CONTENTS[PART I. DESCRIPTIVE][ CHAPTER I. Classification and geographical distribution of Manóbos and other peoples in eastern Mindanáo][ Explanation of terms][ "Eastern Mindanáo"][ The term "tribe"][ Present use of the word "Manóbo"][ The derivation and original application of the word "Manóbo"][ Geographical distribution of the Manóbos in eastern Mindanáo][ In the Agúsan Valley][ On the eastern side of the Pacific Cordillera][ On the peninsula of San Agustin][ The Mamánuas, or Negritos, and Negrito-Manóbo half-breeds][ The Banuáons][ The Mañgguáñgans][ The Mansákas][ The Debabáons][ The Mandáyas][ The Tágum branch][ The Agúsan Valley branch][ The Pacific coast branch][ The gulf of Davao branch][ The Moros][ The Biláns][ The Tagakaólos][ Lóaks or Lóags][ The conquistas or recently Christianized peoples][ The Manóbo conquistas][ The Mandáya conquistas][ The Mamánua conquistas][ The Mañgguáñgan conquistas][ The Mansáka conquistas][ The Debabáon conquistas][ The Bisáyas or Christian Filipinos][ CHAPTER II. Physical characteristics and general appearance of the Manóbos of eastern Mindanáo][ Physical type][ Divergence of types][ General physical type][ Racial and tribal affinities][ Montano's Indonesian theory][ Keane's view][ The Indonesian theory as applied to Manóbos][ Physical type of contiguous peoples][ The Mañgguáñgans][ The Mandáyas][ The Debabáons][ The Mamánuas][ The Banuáons][ Physical appearance as modified by dress and ornamentation][ CHAPTER III. A survey of the material and sociological culture of the Manóbos of eastern Mindanáo][ General material culture][ Dwellings][ Alimentation][ Narcotic and stimulating enjoyments][ Means of subsistence][ Weapons and implements][ Industrial activities][ General sociological culture][ Domestic life][ Marital relations][ Pregnancy, birth, and childhood][ Medicine, sickness, and death][ Social and family enjoyments][ Political organization][ System of government and social control][ Methods of warfare][ Intertribal and analogous relations][ Administration of justice][ General principles and various laws][ Regulations governing domestic relations and property; customary procedure in settlement of disputes][ CHAPTER IV. Religious ideas and mental characteristics in general][ A brief survey of religion][ The basis, influence, and machinery of religion][ The hierarchy of Manóbo divinities, beneficent and malignant][ Priests, their functions, attributes, and equipment][ The main characteristics of Manóbo religion][ Mental and other attainments and characteristics][PART II. GENERAL MATERIAL CULTURE][ CHAPTER V. The Manobo home][ In general][ Motives that determine the selection of the site][ Religious motives][ Material motives][ Religious ceremonies connected with the erection of a house][ Structure of the house][ The materials][ The dimensions and plan of construction][ The floor][ The roof and the thatch][ The walls][ The doorway and the ladder][ Internal arrangements][ Decorations][ The furniture and equipment of the house][ The underpart and the environment of the house][ Order and cleanliness of the house][ CHAPTER VI. Dress][ General remarks][ Delicacy in exposure of the person][ Variety in quantity and quality of clothes][ The use of bark cloth][ Dress as an indication of rank][ Dress in general][ Preferential colors in dress][ The man's dress][ Hats and headkerchiefs][ The jacket][ The lower garment][ The girdle][ The betel-nut knapsack][ The woman's dress][ The jacket][ The upper Agúsan style][ The style of the central group][ The girdle and its pendants][ The skirt][ CHAPTER VII. Personal adornment][ General remarks][ Hair and head adornment][ Care and ornamentation of the head][ Combs][ Ear disks][ Neck and breast ornaments][ Arm and hand ornamentation][ Knee and ankle adornments][ Body mutilations][ General remarks][ Mutilation of the teeth][ Mutilation of the ear lobes][ Depilation][ Tattooing][ Circumcision][ CHAPTER VIII. Alimentation][ Fire and its production][ The "fire-saw"][ The steel and flint process][ Continuation of the fire][ Lighting][ Culinary and table equipment][ Various kinds of food][ The preparation and cooking of food][ Preparing the food][ Cooking the food][ Food restrictions and taboos][ Meals][ Ordinary meals][ Festive meals][ CHAPTER IX. Narcotic and stimulating enjoyments][ Drinks used by the Manobos][ Sugar-palm wine][ Báhi toddy][ Sugarcane brew][ Extraction of the juice][ Boiling][ Fermentation][ Mead][ Drinking][ General remarks][ The sumsúm-an][ Drinking during religious and social feasts][ Evil effects from drinking][ Tobacco preparation and use][ The betel-nut masticatory][ Ingredients and effect of the quid][ Betel chewing accessories][ CHAPTER X. Means of subsistence][ Agriculture][ General remarks][ The time and place for planting rice][ The sowing ceremony][ The clearing of the land][ The sowing of the rice and its culture][ The rice harvest][ The harvest feast][ The culture of other crops][ Hunting][ Hunting with dogs][ Offering to Sugúdun, the spirit of hunters][ The hunt][ Hunting taboos and beliefs][ Other methods of obtaining game][ Trapping][ Trapping ceremonies and taboos][ The bamboo spear trap][ Other varieties of traps][ Fishing][ Shooting with bow and arrow][ Fishing with hook and line][ Fish-poisoning][ The túba method][ The túbli method][ The lágtañg method][ Dry-season lake fishing][ Fishing with nets, traps, and torches][ CHAPTER XI. Weapons and implements][ Introductory remarks][ Offensive weapons][ The bow and arrow][ The bolo and its sheath][ A magic test for the efficiency of a bolo][ The lance][ The dagger and its sheath][ Defensive weapons][ The shield][ Armor][ Traps and caltrops][ Agricultural implements][ The ax][ The bolo][ The rice header][ Fishing implements][ The fishing bow and arrow][ The fish spear][ Fishhooks][ Hunting implements][ The spear][ The bow and arrow][ The blowgun][ CHAPTER XII. Industrial activities][ Division of labor][ Male activities][ Female activities][ Male industries in detail][ Boat building][ Mining][ Plaiting and other activities][ Female industries in detail][ Weaving and its accessory processes][ Pottery][ Tailoring and mat making][PART III. GENERAL SOCIOLOGICAL CULTURE][ CHAPTER XIII. Domestic life and marital relations][ Arranging the marriage][ Selection of the bride][ Courtship and antenuptial relations][ Begging for the hand of the girl][ Determination of the marriage payment][ The marriage feast and payment][ The reciprocatory payment and banquet][ Marriage and marriage contracts][ The marriage rite][ Marriage by capture][ Prenatal marriage contracts and child marriage][ Polygamy and kindred institutions][ Endogamy and consanguineous marriages][ Intertribal and other marriages][ Married life and the position of the wife][ Residence of the son-in-law and the brother-in-law system][ CHAPTER XIV. Domestic life: Pregnancy, birth, and childhood][ Desire for progeny][ Birth and pregnancy taboos][ Taboos to be observed by the husband][ Taboos to be observed by the wife][ Taboos to be observed by both husband and wife][ Taboos enjoined on visitors][ Abortion][ Artificial abortion][ Involuntary abortion][ The approach of parturition][ The midwife][ Prenatal magic aids][ Prenatal religious aids][ Accouchement and ensuing events][ Postnatal customs][ Taboos][ The birth ceremony][ The naming and care of the child][ Birth anomalies][ Monstrosities][ Albinism][ Hermaphroditism][ CHAPTER XV. Domestic life: Medicine, sickness, and death][ Medicine and disease][ Natural medicines and diseases][ Magic ailments and means of producing them][ The composition of a few "Kometán"][ Other magic means][ Bodily ailments proceeding from supernatural causes][ Sickness due to capture of the "soul" by an inimical spirit][ Epidemics attributed to the malignancy of sea demons][ Propitiation of the demons of contagious diseases][ Sickness and death][ The theory of death][ Fear of the dead and of the death spirits][ Incidents accompanying deaths][ Preparation of the corpse][ The funeral][ Certain mourning taboos are observed][ Death and burial of one killed by an enemy, of a warrior chief, and of a priest][ The after world][ The death feast][ CHAPTER XVI. Social enjoyments][ Instrumental music][ The drum][ The gong][ Flutes][ The paúndag flute][ The to-áli flute][ The lántui][ The sá-bai flute][ Guitars][ The vine-string guitar][ The bamboo-string guitar][ The takúmbo][ The violin][ The jew's-harp][ The stamper and the horn of bamboo][ Sounders][ Vocal music][ The language of song][ The subject matter of songs][ The music and the method of singing][ Ceremonial songs][ Dancing][ The ordinary social dance][ The religious dance][ Mimetic dances][ The bathing dance][ The dagger or sword dance][ The apian dance][ The depilation dance][ The sexual dance][ The war dance][ CHAPTER XVII. Political organization: System of government and social control][ Clans][ Territories of the clans and number of people composing them][ Interclan relations][ The chief and his power][ The source of the chief's authority][ Equality among the people][ Respect for ability and old age][ The warrior chief][ General character][ Insignia and prowess of the warrior chief][ The warrior's title to recognition][ Various degrees of warrior chiefship][ The warrior chief in his capacity as chief][ The warrior chief as priest and medicine man][ CHAPTER XVIII. Political organization: War, its origin, inception, course, and termination][ Military affairs in general][ The origin of war][ Vendettas][ Private seizure][ Debts and sexual infringements][ Inception of war][ Declaration of war][ Time for war][ Preparations for war][ The attack][ Time and methods of attack][ Events following the battle][ Celebration of the victory][ The capture of slaves][ The return of the warriors][ Ambushes and other methods of warfare][ Peace][ CHAPTER XIX. Political organization: General principles of the administration of justice: customary, proprietary, and liability laws][ General considerations][ General principles][ The principle of material substitution][ Right to a fair hearing][ Securing the defendant's good will][ Foundations of Manóbo law][ Customary law][ Its natural basis][ Its religious basis][ Proprietary laws and obligations][ Conception of property rights][ Land and other property][ Laws of contract][ The law of debt][ Interest, loans, and pledges][ Interest][ Loans and pledges][ Laws of liability][ Liability arising from natural causes][ Liability arising from religious causes][ Liability arising from magic causes][ The system of fines][ CHAPTER XX. Political organization: Customs regulating domestic relations and family property; procedure for the attainment of justice][ Family property][ Rules of inheritance][ Rules governing the relations of the sexes][ Moral offenses][ Marriage contracts and payments][ Illegitimate children][ Extent of authority of father and husband][ Residence of the husband][ Crimes and their penalties][ Crimes][ The private seizure][ Penalties for minor offenses][ Customary procedure][ Preliminaries to arbitration][ General features of a greater arbitration][ Determination of guilt][ By witnesses][ By oaths][ By the testimony of the accused][ By ordeals][ The hot-water ordeal][ The diving ordeal][ The candle ordeal][ By circumstantial evidence][ Enforcement of the sentence][ CHAPTER XXI. Political organization: Intertribal and other relations][ Intertribal relations][ Interclan relations][ External commercial relations][ Exploitation by Christian natives][ Exploitation by falsification][ Defraudation by usury and excessive prices][ Exploitation by the system of commutation][ Wheedling or the puának system][ Bartering transactions][ General conditions of trading][ Internal commercial relations][ Money and substitutes for it][ Prevailing Manóbo prices][ Weights and measures][ Slave trade and slaves][ Slave trade][ Classes of slaves][ Delivery and treatment of slaves][PART IV. RELIGION][ CHAPTER XXII. General principles of Manóbo religion and nature and classification of Manobo deities][ Introductory][ General principles of religion][ Sincerity of belief][ Basis of religious belief][ Means of detecting supernatural evil][ Belief in an hierarchy of beneficent and malignant deities][ Other tenets of Manobo faith][ Spirit companions of man][ General character of the deities][ Classification of deities and spirits][ Benevolent deities][ Gods of gore and rage][ Malignant and dangerous spirits][ Agricultural goddesses][ Giant spirits][ Gods of lust and consanguineous love][ Spirits of celestial phenomena][ Other spirits][ Nature of the various divinities in detail,][ The primary deities][ The secondary order of deities][ The gods of gore, and kindred spirits][ CHAPTER XXIII. Maleficent spirits][ The origin and nature of malignant demons][ Methods of frustrating their evil designs][ Through priests][ By various material means][ By propitiation][ The tagbánua, or local forest spirits][ Their characteristics and method of living][ Definite localities tenanted by forest spirits][ Worship of the forest spirits][ CHAPTER XXIV. Priests, their prerogatives and functions][ The bailán or ordinary Manobo priests][ Their general character][ Their prerogatives][ Sincerity of the priests][ Their influence][ Their dress and functions][ The bagáni, or priests of war and blood][ CHAPTER XXV. Ceremonial accessories and religious rites][ General remarks][ The paraphernalia of the priest][ The religious shed and the bailán's house][ Equipment for ceremonies][ Ceremonial decorations][ Sacred images][ Ceremonial offerings][ Religious rites][ Classification][ Method of performance][ The betel-nut tribute][ The offering of incense][ Invocation][ Prophylactic fowl waving][ Blood lustration][ Lustration by water][ CHAPTER XXVI. Sacrifices and war rites][ The sacrifice of a pig][ Rites peculiar to the war priests][ The betel-nut offering to the souls of the enemies][ Various forms of divination][ The betel-nut cast][ Divination from the báguñg vine][ Divination from báya squares,][ Invocation of the omen bird][ The tagbúsau's feast][ Human sacrifice][ CHAPTER XXVII. Divination and omens][ In general][ Miscellaneous casual omens][ Divination by dreams][ Divination by geometrical figures][ The vine omen][ The rattan omen][ Divination by suspension and other methods][ The suspension omen][ The omen from eggs][ Divination by sacrificial appearances][ The blood omen][ The neck omen][ The omen from the gall][ The omen from the liver][ The omen from a fowl's intestinal appendix][ Ornithoscopy][ In general][ Respect toward the omen bird][ Interpretation of the omen bird's call][ Birds of evil omen][ CHAPTER XXVIII. Mythological and kindred beliefs][ The creation of the world][ Celestial phenomena][ The rainbow][ Thunder and lightning][ Eclipse of the moon][ Origin of the stars and the explanation of sunset and sunrise][ The story of the Ikúgan, or tailed men, and of the resettlement of the Agúsan Valley][ Giants][ Peculiar animal beliefs][ The petrified craft and crew of Kagbubátañg][ Angó, the petrified Manóbo][ CHAPTER XXIX. The great religious movement of 1908-1910][ The extent of the movement][ Reported origin and character of the revival][ Spread of the movement][ Its exterior character and general features][ The principal tenets of the movement][ New order of deities][ Observances prescribed by the founder][ Religious rites][ The real nature of the movement and means used to carry on the fraud][ The sacred traffic][ Religious tours][ The whistling scheme][ Pretended chastity and austerity][ The end of the movement][ Similar movements in former years][APPENDIX][ Historical references to the Manóbos of eastern Mindanao][ Early history up to 1875][ From 1875 to 1910][ Methods adopted by the missionaries in the Christianization of the Manóbos][ The secret of missionary success][ Explanation of plates]