JOHN MORLEY
VOL. II.
London
MACMILLAN AND CO., Limited
NEW YORK: THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
1905
All rights reserved
First printed in this form 1886
Reprinted 1888, 1891, 1896, 1900, 1905
[CONTENTS] OF VOL. II.
[CHAPTER I.]
Montmorency—The New Heloïsa.
Conditions preceding the composition of the New Heloïsa [1]
The Duke and Duchess of Luxembourg [2]
Rousseau and his patrician acquaintances [4]
Peaceful life at Montmorency [9]
Equivocal prudence occasionally shown by Rousseau [12]
His want of gratitude for commonplace service [13]
Bad health, and thoughts of suicide [16]
Episode of Madame Latour de Franqueville [17]
Relation of the New Heloïsa to Rousseau's general doctrine [20]
Action of the first part of the story [25]
Contrasted with contemporary literature [25]
And with contemporary manners [27]
Criticism of the language and principal actors [28], [29]
Popularity of the New Heloïsa [31]
Its reactionary intellectual direction [33]
Action of the second part [35], [36]
Its influence on Goethe and others [38]
Distinction between Rousseau and his school [40]
Singular pictures of domesticity [42]
Sumptuary details [44]
The slowness of movement in the work justified [46]
Exaltation of marriage [47]
Equalitarian tendencies [49]
Not inconsistent with social quietism [51]
Compensation in the political consequences of the triumph of sentiment [54]
Circumstances of the publication of the New Heloïsa [55]
Nature of the trade in books [57]
Malesherbes and the printing of Emilius [61]
Rousseau's suspicions [62]
The great struggle of the moment [64]
Proscription of Emilius [67]
Flight of the author [67]
[CHAPTER II.]
Persecution.
Rousseau's journey from Switzerland [69]
Absence of vindictiveness [70]
Arrival at Yverdun [72]
Repairs to Motiers [73]
Relations with Frederick the Great [74]
Life at Motiers [77]
Lord Marischal [79]
Voltaire [81]
Rousseau's letter to the Archbishop of Paris [83]
Its dialectic [86]
The ministers of Neuchâtel [90]
Rousseau's singular costume [92]
His throng of visitors [93]
Lewis, prince of Würtemberg [95]
Gibbon [96]
Boswell [98]
Corsican affairs [99]
The feud at Geneva [102]
Rousseau renounces his citizenship [105]
The Letters from the Mountain [106]
Political side [107]
Consequent persecution at Motiers [107]
Flight to the isle of St. Peter [108]
The fifth of the Rêveries [109]
Proscription by the government of Berne [116]
Rousseau's singular request [116]
His renewed flight [117]
Persuaded to seek shelter in England [118]
[CHAPTER III.]
The Social Contract.
Rousseau's reaction against perfectibility [119]
Abandonment of the position of the Discourses [121]
Doubtful idea of equality [121]
The Social Contract, a repudiation of the historic method [124]
Yet it has glimpses of relativity [127]
Influence of Greek examples [129]
And of Geneva [131]
Impression upon Robespierre and Saint Just [132]
Rousseau's scheme implied a small territory [135]
Why the Social Contract made fanatics [137]
Verbal quality of its propositions [138]
The doctrine of public safety [143]
The doctrine of the sovereignty of peoples [144]
Its early phases [144]
Its history in the sixteenth century [146]
Hooker and Grotius [148]
Locke [149]
Hobbes [151]
Central propositions of the Social Contract—
1. Origin of society in compact [154]
Different conception held by the Physiocrats [156]
2. Sovereignty of the body thus constituted [158]
Difference from Hobbes and Locke [159]
The root of socialism [160]
Republican phraseology [161]
3. Attributes of sovereignty [162]
4. The law-making power [163]
A contemporary illustration [164]
Hints of confederation [166]
5. Forms of government [168]
Criticism on the common division [169]
Rousseau's preference for elective aristocracy [172]
6. Attitude of the state to religion [173]
Rousseau's view, the climax of a reaction [176]
Its effect at the French Revolution [179]
Its futility [180]
Another method of approaching the philosophy of government—
Origin of society not a compact [183]
The true reason of the submission of a minority to a majority [184]
Rousseau fails to touch actual problems [186]
The doctrine of resistance, for instance [188]
Historical illustrations [190]
Historical effect of the Social Contract in France and Germany [193]
Socialist deductions from it [194]
[CHAPTER IV.]
Emilius.
Rousseau touched by the enthusiasm of his time [197]
Contemporary excitement as to education, part of the revival of naturalism [199]
I.—Locke, on education [202]
Difference between him and Rousseau [204]
Exhortations to mothers [205]
Importance of infantile habits [208]
Rousseau's protest against reasoning with children [209]
Criticised [209]
The opposite theory [210]
The idea of property [212]
Artificially contrived incidents [214]
Rousseau's omission of the principle of authority [215]
Connected with his neglect of the faculty of sympathy [219]
II.—Rousseau's ideal of living [221]
The training that follows from it [222]
The duty of knowing a craft [223]
Social conception involved in this moral conception [226]
III.—Three aims before the instructor [229]
Rousseau's omission of training for the social conscience [230]
No contemplation of society as a whole [232]
Personal interest, the foundation of the morality of Emilius [233]
The sphere and definition of the social conscience [235]
IV.—The study of history [237]
Rousseau's notions upon the subject [239]
V.—Ideals of life for women [241]
Rousseau's repudiation of his own principles [242]
His oriental and obscurantist position [243]
Arising from his want of faith in improvement [244]
His reactionary tendencies in this region eventually neutralised [248]
VI.—Sum of the merits of Emilius [249]
Its influence in France and Germany [251]
In England [252]
[CHAPTER V.]
The Savoyard Vicar.
Shallow hopes entertained by the dogmatic atheists [256]
The good side of the religious reaction [258]
Its preservation of some parts of Christian influence [259]
Earlier forms of deism [260]
The deism of the Savoyard Vicar [264]
The elevation of man, as well as the restoration of a divinity [265]
A divinity for fair weather [268]
Religious self-denial [269]
The Savoyard Vicar's vital omission [270]
His position towards Christianity [272]
Its effectiveness as a solvent [273]
Weakness of the subjective test [276]
The Savoyard Vicar's deism not compatible with growing intellectual conviction [276]
The true satisfaction of the religious emotion [277]
[CHAPTER VI.]
England.
Rousseau's English portrait [281]
His reception in Paris [282]
And in London [283]
Hume's account of him [284]
Settlement at Wootton [286]
The quarrel with Hume [287]
Detail of the charges against Hume [287]-291
Walpole's pretended letter from Frederick [291]
Baselessness of the whole delusion [292]
Hume's conduct in the quarrel [293]
The war of pamphlets [295]
Common theory of Rousseau's madness [296]
Preparatory conditions [297]
Extension of disorder from the affective life to the intelligence [299]
The Confessions [301]
His life at Wootton [306]
Flight from Derbyshire [306]
And from England [308]
[CHAPTER VII.]
The End.
The elder Mirabeau [309]
Shelters Rousseau at Fleury [311]
Rousseau at Trye [312]
In Dauphiny [314]
Return to Paris [314]
The Rêveries [315]
Life in Paris [316]
Bernardin de St. Pierre's account of him [317]
An Easter excursion [320]
Rousseau's unsociality [322]
Poland and Spain [324]
Withdrawal to Ermenonville [326]
His death [326]