

Echĕmon, a son of Priam, killed by Diomedes. Homer, Iliad, bk. 5, li. 160.

Echĕmus, an Arcadian, who conquered the Dorians when they endeavoured to recover Peloponnesus under Hyllus. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 5.——A king of Arcadia, who joined Aristomenes against the Spartans.

Echenēus, a Phæacian. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 7.

Echĕphron, one of Nestor’s sons. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9.——A son of Priam. Apollodorus.——A son of Hercules. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 24.

Echepŏlis, a Trojan, son of Thasius, killed by Antilochus. Homer, Iliad, bk. 4, li. 458.

Echestrătus, a son of Agis I. king of Sparta, who succeeded his father, B.C. 1058. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 204.

Echevethenses, a people of Tegea in Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 45.

Echidna, a celebrated monster sprung from the union of Chrysaor with Callirhoe the daughter of Oceanus. She is represented as a beautiful woman in the upper part of the body, but as a serpent below the waist. She was mother, by Typhon, of Orthos, Geryon, Cerberus, the Hydra, &c. According to Herodotus, Hercules had three children by her, Agathyrsus, Gelonus, and Scytha. Herodotus, bk. 3, ch. 108.—Hesiod, Theogony.—Apollodorus, bk. 2.—Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 18.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 9, li. 158.

Echidorus, a river of Thrace. Ptolemy, bk. 3.

Echīnădes, or Echinæ, five small islands near Acarnania, at the mouth of the river Achelous. They have been formed by the inundations of that river, and by the sand and mud which its waters carry down, and now bear the name of Curzolari. Pliny, bk. 2, ch. 85.—Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 10.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 8, li. 588.—Strabo, bk. 2.

Echīnon, a city of Thrace. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 3.

Echīnus, an island in the Ægean.——A town of Acarnania,——of Phthiotis. Livy, bk. 32, ch. 33.

Echinussa, an island near Eubœa, called afterwards Cimolus. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.

Echīon, one of those men who sprung from the dragon’s teeth sown by Cadmus. He was one of the five who survived the fate of his brothers, and assisted Cadmus in building the city of Thebes. Cadmus rewarded his services by giving him his daughter Agave in marriage. He was father of Pentheus by Agave. He succeeded his father-in-law on the throne of Thebes, as some have imagined, and from that circumstance Thebes has been called Echioniæ, and the inhabitants Echionidæ. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 3, li. 311; Tristia, bk. 5, poem 5, li. 53.——A son of Mercury and Antianira, who was the herald of the Argonauts. Flaccus, bk. 1, li. 400.——A man who often obtained a prize in running. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 8, li. 292.——A musician at Rome, in Domitian’s age. Juvenal, satire 6, li. 76.——A statuary.——A painter.

Echionides, a patronymic given to Pentheus, as [♦]descended from Echion. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 3.

[♦] ‘deseended’ replaced with ‘descended’

Echionius, an epithet applied to a person born in Thebes, founded with the assistance of Echion. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 12, li. 515.

Echo, a daughter of the Air and Tellus, who chiefly resided in the vicinity of the Cephisus. She was once one of Juno’s attendants, and became the confidant of Jupiter’s amours. Her loquacity, however, displeased Jupiter; and she was deprived of the power of speech by Juno, and only permitted to answer to the questions which were put to her. Pan had formerly been one of her admirers, but he never enjoyed her favours. Echo, after she had been punished by Juno, fell in love with Narcissus, and on being despised by him, she pined away, and was changed into a stone, which still retained the power of voice. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 3, li. 358.

Ecnŏmos, a mountain of Sicily, now Licata.

Edessa and Edesa, a town of Syria.

Edessæ portus, a harbour of Sicily near Pachynus. Cicero, Against Verres, bk. 5, ch. 34.

Edeta, or Leria, a town of Spain along the river Sucro. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 3.—Livy, bk. 28, ch. 24.—Silius Italicus, bk. 3, li. 371.

Edissa and Ædessa, a town of Macedonia taken by Caranus, and called Ægæ, or Ægeas. See: [Ædessa].

Edon, a mountain of Thrace, called also Edonus. From this mountain that part of Thrace is often called Edonia which lies between the Strymon and the Nessus, and the epithet is generally applied not only to Thrace but to a cold northern climate. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 12, li. 325.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 18.—Lucan, bk. 1, li. 674.

Edoni, or Edones, a people of Thrace, near the Strymon. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 5.

Edonĭdes, a name given to the priestesses of Bacchus, because they celebrated the festivals of the god on mount Edon. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 11, li. 69.

Edylius, a mountain which Sylla seized to attack the people of Cheronæa. Plutarch, Sulla.

Eetion, the father of Andromache, and of seven sons, was king of Thebes in Cilicia. He was killed by Achilles. From him the word Eetioneus is applied to his relations or descendants. Homer, Iliad, bk. 12.——The commander of the Athenian fleet conquered by the Macedonians under Clytus, near the Echinades. Diodorus, bk. 18.

Egĕlĭdus, a river of Etruria. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 8, li. 610.

Egĕria, a nymph of Aricra in Italy, where Diana was particularly worshipped. Egeria was courted by Numa, and according to Ovid she became his wife. This prince frequently visited her, and that he might more successfully introduce his laws and new regulations into the state, he solemnly declared before the Roman people that they were previously sanctified and approved by the nymph Egeria. Ovid says that Egeria was so disconsolate at the death of Numa, that she melted into tears, and was changed into a fountain by Diana. She is reckoned by many as a goddess who presided over the pregnancy of women, and some maintain that she is the same as Lucina, or Diana. Livy, bk. 1, ch. 19.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 15, li. 547.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 775.—Martial, bk. 2, ltr. 6, li. 16.

Egesarētus, a Thessalian of Larissa, who favoured the interest of Pompey during the civil wars. Cæsar, bk. 3, Civil War, ch. 35.

Egesīnus, a philosopher, pupil to Evander. Cicero, Academica, bk. 4, ch. 6.

Egesta, a daughter of Hippotes the Trojan. Her father exposed her on the sea, for fear of being devoured by a marine monster which laid waste the country. She was carried safe to Sicily, where she was ravished by the river Crinisus.——A town of Sicily. See: [Ægesta].

Egnātia Maximilla, a woman who accompanied her husband into banishment under Nero, &c. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 15, ch. 71.——A town. See: [Gnatia].

Proculus Egnātius, a crafty and perfidious Roman in the reign of Nero, who committed the greatest crimes for the sake of money. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 4, ch. 10.

Eion, a commercial place at the mouth of the Strymon. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 8.

Eiones, a village of Peloponnesus on the sea coast.

Eioneus, a Greek killed by Hector in the Trojan war. Homer, Iliad, bk. 8.——A Thracian, father to Rhesus. Iliad, bk. 10.

Elabontas, a river near Antioch. Strabo.

Elæa, a town of Æolia. Livy, bk. 36, ch. 43. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 5.——An island in the Propontis.

Elæus, a part of Epirus.——A surname of Jupiter.——A town of the Thracian Chersonesus. Livy, bk. 31, ch. 16; bk. 37, ch. 9.

Elagabālus, the surname of the sun at Emessa.

Elāites, a grove near Canopus in Egypt.

Elaius, a mountain of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 41.

Elaphiæa, a surname of Diana in Elis. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 22.

Elăphus, a river of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 36.

Elaphebŏlia, a festival in honour of Diana the huntress. In the celebration a cake was made in the form of a deer, ἐλαφος, and offered to the goddess. It owed its institution to the following circumstance. When the Phocians had been severely beaten by the Thessalians, they resolved, by the persuasion of a certain Deiphantus, to raise a pile of combustible materials, and burn their wives, children, and effects, rather than submit to the enemy. This resolution was unanimously approved by the women, who decreed Deiphantus a crown for his magnanimity. When everything was prepared, before they fired the pile, they engaged their enemies, and fought with such desperate fury, that they totally routed them, and obtained a complete victory. In commemoration of this unexpected success, this festival was instituted to Diana, and observed with the greatest solemnity, so that even one of the months of the year, March, was called Elaphebolion from this circumstance.

Elaptonius, a youth who conspired against Alexander. Curtius, bk. 8, ch. 6.

Elāra, the mother of Tiphyus by Jupiter. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 4.——A daughter of Orchomenus king of Arcadia. Strabo, bk. 9.

Elatēa, the largest town of Phocis, near the Cephisus. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 34.

Elatia, a town of Phocis. Livy, bk. 28, ch. 7.——Of Thessaly. Livy, bk. 42, ch. 54.

Elātus, one of the first Ephori of Sparta, B.C. 760. Plutarch, Lycurgus.——The father of Ceneus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12, li. 497.——A mountain of Asia,——of Zacynthus.——The father of Polyphemus the Argonaut by Hipseia. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 9.——The son of Arcas king of Arcadia by Erato, who retired to Phocis. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 9.—Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 4.——A king in the army of Priam, killed by Agamemnon. Homer, Iliad, bk. 6.——One of Penelope’s suitors, killed by Eumeus. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 22, li. 267.

Elaver, a river in Gaul falling into the Loire, now the Allier.

Elea, a town of Campania, whence the followers of Zeno were called the Eleatic sect. Cicero, Academica, bk. 4, ch. 42; Tusculanæ Disputationes, bk. 2, chs. 21 & 22; de Natura Deorum, bk. 3, ch. 33.——Of Æolia.

Electra, one of the Oceanides, wife of Atlas, and mother of Dardanus by Jupiter. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 4, li. 31.——A daughter of Atlas and Pleione. She was changed into a constellation, Apollodorus, bk. 3, chs. 10 & 12.——One of the Danaides. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 1.——A daughter of Agamemnon king of Argos. She first incited her brother Orestes to revenge his father’s death by assassinating his mother Clytemnestra. Orestes gave her in marriage to his friend Pylades, and she became mother of two sons, Strophius and Merdon. Her adventures and misfortunes form one of the interesting tragedies of the poet Sophocles. Hyginus, fable 122.—Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 16.—Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 4, ch. 26, &c.——A sister of Cadmus. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 8.——A city and river of Messenia in Peloponnesus. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 33.——One of Helen’s female attendants. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 25.

Electræ, a gate of Thebes. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 8.

Electrĭdes, islands in the Adriatic sea, which received their name from the quantity of amber (electrum) which they produced. They were at the mouth of the Po, according to Apollonius of Rhodes, but some historians doubt their existence. Pliny, bk. 2, ch. 26; bk. 37, ch. 2.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.

Electryon, a king of Argos, son of Perseus and Andromeda. He was brother to Alcæus, whose daughter Anaxo he married, and by her he had several sons, and one daughter, Alcmene. He sent his sons against the Teleboans, who had ravaged his country, and they were all killed except Licymnius. Upon this Electryon promised his crown and daughter in marriage to him who could undertake to punish the Teleboans for the death of his sons. Amphitryon offered himself and succeeded. Electryon inadvertently perished by the hand of his son-in-law. See: [Amphitryon], [Alcmena]. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 4.—Pausanias.

Elēi, a people of Elis in Peloponnesus. They were formerly called Epei. In their country was the temple of Jupiter, where also were celebrated the Olympic games, of which they had the superintendence. Their horses were in great repute, hence Elei equi and Elea palma. Propertius, bk. 3, poem 9, li. 18.—Pausanias, bk. 5.—Lucan, bk. 4, li. 293.

Elēlēus, a surname of Bacchus, from the word ἐλελευ, which the Bacchanals loudly repeated during his festivals. His priestesses were in consequence called Eleleis, ides. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, li. 15.

Eleon, a village of Bœotia.——Another in Phocis.

Eleontum, a town of the Thracian Chersonesus.

Elephantis, a poetess who wrote lascivious verses. Martial, bk. 12, ltr. 43.——A princess by whom Danaus had two daughters. Apollodorus, bk. 2.——An island in the river Nile, in Upper Egypt, with a town of the same name, which is often called Elephantina by some authors. Strabo, bk. 17.—Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 9, &c.

Elephantophăgi, a people of Æthiopia.

Elphēnor, son of Chalcedon, was one of Helen’s suitors. Homer, Iliad, bk. 2, li. 47.

Elepōrus, a river of Magna Græcia.

Eleuchia, a daughter of Thespius. Apollodorus.

Eleus, a city of Thrace.——A river of Media.——A king of Elis. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 3.

Eleusīnia, a great festival observed every fourth year by the Celeans, Phliasians, as also by the Pheneatæ, Lacedæmonians, Parrhasians, and Cretans; but more particularly by the people of Athens, every fifth year at Eleusis in Attica, where it was introduced by Eumolpus, B.C. 1356. It was the most celebrated of all the religious ceremonies of Greece, whence it is often called, by way of eminence, μυστηρια, the mysteries. It was so superstitiously observed, that if any one ever revealed it, it was supposed that he had called divine vengeance upon his head, and it was unsafe to live in the same house with him. Such a wretch was publicly put to an ignominious death. This festival was sacred to Ceres and Proserpine; everything contained a mystery, and Ceres herself was known only by the name of ἀχθεια, from the sorrow and grief (ἀχθος) which she suffered for the loss of her daughter. This mysterious secrecy was solemnly observed, and enjoined to all the votaries of the goddess; and if any one ever appeared at the celebration, either intentionally, or through ignorance, without proper introduction, he was immediately punished with death. Persons of both sexes and all ages were initiated at this solemnity, and it was looked upon as so heinous a crime to neglect this sacred part of religion, that it was one of the heaviest accusations, which contributed to the condemnation of Socrates. The initiated were under the more particular care of the deities, and therefore their life was supposed to be attended with more happiness and real security than that of other men. This benefit was not only granted during life, but it was extended beyond the grave, and they were honoured with the first places in the Elysian fields, while others were left to wallow in perpetual filth and ignominy. As the benefits of expiation were so extensive, particular care was taken in examining the character of such as were presented for initiation. Such as were guilty of murder, though against their will, and such as were convicted of witchcraft, or any heinous crime, were not admitted, and the Athenians suffered none to be initiated but such as were members of their city. This regulation, which compelled Hercules, Castor, and Pollux to become citizens of Athens, was strictly observed in the first ages of the institution, but afterwards all persons, barbarians excepted, were freely initiated. The festivals were divided into greater and less mysteries. The less were instituted from the following circumstance. Hercules passed near Eleusis while the Athenians were celebrating the mysteries, and desired to be initiated. As this could not be done because he was a stranger, and as Eumolpus was unwilling to displease him on account of his great power and the services which he had done to the Athenians, another festival was instituted without violating the laws. It was called μικρα, and Hercules was solemnly admitted to the celebration and initiated. These less mysteries were observed at Agræ, near the Ilissus. The greater were celebrated at Eleusis, from which place Ceres has been called Eleusinia. In latter times the smaller festivals were preparatory to the greater, and no person could be initiated at Eleusis without a previous purification at Agræ. This purification they performed by keeping themselves pure, chaste, and unpolluted during nine days, after which they came and offered sacrifices and prayers, wearing garlands of flowers, called ἱσμερα, or ἱμερα, and having under their feet Διος κωδιον, Jupiter’s skin, which was the skin of a victim offered to that god. The person who assisted was called ὑδρανος, from ὑδωρ, water, which was used at the purification, and they themselves were called μυϛαι, the initiated. A year after the initiation at the less mysteries they sacrificed a sow to Ceres, and were admitted in the greater, and the secrets of the festivals were solemnly revealed to them, from which they were called ἐφοροι and ἐποπται, inspectors. The institution was performed in the following manner. The candidates, crowned with myrtle, were admitted by night into a place called μυϛικος σηκος, the mystical temple, a vast and stupendous building. As they entered the temple they purified themselves by washing their hands in holy water, and received for admonition that they were to come with a mind pure and undefiled, without which the cleanness of the body would be unacceptable. After this the holy mysteries were read to them from a large book called πετρωμα, because made of two stones, πετραι, fitly cemented together. After this the priest, called Ἱεροφαντης, proposed to them certain questions to which they readily answered. After this, strange and amazing objects presented themselves to their sight; the place often seemed to quake, and to appear suddenly resplendent with fire, and immediately covered with gloomy darkness and [♦]horror. Sometimes thunders were heard, or flashes of lightning appeared on every side. At other times hideous noises and howlings were heard, and the trembling spectators were alarmed by sudden and dreadful apparitions. This was called αὐτοψια, intuition. After this the initiated were dismissed with the barbarous words of κογξ, ομπαξ. The garments in which they were initiated were held sacred, and of no less efficacy to avert evils than charms and incantations. From this circumstance, therefore, they were never left off before they were totally unfit for wear, after which they were appropriated for children, or dedicated to the goddess. The chief person that attended at the initiation was called Ἱεροφαντης, the revealer of sacred things. He was a citizen of Athens, and held his office during life, though among the Celeans and Phliasians it was limited to the period of four years. He was obliged to devote himself totally to the service of the deities; his life was chaste and single, and he usually anointed his body with the juice of hemlock, which is said, by its extreme coldness, to extinguish in a great degree the natural heat. The Hierophantes had three attendants; the first was called δαδουχος, torch-bearer, and was permitted to marry; the second was called κηρυξ, a cryer; the third administered at the altar, and was called ὁ ἐπι βωμῳ. The Hierophantes is said to have been a type of the powerful creator of all things, Δαδουχος of the sun, Κηρυξ of Mercury, and ὁ ἐπι βωμῳ of the moon. There were besides these other inferior officers, who took particular care that everything was performed according to custom. The first of these, called βασιλευς, was one of the Archons; he offered prayers and sacrifices, and took care that there was no indecency or irregularity during the celebration. Besides him there were four others, called ἐπιμεληται, curators, elected by the people. One of them was chosen from the sacred family of the Eumolpidæ, the other was one of the Ceryces, and the rest were from among the citizens. There were also 10 persons who assisted at this and every other festival, called Ἱεροποιοι, because they offered sacrifices. This festival was observed in the month Boedromion or September, and continued nine days, from the 15th till the 23rd. During that time it was unlawful to arrest any man or present any petition, on pain of forfeiting 1000 drachmas, or, according to others, on pain of death. It was also unlawful for those who were initiated to sit upon the cover of a well, to eat beans, mullets, or weasels. If any woman rode to Eleusis in a chariot, she was obliged by an edict of Lycurgus to pay 6000 drachmas. The design of this law was to destroy all distinction between the richer and poorer sort of citizens. The first day of the celebration was called ἀγορμος, assembly, as it might be said that the worshippers first met together. The second day was called ἀλαδε μυσται, to the sea, you that are initiated, because they were commanded to purify themselves by bathing in the sea. On the third day sacrifices, and chiefly a mullet, were offered; as also barley from a field of Eleusis. These oblations were called Θυα, and held so sacred that the priests themselves were not, as in other sacrifices, permitted to partake of them. On the fourth day they made a solemn procession, in which the καλαθιον, holy basket of Ceres, was carried about in a consecrated cart, while on every side the people shouted χαιρε Δημητερ, Hail, Ceres! After these followed women, called κιστοφοροι, who carried baskets, in which were sesamum, carded wool, grains of salt, a serpent, pomegranates, reeds, ivy boughs, certain cakes, &c. The fifth was called ἡ των λαμπαδων ἡμερα, the torch day, because on the following night the people ran about with torches in their hands. It was usual to dedicate torches to Ceres, and contend which should offer the biggest in commemoration of the travels of the goddess, and of her lighting a torch in the flames of mount Ætna. The sixth day was called Ἰακχος, from Iacchus the son of Jupiter and Ceres, who accompanied his mother in her search of Proserpine, with a torch in his hand. From that circumstance his statue had a torch in its hand, and was carried in solemn procession from the Ceramicus to Eleusis. The statue with those that accompanied it, called Ἰακχαγωγοι, were crowned with myrtle. In the way nothing was heard but singing and the noise of brazen kettles, as the votaries danced along. The way through which they issued from the city was called Ἱερα ὁδος, the sacred way; the resting place Ἱερα συκη, from a fig tree which grew in the neighbourhood. They also stopped on a bridge over the Cephisus, where they derided those that passed by. After they had passed this bridge, they entered Eleusis by a place called μυστικη εἰσοδος, the mystical entrance. On the seventh day were sports, in which the victors were rewarded with a measure of barley, as that grain had been first sown in Eleusis. The eighth day was called Ἐπιδαυριων ἡμερα, because once Æsculapius, at his return from Epidaurus to Athens, was initiated by the repetition of the less mysteries. It became customary, therefore, to celebrate them a second time upon this, that such as had not hitherto been initiated might be lawfully admitted. The ninth and last day of the festival was called Πλημοχοαι, earthen vessels, because it was usual to fill two such vessels with wine, one of which being placed towards the east, and the other towards the west, which after the repetition of some mystical words, were both thrown down, and the wine being spilt on the ground, was offered as a libation. Such was the manner of celebrating the Eleusinian mysteries, which have been deemed the most sacred and solemn of all the festivals observed by the Greeks. Some have supposed them to be obscene and abominable, and that from thence proceeded all the mysterious secrecy. They were carried from Eleusis to Rome in the age of Adrian, where they were observed with the same ceremonies as before, though perhaps with more freedom and licentiousness. They lasted about 1800 years, and were at last abolished by Theodosius the Great. Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 12, ch. 24.—Cicero, de Legibus, bk. 2, ch. 14.—Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 31, &c.—Plutarch.

[♦] ‘horrror’ replaced with ‘horror’

Eleusis, or Eleusin, a town of Attica, equally distant from Megara and the Piræus, celebrated for the festivals of Ceres. See: [Eleusinia]. It was founded by Triptolemus. Ovid, bk. 4, Fasti, [♦]li. 507.—Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 24.

[♦] extraneous reference ‘5,’ removed

Eleuther, a son of Apollo.——One of the Curetes, from whom a town of Bœotia, and another in Crete, received their name. Pausanias, bk. 9, chs. 2 & 9.

Eleuthĕræ, a village of Bœotia, between Megara and Thebes, where Mardonius was defeated with 300,000 men. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 7; bk. 34, ch. 8.

Eleuthĕria, a festival celebrated at Platæa in honour of Jupiter Eleutherius, or the asserter of liberty, by delegates from almost all the cities of Greece. Its institution originated in this: After the victory obtained by the Grecians under Pausanias over Mardonius the Persian general, in the country of Platæa, an altar and statue were erected to Jupiter Eleutherius, who had freed the Greeks from the tyranny of the barbarians. It was further agreed upon in a general assembly, by the advice of Aristides the Athenian, that deputies should be sent every fifth year from the different cities of Greece to celebrate Eleutheria, festivals of liberty. The Platæans celebrated also an anniversary festival in memory of those who had lost their lives in that famous battle. The celebration was thus: At break of day a procession was made with a trumpeter at the head, sounding a signal for battle. After him followed chariots loaded with myrrh, garlands, and a black bull, and certain free young men, as no signs of servility were to appear during the solemnity, because they in whose honour the festival was instituted had died in the defence of their country. They carried libations of wine and milk in large-eared vessels, with jars of oil and precious ointments. Last of all appeared the chief magistrate, who, though not permitted at other times to touch iron, or wear garments of any colour but white, yet appeared clad in purple; and taking a water-pot out of the city chamber, proceeded through the middle of the town with a sword in his hand, towards the sepulchres. There he drew water from the neighbouring spring, and washed and anointed the monuments; after which he sacrificed a bull upon a pile of wood, invoking Jupiter and infernal Mercury, and inviting to the entertainment the souls of those happy heroes who had perished in the defence of their country. After this he filled a bowl with wine, saying, “I drink to those who lost their lives in the defence of the liberties of Greece.” There was also a festival of the same name observed by the Samians in honour of the god of love. Slaves also, when they obtained their liberty, kept a holiday, which they called Eleutheria.

Eleutho, a surname of Juno Lucina, from her presiding over the delivery of pregnant women. Pindar, Olympian, bk. 6.

Eleutherocilĭces, a people of Cilicia, never subject to kings. Cicero, bk. 15, Letters to his Friends, ltr. 4; bk. 5, Letters to Atticus, ltr. 20.

Eleuthĕros, a river of Syria, falling into the Mediterranean. Pliny, bk. 9, ch. 10.

Elĭcius, a surname of Jupiter, worshipped on mount Aventine. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 3, li. 328.

Eliensis and Eliăca, a sect of philosophers founded by Phædon of Elis, who was originally a slave, but restored to liberty by Alcibiades. Diogenes Laërtius.—Strabo.

Elimēa, or Elimiotis, a district of Macedonia, or of Illyricum according to others. Livy, bk. 42, ch. 53; bk. 45, ch. 30.

Elis, a country of Peloponnesus at the west of Arcadia, and north of Messenia, extending along the coast, and watered by the river Alpheus. The capital of the country called Elis, now Belvidere, became large and populous in the age of Demosthenes, though in the age of Homer it did not exist. It was originally governed by kings, and received its name from Eleus, one of its monarchs. Elis was famous for the horses it produced, whose celerity was so often known and tried at the Olympic games. Strabo, bk. 8.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 5.—Pausanias, bk. 5.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5, li. 494.—Cicero, Letters to his Friends, bk. 13, ltr. 26; de Divinatione, bk. 2, ch. 12.—Livy, bk. 27, ch. 32.—Virgil, Georgics, bk. 1, li. 59; bk. 3, li. 202.

Eliphasii, a people of Peloponnesus. Polybius, bk. 11.

Elissa, a queen of Tyre, more commonly known by the name of Dido. See: [Dido].

Elissus, a river of Elis.

Ellopia, a town of Eubœa.——An ancient name of that island.

Elōrus, a river of Sicily on the eastern coast, called after a king of the same name. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 145.

Elos, a city of Achaia, called after a servant-maid of Athamas of the same name.

Elotæ. See: [Helotæ].

Elpēnor, one of the companions of Ulysses, changed into a hog by Circe’s potions, and afterwards restored to his former shape. He fell from the top of a house where he was sleeping, and was killed. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 14, li. 252.—Homer, Odyssey, bk. 10, li. 552; bk. 11, li. 51.

Elpinīce, a daughter of Miltiades, who married a man that promised to release from confinement her brother and husband, whom the laws of Athens had made responsible for the fine imposed on his father. Cornelius Nepos, Cimon.

Eluīna, a surname of Ceres.

Elyces, a man killed by Perseus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5, fable 3.

Elymāis, a country of Persia, between the Persian gulf and Media. The capital of the country was called Elymais, and was famous for a rich temple of Diana, which Antiochus Epiphanes attempted to plunder. The Elymeans assisted Antiochus the Great in his wars against the Romans. None of their kings are named in history. Strabo.

Ely̆mi, a nation descended from the Trojans, in alliance with the people of Carthage. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 8.

Elymus, a man at the court of Acestes in Sicily. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 5, li. 73.

Elyrus, a town of Crete. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 16.

Ely̆sium and Elysii Campi, a place or island in the infernal regions, where, according to the mythology of the ancients, the souls of the virtuous were placed after death. There happiness was complete, the pleasures were innocent and refined. Bowers for ever green, delightful meadows with pleasant streams, were the most striking objects. The air was wholesome, serene, and temperate; the birds continually warbled in the groves, and the inhabitants were blessed with another sun and other stars. The employments of the heroes who dwelt in these regions of bliss were various; the manes of Achilles are represented as waging war with the wild beasts, while the Trojan chiefs are innocently exercising themselves in managing horses, or in handling arms. To these innocent amusements some poets have added continual feasting and revelry, and they suppose that the Elysian fields were filled with all the incontinence and voluptuousness which could gratify the low desires of the debauchee. The Elysian fields were, according to some, in the Fortunate Islands on the coast of Africa, in the Atlantic. Others place them in the island of Leuce; and, according to the authority of Virgil, they were situate in Italy. According to Lucian, they were near the moon; or in the centre of the earth, if we believe Plutarch. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 638.—Homer, Odyssey, bk. 4.—Pindar.—Tibullus, bk. 1, poem 3, li. 57.—Lucian.—Plutarch, [♦]de Consul.

[♦] Unidentified, possible typo for ‘Consolatio ad Apollonium’

Emăthia, a name given anciently, and particularly by the poets, to the countries which formed the empires of Macedonia and Thessaly. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 1, li. 492; bk. 4, li. 390.—Lucan, bk. 1, li. 1; bk. 10, li. 50; bk. 6, li. 620; bk. 7, li. 427.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5, li. 314.

Emăthion, a son of Titan and Aurora, who reigned in Macedonia. The country was called Emathia, from his name. Some suppose that he was a famous robber destroyed by Hercules. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5, li. 313.—Justin, bk. 7, ch. 1.——A man killed at the nuptials of Perseus and Andromeda. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5, li. 100.

Emăthion, a man killed in the wars of Turnus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 571.

Embătum, a place of Asia, opposite Chios.

Embolīma, a town of India. Curtius, bk. 8, ch. 12.

Emerĭta, a town of Spain, famous for dyeing wool. Pliny, bk. 9, ch. 41.

Emessa and Emissa, a town of Phœnicia.

Emoda, a mountain of India.

Empĕdŏcles, a philosopher, poet, and historian of Agrigentum in Sicily, who flourished 444 B.C. He was the disciple of Telauges the Pythagorean, and warmly adopted the doctrine of transmigration. He wrote a poem upon the opinions of Pythagoras, very much commended, in which he spoke of the various bodies which nature had given him. He was first a girl, afterwards a boy, a shrub, a bird, a fish, and lastly Empedocles. His poetry was bold and animated, and his verses were so universally esteemed, that they were publicly recited at the Olympic games with those of Homer and Hesiod. Empedocles was no less remarkable for his humanity and social virtues than for his learning. He showed himself an inveterate enemy to tyranny, and refused to become the sovereign of his country. He taught rhetoric in Sicily, and often alleviated the anxieties of his mind as well as the pains of his body with music. It is reported that his curiosity to visit the flames of the crater of Ætna proved fatal to him. Some maintain that he wished it to be believed that he was a god, and, that his death might be unknown, he threw himself into the crater and perished in the flames. His expectations, however, were frustrated, and the volcano, by throwing up one of his sandals, discovered to the world that Empedocles had perished by fire. Others report that he lived to an extreme old age, and that he was drowned in the sea. Horace, bk. 1, ltr. 12, li. 20.—Cicero, On Oratory, bk. 1, ch. 50, &c.—Diogenes Laërtius, Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers.

Emperāmus, a Lacedæmonian general in the second Messenian war.

Empōclus, an historian.

Empŏria Punĭca, certain places near the Syrtes.

Emporiæ, a town of Spain in Catalonia, now Ampurias. Livy, bk. 34, chs. 9 & 16; bk. 26, ch. 19.

Encĕlădus, a son of Titan and Terra, the most powerful of all the giants who conspired against Jupiter. He was struck with Jupiter’s thunders, and overwhelmed under mount Ætna. Some supposed that he is the same as Typhon. According to the poets, the flames of Ætna proceeded from the breath of Enceladus; and as often as he turned his weary side, the whole island of Sicily felt the motion, and shook from its very foundations. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 578, &c.——A son of Ægyptus.

Enchĕleæ, a town of Illyricum, where Cadmus was changed into a serpent. Lucan, bk. 3, li. 189.—Strabo, bk. 7.

Endeis, a nymph, daughter of Chiron. She married Æacus king of Agina, by whom she had Peleus and Telamon. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 29.—Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 12.

Endēra, a place of Æthiopia.

Endy̆mion, a shepherd, son of Æthlius and Calyce. It is said that he required of Jupiter to grant to him to be always young, and to sleep as much as he would; whence came the proverb of Endymionis somnum dormire, to express a long sleep. Diana saw him naked as he slept on mount Latmos, and was so struck with his beauty that she came down from heaven every night to enjoy his company. Endymion married Chromia daughter of Itonus, or, according to some, Hyperipne daughter of Arcas, by whom he had three sons, Pæon, Epeus, and Æolus, and a daughter called Eurydice; and so little ambitious did he show himself of sovereignty, that he made his crown the prize of the best racer among his sons, an honourable distinction which was gained by Epeus. The fable of Endymion’s amours with Diana, or the moon, arises from his knowledge of astronomy, and as he passed the night on some high mountain, to observe the heavenly bodies, it has been reported that he was courted by the moon. Some suppose that there were two of that name, the son of a king of Elis, and the shepherd or astronomer of Caria. The people of Heraclea maintained that Endymion died on mount Latmos, and the Eleans pretended to show his tomb at Olympia in Peloponnesus. Propertius, bk. 2, poem 25.—Cicero, Tusculanæ Disputationes, bk. 1.—Juvenal, satire 10.—Theocritus, poem 3.—Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 1; bk. 6, ch. 20.

Enĕti, or Henĕti, a people near Paphlagonia.

Engȳum, now Gangi, a town of Sicily freed from tyranny by Timoleon. Cicero, Against Verres, bk. 3, ch. 43; bk. 4, ch. 44.—Silius Italicus, bk. 14, li. 250.

Enienses, a people of Greece.

Eniopeus, a charioteer of Hector, killed by Diomedes. Homer, Iliad, bk. 8, li. 120.

Enīpeus, a river of Thessaly, flowing near Pharsalia. Lucan, bk. 6, li. 373.——A river of Elis in Peloponnesus, of which Tyro the daughter of Salmoneus became enamoured. Neptune assumed the shape of the river god to enjoy the company of Tyro. Ovid, Amores, bk. 3, poem 5.—Strabo.

Enispe, a town of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 25.

Enna, now Castro Janni, a town in the middle of Sicily, with a beautiful plain, whence Proserpine was carried away by Pluto. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.—Cicero, Against Verres, bk. 3, ch. 49; bk. 4, ch. 104.—Ovid, Fasti, bk. 4, li. 522.—Livy, bk. 24, ch. 37.

Ennia, was the wife of Macro, and afterwards of the emperor Caligula. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 6, ch. 45.

Quintus Ennius, an ancient poet born at Rudii in Calabria. He obtained the name and privileges of a Roman citizen by his genius and the brilliancy of his learning. His style is rough and unpolished, but his defects, which are more particularly attributed to the age in which he lived, have been fully compensated by the energy of his expressions and the fire of his poetry. Quintilian warmly commends him, and Virgil has shown his merits by introducing many whole lines from his poetry into his own compositions, which he calls pearls gathered from the dunghill. Ennius wrote in heroic verse 18 books of the annals of the Roman republic, and displayed much knowledge of the world in some dramatical and satirical compositions. He died of the gout, contracted by frequent intoxication, about 169 years before the christian era, in the 70th year of his age. Ennius was intimate with the great men of his age; he accompanied Cato in his questorship in Sardinia, and was esteemed by him of greater value than the honours of a triumph; and Scipio, on his death-bed, ordered his body to be buried by the side of his poetical friend. This epitaph was said to be written upon him:

Aspicite, o cives, senis Ennii imaginis formam!

Hic vestrum pinxit maxima facta patrum.

Nemo me lacrymis decoret, neque funera fletu

Faxit: cur? volito vivus per ora virûm.

Conscious of his merit as the first epic poet of Rome, Ennius bestowed on himself the appellation of the Homer of Latium. Of the tragedies, comedies, annals, and satires which he wrote, nothing remains but fragments happily collected from the quotations of ancient authors. The best edition of these is by Hesselius, 4to, Amsterdam, 1707. Ovid, Tristia, bk. 2, li. 424.—Cicero, de Finibus Bonorum et Malorum, bk. 1, ch. 4; De Officiis, bk. 2, ch. 18.—Quintilian, bk. 10, ch. 1.—Lucretius, bk. 1, li. 117, &c.—Cornelius Nepos, Cato.

Ennŏmus, a Trojan prince killed by Achilles. Homer, Iliad, bk. 2, li. 365; bk. 11, li. 422.

Ennosigæus, terræ concussor, a surname of Neptune. Juvenal, satire 10, li. 182.

Enŏpe, a town of Peloponnesus near Pylos. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 26.

Enops, a shepherd loved by the nymph Nesis, by whom he had Satnius. Homer, Iliad, bk. 14.——The father of Thestos.——A Trojan killed by Patroclus. Iliad, bk. 16.

Enos, a maritime town of Thrace.

Enosichthon, a surname of Neptune.

Enotocœtæ, a nation whose ears are described as hanging down to their heels. Strabo.

Entella, a town of Sicily inhabited by Campanians. Silius Italicus, bk. 14, li. 205.—Cicero, Against Verres, bk. 3, ch. 43.

Entellus, a famous athlete among the friends of Æneas. He was intimate with Eryx, and entered the lists against Dares, whom he conquered in the funeral games of Anchises in Sicily. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 5, li. 387, &c.

Enyalius, a surname of Mars.

Enȳo, a sister of Mars, called by the Latins Bellona, supposed by some to be daughter of Phorcys and Ceto. Silius Italicus, bk. 10, li. 203.

Eone, a daughter of Thespius. Apollodorus.

Eordæa, a district at the west of Macedonia. Livy, bk. 31, ch. 39; bk. 33, ch. 8; bk. 42, ch. 53.

Eos, the name of Aurora among the Greeks, whence the epithet Eous is applied to all the eastern parts of the world. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 3, li. 406; Ars Amatoria, bk. 3, li. 537; bk. 6, li. 478.—Virgil, Georgics, bk. 1, li. 288; bk. 2, li. 115.

Eōus, one of the horses of the sun. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 2, li. 153, &c.

Epāgris, one of the Cyclades, called by Aristotle Hydrussa. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.

Epaminondas, a famous Theban descended from the ancient kings of Bœotia. His father’s name was Polymnus. He has been celebrated for his private virtues and military accomplishments. His love of truth was so great that he never disgraced himself by falsehood. He formed a most sacred and inviolable friendship with Pelopidas, whose life he saved in battle. By his advice Pelopidas delivered Thebes from the power of Lacedæmon. This was the signal of war. Epaminondas was set at the head of the Theban armies, and defeated the Spartans at the celebrated battle of Leuctra, about 371 years B.C. Epaminondas made a proper use of this victorious campaign, and entered the territories of Lacedæmon with 50,000 men. Here he gained many friends and partisans; but at his return to Thebes he was seized as a traitor for violating the laws of his country. While he was making the Theban arms victorious on every side, he neglected the law which forbade any citizen to retain in his hands the supreme power more than one month, and all his eminent services seemed unable to redeem him from death. He paid implicit obedience to the laws of his country, and only begged of his judges that it might be inscribed on his tomb that he had suffered death for saving his country from ruin. This animated reproach was felt; he was pardoned and invested again with the sovereign power. He was successful in a war in Thessaly, and assisted the Eleans against the Lacedæmonians. The hostile armies met near Mantinea, and while Epaminondas was bravely fighting in the thickest of the enemy, he received a fatal wound in the breast and expired, exclaiming that he died unconquered, when he heard that the Bœotians obtained the victory, in the 48th year of his age, 363 years before Christ. The Thebans severely lamented his death; in him their power was extinguished, for only during his life they had enjoyed freedom and independence among the Grecian states. Epaminondas was frugal as well as virtuous, and he refused with indignation the rich presents which were offered to him by Artaxerxes the king of Persia. He is represented by his biographer as an elegant dancer and a skilful musician, accomplishments highly esteemed among his countrymen. Plutarch, Parallela minora.—Cornelius Nepos, Epaminondas.—Xenophon, Hellenica.—Diodorus, bk. 15.—Polybius, bk. 1.

Epantelii, a people of Italy.

Epaphrodītus, a freedman punished with death for assisting Nero to destroy himself. Suetonius, Nero.——A freedman of Augustus, sent as a spy to Cleopatra. Plutarch.——A name assumed by Sylla.

Epăphus, a son of Jupiter and Io, who founded a city in Egypt, which he called Memphis, in honour of his wife, who was the daughter of the Nile. He had a daughter called Libya, who became mother of Ægyptus and Danaus by Neptune. He was worshipped as a god at Memphis. Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 153.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 1, li. 699, &c.

Epasnactus, a Gaul in alliance with Rome, &c. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 8, ch. 44.

Epebŏlus, a soothsayer of Messenia, who prevented Aristodemus from obtaining the sovereignty. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 9, &c.

Epēi and Elēi, a people of Peloponnesus. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 5.

Epetium, now Viscio, a town of Illyricum.

Epēus, a son of Endymion, brother to Pæon, who reigned in a part of Peloponnesus. His subjects were called from him Epei. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 1.——A son of Panopeus, who was the fabricator of the famous wooden horse, which proved the ruin of Troy. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 2, li. 264.—Justin, bk. 20, ch. 2.—Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 26.

Ephĕsus, a city of Ionia, built, as Justin mentions, by the Amazons; or by Androchus son of Codrus, according to Strabo; or by Ephesus, a son of the river Cayster. It is famous for a temple of Diana, which was reckoned one of the seven wonders of the world. This temple was 425 feet long and 200 feet broad. The roof was supported by 127 columns, 60 feet high, which had been placed there by so many kings. Of these columns, 36 were carved in the most beautiful manner, one of which was the work of the famous Scopas. This celebrated building was not totally completed till 220 years after its foundation. Ctesiphon was the chief architect. There was above the entrance a huge stone, which, according to Pliny, had been placed there by Diana herself. The riches which were in the temple were immense, and the goddess who presided over it was worshipped with the most awful solemnity. This celebrated temple was burnt on the night that Alexander was born [See: [Erostratus]], and soon after it rose from its ruins with more splendour and magnificence. Alexander offered to rebuild it at his own expense, if the Ephesians would place upon it an inscription which denoted the name of the benefactor. This generous offer was refused by the Ephesians, who observed, in the language of adulation, that it was improper that one deity should raise temples to the other. Lysimachus ordered the town of Ephesus to be called Arsinoe, in honour of his wife; but after his death the new appellation was lost, and the town was again known by its ancient name. Though modern authors are not agreed about the ancient ruins of this once famed city, some have given the barbarous name of Ajasalouc to what they conjecture to be the remains of Ephesus. The words literæ Ephesiæ are applied to letters containing magical powers. Pliny, bk. 36, ch. 14.—Strabo, bks. 12 & 14.—Mela, bk. 1, ch. 17.—Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 2.—Plutarch, Alexander.—Justin, bk. 2, ch. 4.—Callimachus, Hymn to Artemis.—Ptolemy, bk. 5.—Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 2.

Ephĕtæ, a number of magistrates at Athens, first instituted by Demophoon the son of Theseus. They were reduced to the number of 51 by Draco, who, according to some, first established them. They were superior to the Areopagites, and their privileges were great and numerous. Solon, however, lessened their power, and entrusted them only with the trial of manslaughter and conspiracy against the life of a citizen. They were all more than 50 years old, and it was required that their manners should be pure and innocent, and their behaviour austere and full of gravity.

Ephialtes, or Ephialtus, a giant, son of Neptune, who grew nine inches every month. See: [Aloeus].——An Athenian, famous for his courage and strength. He fought with the Persians against Alexander, and was killed at Halicarnassus. Diodorus, bk. 17.——A Trachinian who led a detachment of the army of Xerxes by a secret path to attack the Spartans at Thermopylæ. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 4.—Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 213.

Ephŏri, powerful magistrates at Sparta, who were first created by Lycurgus; or, according to some, by Theopompus, B.C. 760. They were five in number. Like censors in the state, they could check and restrain the authority of the kings, and even imprison them, if guilty of irregularities. They fined Archidamus for marrying a wife of small stature, and imprisoned Agis for his unconstitutional behaviour. They were much the same as the tribunes of the people at Rome, created to watch with a jealous eye over the liberties and rights of the populace. They had the management of the public money, and were the arbiters of peace and war. Their office was annual, and they had the privilege of convening, proroguing, and dissolving the greater and less assemblies of the people. The former was composed of 9000 Spartans, all inhabitants of the city; the latter of 33,000 Lacedæmonians, inhabitants of the inferior towns and villages. Cornelius Nepos, Pausanias, ch. 3.—Aristotle, Politics, bk. 2, ch. 7.

Ephŏrus, an orator and historian of Cumæ in Æolia, about 352 years before Christ. He was disciple to Isocrates, by whose advice he wrote a history which gave an account of all the actions and battles that had happened between the Greeks and barbarians for 750 years. It was greatly esteemed by the ancients. It is now lost. Quintilian, bk. 10, ch. 1.

Ephy̆ra, the ancient name of Corinth, which it received from a nymph of the same name, and thence Ephyreus is applied to Dyrrhachium, founded by a Grecian colony. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 2, li. 264.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 2, li. 239.—Lucan, bk. 6, li. 17.—Statius, Thebiad, bk. 4, li. 59.—Silius Italicus, bk. 14, li. 181.——A city of Threspotia in Epirus.——Another in Elis.——Ætolia.——One of Cyrene’s attendants. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 4, li. 343.

Epicaste, a name of Jocasta the mother and wife of Œdipus. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 5.——A daughter of Ægeus, mother of Thestalus by Hercules.

Epicerides, a man of Cyrene, greatly esteemed by the Athenians for his beneficence. Demosthenes.

Epichăris, a woman accused of conspiracy against Nero. She refused to confess the associates of her guilt, though exposed to the greatest torments, &c. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 15, ch. 51.

Epicharmus, a poet and Pythagorean philosopher of Sicily, who introduced comedy at Syracuse, in the reign of Hiero. His compositions were imitated by Plautus. He wrote some treatises upon philosophy and medicine, and observed that the gods sold all their kindnesses for toil and labour. According to Aristotle and Pliny, he added the two letters χ and θ to the Greek alphabet. He flourished about 440 years before Christ, and died in the 90th year of his age. Horace, bk. 2, ltr. 1, li. 58.—Diogenes Laërtius, bks. 3 & 8.—Cicero, Letters to Atticus, bk. 1, ltr. 19.

Epicles, a Trojan prince killed by Ajax. Homer, Iliad, bk. 12, li. 378.

Epiclīdes, a Lacedæmonian of the family of the Eurysthenidæ. He was raised to the throne by his brother Cleomenes III. in the place of Agis, against the laws and constitution of Sparta. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 9.

Epicrătes, a Milesian, servant to Julius Cæsar.——A poet of Ambracia. Ælian.——The name is applied to Pompey, as expressive of supreme authority. Cicero, Letters to Atticus, bk. 3, ltr. 3.

Epictētus, a stoic philosopher of Hieropolis in Phrygia, originally the slave of Epaphroditus, the freedman of Nero. Though driven from Rome by Domitian, he returned after the emperor’s death, and gained the esteem of Adrian and Marcus Aurelius. Like the Stoics he supported the doctrine of the immortality of the soul, but he declared himself strongly against suicide, which was so warmly adopted by his sect. He died in a very advanced age. The earthen lamp of which he made use was sold some time after his death for 3000 drachmas. His Enchiridion is a faithful picture of the stoic philosophy, and his dissertations which were delivered to his pupils, were collected by Arrian. His style is concise and devoid of all ornament, full of energy and useful maxims. The value of his compositions is well known from the saying of the emperor Antoninus, who thanked the gods he could collect from the writings of Epictetus wherewith to conduct life with honour to himself and advantage to his country. There are several good editions of the works of Epictetus, with those of Cebes and others; the most valuable of which, perhaps, will be found to be that of Reland, Utrecht, 4to, 1711; and Arrian’s by Upton, 2 vols. 4to, London, 1739.

Epĭcūrus, a celebrated philosopher, son of Neocles and Cherestrata, born at Gargettus in Attica. Though his parents were poor and of an obscure origin, yet he was early sent to school, where he distinguished himself by the brilliancy of his genius, and at the age of 12, when his preceptor repeated to him this verse from Hesiod,

Ἠτοι μεν πρωτιστα χαος γενετ’, &c.,

In the beginning of things the Chaos was created,

Epicurus earnestly asked him who created it? To this the teacher answered that he knew not, but only philosophers. “Then,” says the youth, “philosophers henceforth shall instruct me.” After having improved himself, and enriched his mind by travelling, he visited Athens, which was then crowded by the followers of Plato, the Cynics, the Peripatetics, and the Stoics. Here he established himself, and soon attracted a number of followers by the sweetness and gravity of his manners, and by his social virtues. He taught them that the happiness of mankind consisted in pleasure, not such as arises from sensual gratification, or from vice, but from the enjoyments of the mind, and the sweets of virtue. This doctrine was warmly attacked by the philosophers of the different sects, and particularly by the Stoics. They observed that he disgraced the gods by representing them as inactive, given up to pleasure, and unconcerned with the affairs of mankind. He refuted all the accusations of his adversaries by the purity of his morals, and by his frequent attendance on places of public worship. When Leontium, one of his female pupils, was accused of prostituting herself to her master and to all his disciples, the philosopher proved the falsity of the accusation by silence and an exemplary life. His health was at last impaired by continual labour, and he died of a retention of urine, which long subjected him to the most excruciating torments, and which he bore with unparalleled fortitude. His death happened 270 years before Christ, in the 72nd year of his age. His disciples showed their respect for the memory of their learned preceptor, by the unanimity which prevailed among them. While philosophers in every sect were at war with mankind and among themselves, the followers of Epicurus enjoyed perfect peace, and lived in the most solid friendship. The day of his birth was observed with universal festivity, and during a month all his admirers gave themselves up to mirth and innocent amusement. Of all the philosophers of antiquity, Epicurus is the only one whose writings deserve attention for their number. He wrote no less than 300 volumes, according to Diogenes Laërtius; and Chrysippus was so jealous of the fecundity of his genius, that no sooner had Epicurus published one of his volumes, than he immediately composed one, that he might not be overcome in the number of his productions. Epicurus, however, advanced truth and arguments unknown before; but Chrysippus said what others long ago had said, without showing anything which might be called originality. The followers of Epicurus were numerous in every age and country; his doctrines were rapidly disseminated over the world, and when the gratification of the sense was substituted to the practice of virtue, the morals of mankind were undermined and destroyed. Even Rome, whose austere simplicity had happily nurtured virtue, felt the attack, and was corrupted. When Cineas spoke of the tenets of the Epicureans in the Roman senate, Fabricius indeed entreated the gods that all the enemies of the republic might become his followers. But those were the feeble efforts of expiring virtue; and when Lucretius introduced the popular doctrine in poetical composition, the smoothness and beauty of the numbers contributed, with the effeminacy of the Epicureans, to enervate the conquerors of the world. Diogenes Laërtius, Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers.—Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 4, ch. 13.—Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 1, chs. 24 & 25; Tusculanæ Disputationes, bk. 3, ch. 49; De Finibus Bonorum et Malorum, bk. 2, ch. 22.

Epicydes, a tyrant of Syracuse, B.C. 213.

Epidamnus, a town of Macedonia on the Adriatic, nearly opposite Brundusium. The Romans planted there a colony, which they called Dyrrachium, considering the ancient name (ad damnum) ominous. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 10.—Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 23.—Plautus, Menæchmi, scene 2, act 1, li. 42.

Epidaphne, a town of Syria, called also Antioch. Germanicus son of Drusus died there. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 2, ch. 83.

Epidauria, a festival at Athens in honour of Æsculapius.——A country of Peloponnesus.

Epidaurus, a town at the north of Argolis in Peloponnesus, chiefly dedicated to the worship of Æsculapius, who had there a famous temple. It received its name from Epidaurus son of Argus and Evadne. It is now called Pidaura. Strabo, bk. 8.—Virgil, Georgics, bk. 3, li. 44.—Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 21.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 3.——A town of Dalmatia, now Ragusi Vecchio,——of Laconia.

Epidium, one of the western isles of Scotland, or the Mull of Cantyre, according to some. Ptolemy.

Epidius, a man who wrote concerning unusual prodigies. Pliny, bk. 16, ch. 25.

Epidotæ, certain deities who presided over the birth and growth of children, and were known among the Romans by the name of Dii Averrunci. They were worshipped by the Lacedæmonians, and chiefly invoked by those who were persecuted by the ghosts of the dead, &c. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 17, &c.

Epigĕnes, a Babylonian astrologer and historian. Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 56.

Epigeus, a Greek killed by Hector.

Epigŏni, the sons and descendants of the Grecian heroes who were killed in the first Theban war. The war of the Epigoni is famous in ancient history. It was undertaken 10 years after the first. The sons of those who had perished in the first war resolved to avenge the death of their fathers, and marched against Thebes, under the command of Thersander; or, according to others, of Alcmæon the son of Amphiaraus. The Argives were assisted by the Corinthians, the people of Messina, Arcadia, and Megara. The Thebans had engaged all their neighbours in their quarrel, as in one common cause, and the two hostile armies met and engaged on the banks of the Glissas. The fight was obstinate and bloody, but victory declared for the Epigoni, and some of the Thebans fled to Illyricum with Leodamas their general, while others retired into Thebes, where they were soon besieged and forced to surrender. In this war Ægialeus alone was killed, and his father Adrastus was the only person who escaped alive in the first war. This whole war, as Pausanias observes, was written in verse; and Callinus, who quotes some of the verses, ascribes them to Homer, which opinion has been adopted by many writers. “For my part,” continues the geographer, “I own that, next to the Iliad and Odyssey of Homer, I have never seen a finer poem.” Pausanias, bk. 6, chs. 9 & 25.—Apollodorus, bks. 1 & 3.—Diodorus, bk. 4.——This name has been applied to the sons of those Macedonian veterans, who in the age of Alexander formed connections with the women of Asia.

Epĭgŏnus, a mathematician of Ambracia.

Epigranea, a fountain in Bœotia. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 7.

Epīi and Epēi, a people of Elis.

Epilarus, a daughter of Thespius. Apollodorus.

Epimĕlĭdes, the founder of Corone. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 34.

Epimĕnes, a man who conspired against Alexander’s life. Curtius, bk. 8, ch. 6.

Epimenĭdes, an epic poet of Crete, contemporary with Solon. His father’s name was Agiasarchus and his mother’s Blasta. He is reckoned one of the seven wise men by those who exclude Periander from the number. While he was tending his flocks one day, he entered into a cave, where he fell asleep. His sleep continued for 40 or 47, or according to Pliny, 57 years, and when he awoke, he found every object so considerably altered, that he scarce knew where he was. His brother apprised him of the length of his sleep, to his great astonishment. It is supposed that he lived 289 years. After death he was revered as a god, and greatly honoured by the Athenians, whom he had delivered from a plague, and to whom he had given many good and useful counsels. He is said to be the first who built temples in the Grecian communities. Cicero, de Divinatione, bk. 1, ch. 34.—Diogenes Laërtius, Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers.—Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 14.—Plutarch, Solon.—Valerius Maximus, bk. 8, ch. 13.—Strabo, bk. 10.—Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 12.

Epĭmētheus, a son of Japetus and Clymene, one of the Oceanides, who inconsiderately married Pandora, by whom he had Pyrrha the wife of Deucalian. He had the curiosity to open the box which Pandora had brought with her [See: [Pandora]], and from thence issued a train of evils, which from that moment have never ceased to afflict the human race. Hope was the only one which remained at the bottom of the box, not having sufficient time to escape, and it is she alone which comforts men under misfortunes. Epimetheus was changed into a monkey by the gods, and sent into the island of Pithecusa. Apollodorus, bk. 1, chs. 2 & 7.—Hyginus, fable.—Hesiod, Theogony. See: [Prometheus].

Epĭmēthis, a patronymic of Pyrrha the daughter of Epimetheus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 1, li. 390.

Epĭochus, a son of Lycurgus, who received divine honours in Arcadia.

Epiŏne, the wife of Æsculapius. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 29.

Epiphanea, a town of Cilicia, near Issus, now Surpendkar. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 27.—Cicero, Letters to his Friends, bk. 15, ltr. 4.——Another of Syria on the Euphrates. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 24.

Epiphănes (illustrious), a surname given to the Antiochi, kings of Syria.——A surname of one of the Ptolemies, the fifth of the house of the Lagidæ. Strabo, bk. 17.

Epipanius, a bishop of Salamis, who was active in refuting the writings of Origen; but his compositions are more valuable for the fragments which they preserve than for their own intrinsic merit. The only edition is by Dionysius Petavius, 2 vols., Paris, 1622. The bishop died A.D. 403.

Epipŏlæ, a district of Syracuse, on the north side, surrounded by a wall by Dionysius, who, to complete the work expeditiously, employed 60,000 men upon it, so that in 30 days he finished a wall 4¾ miles long, and of great height and thickness.

Epīrus, a country situate between Macedonia, Achaia, and the Ionian sea. It was formerly governed by kings, of whom Neoptolemus son of Achilles was one of the first. It was afterwards joined to the empire of Macedonia, and at last became a part of the Roman dominions. It is now called Larta. Strabo, bk. 7.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 3.—Ptolemy, bk. 3, ch. 14.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 1.—Virgil, Georgics, bk. 3, li. 121.

Epistrŏphus, a son of Iphitus king of Phocis, who went to the Trojan war. Homer, Iliad.

Epitades, a man who first violated a law of Lycurgus, which forbade laws to be made. Plutarch, Agis.

Epitus. See: [Epytus].

Epium, a town of Peloponnesus on the borders of Arcadia.

Epŏna, a beautiful girl, the fruit, it is said, of a man’s union with a mare.

Epŏpeus, a son of Neptune and Canace, who came from Thessaly to Sicyon, and carried away Antiope, daughter of Nicteus king of Thebes. This rape was followed by a war, in which Nycteus and Epopeus were both killed. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 6.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 7, &c.——A son of Aloeus, grandson to Phœbus. He reigned at Corinth. Pausanias, bk. 2, chs. 1 & 3.——One of the Tyrrhene sailors, who attempted to abuse Bacchus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 3, li. 619.

Eporedōrix, a powerful person among the Ædui, who commanded his countrymen in their war against the Sequani. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 7, ch. 67.

Epŭlo, a Rutulian killed by Achates. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 12, li. 459.

Epytides, a patronymic given to Periphas the son of Epytus, and the companion of Ascanius. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 5, li. 547.

Epy̆tus, a king of Alba. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 4, li. 44.——A king of Arcadia.——A king of Messenia, of the family of the Heraclidæ.——The father of Periphus, a herald in the Trojan war. Homer, Iliad, bk. 17.

Equajusta, a town of Thessaly.

Equĭcŏlus, a Rutulian engaged in the wars of Æneas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 684.

Equīria, festivals established at Rome by Romulus, in honour of Mars, when horse-races and games were exhibited in the Campus Martius. Varro, de Lingua Latina, bk. 5, ch. 3.—Ovid, Fasti, bk. 2, li. 859.

Equotutĭcum, now Castel Franco, a little town of Apulia, to which, as some suppose, Horace alludes in this verse, bk. 1, satire 5, li. 87,

Mansuri oppidulo, versu quod dicere non est.

Eracon, an officer of Alexander, imprisoned for his cruelty. Curtius, bk. 10.

Eræa, a city of Greece, destroyed in the age of Strabo, bk. 3.

Erana, a small village of Cilicia on mount Amanus. Cicero, Letters to his Friends, bk. 15, ltr. 4.

Erăsēnus, a river of Peloponnesus, flowing for a little space under the ground, in Argolis. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 15, li. 275.—Pliny, bk. 2, ch. 13.

Erasippus, a son of Hercules and Lysippe.

Erasistrătus, a celebrated physician, grandson to the philosopher Aristotle. He discovered by the motion of the pulse the love which Antiochus had conceived for his mother-in-law Stratonice, and was rewarded with 100 talents for the cure by the father of Antiochus. He was a great enemy to bleeding and violent physic. He died B.C. 257. Valerius Maximus, bk. 5, ch. 7.—Plutarch, Demetrius.

Erăto, one of the muses who presided over lyric, tender, and amorous poetry. She is represented as crowned with roses and myrtle, holding in her right hand a lyre, and a lute in her left, musical instruments of which she is considered by some as the inventress. Love is sometimes placed by her side holding a lighted flambeau, while she herself appears with a thoughtful, but oftener with a gay and animated look. She was invoked by lovers, especially in the month of April, which, among the Romans, was more particularly devoted to love. Apollodorus, bk. 10.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 37.—Ovid, de Ars Amatoria, bk. 2, li. 425.——One of the Nereides. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 2.——One of the Dryades, wife of Arcas king of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 4.——One of the Danaides, who married Bromius.——A queen of the Armenians, after the death of Ariobarzanes, &c. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 2, ch. 4.

Eratosthĕnes, son of Aglaus, was a native of Cyrene, and the second entrusted with the care of the Alexandrian library. He dedicated his time to grammatical criticism and philosophy, but more particularly to poetry and mathematics. He has been called a second Plato, the cosmographer and the geometer of the world. He is supposed to be the inventor of the armillary sphere. With the instruments with which the munificence of the Ptolemies supplied the library of Alexandria, he was enabled to measure the obliquity of the ecliptic, which he called 20½ degrees. He also measured a degree of the meridian, and determined the extent and circumference of the earth with great exactness, by means adopted by the moderns. He starved himself after he had lived to his 82nd year, B.C. 194. Some few fragments remain of his compositions. He collected the annals of the Egyptian kings by order of one of the Ptolemies. Cicero, Letters to Atticus, bk. 2, ltr. 6.—Varro, de Re Rustica, bk. 1, ch. 2.

Eratostrătus, an Ephesian who burnt the famous temple of Diana, the same night that Alexander the Great was born. This burning, as some writers have observed, was not prevented or seen by the goddess of the place, who was then present at the labours of Olympias, and the birth of the conqueror of Persia. Eratostratus did this villainy merely to eternize his name by so uncommon an action. Plutarch, Alexander.—Valerius Maximus, bk. 8, ch. 14.

Erātus, a son of Hercules and Dynaste. Apollodorus.——A king of Sicyon, who died B.C. 1671.

Erbessus, a town of Sicily north of Agrigentum, now Monte Bibino. Livy, bk. 24, ch. 30.

Erchia, a small village of Attica, the birthplace of Xenophon. Diogenes Laërtius, bk. 2, ch. 48.

Erĕbus, a deity of hell, son of Chaos and Darkness. He married Night, by whom he had the light and the day. The poets often used the word Erebus to signify hell itself, and particularly that part where dwelt the souls of those who had lived a virtuous life, from whence they passed into the Elysian fields. Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 3, ch. 17.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 4, li. 26.

Erechtheus, son of Pandion I., was the sixth king of Athens. He was father of Cecrops II., Merion, Pandorus, and of four daughters, Creusa, Orithya, Procris, and Othonia, by Praxithea. In a war against Eleusis he sacrificed Othonia, called also Chthonia, to obtain a victory which the oracle promised for such a sacrifice. In that war he killed Eumolpus, Neptune’s son, who was the general of the enemy, for which he was struck with thunder by Jupiter at Neptune’s request. Some say that he was drowned in the sea. After death he received divine honours at Athens. He reigned 50 years, and died B.C. 1347. According to some accounts, he first introduced the mysteries of Ceres at Eleusis. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 6, li. 877.—Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 25.—Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 15.—Cicero, For Sestius, ch. 21; Tusculanæ Disputationes, bk. 1, ch. 48; Natura Deorum, bk. 3, ch. 15.

Erechthĭdes, a name given to the Athenians, from their king Erechtheus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 7, li. 430.

Erembi, a people of Arabia.

Erēmus, a country of Ethiopia.

Erenēa, a village of Megara. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 44.

Eressa, a town of Æolia.

Erēsus, a town of Lesbos, where Theophrastus was born.

Erĕtria, a city of Eubœa on the Euripus, anciently called Melaneis and Arotria. It was destroyed by the Persians, and the ruins were hardly visible in the age of Strabo. It received its name from Eretrius, a son of Phaeton. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 8, &c.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.—Cornelius Nepos, Miltiades, ch. 4.

Erētum, a town of the Sabines near the Tiber, whence came the adjective Eretinus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 711.—Tibullus, bk. 4, poem 8, li. 4.

Eruthalion, a man killed by Nestor in a war between the Pylians and Arcadians. Homer, Iliad.

Ergăne, a river whose waters intoxicated as wine.——A surname of Minerva. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 14.

Ergenna, a celebrated soothsayer of Etruria. Persius, satire 2, li. 26.

Ergias, a Rhodian who wrote a history of his country.

Ergīnus, a king of Orchomenos, son of Clymenus. He obliged the Thebans to pay him a yearly tribute of 100 oxen, because his father had been killed by a Theban. Hercules attacked his servants, who came to raise the tribute, and mutilated them, and he afterwards killed Erginus, who attempted to avenge their death by invading Bœotia with an army. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 17.——A river of Thrace. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 2.——A son of Neptune.——One of the four brothers who kept the Acrocorinth, by order of Antigonus. Polyænus, bk. 6.

Erginnus, a man made master of the ship Argo by the Argonauts, after the death of Typhis.

Eribœa, a surname of Juno. Homer, Iliad, bk. 5.——The mother of Ajax Telamon. Sophocles.

Eribotes, a man skilled in medicine, &c. Orpheus.

Erĭcētes, a man of Lycaonia, killed by Messapus in Italy. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 749.

Erichtho, a Thessalian woman famous for her knowledge of poisonous herbs and medicine. Lucan, bk. 6, li. 507.——One of the Furies. Ovid.—Hesiod, bk. 2, li. 151.

Erichthŏnius, the fourth king of Athens, sprung from the seed of Vulcan, which fell upon the ground when that god attempted to offer violence to Minerva. He was very deformed, and had the tails of serpents instead of legs. Minerva placed him in a basket, which she gave to the daughters of Cecrops, with strict injunctions not to examine its contents. Aglauros, one of the sisters, had the curiosity to open the basket, for which the goddess punished her indiscretion by making her jealous of her sister Herse. See: [Herse]. Erichthon was young when he ascended the throne of Athens. He reigned 50 years, and died B.C. 1437. The invention of chariots is attributed to him, and the manner of harnessing horses to draw them. He was made a constellation after death under the name of Bootes. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 2, li. 553.—Hyginus, fable 166.—Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 14.—Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 2.—Virgil, Georgics, bk. 3, li. 113.——A son of Dardanus, who reigned in Troy, and died 1374 B.C., after a long reign of about 75 years. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 10.

Ericinium, a town of Macedonia.

Ericūsa, one of the Lipari isles, now Alicudi.

Erĭdănus, one of the largest rivers of Italy, rising in the Alps, and falling into the Adriatic by several mouths; now called the Po. It was in its neighbourhood that the Heliades, the sisters of Phaeton, were changed into poplars, according to Ovid. Virgil calls it the king of all rivers, and Lucan compares it to the Rhine and Danube. An Eridanus is mentioned in heaven. Cicero, Aratus, li. 145.—Claudian, Panegyricus de Consulatu Honorii Augusti, bk. 6, li. 175.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 2, fable 3.—Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 3.—Strabo, bk. 5.—Lucan, bk. 2, li. 409.—Virgil, Georgics, bk. 1, li. 482; Æneid, bk. 6, li. 659.

Erĭgŏne, a daughter of Icarius, who hung herself when she heard that her father had been killed by some shepherds whom he had intoxicated. She was made a constellation, now known under the name of Virgo. Bacchus deceived her by changing himself into a beautiful grape. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 6, fable 4.—Statius, bk. 11, Thebiad, li. 644.—Virgil, Georgics, bk. 1, li. 33.—Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 14.—Hyginus, fables 1 & 24.——A daughter of Ægisthus and Clytemnestra, who had by her brother Orestes, Penthilus, who shared the regal power with Timasenus, the legitimate son of Orestes and Hermione. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 18.—Paterculus, bk. 1, ch. 1.

Erigoneius, a name applied to the Dog-star, because looking towards Erigone, &c. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 5, li. 723.

Erĭgŏnus, a river of Thrace.——A painter. Pliny, bk. 35, ch. 11.

Erigȳus, a Mitylenean, one of Alexander’s officers. Curtius, bk. 6, ch. 4.

Erillus, a philosopher of Carthage, contemporary with Zeno. Diogenes Laërtius.

Erindes, a river of Asia, near Parthia. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 11, ch. 16.

Erinna, a poetess of Lesbos, intimate with Sappho. Pliny, bk. 34, ch. 8.

Erinnys, the Greek name of the Eumenides. The word signifies the fury of the mind, ἐρις νους. See: [Eumenides]. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 2, li. 337.——A surname of Ceres, on account of her amour with Neptune under the form of a horse. Pausanias, bk. 8, chs. 25 & 42.

Eriopis, a daughter of Medea. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 3.

Eriphănis, a Greek woman famous for her poetical compositions. She was extremely fond of the hunter Melampus, and to enjoy his company she accustomed herself to live in the woods. Athenæus, bk. 14.

Eriphidas, a Lacedæmonian, who being sent to suppress a sedition at Heraclea, assembled the people and beheaded 500 of the ringleaders. Diodorus, bk. 14.

Erĭphȳle, a sister of Adrastus king of Argos, who married Amphiaraus. She was daughter of Talaus and Lysimache. When her husband concealed himself that he might not accompany the Argives in their expedition against Thebes, where he knew he was to perish, Eriphyle suffered herself to be bribed by Polynices with a golden necklace, which had been formerly given to Hermione by the goddess Venus, and she discovered where Amphiaraus was. This treachery of Eriphyle compelled him to go to the war; but before he departed, he charged his son Alcmæon to murder his mother as soon as he was informed of his death. Amphiaraus perished in the expedition, and his death was no sooner known than his last injunctions were obeyed, and Eriphyle was murdered by the hands of her son. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 445.—Homer, Odyssey, bk. 11.—Cicero, Against Verres, bk. 4, ch. 18.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 3, chs. 6 & 7.—Hyginus, fable 73.—Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 17.

Eris, the goddess of discord among the Greeks. She is the same as the Discordia of the Latins. See: [Discordia].

Erisichthon, a Thessalian, son of Triops, who derided Ceres and cut down her groves. This impiety irritated the goddess, who afflicted him with continual hunger. He squandered all his possessions to gratify the cravings of his appetite, and at last he devoured his own limbs for want of food. His daughter Metra had the power of transforming herself into whatever animal she pleased, and she made use of that artifice to maintain her father, who sold her, after which she assumed another shape, and became again his property. Ovid, Metamorphoses, fable 18.

Erithus, a son of Actor, killed by Perseus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5.

Erixo, a Roman knight condemned by the people for having whipped his son to death. Seneca, bk. 1, de Clementia, ch. 14.

Erōchus, a town of Phocis. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 3.

Erōpus or Æropes, a king of Macedonia, who when in the cradle succeeded his father Philip I., B.C. 602. He made war against the Illyrians, whom he conquered. Justin, bk. 7, ch. 2.

Eros, a servant of whom Antony demanded a sword to kill himself. Eros produced the instrument, but instead of giving it to his master, he killed himself in his presence. Plutarch, Antonius.——A comedian. Cicero, For Quintus Roscius the Actor, ch. 2.——A son of Chronos or Saturn, god of love. See: [Cupido].

Erostrătus. See: [Eratostratus].

Erōtia, a festival in honour of Eros the god of love. It was celebrated by the Thespians every fifth year with sports and games, when musicians and all others contended. If any quarrels or seditions had arisen among the people, it was then usual to offer sacrifices and prayers to the god, that he would totally remove them.

Errūca, a town of the Volsci of Italy.

Erse, a daughter of Cecrops. See: [Herse].

Erxias, a man who wrote a history of Colophon. He is perhaps the same as the person who wrote a history of Rhodes.

Eryălus, a Trojan chief killed by Patroclus. Homer, Iliad, bk. 16, li. 411.

Erybium, a town at the foot of mount Parnassus.

Erycīna, a surname of Venus from mount Eryx, where she had a temple. She was also worshipped at Rome under this appellation. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 4, li. 874.—Horace, bk. 1, ode 2, li. 33.

Ery̆manthis, a surname of Callisto, as an inhabitant of Erymanthus.——Arcadia is also known by that name.

Erymanthus, a mountain, river, and town of Arcadia, where Hercules killed a prodigious boar, which he carried on his shoulders to Eurystheus, who was so terrified at the sight that he hid himself in a brazen vessel. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 24.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 802.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 6.—Cicero, Tusculanæ Disputationes, bk. 2, ch. 8; bk. 4, ch. 22.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 2, li. 499.

Ery̆mas, a Trojan killed by Turnus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 702.

Erymnæ, a town of Thessaly. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 24.——Of Magnesia.

Erymneus, a peripatetic philosopher, who flourished B.C. 126.

Ery̆mus, a huntsman of Cyzicus.

Erythea, an island between Gades and Spain, where Geryon reigned. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 22.—Mela, bk. 3, ch. 6.—Propertius, bk. 4, poem 10, li. 1.—Silius Italicus, bk. 16, li. 195.—Ovid, Fasti, bk. 5, li. 649.——A daughter of Geryon. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 37.

Erythīni, a town of Paphlagonia.

Erȳthræ, a town of Ionia opposite Chios, once the residence of a Sybil. It was built by Neleus the son of Codrus. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 12.—Livy, bk. 44, ch. 28; bk. 38, ch. 39.——A town of Bœotia. Livy, bk. 6, ch. 21.——One in Libya,——another in Locris.

Ery̆thræum mare, a part of the ocean on the coast of Arabia. As it has a communication with the Persian gulf, and that of Arabia or the Red sea, it has often been mistaken by the ancient writers, who by the word Erythran, understood indiscriminately either the Red sea or the Persian gulf. It received this name either from Erythras, or from the redness (ἐρυθρος, ruber) of its sand or waters. Curtius, bk. 8, ch. 9.—Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 23.—Herodotus, bk. 1, chs. 180 & 189; bk. 3, ch. 93; bk. 4, ch. 37.—Mela, bk. 3, ch. 8.

Ery̆thras, a son of Hercules. Apollodorus.——A son of Perseus and Andromeda, drowned in the Red sea, which from him was called Erythræum. Arrian, Indica, bk. 6, ch. 10.—Mela, bk. 3, ch. 7.

Erythrion, a son of Athamas and Themistone. Apollodorus.

Ery̆thros, a place of Latium.

Eryx, a son of Butes and Venus, who, relying upon his strength, challenged all strangers to fight with him in the combat of the cestus. Hercules accepted his challenge after many had yielded to his superior dexterity, and Eryx was killed in the combat, and buried on the mountain, where he had built a temple to Venus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 5, li. 402.——An Indian killed by his subjects for opposing Alexander, &c. Curtius, bk. 8, ch. 11.——A mountain of Sicily, now Giuliano, near Drepanum, which received its name from Eryx, who was buried there. This mountain was so steep that the houses which were built upon it seemed every moment ready to fall. Dædalus had enlarged the top, and enclosed it with a strong wall. He also consecrated there to Venus Erycina a golden heifer, which so much resembled life, that it seemed to exceed the power of art. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 4, li. 478.—Hyginus, fables 16 & 260.—Livy, bk. 22, ch. 9.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.—Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 16.

Eryxo, the mother of Battus, who artfully killed the tyrant Learchus who courted her. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 160.

Esernus, a famous gladiator. Cicero.

Esquĭliæ and Esquilīnus mons, one of the seven hills of Rome, which was joined to the city by king Tullus. Birds of prey generally came to devour the dead bodies of criminals who had been executed there, and thence they were called Esquilinæ alites. Livy, bk. 2, ch. 11.—Horace, epode 5, li. 100.—Tacitus, Annals, bk. 2, ch. 32.

Essedŏnes, a people of Asia, above the Palus Mæotis, who ate the flesh of their parents mixed with that of cattle. They gilded the head and kept it as sacred. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 1.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.

Essui, a people of Gaul.

Estiæotis, a district of Thessaly on the river Peneus.

Esŭla, a town of Italy near Tibur. Horace, bk. 3, ode 29, li. 6.

Estiaia, solemn sacrifices to Vesta, of which it was unlawful to carry away anything or communicate it to anybody.

Etearchus, a king of Oaxus in Crete. After the death of his wife, he married a woman who made herself odious for her tyranny over her stepdaughter Phronima. Etearchus gave ear to all the accusations which were brought against his daughter, and ordered her to be thrown into the sea. She had a son called Battus, who led a colony to Cyrene. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 154.

Eteŏcles, a son of Œdipus and Jocasta. After his father’s death, it was agreed between him and his brother Polynices, that they should both share the royalty, and reign alternately each a year. Eteocles by right of seniority first ascended the throne, but after the first year of his reign was expired, he refused to give up the crown to his brother according to their mutual agreement. Polynices, resolving to punish such an open violation of a solemn engagement, went to implore the assistance of Adrastus king of Argos. He received that king’s daughter in marriage, and was soon after assisted with a strong army, headed by seven famous generals. These hostile preparations were watched by Eteocles, who on his part did not remain inactive. He chose seven brave chiefs to oppose the seven leaders of the Argives, and stationed them at the seven gates of the city. He placed himself against his brother Polynices, and he opposed Menalippus to Tydeus, Polyphontes to Capaneus, Megareus to Eteoclus, Hyperbius to Parthenopæus, and Lasthenes to Amphiaraus. Much blood was shed in light and unavailing skirmishes, and it was at last agreed between the two brothers that the war should be decided by single combat. They both fell in an engagement conducted with the most inveterate fury on either side, and it is even said that the ashes of these two brothers, who had been so inimical one to the other, separated themselves on the burning pile, as if, even after death, sensible of resentment and hostile to reconciliation. Statius, Thebiad.—Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 5, &c.—Aeschylus, Seven Against Thebes.—Euripides, Phœnician Women.—Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 9; bk. 9, ch. 6.——A Greek, the first who raised altars to the Graces. Pausanias.

Eteŏclus, one of the seven chiefs of the army of Adrastus, in his expedition against Thebes, celebrated for his valour, for his disinterestedness, and magnanimity. He was killed by Megareus the son of Creon under the walls of Thebes. Euripides.—Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 6.——A son of Iphis.

Eteocrētæ, an ancient people of Crete.

Eteones, a town of Bœotia on the Asopus. Statius, Thebiad, bk. 7, li. 266.

Eteoneus, an officer at the court of Menelaus, when Telemachus visited Sparta. He was son of Bœthus. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 4, li. 22.

Eteonīcus, a Lacedæmonian general, who upon hearing that Callicratidas was conquered at Arginusæ, ordered the messengers of this news to be crowned, and to enter Mitylene in triumph. This so terrified Conon, who besieged the town, that he concluded that the enemy had obtained some advantageous victory, and he raised the siege. Diodorus, bk. 13.—Polyænus, bk. 1.

Etēsiæ, periodical northern winds of a gentle and mild nature, very common for five or six weeks in the months of spring and autumn. Lucretius, bk. 5, li. 741.

Ethalion, one of the Tyrrhene sailors changed into dolphins for carrying away Bacchus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 3, li. 647.

Etheleum, a river of Asia, the boundary of Troas and Mysia. Strabo.

Ethŏda, a daughter of Amphion and Niobe.

Ethēmon, a person killed at the marriage of Andromeda. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5, li. 163.

Etias, a daughter of Æneas. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 22.

Etis, a town of Peloponnesus. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 22.

Etrūria. See: [Hetruria].

Etrusci, the inhabitants of Etruria, famous for their superstitions and enchantments. See: [Hetruria]. Cicero, Letters to his Friends, bk. 6, ltr. 6.—Livy, bk. 2, ch. 34.

Etylus, the father of Theocles. Livy, bk. 6, ch. 19.

Evadne, a daughter of Iphis or Iphicles of Argos, who slighted the addresses of Apollo, and married Capancus, one of the seven chiefs who went against Thebes. When her husband had been struck with thunder by Jupiter for his blasphemies and impiety, and his ashes had been separated from those of the rest of the Argives, she threw herself on his burning pile, and perished in the flames. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 447.—Propertius, bk. 1, poem 15, li. 21.—Statius, Thebiad, bk. 12, li. 800.——A daughter of the Strymon and Neæra. She married Argus, by whom she had four children. Apollodorus, bk. 2.

Evages, a poet, famous for his genius but not for his learning.

Evăgŏras, a king of Cyprus who retook Salamis, which had been taken from his father by the Persians. He made war against Artaxerxes the king of Persia, with the assistance of the Egyptians, Arabians, and Tyrians, and obtained some advantage over the fleet of his enemy. The Persians, however, soon repaired their losses, and Evagoras saw himself defeated by sea and land, and obliged to be tributary to the power of Artaxerxes, and to be stripped of all his dominions, except the town of Salamis. He was assassinated soon after this fatal change of fortune by a eunuch, 374 B.C. He left two sons, Nicocles, who succeeded him, and Protagoras, who deprived his nephew Evagoras of his possessions. Evagoras deserves to be commended for his sobriety, moderation, and magnanimity, and if he was guilty of any political error in the management of his kingdom, it may be said that his love of equity was a full compensation. His grandson bore the same name, and succeeded his father Nicocles. He showed himself oppressive, and his uncle Protagoras took advantage of his unpopularity to deprive him of his power. Evagoras fled to Artaxerxes Ochus, who gave him a government more extensive than that of Cyprus, but his oppression rendered him odious, and he was accused before his benefactor, and by his orders put to death. Cornelius Nepos, bk. 12, ch. 2.—Diodorus, bk. 14.—Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 3.—Justin, bk. 5, ch. 6.——A man of Elis, who obtained a prize at the Olympian games. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 8.——A Spartan, famous for his services to the people of Elis. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 10.——A son of Neleus and Chloris. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9.——A son of Priam. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 12.——A king of Rhodes.——An historian of Lindos.——Another of Thasos, whose works proved serviceable to Pliny in the compilation of his natural history. Pliny, bk. 10.

Evăgŏre, one of the Nereides. Apollodorus.

Evan, a surname of Bacchus, which he received from the wild ejaculation of Evan! Evan! by his priestesses. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, li. 15.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 517.

Evander, a son of the prophetess Carmente, king of Arcadia. An accidental murder obliged him to leave his country, and he came to Italy, where he drove the aborigines from their ancient possessions, and reigned in that part of the country where Rome was afterwards founded. He kindly received Hercules when he returned from the conquest of Geryon; and he was the first who raised him altars. He gave Æneas assistance against the Rutuli, and distinguished himself by his hospitality. It is said that he first brought the Greek alphabet into Italy, and introduced there the worship of the Greek deities. He was honoured as a god after death by his subjects, who raised him an altar on mount Aventine. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 43.—Livy, bk. 1, ch. 7.—Silius Italicus, bk. 7, li. 18.—Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 1, ch. 7.—Ovid, Fasti, bk. 1, li. 500; bk. 5, li. 91.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 8, li. 100, &c.——A philosopher of the second academy, who flourished B.C. 215.

Evangĕlus, a Greek historian.——A comic poet.

Evangorĭdes, a man of Elis, who wrote an account of all those who had obtained a prize at Olympia, where he himself had been victorious. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 8.

Evanthes, a man who planted a colony in Lucania at the head of some Locrians.——A celebrated Greek poet.——An historian of Miletus.——A philosopher of Samos.——A writer of Cyzicus.——A son of Œnopion of Crete, who migrated to live at Chios. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 4.

Evarchus, a river of Asia Minor flowing into the Euxine, on the confines of Cappadocia. Flaccus, bk. 6, li. 102.

Evas, a native of Phrygia who accompanied Æneas into Italy, where he was killed by Mezentius. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 702.

Evax, an Arabian prince who wrote to Nero concerning jewels. Pliny, bk. 25, ch. 2.

Eubages, certain priests held in great veneration among the Gauls and Britons. See: [Druidæ].

Eubātas, an athlete of Cyrene, whom the courtesan Lais in vain endeavoured to seduce. Pausanias, Elis, bk. 1.

Eubius, an obscene writer, &c. Ovid, Tristia, bk. 2, li. 415.

Eubœa, the largest island in the Ægean sea after Crete, now called Negropont. It is separated from the continent of Bœotia by the narrow straits of the Euripus, and was anciently known by the different names of Macris, Oche, Ellopia, Chalcis, Abantis, Asopis. It is 150 miles long, and 37 broad in its most extensive parts, and 365 in circumference. The principal town was Chalcis; and it was reported that in the neighbourhood of Chalcis the island had been formerly joined to the continent. Eubœa was subjected to the power of the Greeks; some of its cities, however, remained for some time independent. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.—Strabo, bk. 10.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 14, li. 155.——One of the three daughters of the river Asterion, who was one of the nurses of Juno. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 17.——One of Mercury’s mistresses.——A daughter of Thespius. Apollodorus, bk. 2.——A town of Sicily near Hybla.

Euboĭcus, belonging to Eubœa. The epithet is also applied to the country of Cumæ, because that city was built by a colony from Chalcis, a town of Eubœa. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 4, li. 257.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 2; bk. 9, li. 710.

Eubote, a daughter of Thespius. Apollodorus.

Eubotes, a son of Hercules. Apollodorus, bk. 2.

Eubūle, an Athenian virgin, daughter of Leon, sacrificed with her sisters, by order of the oracle of Delphi, for the safety of her country, which laboured under a famine. Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 12, ch. 18.

Eubūlĭdes, a philosopher of Miletus, pupil and successor to Euclid. Demosthenes was one of his pupils, and by his advice and encouragement to perseverance he was enabled to conquer the difficulty he felt in pronouncing the letter R. He severely attacked the doctrines of Aristotle. Diogenes Laërtius.——An historian, who wrote an account of Socrates and of Diogenes. Diogenes Laërtius.——A famous statuary of Athens. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 14.

Eubūlus, an Athenian orator, rival to Demosthenes.——A comic poet.——An historian, who wrote a voluminous account of Mithras.——A philosopher of Alexandria.

Eucērus, a man of Alexandria, accused of adultery with Octavia, that Nero might have occasion to divorce her. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 14, ch. 60.

Euchēnor, a son of Ægyptus and Arabia. Apollodorus.

Euchides, an Athenian who went to Delphi and returned the same day, a journey of about 107 miles. The object of his journey was to obtain sacred fire.

Euclīdes, a native of Megara, disciple of Socrates, B.C. 404. When the Athenians had forbidden all the people of Megara on pain of death to enter their city, Euclides disguised himself in women’s clothes to introduce himself into the presence of Socrates. Diogenes Laërtius, Socrates.——A mathematician of Alexandria, who flourished 300 B.C. He distinguished himself by his writings on music and geometry, but particularly by 15 books on the elements of mathematics, which consist of problems and theorems with demonstrations. This work has been greatly mutilated by commentators. Euclid was so respected in his lifetime, that king Ptolemy became one of his pupils. Euclid established a school at Alexandria, which became so famous, that from his age to the time of the Saracen conquest, no mathematician was found but what had studied at Alexandria. He was so respected that Plato, himself a mathematician, being asked concerning the building of an altar at Athens, referred his inquiries to the mathematician of Alexandria. The latest edition of Euclid’s writings is that of Gregory, folio, Oxford, 1703. Valerius Maximus, bk. 8, ch. 12.—Cicero, On Oratory, bk. 3, ch. 72.

Euclus, a prophet of Cyprus, who foretold the birth and greatness of the poet Homer, according to some traditions. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 12.

Eucrăte, one of the Nereides. Apollodorus.

Eucrătes, the father of Procles the historian. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 21.

Eucritus. See: [Evephenus].

Euctēmon, a Greek of Cumæ, exposed to great barbarities. Curtius, bk. 5, ch. 5.——An astronomer who flourished B.C. 431.

Euctresii, a people of Peloponnesus.

Eudæmon, a general of Alexander.

Eudamĭdas, a son of Archidamus IV., brother to Agis IV. He succeeded on the Spartan throne, after his brother’s death, B.C. 330. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 10.——A son of Archidamus king of Sparta, who succeeded B.C. 268.——The commander of a garrison stationed at Trœzene by Craterus.

Eudamus, a son of Agesilaus of the Heraclidæ. He succeeded his father.——A learned naturalist and philosopher.

Eudēmus, the physician of Livia the wife of Drusus, &c. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 4, ch. 3.——An orator of Megalopolis, preceptor to Philopœmen.——An historian of Naxos.

Eudocia, the wife of the emperor Theodosius the younger, who gave the public some compositions. She died A.D. 460.

Eudocĭmus, a man who appeased a mutiny among some soldiers by telling them that a hostile army was in sight. Polyænus.

Eudōra, one of the Nereides.——One of the Atlantides.

Eudōrus, a son of Mercury and Polimela, who went to the Trojan war with Achilles. Homer, Iliad, bk. 16.

Eudoxi Specŭla, a place in Egypt.

Eudoxia, the wife of Arcadius, &c.——A daughter of Theodosius the younger, who married the emperor Maximus, and invited Genseric the Vandal over into Italy.

Eudoxus, a son of Æschines of Cnidus, who distinguished himself by his knowledge of astrology, medicine, and geometry. He was the first who regulated the year among the Greeks, among whom he first brought from Egypt the celestial sphere and regular astronomy. He spent a great part of his life on the top of a mountain, to study the motions of the stars, by whose appearance he pretended to foretell the events of futurity. He died in his 53rd year, B.C. 352. Lucan, bk. 10, li. 187.—Diogenes Laërtius.—Petronius, ch. 88.——A native of Cyzicus, who sailed all around the coast of Africa from the Red sea, and entered the Mediterranean by the columns of Hercules.——A Sicilian, son of Agathocles.——A physician. Diogenes Laërtius.

Evelthon, a king of Salamis in Cyprus.

Euemĕrĭdas, an historian of Cnidus.

Evemĕrus, an ancient historian of Messenia, intimate with Cassander. He travelled over Greece and Arabia, and wrote a history of the gods, in which he proved that they all had been upon earth, as mere mortal men. Ennius translated it into Latin. It is now lost.

Evēnor, a painter, father to Parrhasius. Pliny, bk. 35, ch. 9.

Evēnus, an elegiac poet of Paros.——A river running through Ætolia, and falling into the Ionian sea. It receives its name from Evenus son of Mars and Sterope, who being unable to overcome Idas, who had promised him his daughter Marpessa in marriage, if he surpassed him in running, grew so desperate, that he threw himself into the river, which afterwards bore his name. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 9, li. 104.—Strabo, bk. 7.——A son of Jason and Hypsipyle queen of Lemnos. Homer, Iliad, bk. 7, li. 467.

Evephēnus, a Pythagorean philosopher, whom Dionysius condemned to death because he had alienated the people of Metapontum from his power. The philosopher begged leave of the tyrant to go and marry his sister, and promised to return in six months. Dionysius consented by receiving Eucritus, who pledged himself to die if Evephenus did not return in time. Evephenus returned at the appointed moment, to the astonishment of Dionysius, and delivered his friend Eucritus from the death which threatened him. The tyrant was so pleased with these two friends, that he pardoned Evephenus, and begged to share their friendship and confidence. Polyænus, bk. 5.

Everes, a son of Pteralaus, the only one of his family who did not perish in a battle against Electryon. Apollodorus, bk. 2.——A son of Hercules and Parthenope.——The father of Tiresias. Apollodorus.

Evergĕtæ, a people of Scythia, called also Arimaspi. Curtius, bk. 7, ch. 3.

Evergĕtes, a surname signifying benefactor, given to Philip of Macedonia, and to Antigonus Doson, and Ptolemy of Egypt. It was also commonly given to the kings of Syria and Pontus, and we often see among the former an Alexander Evergetes, and among the latter a Mithridates Evergetes. Some of the Roman emperors also claimed that epithet, so expressive of benevolence and humanity.

Evesperĭdes, a people of Africa. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 171.

Eugănei, a people of Italy on the borders of the Adriatic, who, upon being expelled by the Trojans, seized upon a part of the Alps. Silius Italicus, bk. 8, li. 604.—Livy, bk. 1, ch. 1.

Eugeon, an ancient historian before the Peloponnesian war.

Eugenius, a usurper of the imperial title after the death of Valentinian II., A.D. 392.

Euhemerus. See: [Evemerus].

Euhydrum, a town of Thessaly. Livy, bk. 32, ch. 13.

Euhyus and Evius, a surname of Bacchus, given him in the war of the giants against Jupiter. Horace, bk. 2, Ode 11, li. 17.

Evippe, one of the Danaides who married and murdered Imbras.——Another. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 1.——The mother of the Pierides, who were changed into magpies. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5, li. 303.

Evippus, a son of Thestius king of Pleuron, killed by his brother Iphiclus in the chase of the Calydonian boar. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 7.——A Trojan killed by Patroclus. Homer, Iliad, bk. 16, li. 417.

Eulimĕne, one of the Nereides.

Eumăchius, a Campanian who wrote a history of Annibal.

Eumæus, a herdsman and steward of Ulysses, who knew his master at his return home from the Trojan war, after 20 years’ absence, and assisted him in removing Penelope’s suitors. He was originally the son of the king of Scyros, and upon being carried away by pirates, he was sold as a slave to Laertes, who rewarded his fidelity and services. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 13, li. 403; bk. 14, li. 3; bk. 15, li. 288; bks. 16 & 17.

Eumēdes, a Trojan, son of Dolon, who came to Italy with Æneas, where he was killed by Turnus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 12, li. 346.—Ovid, Tristia, bk. 3, poem 4, li. 27.

Eumēlis, a famous augur. Statius, bk. 4, Sylvæ, poem 8, li. 49.

Eumēlus, a son of Admetus king of Pheræ in Thessaly. He went to the Trojan war, and had the fleetest horses in the Grecian army. He distinguished himself in the games made in honour of Patroclus. Homer. Iliad, bks. 2 & 23.——A man whose daughter was changed into a bird. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 7, li. 390.——A man contemporary with Triptolemus, of whom he learned the art of agriculture. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 18.——One of the followers of Æneas, who first informed his friend that his fleet had been set on fire by the Trojan women. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 5, li. 665.——One of the Bacchiadæ, who wrote, among other things, a poetical history of Corinth, B.C. 750, of which a small fragment is still extant. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 1.——A king of the Cimmerian Bosphorus, who died B.C. 304.

Eumĕnes, a Greek officer in the army of Alexander, son of a charioteer. He was the most worthy of all the officers of Alexander to succeed after the death of his master. He conquered Paphlagonia and Cappadocia, of which he obtained the government, till the power and jealousy of Antigonus obliged him to retire. He joined his forces to those of Perdiccas, and defeated Craterus and Neoptolemus. Neoptolemus perished by the hands of Eumenes. When Craterus had been killed during the war, his remains received an honourable funeral from the hand of the conqueror; and Eumenes, after weeping over the ashes of a man who once was his dearest friend, sent his remains to his relations in Macedonia. Eumenes fought against Antipater and conquered him, and after the death of Perdiccas his ally, his arms were directed against Antigonus, by whom he was conquered, chiefly by the treacherous conduct of his officers. This fatal battle obliged him to disband the greatest part of his army to secure himself a retreat, and he fled, with only 700 faithful attendants, to Nora, a fortified place on the confines of Cappadocia, where he was soon besieged by the conqueror. He supported the siege for a year with courage and resolution, but some disadvantageous skirmishes so reduced him, that his soldiers, grown desperate, and bribed by the offers of the enemy, had the infidelity to betray him into the hands of Antigonus. The conqueror, from shame or remorse, had not the courage to visit Eumenes; but when he was asked by his officers in what manner he wished him to be kept, he answered, “Keep him as carefully as you would keep a lion.” This severe command was obeyed; but the asperity of Antigonus vanished in a few days, and Eumenes, delivered from the weight of chains, was permitted to enjoy the company of his friends. Even Antigonus hesitated whether he should not restore to his liberty a man with whom he had lived in the greatest intimacy while both were subservient to the command of Alexander, and these secret emotions of pity and humanity were not a little increased by the petitions of his son Demetrius for the release of Eumenes. But the calls of ambition prevailed; and when Antigonus recollected what an active enemy he had in his power, he ordered Eumenes to be put to death in the prison; though some imagine he was murdered without the knowledge of his conqueror. His bloody commands were executed B.C. 315. Such was the end of a man who raised himself to power by merit alone. His skill in public exercises first recommended him to the notice of Philip, and under Alexander his attachment and fidelity to the royal person, and particularly his military accomplishments, promoted him to the rank of a general. Even his enemies revered him; and Antigonus, by whose orders he perished, honoured his remains with a splendid funeral, and conveyed his ashes to his wife and family in Cappadocia. It has been observed that Eumenes had such a universal influence over the successors of Alexander, that none during his lifetime dared to assume the title of king; and it does not a little reflect to his honour to consider that the wars he carried on were not from private or interested motives, but for the good and welfare of his deceased benefactor’s children. Plutarch & Cornelius Nepos, Lives.—Diodorus, bk. 19.—Justin, bk. 13.—Curtius, bk. 10.—Arrian.——A king of Pergamus, who succeeded his uncle Philetærus on the throne, B.C. 263. He made war against Antiochus the son of Seleucus, and enlarged his possessions by seizing upon many of the cities of the kings of Syria. He lived in alliance with the Romans, and made war against Prusias king of Bithynia. He was a great patron of learning, and given much to wine. He died of an excess in drinking, after a reign of 22 years. He was succeeded by Attalus. Strabo, bk. 15.——The second of that name succeeded his father Attalus on the throne of Asia and Pergamus. His kingdom was small and poor, but he rendered it powerful and opulent, and his alliance with the Romans did not a little contribute to the increase of his dominions after the victories obtained over Antiochus the Great. He carried his arms against Prusias and Antigonus, and died B.C. 159, after a reign of 38 years, leaving the kingdom to his son Attalus II. He has been admired for his benevolence and magnanimity, and his love of learning greatly enriched the famous library of Pergamus, which had been founded by his predecessors in imitation of the Alexandrian collection of the Ptolemies. His brothers were so attached to him and devoted to his interest, that they enlisted among his bodyguards to show their fraternal fidelity. Strabo, bk. 13.—Justin, bks. 31 & 34.—Polybius.——A celebrated orator of Athens about the beginning of the fourth century. Some of his harangues and orations are extant.——An historical writer in Alexander’s army.

Eumenia, a city of Phrygia, built by Attalus in honour of his brother Eumenes.——A city of Thrace,——of Caria. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 29.——Of Hyrcania.

Eumĕnĭdes and Eumenes, a man mentioned, Ovid, bk. 3, Tristia, poem 4, li. 27.

Eumēnĭdes, a name given to the Furies by the ancients. They sprang from the drops of blood which flowed from the wound which Cœlus received from his son Saturn. According to others they were daughters of the earth, and conceived from the blood of Saturn. Some make them daughters of Acheron and Night, or Pluto and Proserpine, or Chaos and Terra, according to Sophocles, or, as Epimenides reports, of Saturn and Evonyme. According to the most received opinions, they were three in number, Tisiphone, Megara, and Alecto, to which some add Nemesis. Plutarch mentions only one, called Adrasta, daughter of Jupiter and Necessity. They were supposed to be the ministers of the vengeance of the gods, and therefore appeared stern and inexorable; always employed in punishing the guilty upon earth, as well as in the infernal regions. They inflicted their vengeance upon earth by wars, pestilence, and dissensions, and by the secret stings of conscience; and in hell they punished the guilty by continual flagellation and torments. They were also called Furiæ, Erinnyes, and Diræ, and the appellation of Eumenides, which signifies benevolence and compassion, they received after they had ceased to persecute Orestes, who in gratitude offered them sacrifices, and erected a temple in honour of their divinity. Their worship was almost universal, and people presumed not to mention their names or fix their eyes upon their temples. They were honoured with sacrifices and libations, and in Achaia they had a temple, which, when entered by any one guilty of crimes, suddenly rendered him furious, and deprived him of the use of his reason. In their sacrifices, the votaries used branches of cedar and of alder, hawthorn, saffron, and juniper, and the victims were generally turtledoves and sheep, with libations of wine and honey. They were generally represented with a grim and frightful aspect, with a black and bloody garment, and serpents wreathing round their head instead of hair. They held a burning torch in one hand, and a whip of scorpions in the other, and were always attended by terror, rage, paleness, and death. In hell they were seated around Pluto’s throne, as the ministers of his vengeance. Aeschylus, Eumenides.—Sophocles, Œdipus at Colonus.

Eumĕnĭdia, festivals in honour of the Eumenides, called by the Athenians σεμναι θεαι, venerable goddesses. They were celebrated once every year with sacrifices of pregnant ewes, with offerings of cakes made by the most eminent youths, and libations of honey and wine. At Athens none but free-born citizens were admitted, such as had led a life the most virtuous and unsullied. Such only were accepted by the goddesses, who punished all sorts of wickedness in a severe manner.

Eumēnius, a Trojan killed by Camilla in Italy. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 11, li. 666.

Eumolpe, one of the Nereides. Apollodorus.

Eumolpĭdæ, the priests of Ceres at the celebration of her festivals of Eleusis. All causes relating to impiety or profanation were referred to their judgment, and their decisions, though occasionally severe, were considered as generally impartial. The Eumolpidæ were descended from Eumolpus, a king of Thrace, who was made priest of Ceres by Erechtheus king of Athens. He became so powerful after his appointment to the priesthood, that he maintained a war against Erechtheus. This war proved fatal to both; Erechtheus and Eumolpus were both killed, and peace was re-established among their descendants, on condition that the priesthood should ever remain in the family of Eumolpus, and the regal power in the house of Erechtheus. The priesthood continued in the family of Eumolpus for 1200 years; and this is still more remarkable, because he who was once appointed to the holy office, was obliged to remain in perpetual celibacy. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 14.

Eumolpus, a king of Thrace, son of Neptune and Chione. He was thrown into the sea by his mother, who wished to conceal her shame from her father. Neptune saved his life, and carried him into Æthiopia, where he was brought up by Amphitrite, and afterwards by a woman of the country, one of whose daughters he married. An act of violence to his sister-in-law obliged him to leave Æthiopia, and he fled to Thrace with his son Ismarus, where he married the daughter of Tegyrius the king of the country. This connection with the royal family rendered him ambitious; he conspired against his father-in-law, and fled, when the conspiracy was discovered, to Attica, where he was initiated in the mysteries of Ceres of Eleusis, and made Hierophantes or high priest. He was afterwards reconciled to Tegyrius, and inherited his kingdom. He made war against Erechtheus the king of Athens, who had appointed him to the office of high priest, and perished in battle. His descendants were also invested with the priesthood, which remained for about 1200 years in that family. See: [Eumolpidæ]. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 5, &c.—Hyginus, fable 73.—Diodorus, bk. 5.—Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 14.

Eumonides, a Theban, &c. Plutarch.

Eunæus, a son of Jason, by Hypsipyle daughter of Thoas. Homer, Iliad, bk. 7.

Eunapius, a physician, sophist, and historian, born at Sardis. He flourished in the reign of Valentinian and his successors, and wrote a history of the Cæsars, of which few fragments remain. His life of the philosophers of his age is still extant. It is composed with fidelity and elegance, precision and correctness.

Eunŏmia, a daughter of Juno, one of the Horæ. Apollodorus.

Eunŏmus, a son of Prytanes, who succeeded his father on the throne of Sparta. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 36.——A famous musician of Locris, rival to Ariston, over whom he obtained a musical prize at Delphi. Strabo, bk. 6.——A man killed by Hercules. Apollodorus.——A Thracian, who advised Demosthenes not to be discouraged by his ill success in his first attempts to speak in public. Plutarch, Demosthenes.——The father of Lycurgus, killed by a kitchen knife. Plutarch, Lycurgus.

Eunus, a Syrian slave, who inflamed the minds of the servile multitude by pretended inspiration and enthusiasm. He filled a nut with sulphur in his mouth, and by artfully conveying fire to it, he breathed out flames to the astonishment of the people, who believed him to be a god, or something more than human. Oppression and misery compelled 2000 slaves to join his cause, and he soon saw himself at the head of 50,000 men. With such a force he defeated the Roman armies, till Perpenna obliged him to surrender by famine, and exposed on a cross the greatest part of his followers, B.C. 132. Plutarch, Sertorius.

Euonymos, one of the Lipari isles.

Euoras, a grove of Laconia. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 10.

Eupagium, a town of Peloponnesus.

Eupalămon, one of the hunters of the Calydonian boar. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 8, li. 360.

Eupalămus, the father of Dædalus and of Metiadusa. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 15.

Eupător, a son of Antiochus. The surname of Eupator was given to many of the Asiatic princes, such as Mithridates, &c. Strabo, bk. 12.

Eupătoria, a town of Paphlagonia, built by Mithridates, and called afterwards Pompeiopolis by Pompey. Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 2.——Another called Magnopolis in Pontus, now Tehenikeh. Strabo, bk. 12.

Eupeithes, a prince of Ithaca, father to Antinous. In the former part of his life he had fled before the vengeance of the Thesprotians, whose territories he had laid waste in the pursuit of some pirates. During the absence of Ulysses he was one of the most importuning lovers of Penelope. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 16.

Euphaes, succeeded Androcles on the throne of Messenia, and in his reign the first Messenian war began. He died B.C. 730. Pausanias, bk. 4, chs. 5 & 6.

Euphantus, a poet and historian of Olynthus, son of Eubulides, and preceptor to Antigonus king of Macedonia. [♦]Diogenes Laërtius, Euclides.

[♦] ‘Diod.’ replaced with ‘Diogenes’

Euphēme, a woman who was nurse to the Muses, and mother of Crocus by Pan. Pausanias.

Euphēmus, a son of Neptune and Europa, who was among the Argonauts, and the hunters of the Calydonian boar. He was so swift and light that he could run over the sea without scarce wetting his feet. Pindar, Pythian, poem 4.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9.—Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 17.——One of the Greek captains before Troy. Homer, Iliad, bk. 2, li. 353.

Euphorbus, a famous Trojan, son of Panthous, the first who wounded Patroclus, whom Hector killed. He perished by the hand of Menelaus, who hung his shield in the temple of Juno at Argos. Pythagoras, the founder of the doctrine of the metempsychosis, or transmigration of souls, affirmed that he had been once Euphorbus, and that his soul recollected many exploits which had been done while it animated that Trojan’s body. As a further proof of his assertion, he showed at first sight the shield of Euphorbus in the temple of Juno. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 15, li. 160.—Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 17.—Homer, Iliad, bks. 16 & 17.——A physician of Juba king of Mauritania.

Euphorion, a Greek poet of Chalcis in Eubœa, in the age of Antiochus the Great. Tiberius took him for his model for correct writing, and was so fond of him that he hung his pictures in all the public libraries. His father’s name was Polymnetus. He died in his 56th year, B.C. 220. Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 2, ch. 64, calls him Obscurum.——The father of Æschylus bore the same name.

Euphrānor, a famous painter and sculptor of Corinth. Pliny, bk. 34, ch. 8.——This name was common to many Greeks.

Euphrātes, a disciple of Plato, who governed Macedonia with absolute authority in the reign of Perdiccas, and rendered himself odious by his cruelty and pedantry. After the death of Perdiccas, he was murdered by Parmenio.——A stoic philosopher in the age of Adrian, who destroyed himself with the emperor’s leave, to escape the miseries of old age, A.D. 118. Dio Cassius.——A large and celebrated river of Mesopotamia, rising from mount Taurus in Armenia, and discharging itself with the Tigris into the Persian gulf. It is very rapid in its course, and passes through the middle of the city of Babylon. It inundates the country of Mesopotamia at a certain season of the year, and, like the Nile in Egypt, happily fertilizes the adjacent fields. Cyrus dried up its ancient channel, and changed the course of the waters when he besieged Babylon. Strabo, bk. 11.—Mela, bk. 1, ch. 2; bk. 3, ch. 8.—Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 24.—Virgil, Georgics, bk. 1, li. 509; bk. 4, li. 560.

Euphron, an aspiring man of Sicyon, who enslaved his country by bribery. Diodorus, bk. 15.

Euphrŏsy̆na, one of the Graces, sister to Aglaia and Thalia. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 35.

Euplæa, an island of the Tyrrhene sea, near Neapolis. Statius, bk. 3, Sylvæ, poem 1, li. 149.

Eupŏlis, a comic poet of Athens, who flourished 435 years before the christian era, and severely lashed the vices and immoralities of his age. It is said that he had composed 17 dramatical pieces at the age of 17. He had a dog so attached to him, that at his death he refused all aliments, and starved himself on his tomb. Some suppose that Alcibiades put Eupolis to death, because he had ridiculed him in a comedy which he had written against the Baptæ, the priests of the goddess Cotytto, and the impure ceremonies of their worship; but Suidas maintains that he perished in a sea-fight between the Athenians and the Lacedæmonians in the Hellespont, and that on that account his countrymen, pitying his fate, decreed that no poet should ever after go to war. Horace, bk. 1, satire 4; bk. 2, satire 10.—Cicero, Letters to Atticus, bk. 6, ltr. 1.—Ælian.

Eupompus, a geometrician of Macedonia.——A painter. Pliny, bk. 34, ch. 8.

Eurianassa, a town near Chios. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 31.

Eurĭpĭdes, a celebrated tragic poet born at Salamis the day on which the army of Xerxes was defeated by the Greeks. He studied eloquence under Prodicus, ethics under Socrates, and philosophy under Anaxagoras. He applied himself to dramatical composition, and his writings became so much the admiration of his countrymen, that the unfortunate Greeks, who had accompanied Nicias in his expedition against Syracuse, were freed from slavery, only by repeating some verses from the pieces of Euripides. The poet often retired from the society of mankind, and confined himself in a solitary cave near Salamis, where he wrote and finished his most excellent tragedies. The talents of Sophocles were looked upon by Euripides with jealousy, and the great enmity which always reigned between the two poets gave an opportunity to the comic muse of Aristophanes to ridicule them both on the stage with success and humour. During the representation of one of the tragedies of Euripides, the audience, displeased with some lines in the composition, desired the writer to strike them off. Euripides heard the reproof with indignation; he advanced forward on the stage, and told the spectators that he came there to instruct them, and not to receive instruction. Another piece, in which he called riches the summum bonum and the admiration of gods and men, gave equal dissatisfaction, but the poet desired the audience to listen with silent attention, for the conclusion of the whole would show them the punishment which attended the lovers of opulence. The ridicule and envy to which he was continually exposed, obliged him at last to remove from Athens. He retired to the court of Archelaus king of Macedonia, where he received the most conspicuous marks of royal munificence and friendship. His end was as deplorable as it was uncommon. It is said that the dogs of Archelaus met him in his solitary walks, and tore his body to pieces 407 years before the christian era, in the 78th year of his age. Euripides wrote 75 tragedies, of which only 19 are extant; the most approved of which are his Phœnissæ, Orestes, Medea, Andromache, Electra, Hippolytus, Iphigenia in Aulis, Iphigenia in Tauris, Hercules, and the Troades. He is peculiarly happy in expressing the passions of love, especially the more tender and animated. To the pathos he has added sublimity, and the most common expressions have received a perfect polish from his pen. In his person, as it is reported, he was noble and majestic, and his deportment was always grave and serious. He was slow in composing, and laboured with difficulty, from which circumstance a foolish and malevolent poet once observed that he had written 100 verses in three days, while Euripides had written only three. “True,” says Euripides, “but there is this difference between your poetry and mine; yours will expire in three days, but mine shall live for ages to come.” Euripides was such an enemy to the fair sex that some have called him μισογυνης, woman-hater, and perhaps from this aversion arise the impure and diabolical machinations which appear in his female characters; an observation, however, which he refuted, by saying he had faithfully copied nature. In spite of all this antipathy he was married twice, but his connections were so injudicious, that he was compelled to divorce both his wives. The best editions of this great poet are that of Musgrave, 4 vols., 4to, Oxford, 1778; that of Canter apud Commelin, 12mo, 2 vols., 1597; and of Barnes, folio, Cambridge. 1694. There are also several valuable editions of detached plays. Diodorus, bk. 13.—Valerius Maximus, bk. 3, ch. 7.—Cicero, De Inventione, bk. 1, ch. 50; Orator, bk. 3, ch. 7; Academica bk. 1, ch. 4; De Officiis, bk. 3; Finibus Bonorum et Malorum, bk. 2; Tusculanæ Disputationes, bks. 1 & 4, &c.

Eurīpus, a narrow strait which separates the island of Eubœa from the coast of Bœotia. Its flux and reflux, which continued regular during 18 or 19 days, and were commonly unsettled the rest of the month, was a matter of deep inquiry among the ancients; and it is said that Aristotle threw himself into it because he was unable to find out the causes of that phenomenon. Livy, bk. 28, ch. 6.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.—Pliny, bk. 2, ch. 95.—Strabo, bk. 9.

Euristhenes. See: [Eurysthenes].

Eurōmus, a city of Caria. Livy, bk. 32, ch. 33; bk. 33, ch. 30.

Eurōpa, one of the three grand divisions of the earth known among the ancients, extending, according to modern surveys, about 3000 miles from north to south, and 2500 from east to west. Though inferior in extent, yet it is superior to the others in the learning, power, and abilities of its inhabitants. It is bounded on the east by the Ægean sea, Hellespont, Euxine, Palus Mæotis, and the Tanais in a northern direction. The Mediterranean divides it from Africa on the south, and on the west and north it is washed by the Atlantic and northern oceans. It is supposed to receive its name from Europa, who was carried there by Jupiter. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 1.—Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 1, &c.—Lucan, bk. 3, li. 275.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 222.——A daughter of Agenor king of Phœnicia and Telephassa. She was so beautiful that Jupiter became enamoured of her, and the better to seduce her he assumed the shape of a bull and mingled with the herds of Agenor, while Europa, with her female attendants, were gathering flowers in the meadows. Europa caressed the beautiful animal, and at last had the courage to sit upon his back. The god took advantage of her situation, and with precipitate steps retired towards the shore, and crossed the sea with Europa on his back, and arrived safe in Crete. Here he assumed his original shape, and declared his love. The nymph consented, though she had once made vows of perpetual celibacy, and she became mother of Minos, Sarpedon, and Rhadamanthus. After this distinguished amour with Jupiter, she married Asterius king of Crete. This monarch, seeing himself without children by Europa, adopted the fruit of her amours with Jupiter, and always esteemed Minos, Sarpedon, and Rhadamanthus as his own children. Some suppose that Europa lived about 1552 years before the christian era. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 2, fable 13.—Moschus, Idylls.—Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 5; bk. 3, ch. 1.——One of the Oceanides. Hesiod, Theogony, li. 356.——A part of Thrace near mount Hæmus. Justin, bk. 7, ch. 1.

Eurŏpæus, a patronymic of Minos the son of Europa. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 8, li. 23.

Europs, a king of Sicyon, son of Ægialeus, who died B.C. 1993. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 5.

Eurōpus, a king of Macedonia, &c. Justin, bk. 7, ch. 1.——A town of Macedonia on the Axius. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 10.

Eurōtas, a son of Lelex, father to Sparta, who married Lacedæmon. He was one of the first kings of Laconia, and gave his name to the river which flows near Sparta. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 16.—Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 1.——A river of Laconia flowing by Sparta. It was called, by way of eminence, Basilipotamos, the king of rivers, and worshipped by the Spartans as a powerful god. Laurels, reeds, myrtles, and olives grew on its banks in great abundance. Strabo, bk. 8.—Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 1.—Livy, bk. 35, ch. 29.—Virgil, Eclogues, poem 6, li. 82.—Ptolemy, bk. 4.——A river in Thessaly near mount Olympus, called also Titaresus. It joined the Peneus, but was not supposed to incorporate with it. Strabo, bk. 6.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 8.

Etrōto, a daughter of Danaus by Polyxo. Apollodorus.

Eurus, a wind blowing from the eastern parts of the world. The Latins sometimes called it Vulturnus. Ovid, Tristia, bk. 1, poem 2; Metamorphoses, bk. 11, &c.

Euryăle, a queen of the Amazons, who assisted Æetes, &c. Flaccus, bk. 4.——A daughter of Minos, mother of Orion by Neptune.——A daughter of Prœtus king of Argos.——One of the Gorgons who was immortal. Hesiod, Theogony, li. 207.

Euryălus, one of the Peloponnesian chiefs who went to the Trojan war with 80 ships. Homer, Iliad, bk. 2.——An illegitimate son of Ulysses and Evippe. Sophocles.——A son of Melas, taken prisoner by Hercules, &c. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 8.——A Trojan who came with Æneas into Italy, and rendered himself famous for his immortal friendship with Nisus. See: [Nisus]. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 179.——A pleasant place of Sicily near Syracuse. Livy, bk. 25, ch. 25.——A Lacedæmonian general in the second Messenian war.

Erybătes, a herald in the Trojan war, who took Briseis from Achilles by order of Agamemnon. Homer, Iliad, bk. 1, li. 32.—Ovid, Heroides, poem 3.——A warrior of Argos, often victorious at the Nemean games, &c. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 29.——One of the Argonauts.

Eurybia, the mother of Lucifer and all the stars. Hesiod.——A daughter of Pontus and Terra, mother of Astræus, Pallas, and Perses by Crius.——A daughter of Thespius. Apollodorus.

Eurybiădes, a Spartan general of the Grecian fleet, at the battles of Artemisium and Salamis against Xerxes. He has been charged with want of courage, and with ambition. He offered to strike Themistocles when he wished to speak about the manner of attacking the Persians, upon which the Athenian said, “Strike me, but hear me.” Herodotus, bk. 8, chs. 2, 74, &c.—Plutarch, Themistocles.—Cornelius Nepos, Themistocles.

Eurybius, a son of Eurytus king of Argos, killed in a war between his countrymen and the Athenians. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 8.——A son of Nereus and Chloris. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9.

Euryclēa, a beautiful daughter of Ops of Ithaca. Laertes bought her for 20 oxen, and gave her his son Ulysses to nurse, and treated her with much tenderness and attention. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 19.

Eurycles, an orator of Syracuse, who proposed to put Nicias and Demosthenes to death, and to confine to hard labour all the Athenian soldiers in the quarries. Plutarch.——A Lacedæmonian at the battle of Actium on the side of Augustus. Plutarch, Antonius.——A soothsayer of Athens.

Eurycrătes, a king of Sparta, descended from Hercules. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 204.

Eurycrătĭdas, a son of Anaxander, &c. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 204.

Eurydămas, a Trojan skilled in the interpretation of dreams. His two sons were killed by Diomedes during the Trojan war. Homer, Iliad, bk. 5, li. 148.——One of Penelope’s suitors. Odyssey, bk. 22, li. 283.——A wrestler of Cyrene, who, in a combat, had his teeth dashed to pieces by his antagonist, which he swallowed without showing any signs of pain, or discontinuing the fight. Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 10, ch. 19.——A son of Ægyptus. Apollodorus.

Eurydăme, the wife of Leotychides king of Sparta. Herodotus.

Eurydămĭdas, a king of Lacedæmon, of the family of the Proclidæ. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 10.

Eury̆dĭce, the wife of Amyntas king of Macedonia. She had by her husband, Alexander, Perdiccas, and Philip, and one daughter called Euryone. A criminal partiality for her daughter’s husband, to whom she offered her hand and the kingdom, made her conspire against Amyntas, who must have fallen a victim to her infidelity had not Euryone discovered it. Amyntas forgave her, Alexander ascended the throne after his father’s death, and perished by the ambition of his mother; Perdiccas, who succeeded him, shared his fate; but Philip, who was the next in succession, secured himself against all attempts from his mother, and ascended the throne with peace and universal satisfaction. Eurydice fled to Iphicrates the Athenian general for protection. The manner of her death is unknown. Cornelius Nepos, Iphicrates, ch. 3.——A daughter of Amyntas, who married her uncle Aridæus, the illegitimate son of Philip. After the death of Alexander the Great, Aridæus ascended the throne of Macedonia, but he was totally governed by the intrigues of his wife, who called back Cassander, and joined her forces with his to march against Polyperchon and Olympias. Eurydice was forsaken by her troops. Aridæus was pierced through with arrows by order of Olympias, who commanded Eurydice to destroy herself either by poison, the sword, or the halter. She chose the latter.——The wife of the poet Orpheus. As she fled before Aristæus, who wished to offer her violence, she was bit by a serpent in the grass, and died of the wound. Orpheus was so disconsolate that he ventured to go to hell, where, by the melody of his lyre, he obtained from Pluto the restoration of his wife to life, provided he did not look behind before he came upon earth. He violated the conditions, as his eagerness to see his wife rendered him forgetful. He looked behind, and Eurydice was for ever taken from him. See: [Orpheus]. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 4, li. 457, &c.—Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 30.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 10, li. 30, &c.——A daughter of Adrastus. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 12.——One of the Danaides, who married Dyas. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 1.——The wife of Lycurgus king of Nemæa in Peloponnesus. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9.——A daughter of Actor. Apollodorus.——A wife of Æneas. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 26.——A daughter of Amphiaraus. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 17.——A daughter of Antipater, who married one of the Ptolemies. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 7.——A daughter of king Philip. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 17.——A daughter of Lacedæmon. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 13.——A daughter of Clymenus, who married Nestor. Homer, Odyssey.——A wife of Demetrius, descended from Miltiades. Plutarch, Demetrius.

Eurygania, a wife of Œdipus. Apollodorus.

Euryleon, a king of the Latins, called also Ascanius.

Eury̆lŏchus, one of the companions of Ulysses, the only one who did not taste the potions of Circe. His prudence, however, forsook him in Sicily, where he carried away the flocks sacred to Apollo, for which sacrilegious crime he was shipwrecked. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 10, li. 205; bk. 12, li. 195.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 14, li. 287.——A man who broke a conduit which conveyed water into Cyrrhæ, &c. Polyænus, bk. 5.——A man who discovered the conspiracy which was made against Alexander by Hermolaus and others. Curtius, bk. 8, ch. 6.

Eury̆măchus, a powerful Theban, who seized Platæa by treachery, &c.——One of Penelope’s suitors.——A son of Antenor.——A lover of Hippodamia. Pausanias.

Eury̆mĕde, the wife of Glaucus king of Ephyra. Apollodorus.

Eurymĕdon, the father of Peribœa, by whom Neptune had Nausithous. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 7.——A river of Pamphylia, near which the Persians were defeated by the Athenians under Cimon, B.C. 470. Livy, bk. 33, ch. 41; bk. 37, ch. 23.——A man who accused Aristotle of propagating profane doctrines in the Lyceum.

Eurymĕnes, a son of Neleus and Chloris. Apollodorus.

Eurynŏme, one of the Oceanides, mother of the Graces. Hesiod.——A daughter of Apollo, mother of Adrastus and Eriphyle.——A woman of Lemnos, &c. Flaccus, bk. 2, li. 136.——The wife of Lycurgus son of Aleus. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 9.——The mother of Asopus by Jupiter. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 12.——One of Penelope’s female attendants. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 17, li. 515.——An Athenian sent with a reinforcement to Nicias in Sicily. Plutarch, Nicias.

Eurynŏmus, one of the deities of hell. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 28.

Euryŏne, a daughter of Amyntas king of Macedonia by Eurydice.

Eurypon, a king of Sparta, son of Sous. His reign was so glorious that his descendants were called Eurypontidæ. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 7.

Eurypy̆le, a daughter of Thespius.

Eury̆py̆lus, a son of Telephus and Astyoche, was killed in the Trojan war by Pyrrhus. He made his court to Cassandra. Homer, Iliad, bk. 11.——A Grecian at the Trojan war. Homer, Iliad, bk. 2.——A prince of Olenus, who went with Hercules against Laomedon. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 19.——A son of Mecisteus, who signalized himself in the war of the Epigoni against Thebes. Apollodorus, bk. 3.——A son of Temenus king of Messenia, who conspired against his father’s life. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 6.——A son of Neptune, killed by Hercules. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 7.——One of Penelope’s suitors. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 10.——A Thessalian who became delirious for looking into a box, which fell to his share after the plunder of Troy. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 19.——A soothsayer in the Grecian camp before Troy, sent to consult the oracle of Apollo, how his countrymen could return safe home. The result of his inquiries was the injunction to offer a human sacrifice. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 2, li. 114.—Ovid.

Eurysthĕnes, a son of Aristodemus, who lived in perpetual dissension with his twin brother Procles, while they both sat on the Spartan throne. It was unknown which of the two was born first; the mother, who wished to see both her sons raised on the throne, refused to declare it, and they were both appointed kings of Sparta, by order of the oracle of Delphi, B.C. 1102. After the death of the two brothers, the Lacedæmonians, who knew not to what family the right of seniority and succession belonged, permitted two kings to sit on the throne, one of each family. The descendants of Eurysthenes were called Eurysthenidæ; and those of Procles, Proclidæ. It was inconsistent with the laws of Sparta for two kings of the same family to ascend the throne together, yet that law was sometimes violated by oppression and tyranny. Eurysthenes had a son called Agis, who succeeded him. His descendants were called Agidæ. There sat on the throne of Sparta 31 kings of the family of Eurysthenes, and only 24 of the Proclidæ. The former were the more illustrious. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 147; bk. 6, ch. 52.—Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 1.—Cornelius Nepos, Agesilaus.

Eurysthenĭdæ. See: [Eurysthenes].

Eurystheus, a king of Argos and Mycenæ, son of Sthenelus and Nicippe the daughter of Pelops. Juno hastened his birth by two months, that he might come into the world before Hercules the son of Alcmena, as the younger of the two was doomed by order of Jupiter to be subservient to the will of the other. See: [Alcmena]. This natural right was cruelly exercised by Eurystheus, who was jealous of the fame of Hercules, and who, to destroy so powerful a relation, imposed upon him the most dangerous and uncommon enterprises, well known by the name of the 12 labours of Hercules. The success of Hercules in achieving those perilous labours alarmed Eurystheus in a greater degree, and he furnished himself with a brazen vessel, where he might secure himself a safe retreat in case of danger. After the death of Hercules, Eurystheus renewed his cruelties against his children, and made war against Ceyx king of Trachinia, because he had given them support, and treated them with hospitality. He was killed in the prosecution of this war by Hyllus the son of Hercules. His head was sent to Alcmena the mother of Hercules, who, mindful of the cruelties which her son had suffered, insulted it and tore out the eyes with the most inveterate fury. Eurystheus was succeeded on the throne of Argos by Atreus his nephew. Hyginus, fables 30 & 32.—Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 4, &c.—Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 33; bk. 3, ch. 6.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 9, fable 6.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 8, li. 292.

Eury̆te, a daughter of Hippodamus, who married Parthaon. Apollodorus.——The mother of Hallirhotius by Neptune. Apollodorus.

Euryteæ, a town of Achaia. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 18.

Eury̆tĕle, a daughter of Thespius.——A daughter of Leucippus. Apollodorus.

Eurythĕmis, the wife of Thestius. Apollodorus.

Eury̆thion and Eurytion, a centaur whose insolence to Hippodamia was the cause of the quarrel between the Lapithæ and Centaurs, at the nuptials of Pirithous. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12.—Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 10.—Hesiod, Theogony.——A herdsman of Geryon, killed by Hercules. Apollodorus, bk. 2.——A king of Sparta, who seized upon Mantinea by stratagem. Polyænus, bk. 2.——One of the Argonauts. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 8, li. 311.——A son of Lycaon, who signalized himself during the funeral games exhibited in Sicily by Æneas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 5, li. 495.——A silversmith. Æneid, bk. 10, li. 499.——A man of Heraclea convicted of adultery. His punishment was the cause of the abolition of the oligarchical power there. Aristotle, bk. 5, Politics.

Eury̆tis (idos), a patronymic of Iole daughter of Eurytus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 9, fable 11.

Eury̆tus, a son of Mercury, among the Argonauts. Flaccus, bk. 1, li. 439.——A king of Œchalia, father to Iole. He offered his daughter to him who shot a bow better than himself. Hercules conquered him, and put him to death because he refused him his daughter as the prize of his victory. Apollodorus, bk. 2, chs. 4 & 7.——A son of Actor, concerned in the wars between Augias and Hercules, and killed by the hero.——A son of Augias, killed by Hercules as he was going to Corinth to celebrate the Isthmian games. Apollodorus.——A person killed in hunting the Calydonian boar.——A son of Hippocoon. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 10.——A giant killed by Hercules or Bacchus for making war against the gods.

Eusebia, an empress, wife to Constantius, &c. She died A.D. 360, highly and deservedly lamented.

Eusebius, a bishop of Cæsarea, in great favour with the emperor Constantine. He was concerned in the theological disputes of Arius and Athanasius, and distinguished himself by his writings, which consisted of an ecclesiastical history, the life of Constantine, Chronicon, Evangelical Preparations, and other numerous treatises, most of which are now lost. The best edition of his Præparatio and Demonstratio Evangelica, is by Vigerus, 2 vols., folio, Rothomagi, 1628; and of his ecclesiastical history by Reading, folio, Cambridge. 1720.

Eusebius, a surname of Bacchus.

Eusepus and Pedasus, the twin sons of Bucolion, killed in the Trojan war. Homer, Iliad, bk. 6.

Eustathius, a Greek commentator on the works of Homer. The best edition of this very valuable author is that published at Basil, 3 vols., folio, 1560. It is to be lamented that the design of Alexander Politus, begun at Florence in 1735, and published in the first five books of the Iliad, is not executed, as a Latin translation of these excellent commentaries is among the desiderata of the present day.——A man who wrote a very foolish romance in Greek, entitled De Ismeniæ et Ismenes amoribus, edited by Gaulminus, 8vo, Paris, 1617.

Eutæa, a town of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 27.

Eutelidas, a famous statuary of Argos. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 10.

Euterpe, one of the Muses, daughter to Jupiter and Mnemosyne. She presided over music, and was looked upon as the inventress of the flute and of all wind instruments. She is represented as crowned with flowers, and holding a flute in her hands. Some mythologists attributed to her the invention of tragedy, more commonly supposed to be the production of Melpomene. See: [Musæ].——The name of the mother of Themistocles according to some.

Euthycrătes, a sculptor of Sicyon, son of Lysippus. He was particularly happy in the proportions of his statues. Those of Hercules and Alexander were in general esteem, and particularly that of Medea, which was carried on a chariot by four horses. Pliny, bk. 34, ch. 8.——A man who betrayed Olynthus to Philip.

Euthydēmus, an orator and rhetorician, who greatly distinguished himself by his eloquence, &c. Strabo, bk. 14.

Euthȳmus, a celebrated boxer of Locri in Italy, &c. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 6.

Eutrapĕlus, a man described as artful and fallacious by Horace, bk. 1, ltr. 18, li. 31.——A hair-dresser. Martial, bk. 7, ltr. 82.

Eutrăpĕlus Volumnius, a friend of Marcus Antony, &c. Cicero, Letters to his Friends, ltr. 32.

Eutropius, a Latin historian in the age of Julian, under whom he carried arms in the fatal expedition against the Persians. His origin as well as his dignity are unknown; yet some suppose, from the epithet of Clarissimus prefixed to his history, that he was a Roman senator. He wrote an epitome of the history of Rome, from the age of Romulus to the reign of the emperor Valens, to whom the work was dedicated. He wrote a treatise on medicine without being acquainted with the art. Of all his works the Roman history alone is extant. It is composed with conciseness and precision, but without elegance. The best edition of Eutropius is that of Haverkamp, Cum notis variorum, 8vo, Leiden, 1729 & 1762.——A famous eunuch at the court of Arcadius, the son of Theodosius the Great, &c.

Eutychĭde, a woman who was 30 times brought to bed, and carried to the grave by 20 of her children. Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 3.

Eutychĭdes, a learned servant of Atticus, &c. Cicero, bk. 15, Letters to Atticus.——A sculptor.

Euxanthius, a daughter of Minos and Dexithea. Apollodorus.

Euxenĭdas, a painter, &c. Pliny, bk. 35.

Euxĕnus, a man who wrote a poetical history of the fabulous ages of Italy. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 1.

Euxīnus Pontus, a sea between Asia and Europe, partly at the north of Asia Minor, and at the west of Colchis. It was anciently called ἀξεινος, inhospitable, on account of the savage manners of the inhabitants on its coast. Commerce with foreign nations, and the plantation of colonies in their neighbourhood, gradually softened their roughness, and the sea was no longer called Axenus, but Euxenus, hospitable. The Euxine is supposed by Herodotus to be 1387 miles long and 420 broad. Strabo calls it 1100 miles long and in circumference 3125. It abounds in all varieties of fish, and receives the tribute of above 40 rivers. It is not of great depth, except in the eastern parts, where some have imagined that it has a subterraneous communication with the Caspian. It is now called the Black sea, from the thick dark fogs which cover it. Ovid, Tristia, bk. 3, poem 13; bk. 4, poem 4, li. 54.—Strabo, bk. 1, &c.—Mela, bk. 1, ch. 1.—Pliny, bk. 3.—Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 85.

Euxippe, a woman who killed herself because the ambassadors of Sparta had offered violence to her virtue, &c.

Exadius, one of the Lapithæ at the nuptials of Pirithous. Homer, Iliad, bk. 1, li. 264.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12, li. 266.

Exæthes, a Parthian who cut off the head of Crassus, &c. Polyænus, bk. 7.

Exagŏnus, the ambassador of a nation in Cyprus, who came to Rome and talked so much of the power of herbs, serpents, &c., that the consuls ordered him to be thrown into a vessel full of serpents. These venomous creatures, far from hurting him, caressed him and harmlessly licked him with their tongues. Pliny, bk. 28, ch. 3.

Exomătræ, a people of Asiatic Sarmatia. Flaccus, bk. 6, li. 144.

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