Footnotes 411-641
[411]. Nordenskiöld, Vega, vol. 2, pp. 122, and Fig. 1, p. 117.
[412]. Crantz describes the process of preparing boat covers as follows: “The boat skins are selected out of the stoutest seals’ hides, from which the fat is not quite taken off; they roll them up, and sit on them, or let them lie in the sun covered with grass several weeks, ’till the hair will come off.” History of Greenland, vol. 1, p. 167.
[413]. Gilder describes a similar process of manufacturing these lines at Hudson’s Bay. (Schwatka’s Search, p. 176.)
[414]. W. J. Sollas, in Jour. Anthrop. Inst. of Great Britain and Ireland, vol. 9, pp. 329-336.
[415]. Nordenskiöld’s figures, Vega, vol. 2, p. 123.
[416]. Parry’s Second Voy., pl. opposite p. 548, Fig. 5.
[417]. Vega, vol. 1, p. 493.
[418]. We had no special opportunities for watching the natives at work netting, as but few nets happened to be made at the village during our stay. It was, however, observed that the mesh stick was taken out every time a knot was tied. Since my return, after a careful study of the different mesh sticks in our collection, I have convinced myself by experiment that the above method of using the tool is the only one which will account for the shape of the different parts.
[419]. See Parry, Second Voy., p. 537; Lyon, Journal, p. 93; Kumlien, Contributions, p. 25.
[420]. Formerly they used the bones of fishes or the very fine bones of birds instead of needles. Crantz, vol. 1, p. 136.
“Their own clumsy needles of bone,” Parry, Second Voy., p. 537 and pl. opposite p. 548, Fig. 11. Kumlien also speaks of “steel needles or bone ones made after the same pattern” at Cumberland Gulf (Contributions, p. 25).
[421]. Parry, Second Voy., pl. opposite p. 550, Fig. 25.
[422]. Boas, Central Eskimo, p. 524, Fig. 473 and Kumlien, Contributions, p. 25.
[423]. Parry’s Second Voyage, pl. opposite p. 550, Fig. 25.
[424]. Ibid., p. 537.
[425]. Op. cit, p. 245.
[426]. Dall, American Association, Address, 1885, p. 13.
[427]. P. 172.
[428]. Op. cit. p. 264.
[429]. Lyon, Journal, p. 233. See also Capt. Lyon’s figure in Parry’s 2d Voy., pl. opposite p. 274.
[430]. It is a curious fact, however, that the narrowest kaiak paddles I have ever seen belonged to some Eskimo that I saw in 1876, at Rigolette, Labrador, who lived in a region sufficiently well wooded to furnish them with lumber for a small schooner, which they had built.
[431]. For information concerning the last two regions I am indebted to Mr. L. M. Turner; for the others to the standard authorities.
[432]. Rink, Tales and Traditions, p. 47. See also p. 374 for a story of the meeting of a Greenlander with one of these beings.
[433]. Journal, p. 233.
[434]. Second voyage, p. 506, and pls. opposite pp. 274 and 508.
[435]. There is quite a discrepancy in regard to this between Capt. Lyon’s description referred to above and the two plates drawn by him in Parry’s second voyage. In his journal he speaks of the coaming of the cockpit being about 9 inches higher forward than it is aft, while from his figures the difference does not appear to be more than 3 or 4 inches.
[436]. Vega, vol. 2, p. 228.
[437]. I have confined myself in the above comparison simply to the kaiaks used by undoubted Eskimo. I find merely casual references to the kaiaks used on the Siberian coast by the Asiatic Eskimo and their companions the Sedentary Chuckchis, while a discussion of the canoes of the Aleuts would carry me beyond the limits of the present work.
[438]. Since the above was written Boas has published a detailed description of the central kaiaks, in which he says there are only four streaks besides the keel (Central Eskimo, p. 486).
[439]. Dr. Kane’s description, though the best that we have of the flat-bottomed Greenland kaiak and accompanied by diagrams, is unfortunately vague in some important respects. It is in brief as follows: “The skeleton consists of three longitudinal strips of wood on each side * * * stretching from end to end. * * * The upper of these, the gunwale * * * is somewhat stouter than the others. The bottom is framed by three similar longitudinal strips. These are crossed by other strips or hoops, which perform the office of knees and ribs. They are placed at a distance of not more than 8 to 10 inches from one another. Wherever the parts of this framework meet or cross they are bound together with reindeer tendon very artistically. * * * The pah or manhole * * * has a rim or lip secured upon the gunwale and rising a couple of inches above the deck.” (First Grinnell Exp., p. 477.) It will be seen that he does not mention any deck beams, which would be very necessary to keep the gunwales spread apart. They are shown, however, on Crantz’s crude section of a kaiak frame. (History of Greenland, vol. 1, pl. vii), and are evidently mortised into the gunwale, as at Point Barrow. Crantz also (op. cit., p. 150) speaks of the use of whalebone for fastening the frame together.
Capt. Lyon’s description of the round-bottomed kaiak used at Fury and Hecla Straits (Journal, p. 233) is much more explicit. He describes the frame as consisting of a gunwale on each side 4 or 5 inches wide in the middle and three-fourths inch thick, tapering at each end, sixty-four hoop-shaped ribs (on a canoe 25 feet long), seven slight rods outside of the ribs, twenty-two deck-beams, and a batten running fore and aft, and a hoop round the cockpit. These large kaiaks weigh 50 or 60 pounds. There is a very good figure of the Point Barrow kaiak, paddled with a single paddle, in Smyth’s view of Nuwŭk (Beechey’s Voyage, pl. opposite p. 307).
[440]. Wrangell, Narrative of an Expedition, etc., p. 161, footnote.
[441]. For example: “For they think it unbecoming a man to row such a boat, unless great necessity requires it.” Egede, Greenland, p. 111. “It would be a scandal for a man to meddle, except the greatest necessity compels him to lend a hand.” Crantz, vol. 1, p. 149.
[442]. Part of the description of the umiak frame is taken from the model (No. 56563 [225]), as the writer not only had few opportunities for careful examination of these canoes, but unfortunately did not realize at the time the importance of detail.
[443]. History of Greenland, vol. 1, p. 148, and pl. vi.
[444]. Vol. 1, p. 167.
[445]. See Kotzebue’s Voyage, etc., vol. 1, p. 216.
[446]. This is also the custom among the Central Eskimo. (See Boas “Central Eskimo,” p. 528, Fig. 481.)
[447]. Narrative, p. 148.
[448]. Journal, p. 30. Compare also Chappell, “Hudson Bay,” p. 57.
[449]. See Egedo, Greenland, p. 111.
[450]. These passages being, as far as I know, the earliest description of the umiak and kaiak are worth quotation: “Their boats are made all of Seale skins, with a keel of wood within the skinne; the proportion of them is like a Spanish shallop, saue only they be flat in the bottome, and sharp at both endes” (p. 621, 1576). Again: “They haue two sorts of boats made of leather, set out on the inner side with quarters of wood, artificially tyed with thongs of the same; the greater sort are not much unlike our wherries, wherein sixteene or twenty men may sitte; they have for a sayle, drest the guttes of such beasts as they kill, very fine and thinne, which they sewe together; the other boate is but for one man to sitte and rowe in, with one oare” (p. 628, 1577).
[451]. Compare for instance Kane’s figure 1st Grinnell Exp. p. 422, and Lyon, Journal, p. 30.
[452]. See Beechey Voyage, p. 252. In describing the umiaks at Hotham Inlet he says: “The model differs from that of the umiak of the Hudson Bay in being sharp at both ends.” Smyth gives a good figure of the Hotham Inlet craft in the plate opposite p. 250.
[453]. Greenland, p. 111.
[454]. Vol. 1, p. 148.
[455]. Contributions, p. 43. Boas, however, says three to five skins. (Central Eskimo, p. 528.)
[456]. 2d Voy., p. 507.
[457]. Alaska, p. 15.
[458]. Twisted sinew is sometimes used. A pair of snowshoes from Point Barrow, owned by the writer, are netted with this material.
[459]. Op. cit., p. 243.
[460]. Op. cit., p. 244.
[461]. 2d Exped., p. 142.
[462]. Vega, vol. 2, p. 102 a.
[463]. Op. cit., p. 243.
[464]. Alaska, p. 190, Fig. A.
[465]. See, also, Dall, Alaska, p. 190, and Figs. A and C.
[466]. Contributions, p. 42.
[467]. 1st Exp., vol. 2, p. 180.
[468]. For example, Lyon says that at Fury and Hecla Straits the runners are coated with ice by mixing snow and fresh water (Journal, p. 235); (See also Parry, 2d Voyage, p. 515). At Cumberland Gulf “they pour warmed blood on the under surface of the bone shoeing; some use water, but this does not last nearly so long as the blood and is more apt to chip off.” Kumlien, Contributions, p. 42; (See also Hall, Arctic Researches, p. 582). Around Repulse Bay they ice the runners by squirting over them water which has been warmed in the mouth, putting on successive layers till they get a smooth surface. This is renewed the first thing every morning. Gilder, Schwatka’s Search, p. 66. A native of the eastern shore of Labrador, according to Sir John Richardson (Searching Expedition, vol. 2, p. 82), applied to the runners coat after coat of earth or clay tempered with hot water, and then washed the runners with water, polishing the ice with his naked hand. MacFarlane in his MS. notes speaks of covering the sled runners with “earth, water, and ice” in the Mackenzie region. Petitot (Monographie, etc., p. XVII) says the runners in the Mackenzie and Anderson district are shod with “un bourrelet de limon et de glace,” which has to be often renewed. Nordenskiöld says that at Pitlekaj “the runners, before the start, are carefully covered with a layer of ice from two to three millimeters in thickness by repeatedly pouring water over them,” (Vega, vol. 2, p. 94), and according to Wrangell (Narrative, etc., p. 101, footnote) it is the common custom in northern Siberia to pour water over the runners every evening to produce a thin crust of ice.
[469]. Rep. Point Barrow Exp., p. 27.
[470]. Schwatka, in “Nimrod in the North,” (p. 159) describes a practice among the “Netschillik,” of King William’s Land, which appears very much like this, though his description is somewhat obscure in details. It is as follows: “We found the runners shod with pure ice. Trenches the length of the sledge are dug in the ice, and into these the runners are lowered some two or three inches, yet not touching the bottom of the trench by fully the same distance. Water is then poured in and allowed to freeze, and when the sledge is lifted out it is shod with shoes of perfectly pure and transparent ice.” Strangely enough, these curious ice shoes are not mentioned by Schwatka’s companions, Gilder and Klutschak, nor by Schwatka himself in his paper on the “Netschillik” in Science, although Klutschak describes and figures a sledge made wholly of ice among the Netsillingmiut. (“Als Eskimo, etc.” p. 76). Also referred to by Boas (“Central Eskimo,” p. 533).
[471]. The word used was “kau-kau.” Perhaps it referred to a seal for food, as the sledge appears very like one described by Hooper (Corwin Report, p. 105) as used on the “Arctic Coast.” “When sealing on solid ice a small sled is sometimes used, the runners of which are made of walrus tusks. It is perhaps 16 inches long by 14 inches wide and 3 inches high. It is used in dragging the carcass of the seal over the ice.”
We, however, never saw such sleds used for dragging seals. This one may have been imported from farther south. See also, Beechey, Voyage, etc., p. 251, where he speaks of seeing at Kotzebue Sound, a drawing on ivory of “a seal dragged home on a small sledge.”
[472]. See Dall’s figure, Alaska, p. 165.
[473]. Vega, vol. 1, p. 498.
[474]. Compare also the various illustrations in Hooper’s “Tents of the Tuski.”·
[475]. I failed to get the translation of this word, but it seems to be connected with the Greenlandic mâlavok, he howls (a dog—).
[476]. Contributions, p. 51.
[477]. Compare Dall, Alaska, p. 25.
[478]. See Hooper, Tents, etc., p. 195, and Nordenskiöld, Vega, vol. 2, p. 96, where one of these shoes is figured.
[479]. See Kumlien, Contributions, p. 42.
[480]. Vega, vol. 2; p. 95.
[481]. See Dall, Alaska, pp. 163 and 166.
[482]. Vega, vol. 2, p. 95, foot note.
[483]. For descriptions of the sledges and methods of harnessing used by the eastern Eskimo, see Bessel’s Naturalist, vol. 18, pt. 9, p. 868, figs. 4 and 5 (Smith Sound); Kane, 2d Grinnell Exp., vol. 1, p. 205 (Smith Sound) and first Grinnell Exp., p. 443 (Greenland); Kumlien, Contributions, p. 42, and Boas, “Central Eskimo,” pp. 529-538 (Cumberland Gulf); Parry, 2d voyage, p. 514, and Lyon, Journal, p. 235 (Iglulik); Gilder, Schwatka’s Search, pp. 50, 52, and 66, and Schwatka’s “Nimrod in the North,” pp. 152, 153 (NW. shore of Hudson Bay and King Williams Land).
[484]. This game is briefly referred to by Hall, Arctic Researches, p. 570.
[485]. See Dall, Alaska, p. 389, and contributions to N. A. Ethn., vol. 1, p. 90.
[486]. See Kumlien, Contributions, p. 43. Kumlien says merely “a mask of skins.” Dr. Boas is my authority for the statement that the skin of the bearded seal is used.
[487]. Vega, vol. 2, p. 21.
[488]. See also Dall’s paper in the Third Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 67-203, where the subject of mask-wearing is very thoroughly discussed in its most important relations.
[489]. Cf. Crantz, vol. 1, p. 206.
[490]. This very interesting specimen was unfortunately destroyed by moths at the National Museum after the description was written, but before it could be figured.
[491]. Report, p. 135.
[492]. Alaska, p. 156.
[493]. See Dall, Alaska, p. 151.
[494]. Ibid, p. 154.
[495]. Compare the wand “curiously ornamented and carved” carried by the messenger who was sent out to invite the guests to the festival at Norton Sound, Alaska, p. 154.
[496]. Greenland, p. 139.
[497]. Contributions, p. 43.
[498]. Descriptions of Eskimo festivals are to be found in Egede’s Greenland, p. 152, and Crantz, History of Greenland, vol. 1, p. 175, where he mentions the sun feast held at the winter solstice. This very likely corresponds to the December festival at Point Barrow. If the latter be really a rite instituted by the ancestors of the present Eskimo when they lived in lower latitudes to celebrate the winter solstice, it is easy to understand why it should be held at about the same time by the people of Kotzebue Sound, as stated by Dr. Simpson, op. cit., p. 262, where, as he says, the reindeer might be successfully pursued throughout the winter. It is much more likely, considering the custom in Greenland, that this is the reason for having the festival at this season than that the time should be selected by the people at Point Barrow as a season when “hunting or fishing can not well be attended to,” as Simpson thinks. We should remember that this is the very time of the year that the seal netting is at its height at Point Barrow. See also Parry, Second Voyage, p. 538; Kumlien, Contributions, p. 43; Gilder, Schwatka’s Search, p. 43; Beechey, Voyage, p. 288 (Kotzebue Sound); Dall, Alaska, p. 149 (very full and detailed); Petroff, Report, etc., pp. 125, 126, 129, 131 (quoted from Zagoskin), 135, 137 (quoted from Shelikhof), and 144 (quoted from Davidof); Hooper, Tents, etc., pp. 85, 136; and Nordenskiöld, Vega, vol. 2, pp. 22, 131.
[499]. Greenland, p. 162.
[500]. Vol. 1, p. 177.
[501]. Science, vol. 4, No. 98, p. 545.
[502]. Hall (Arctic Researches, p. 129) says the “cat’s cradle” is a favorite amusement in Baffin Land, where they make many figures, including representations of the deer, whale, seal, and walrus.
[503]. See Egede, p. 161, and Crantz, vol. 1, p. 177.
[504]. Compare Parry’s Second Voyage, p. 541.
[505]. Nordenskiöld calls this “the drum, or more correctly, tambourine, so common among most of the Polar peoples, European, Asiatic, and American; among the Lapps, the Samoyeds, the Tunguses, and the Eskimo.” (Vega, vol. 2, p. 128).
[506]. See, for example, Bessell’s Naturalist, vol. 18, pt. 9, p. 881. (The people of Smith Sound use the femur of a walrus or seal. Cf. Capt. Lyon’s picture, Parry’s 2d Voyage, pl. opposite p. 530, and Gilder, Schwatka’s Search, p. 43, where the people of the west shore of Hudson Bay are described as using a “wooden drumstick shaped like a potato-masher.”)
[507]. See Hooper, Tents, etc., p. 51, and Nordenskiöld, Vega, vol. 2, pp. 23 and 128; figure on p. 24.
[508]. Compare Crantz, vol. 1, p. 176.
[509]. 2d Voyage, p. 541.
[510]. See also the passage from Crantz, quoted above; Dall, Alaska, p. 16; and Nordenskiöld, Vega, vol. 2, pp. 23 and 130.
[511]. See the various accounts of the eastern Eskimo already referred to.
[512]. Contributions to N. A. Ethn., vol. 1, p. 86.
[513]. Vega, vol. 2, p. 135.
[514]. Compare Nordenskiöld, Vega, vol. 2, p. 126 and Rink, Tales, etc., p. 52.
[515]. Compare Bessels, Naturalist, vol. 18, No. 9, p. 880, where he speaks of finding among the people of Smith Sound ivory carvings representing animals and human figures “exceedingly characteristic.” (See also Fig. 21 of the same paper.)
[516]. Vega, vol. 2, p. 127.
[517]. Vega, vol. 2, p. 142.
[518]. Rink, Tales, etc., p. 48. See also same work, passim, among the stories.
[519]. Compare these with Nordenskiöld’s figures of “Chukch” drawings, Vega, vol. 2, pp. 132, 133. The latter are completely Eskimo in character.
[520]. Compare Crantz, vol. 1, p. 159 (Greenland); Kumlien, Contributions, p. 164 (Cumberland Gulf); Hall, Arctic Researches, p. 567 (Baffin Land); Parry, 2nd Voyage, p. 528 (Fury and Hecla Straits); Schwatka, Science, vol. 4, No. 98, p. 544 (King William’s Land); Gilder, Schwatka’s Search, p. 250 (Hudson’s Bay); Franklin, First Exp., vol. 2, p. 41 (Chesterfield Inlet); Hooper, Tents, etc., p. 209 (Plover Bay); Nordenskiöld, Vega, vol. 2, p. 26 (Pitlekaj).
[521]. Op. cit., p. 252.
[522]. Naturalist, vol. 18, pt. 9, p. 877.
[523]. Contributions, p. 16.
[524]. Compare Holm’s observations in East Greenland—“idet et ganske ungt Menneske kan være gift med en Kone, som kunde være hans Moder.” Geografisk Tidskrift, vol. 8, p. 91.
[525]. Op. cit., p. 253.
[526]. Vol. 1, p. 160.
[527]. “They often repudiate and put away their wives, if either they do not suit their humors, or else if they are barren, * * * and marry others.” Egede, Greenland, p. 143. Compare also Crantz, vol. 1, p. 160; Parry, Second Voyage, p. 528 (Fury and Hecla Straits); Kumlien, Contributions, p. 17 (Cumberland Gulf); and Hooper, Tents, etc., p. 100—“repudiation is perfectly recognized, and in instances of misconduct and sometimes of dislike, put in force without scruple or censure. * * * The rejected wife * * * does not generally wait long for another husband;” (Plover Bay.) Compare also Holm, Geografisk Tidskrift, vol. 8, pp. 91-92, where he gives an account of marriage and divorce in east Greenland, remarkably like what we observed at Point Barrow.
[528]. Parry, 2nd Voyage, p. 528.
[529]. Kumlien, Contributions, p. 16.
[530]. Schwatka’s Search, p. 197.
[531]. Greenland, p. 139.
[532]. Geogr., Tids., vol. 8, p. 92.
[533]. Compare Parry, 2d Voyage, pp. 526-528, Nordenskiöld (Vega, vol. 1, p. 449): The women are “treated as the equals of the men, and the wife was always consulted by the husband when a more important bargain than usual was to be made.” (Pitlekaj.) This statement is applicable, word for word, to the women of Point Barrow.
[534]. Op. cit., p 252.
[535]. See Egede, p. 144, “for according to them it signifies nothing that a man beats his wife.”
[536]. Op. cit., p. 253.
[537]. Vol. 1, p. 165.
[538]. Second Voyage, p. 522.
[539]. Contributions, p. 28, and “Central Eskimo,” p. 610.
[540]. Egede, p. 192; Crantz, vol. 1, p. 215, and Rink, Tales, etc., p. 54.
[541]. Voyage, p. 200.
[542]. “Als Eskimo, etc.,” p. 199.
[543]. Egede, p. 192; Crantz, vol. 1, p. 215, “no one else must drink out of their cup;” and Rink, Tales and Traditions, p. 54.
[544]. Crantz, vol. 1, p. 138. See also Egede, p. 131, and the picture in Rink’s Tales, etc., opposite p. 8.
[545]. Geografisk Tidskrift, vol. 8, p. 91.
[546]. Monographie, etc., p. xv.
[547]. Second Voyage, p. 495.
[548]. Kumlien, Contributions, p. 24.
[549]. See Ellis, Voyage, etc., p. 136, and plate opposite p. 132.
[550]. Second Ex., p. 226.
[551]. Nordenskiöld, Vega, vol. 2, p. 101.
[552]. Op. cit., p. 250.
[553]. Naturalist, vol. 18, pt. 9, p. 874.
[554]. Science, vol. 4, p. 544.
[555]. Greenland, p. 146.
[556]. Geografisk Tidskrift, vol 8, p. 91.
[557]. Second Voyage, p. 529.
[558]. Vega, vol. 2, p. 140.
[559]. Vega, vol. 1, p. 449.
[560]. Naturalist, vol. 18, pt. 9, p. 874.
[561]. History of Greenland, vol. 1, p. 162.
[562]. Science, vol. 4, No. 98, p. 544.
[563]. Schwatka’s Search, p. 287.
[564]. Op. cit., p. 250.
[565]. Tents, etc., pp. 24, 201.
[566]. Accounts of this custom of adoption are to be found in Crantz, vol. 1, p. 165; Parry, Second Voyage, p. 531; Kumlien, Contributions, p. 17; Gilder, Schwatka’s Search, p. 247, and the passage concerning children quoted above, from Dr. Simpson.
[567]. Op. cit., p. 252.
[568]. Second Voyage, p. 529.
[569]. Compare Nordenskiöld’s account of the comparative cleanliness of the Chukch dwellings at Pitlekaj: “On the other hand it may be stated that in order not to make a stay in the confined tent chamber too uncomfortable certain rules are strictly observed. Thus, for instance, it is not permitted in the interior of the tent to spit on the floor, but this must be done into a vessel which, in case of necessity, is used as a night utensil. In every outer tent there lies a specially curved reindeer horn, with which snow is removed from the clothes; the outer pesk is usually put off before one goes into the inner tent, and the shoes are carefully freed from snow. The carpet of walrus skins which covers the floor of the inner tent is accordingly dry and clean. Even the outer tent is swept clean and free from loose snow, and the snow is daily shoveled away from the tent doors with a spade of whalebone. Every article, both in the outer and inner tent, is laid in its proper place, and so on.” (Vega, vol. 2, p. 104.)
[570]. Compare Dall, Alaska, p. 20.
[571]. See Nordenskiöld, Vega, vol. 2, p. 104.
[572]. Greenland, p. 127.
[573]. Narrative, p. 155.
[574]. Beechy’s Voyage p. 312.
[575]. N. W. Passage, p. 385.
[576]. Dr. Simpson says (op. cit., p. 275): “Diseases are also considered to be turn´gaks.”
[577]. Tents, etc., p. 185.
[578]. Vol. 1, p. 235.
[579]. Alaska, p. 146.
[580]. Egede, Greenland, p. 150.
[581]. Compare Lyon, Journal, p. 269.
[582]. Tents, etc., p. 88.
[583]. Alaska, p. 382.
[584]. Compare Samoyed grave described and figured by Nordenskiöld (Vega, vol. 1, p. 98), where a broken sledge was laid upside down by the grave.
[585]. Compare Holm, Geografisk Tidskrift, vol. 8, p. 98: “kun Kostbarheder, saasom Knive eller lignende Jærnsager beholde den afdødes efterladte.”—East Greenland.
[586]. Naturalist, vol. 18, pt. 9, p. 877.
[587]. See the passage quoted from Bessels, for Smith Sound; Egede, Greenland, p. 148; Crantz’s History of Greenland, vol. 1, p. 237; East Greenland, Holm, Geografisk Tidskrift, vol. 8, p. 98, and Scoresby, Voyage to Northern Whalefishery, p. 213 (where he speaks of finding on the east coast of Greenland graves dug and covered with slabs of stone. Digging graves is very unusual among the Eskimo, as the nature of the ground on which they live usually forbids it. Parry mentions something similar at Iglulik: “The body was laid in a regular, but shallow grave, * * * covered with flat pieces of limestone” (Second Voyage, p. 551); Lyon, Journal, p. 268 (Iglulik); Kumlien, Contribution, p. 44 (Cumberland Gulf); Hall, Arctic Researches, p. 124 (Baffin Land); Rae Narrative, pp. 22 and 187 (northwest shore of Hudson Bay), and Ellis, Voyage to Hudson’s Bay, p. 148 (Marble Island). I myself have noticed the same custom at the old Eskimo cemetery near the Hudson Bay post of Rigolette, Hamilton Inlet, on the Labrador coast. Chappel, however, saw a body “closely wrapt in skins and laid in a sort of a gully,” Hudson’s Bay, p. 113 (north shore Hudson Strait), and Davis’s account of what he saw in Greenland is as follows: “We found on shore three dead people, and two of them had their staues lying by them and their olde skins wrapped about them.” Hakluyt, Voyages, 1589, p. 788.
[588]. Franklin, Second Expedition, p. 192.
[589]. Voyage, pl. opposite p. 332.
[590]. Vega, vol. 2, p. 238, and figure of grave on p. 239.
[591]. See Nordenskiöld, Vega, vol. 2, p. 88, and Dall, Alaska, p. 382.
[592]. See Nordenskiöld, Vega, vol. 2, pp. 88-9 (Pitlekaj), and 225 (St. Lawrence Bay); Krause Bros., Geographische Blätter, vol. 5, p. 18 (St. Lawrence Bay, East Cape, Indian Point, and Plover Bay) and Dall, Alaska, p. 382.
[593]. Greenland, p. 151. See also Crantz, vol. 1, p. 237.
[594]. Egede, Greenland, p. 149, and Crantz, vol. 1, p. 287.
[595]. Dall, Alaska, pp. 19, 145, and 227.
[596]. Petroff, Report, p. 127.
[597]. Alaska, p. 403, and Voyage, p. 200.
[598]. Compare, among other instances, Capt. Holm’s observations in East Greenland: “Som Overhoved i Huset [which is the village] fungerer den ældeste Mand, naar han er en god Fanger, etc.” (Geogr. Tids., vol. 8, p. 90.)
[599]. Rink, Tales and Traditions, p. 28. Compare also Crantz, vol. 1, p. 181.
[600]. Bessels, Naturalist, vol. 23, pt. p. 873.
[601]. Compare Rink, Tales, etc., p. 29: “But if an animal of the largest size, more especially a whale, was captured, it was considered common property, and as indiscriminately belonging to every one who might come and assist in flensing it, whatever place he belonged to and whether he had any share in capturing the animal or not.” (Greenland). Gilder (Schwatka’s Search, p. 190) says that on the northwest shore of Hudson Bay all who arrive while a walrus is being cut up are entitled to a share of it, though the man who struck it has the first choice of pieces. At East Cape, Siberia, the Krause Brothers learned: “Wird nämlich ein Walfisch gefangen, so hat jeder Ortsbewohner das Recht, so viel Fleisch zu nehmen, als er abzuschneiden vermag.” (Geographische Blätter, vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 120).
[602]. Tales, etc., p. 29.
[603]. Op. cit., p. 272.
[604]. Tales, etc., p. 25.
[605]. Op. cit.
[606]. Compare what the Krause Brothers say of the “chiefs” on the Siberian coast (Geographische Blätter, vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 29): “Die Autorität, welche die obenerwähnten Männer augenscheinlich ausüben, ist wohl auf Rechnung ihres grösseren Besitzes zu setzen. Der “Chief” is jedes Mal der reichste Mann, ein ‘big man.’”
[607]. See, also, Dr. Simpson, op. cit., p. 273.
[608]. Report, etc., p. 125.
[609]. Compare the case of the alleged “chiefs” of the Chukches, in Nordenskiöld’s Vega, vol. 1, pp. 449 and 495.
[610]. Op. cit., p. 273 et seq.
[611]. Compare Graah’s account of the ceremony of summoning a torngak in East Greenland (Narrative, p. 123). “Come he did, however, at last, and his approach was announced by a strange rushing sound, very like the sound of a large bird flying beneath the roof.” (The italics are my own.) The angekut evidently have some juggling contrivance, carefully concealed from laymen, perhaps of the nature of a “whizzing-stick.”
[612]. Compare Rink’s description of the ceremony of summoning a tornak to ask his advice, in Greenland (Tales, etc., p. 60). This was performed before a company in a darkened house. The angekok lay on the floor, beside a suspended skin and drum, with his hands tied behind his back and his head between his legs. A song was sung by the audience, and the angekok invoked his tornak, beating on the skin and the drum. The spirit announced his arrival by a peculiar sound and the appearance of a light or fire.
[613]. Tales, etc., p. 14.
[614]. Compare Rink (Tales, etc. p. 56): “Several fetid and stinking matters, such as old urine, are excellent means for keeping away all kinds of evil-intentioned spirits and ghosts.”
[615]. Rink, Tales, etc., p. 56.
[616]. “When an Innuit passes the place where a relative has died, he pauses and deposits a piece of meat near by.” Baffin Land, Hall, Artic Researches, p. 574.
[617]. Report Point Barrow Expedition, p. 46.
[618]. Compare Rink, Tales, etc., p. 64; Crantz, vol. 1, p. 215, and Parry, 2d voyage, p. 548: “Seal’s flesh is forbidden, for instance, in one disease, that of the walrus in the other; the heart is denied to some, and the liver to others.”
[619]. Vol. 1, p. 216.
[620]. Beechey saw the skulls of seals and other animals kept in piles round the houses at Hotham Inlet (Voyage, p. 259).
[621]. Second Voyage, p. 510.
[622]. Vega, vol. 1, p. 435.
[623]. Vega, vol. 2, p. 137.
[624]. John Davis describes the Greenlanders in 1586 as follows: “They are idolaters, and have images great store, which they wore about them, and in their boats, which we suppose they worship.” (Hakluyt, Voyages, etc., 1589, p. 782.)
[625]. Rink, Tales, etc., p. 52.
[626]. Parry mentions bones of the wolverine worn as amulets at Fury and Hecla’s Strait (second voyage, p. 497).
[627]. Compare the Greenland story told by Rink (Tales, etc., p. 195), when the man who has a gull for his amulet is able to fly home from sea because the gull seeks his prey far out at sea, while the one whose amulet is a raven can not, because this bird seeks his prey landward. Such an amulet as the latter would probably be chosen with a view to making a man a successful deer hunter.
[628]. Compare the Greenland story, where a salmon amulet makes a man too slippery to be caught by his pursuers. (Rink Tales, etc., p. 182.)
[629]. Compare Kumlien, Contributions, p. 45. “Another charm of great value to the mother who has a young babe is the canine tooth of the polar bear. This is used as a kind of clasp to a seal-skin string, which passes round the body and keeps the breasts up. Her milk supply cannot fail while she wears this.” (Cumberland Gulf.)
[630]. Compare the story in Rink’s Tales and Traditions (p. 445), where the kaiak, which had a piece of sheldrake fastened into the bow for an amulet, went faster than the sheldrake flies.
[631]. Compare Crantz, vol. 1, p. 216. “The boat [for whaling] must have a fox’s head in front, and the harpoon be furnished with an eagle’s beak.” The latter statement is interesting in connection with the tern’s bill on the seal harpoon, from Point Barrow, already referred to.
[632]. American Journal of Archaeology, vol. 1.
[633]. Greenland, p. 194.
[634]. History of Greenland, vol. I, p. 216.
[635]. Second voyage, p. 497.
[636]. Contributions, p. 45.
[637]. Voyage, p. 333.
[638]. Monographie, etc., p. xv.
[639]. Nordenskiöld, Vega, vol. 2, p. 126.
[640]. Vega, vol. 1, p. 503.
[641]. Geografisk Tidskrift, vol. 8, p. 94.
Errors in this section:
BOW-AND-ARROW MAKING. / A complete set
printed as paragraph header:
Bow-and-arrow making.—A complete set ...
the narrowest being 0.3 and the widest 0.7 broad
width
perforated with two large transverse eyes
tranverse
into a groove in the top of the ivory edge
grove
Ice picks.—The ivory ice pick (tu´u) always attached
Ice picks—
most of the men and boys, especially the latter
epecially
Twisting and braiding.—We had no opportunity
Twisting and braiding—
is admirably adapted to give the blade
admirally
detailed information regarding the umiaks
informtion
a small share of meat from camp to camp.471
footnote anchor missing: best guess
Fig. 358.—Small sledge with ivory runners. 2/21
number unambiguous
with cries of “Añ! añ! tû´lla! tû´lla!” (Come! come on!)
close quote missing
cries of “Kŭ! kŭ!” (Get on! get on!)
close quote missing
bow and arrow toward a line of reindeer
text has “a a” at line break
brown deerskin with the flesh side out.
final . missing
these masks (ki´nau, from ki´na, face).
masks.
Another “commercial” mask (No. 89813 [1074] from Utkiavwĭñ)
(No. 89813) with superfluous closing parenthesis
fourteen from Nuwŭk, twenty from Utkiavwĭñ, and sixteen from Sidaru
fourteeen
of a sitting man holding up his hands
text has “hold / ing” without hyphen at line break
Fig. 400.—Bear flaked from flint.
flaker
On the throat is a conventional figure
text has “a a” at mid-line
for example at Smith Sound.600
Sound,
Footnote N600: Bessels, Naturalist, vol. 23, pt. p. 873.
missing number or superfluous pt.
Nordenskiöld was unable to purchase a pair of fresh walrus heads
Nordenskjöld
No. 89699 [779] from Utkiavwĭñ
Utkavwĭñ
Her milk supply cannot fail while she wears this.” (Cumberland Gulf.)
close quote missing
[INDEX.]
All Index entries refer to items in separate files. Links lead to the top of their respective pages. Note that within each entry, subheads are generally listed in page order rather than alphabetical order.
[ A ] [ B ] [ C ] [ D ] [ E ] [ F ] [ G ] [ H ] [ I ] [ J ] [ K ] [ L ]
[ M ] [ N ] [ O ] [ P ] [ Q ] [ R ] [ S ] [ T ] [ U ] [ V ] [ W ]
Adornment by Eskimo [138], [140-149]
Adzes of the Eskimo, general description [165-172]
of steel or iron [165-166], [168], [171]
of bone [168-172]
Amulets of the Eskimo, how carried [434]
whales of glass, wood, and stone [435-436]
reindeer antler [436]
parts of various animals [437-438], [441]
ancient weapons and implements [438], [439]
stones [437]
of seal skin for catching fowls [439]
of dried bees [440]
Animals of the Point Barrow region, Alaska [55-59]
Apúya. (See [Snow-houses of Eskimo].)
Arm clothing of Eskimo [123-125]
Arrows of the Eskimo [201-207]
Art of the Eskimo, incised patterns [389-391]
painting [390-392]
carving in various materials [392]
carvings of human figures [373-398]
carvings of quadrupeds [398-401], [406-407]
carvings of walrus and seal [401-402]
carvings of whales [402-406]
carvings of various objects [406-409]
pencil drawings [410]
Automatons of the Eskimo [372-373]
Awls of the Eskimo [181], [182]
Bags, for tobacco [68-69]
for tools [187-190]
Bailer for Eskimo umiak [340], [341]
Baird, Spencer F., acknowledgments to [19], [20]
Baskets of the Eskimo [326-327]
Beads of the Eskimo [149]
Bear, Eskimo lance for hunting [240]
Bear arrows of the Eskimo [202]
Beechey, Frederick W., work consulted [21]
description of Eskimo bracer [210]
description of Eskimo seal dart [218]
cited on Eskimo seal nets [252]
description of Eskimo umiak [343]
cited on Eskimo superstitions [434]
Beggary among Point Barrow Eskimo [42]
Belt fasteners of Eskimo [138]
Belts of Eskimo [135-138]
Bessels, Emil, acknowledgments to [20]
description of Eskimo lamp [108]
cited on Eskimo bows [199]
cited on fire-making by Eskimo [290]
cited on Eskimo dog sledges [360]
cited on Eskimo abduction [411]
cited on infantcide among Eskimo [417]
cited on Eskimo children [419]
cited on Eskimo mourning [425]
Bird-darts of the Eskimo [210-214]
Birds of the Point Barrow region, Alaska [56-58]
Eskimo bolas for catching [244-246]
Blubber-holder for Eskimo lamp [108-109]
Blubber hooks for the Eskimo [310-311]
Blubber rooms of Point Barrow Eskimo [76]
Boas, Franz, acknowledgments to [20]
work consulted [21]
cited on Eskimo harpoons [221]
cited on Eskimo kaiaks [331]
cited on Eskimo umiaks [338]
cited on Eskimo jackstones [365]
cited on Eskimo customs concerning childbirth [415]
Bolas of the Eskimo [244-246]
Bone-crushers of the Eskimo [93-99]
Boots of Eskimo [129-135]
Borers of the Eskimo [175-182]
Bow and arrow making by the Eskimo [291-294]
Bow cases of the Eskimo [207-209]
Bowls, for meat, of the Eskimo [89]
Bows of the Eskimo [195-200]
Boxes of the Eskimo, for tools [185-187]
for harpoon heads [247-251]
for trinkets [323-326]
Bracelets of the Eskimo [148-149]
Bracers for Eskimo bows [209-210]
Braiding and twisting, Eskimo implements for [311-312]
Breeches of Eskimo [125-129]
Buckets of the Eskimo [86-88]
Builders’ tools of the Eskimo [302-304]
Burials, Eskimo, manner of preparing the corpse [424]
implements of the deceased buried with him [424], [426]
protection of corpse from animals [425]
disposal of the corpse [425-426]
mourning for the dead [425]
cremation of the dead [426]
dog’s head placed near child’s grave [426]
Cache frames, for storage of property by Point Barrow Eskimo [75-76]
sleds used for [82]
Calls, for decoying seal [253-254]
Canteens of the Eskimo [86]
Carvings of the Eskimo [393-409]
“Chiefs” of the Eskimo [429-430]
Childbirth, Eskimo customs of [86], [414-415]
Children, number of, among the Point Barrow Eskimo [38-39]
Eskimo, number of births of [38-39], [414], [419]
isolation of mother during birth of [86], [415]
toys of [376-383]
dolls of [380-381]
sports of [383-385]
term of nursing [415]
method of carrying during infancy [415-416]
infanticide [416-417]
affection of parents for [417-419]
rearing and education of [417-418]
amusements of [417]
adoption of [419]
given away by parents [419]
burial of [426-427]
Chisels of the Eskimo [172-173]
Climate of Point Barrow, Alaska [30-32]
Clothing of Eskimo at Point Barrow, material of [109-110]
style of [110-138]
head clothing [112]
frocks, description of [113-121]
frocks, trimming of [114], [119]
mantles [121-122]
rain frocks [122]
arm clothing [128-125]
gloves [124]
leg and foot clothing [128-135]
breeches [125-129]
pantaloons [126-129]
stockings [129]
boots [129-135]
shoes [129-135]
ice-creepers [135]
belts [135-138]
belt-fasteners [138]
ornaments [138]
Club, used as Eskimo weapon [191]
Clubhouse, or kû´dyĭgi of Eskimo [79-80]
Coal of the Point Barrow region, Alaska [61]
Combs, Eskimo [149-150], [189]
for dressing deerskins [300], [301]
Communal house of east Greenlanders [76]
Cook, James, works consulted [21]
description of Eskimo houses by [78]
Cooking among the Point Barrow Eskimo [63]
Crantz, David, work consulted [21]
cited on Eskimo saws [174]
cited on Eskimo bows [199]
cited on Eskimo harpoons [222], [243]
cited on seal catching by Greenlanders [256]
cited on whale catching by Greenlanders [275], [276]
cited on Eskimo fishing [284]
cited on fire-making by Eskimo [290]
cited on Eskimo umiak [337], [338]
cited on condition of Greenland widows [414]
cited on mode of carrying Eskimo infants [416]
cited on Eskimo burials [426], [427]
quoted on Eskimo amulets [437-440]
Cremation of the dead by Eskimo [426]
Crotches for harpoon in Eskimo umiak [341-343]
Cups of Eskimo [101]
Cups, scraper, for dressing skins [299-300]
Daggers of bone of the Eskimo [191-192]
Dall, William H., acknowledgments to [20]
works consulted [21]
description of Eskimo houses by [76], [78]
cited on Eskimo clothing [125]
cited on Eskimo labrets [143], [144], [145], [146], [148]
cited on Eskimo seal nets [252]
cited on customs of Eskimo whale fishing [274]
cited on Eskimo fishing [286]
cited on fire-making by Eskimo [290]
cited on Eskimo umiak [344]
cited on Eskimo snowshoes [352]
cited on Eskimo sledges [357]
cited on Eskimo masks [370]
cited on Eskimo dance [376]
cited on Eskimo music [389]
cited on personal habits of Eskimo [421]
cited on mortuary customs of Eskimo [424], [425], [427]
Davis, John, works consulted [21], [22]
description of Eskimo house by [77]
description of fire-making by Eskimo [290]
quoted on Eskimo burials [426]
quoted on Eskimo amulets [434]
cited on Indian medicine-men [167]
Deer, Eskimo lance for hunting [240-244]
Demarcation Point (Alaska), called Herschel Island [26]
Eskimo villages at [43]
Demons, Eskimo belief concerning [431-434]
Dippers of Eskimo, of horn [101], [102]
of ivory [103]
Diseases of the Point Barrow Eskimo [39-40]
Divorce among the Eskimo [411-412]
Doctors, Eskimo [422-423]
Dogs of the Eskimo [357-360]
Dolls of Eskimo children [380-381]
Domestic life of the Eskimo [410-421]
Drags for hauling seal [256-259]
Drill bows of the Eskimo [176-182]
Drills of the Eskimo [175-182], [189]
Drinking vessels of Eskimo [101-105]
Drinks of the Point Barrow Eskimo [64-65]
Drums of the Eskimo [385]
Drumsticks of the Eskimo [388]
Earrings of the Eskimo [142-143]
Eating, time and frequency of, among Point Barrow Eskimo [63-64]
Egede, Hans, work consulted [22]
cited on Eskimo diet [64]
cited on Eskimo drinks [65]
description of Eskimo tents [85]
cited on Eskimo saws [174]
cited on Eskimo bows [199]
cited on seal catching [256], [269]
description of Eskimo deer hunt [265]
cited on Eskimo whale hunting [272], [275]
cited on Eskimo fishing [284], [286]
cited on Eskimo fire making [290]
cited on Eskimo umiak rowing [335]
cited on Eskimo umiak oars [339], [343]
quoted on Eskimo divorce [412]
cited on exchange of wives by Eskimo [413]
quoted on treatment of Eskimo women [414]
cited on Eskimo customs in childbirth [415]
quoted on personal habits of Greenlanders [421]
cited on Eskimo mortuary custom [424]
quoted on burial of Eskimo children [426]
cited on Eskimo burials [427]
Ellis, H., work consulted [22]
cited on Eskimo fire making [290]
Elson, —, visited Refuge Inlet, Alaska [52]
visited Point Barrow [65]
cited on Eskimo salutations [422]
Elson Bay, Alaska, location of [27]
Eskimo of Point Barrow, isolation of [26]
range of [26-27]
Excavating tools of the Eskimo [302-304]
Feces and entrails of animals eaten by Point Barrow Eskimo [62]
Feather-setter for making Eskimo arrows [294]
Festivals of the Eskimo [365], [373-376]
Fetus of reindeer eaten by Point Barrow Eskimo [61]
Files of the Eskimo [182]
Finger rings of the Eskimo [149]
Firearms, introduction of and use by the Point Barrow Eskimo [53]
Firearms of the Eskimo [193-195]
Fire making by the Eskimo, with drill [289-291]
with flint and steel [291]
kindlings [291]
Fishery season among the Eskimo [282-283]
Fishes of the Point Barrow region, Alaska [58]
Fishhooks of the Eskimo [279-284]
Fishing, manner of, by the Eskimo [283]
Fishing implements of the Eskimo [278-287]
Fish lines of the Eskimo [278-284]
Fish nets of the Eskimo [284-286]
Fish scaler of the Eskimo [311]
Flint flakers of the Eskimo [287-289]
Flint working by the Eskimo [287-289]
Flipper toggles for Eskimo harpoons [247]
Floats for Eskimo seal darts [215]
for Eskimo whale harpoons [236], [246-247]
Food of the Point Barrow Eskimo [61-63]
Food, preparation of, by Point Barrow Eskimo [63]
Fox, Eskimo method of hunting [264]
Franklin, Sir John, works consulted [22]
cited on Eskimo deer-hunting [265]
cited on Eskimo mode of carrying infants [416]
cited on Eskimo snowshoes [352]
Frobisher, works consulted [22]
cited on Eskimo bows [200]
cited on Eskimo arrows [205]
description of Eskimo umiak [339]
Frocks of Eskimo [113-121]
Gambling among the Eskimo [364-365]
Games of the Eskimo [364]
Ghosts, Eskimo belief concerning [431-434]
Gilder, W. H., work consulted [22]
cited on Eskimo wolf-killer [259]
quoted on exchange of wives by Eskimo [413]
cited on Eskimo children [419]
Gloves of Eskimo [124]
Goggles, snow, of the Eskimo [260-262]
Gorgets of the Eskimo [370]
Government among the Eskimo, in the family [437]
in the village [427]
influence of elders [427]
public opinion [427-428]
“chiefs” are simply wealthy men [429-430]
influence of property in [428-430]
umialiks [429-430]
Graah, W. A., works consulted [22]
quoted on Eskimo ghosts or demons [431]
Hardisty, Wm. Lucas, letter of, regarding Rat Indians [50-51]
Harness for Eskimo dogs [358-360]
Harpoon boxes of the Eskimo [247-251]
Harpoons of the Eskimo, for throwing [218-233]
retrieving [230-231]
for thrusting [233-240]
Hazen, Wm. B., acknowledgments to [20]
Habitations of Point Barrow Eskimo [72-86]
Habits, personal, of the Point Barrow Eskimo [420-421]
Hair, Eskimo, method of wearing [140-142]
Hall, Charles Francis, works consulted [22]
cited on Eskimo whale fishery [274]
cited on Eskimo sledge shoes [353]
Hammers of the Eskimo [182]
Handles for Eskimo drill cords [180]
for Eskimo tool bags [190]
for Eskimo seal drags [237-239]
for Eskimo drums [386-387]
Head bands, use of, by the Eskimo [112]
Head clothing of Eskimo [112]
Healing among the Eskimo [422-423]
Henshaw, W. H., cited on amulets of Eskimo [439]
Herendeen, E. P., interpreter of Point Barrow expedition [19]
cited on Eskimo reindeer-hunting [256]
cited on float for whaling [247]
cited on Eskimo whale-hunting [272]
cited on Eskimo gambling [364]
description of Eskimo dance [374-375]
Holm, G., work consulted [22]
description of Eskimo house by [77]
description of Eskimo tattooing [139]
quoted on Eskimo marriages [411], [412], [413]
quoted on Eskimo children [416], [418]
quoted on Eskimo burials [425], [426]
quoted on Eskimo government [427]
quoted on Eskimo amulets [441]
Hooper, C. L., work consulted [23]
description of Eskimo kû´dyĭgi [80]
description of Eskimo tattooing [138]
cited on Eskimo knives [159]
cited on firearms among the Eskimo [193]
cited on Eskimo spears [240]
Hospitality, prevalence of, among Point Barrow Eskimo [42]
prevents saving of food by Point Barrow Eskimo [64]
[House, winter], of the Eskimo [72-78]
entrance passage to [73]
window of [74]
heating of [74]
furniture of [75]
number of occupants of [75]
when occupied [76]
built of bones [77]
Household utensils of the Eskimo. (See [Utensils, household.])
Hunting, methods of the Eskimo, the polar bear [263]
the wolf [263-264]
the fox [264]
the reindeer [264-268]
the seal [268-272]
Hunting, methods of the Eskimo, the walrus [272]
the whale [272-276]
fowl [276-278]
Hunting scores of the Eskimo [361-364]
Ice, formation and movements of, at Point Barrow, Alaska [31-32]
Ice creepers of Eskimo [135]
Iglu (See [House, winter, of Eskimo.])
Ikpikpûñ River, Alaska, location of [29]
Imérnya, Alaska, location of [27]
Implements of the Eskimo. (See [Tools of the Eskimo.])
Implements, Eskimo, for procuring and preparing food [310-316]
Indians of Northern Alaska, intercourse of the Point Barrow Eskimo with [49]
Indicators used in catching seal [254-255]
Insects of the Point Barrow region, Alaska [59]
International Polar expedition, organization and work of [19]
Isolation of the Point Barrow Eskimo [26]
Itkû´dlîñ, habitat and description of [49-51]
Jigger of Eskimo, fishing tackle [282], [283]
Kaiaks of the Eskimo [328-335]
Kane, Elisha Kent, works consulted [23]
cited on Eskimo frocks [118]
cited on Eskimo harpoons [222], [243]
description of Eskimo kaiak by [334]
description of Eskimo dog harness [359]
Kilauwitawiñ, Alaska, Eskimo village [44]
Klutschak, Heinrich W., work consulted [24]
cited on Eskimo wolf killers [259]
cited on Eskimo deer hunting [268]
cited on Eskimo customs of childbirth [415]
Knives of the Eskimo, general description [150-165]
method of using [150-151]
of slate, for men [151-155]
of whalebone [155]
of iron and steel [155-160]
of flint [160]
for women [161-164]
fish-cutters [164-165]
for cutting snow and ice [304-305]
Koyukun Indians of Alaska, character of [50], [51]
Krause Brothers, work consulted [23]
cited on Eskimo archery [207]
cited on Eskimo bolas [246]
cited on Eskimo fowl hunting [278]
quoted on burial of Eskimo [426]
quoted on Eskimo property customs [428], [429]
Kuáru River, Alaska, position of [29]
Kûdyĭgi, use of term by Eskimo [79-80]
Kulúiagrua, or Meade River, Alaska, description of [29]
Eskimo fishing in [58]
Kumlien, Ludwig, work consulted [23]
cited on Eskimo knives [161]
cited on Eskimo arrows [201]
cited on Eskimo archery [207]
cited on Eskimo harpoons [221]
cited on Eskimo lance [242]
cited on seal burrows [271]
cited on Eskimo fishing [287]
cited on Eskimo umiak [343]
cited on Eskimo snowshoes [352]
cited on Eskimo masks [370]
cited on marriage ceremonies of Eskimo [411]
cited on exchange of wives by Eskimo [413]
cited on childbirth customs of Eskimo [415]
cited on Eskimo’s method of carrying infants [416]
quoted on Eskimo amulets [437]
Kûñmûdliñ, habitat of [43], [45], [46], [47]
Kupûñmiun, habitat of [45], [48], [49]
Labrets of the Eskimo, description of [143-148]
lancets for making incision for [144]
plug for enlarging hole for [144]
glass stopples used for [145]
Ladles of Eskimo, of horn [104]
of bone [104-105]
Lamplighters of Eskimo [106]
Lamps of Eskimo [105-109]
Lances of the Eskimo, for whale [240-242]
for bear [240]
for deer [240-244]
Liquors, introduction among the Point Barrow Eskimo [54]
taste for, of the Point Barrow Eskimo [65]
List of works consulted in preparation of paper on Point Barrow Eskimo [20-25]
Lyon, G. F., work consulted [23]
description of Eskimo houses [72]
cited on Eskimo harpoons [221]
cited on Eskimo fire-making [290]
cited on Eskimo snow shovels [306]
cited on Eskimo needlecases [322]
cited on Eskimo basket weaving [327]
cited on Eskimo kaiaks [333], [334]
cited on Eskimo umiaks [339]
cited on Eskimo sledge-shoes [353]
Maguire, commander of ship Plover, report of, consulted [23]
visit of, to Point Barrow, Alaska [52]
cited on Eskimo reindeer hunting [268]
cited on Eskimo salutations [422]
Mammals of the Point Barrow region, Alaska [55-56]
Mantles of Eskimo [121-122]
Marker for meat cache of the Eskimo [262-263]
Marline spike of the Eskimo [291-292]
Marriage customs of the Eskimo [410-413]
Masks of the Eskimo [365-370]
Mason, Otis T., acknowledgments to [20]
cited on Eskimo basket weaving [326]
Massingberd, Francis C., quoted on the Carmelites [358]
Mattocks of the Eskimo [302-304]
Mauls of the Eskimo, of stone [93-97]
of bone [97-99]
evolution of [98-99]
McClure, cited on Eskimo whale fishery [276]
Medicine, Eskimo [422-423]
Medicine-men of the Eskimo [422-423]
Mesh sticks of the Eskimo [312-315]
Minerals of the Point Barrow region, Alaska [60-61]
Mittens of Eskimo [123], [125]
Morality of the Point Barrow Eskimo [41]
Mortuary customs of the Eskimo [423-427]
Mourning, Eskimo customs of [425]
Mouthpiece for Eskimo drills [179]
Music of the Eskimo [385-389]
Musical instruments of the Eskimo [385-388]
Names among Point Barrow Eskimo [42-43]
Narcotics, use of, by the Point Barrow Eskimo [65-72]
Necklaces, of the Eskimo [148]
Needles, sewing, of the Eskimo [318-319]
netting, of the Eskimo [312-313]
Needle cases of the Eskimo [318], [320-322]
Netting needles of the Eskimo [312-313]
Netting tools of the Eskimo [312-315]
Netting weights of the Eskimo [315-316]
Nets of the Eskimo, for catching seal [251]
for catching fish [284-286]
Nomenclature of the Eskimo of Northern Alaska [42-43], [46-48]
Nordenskiöld, Adolf Eric, work consulted [24]
describes bone-crushers of Eskimo [96]
mention of Eskimo lamplighters [106]
cited on clothing of Eskimo [110], [122]
cited on Eskimo labrets [148]
cited on Eskimo harpoons [220]
cited on Eskimo bolas [246]
cited on Eskimo seal rattle [254]
cited on seal catching [270]
cited on Eskimo fishing [283], [285], [286]
cited on fire-making by Eskimo [289]
cited on Eskimo skin-scrapers [298]
cited on Eskimo ice picks [304]
describes Eskimo ice scoop [309]
cited on Eskimo kaiaks [333]
cited on Eskimo sledge shoes [353]
cited on Eskimo dog harness [359], [360]
cited on Eskimo masks [370]
cited on Eskimo drums [385]
cited on Eskimo drawings [410]
quoted on character of Eskimo children [418]
quoted on indoor habits of Eskimo [420, 421]
cited on Eskimo burials [426]
cited on Eskimo government [430]
cited on Eskimo superstitions [434]
cited on Eskimo amulets [441]
Nunatañmiun, intercourse of with the Point Barrow Eskimo [44-45], [48]
Nuwŭk, Alaska, location of [26]
population of [43]
description of [79]
Oars for Eskimo umiak [338-340]
Oldmixon, Geo. Scott, surgeon of Point Barrow expedition [19]
Ooglaamie, Alaska, name used by mistake [26]
Ornaments of the Eskimo, tattooing [138-140]
painting [140]
earrings [142-143]
labrets [143-145]
necklaces [148]
bracelets [148-149]
finger rings [149]
beads [149]
Orthography of Eskimo words [20]
Owen, L. C., cited on Eskimo whale fishery [276]
Paddles for Eskimo kaiaks [331-335]
Painting of face by Eskimo [140]
Painting of the Eskimo [390-392]
Pantaloons of Eskimo [126-189]
Parry, Wm. Edward, works consulted [24]
cited on Eskimo diet [61]
description of Eskimo lamp [106]
cited on Eskimo frocks [115]
cited on Eskimo knives [157], [160]
cited on Eskimo saws [174]
cited on Eskimo kaiaks [333]
account of Eskimo music by [389]
quoted on treatment of Eskimo women [413, 414]
cited on character of Eskimo women [420]
quoted on Eskimo burials [426]
cited on Eskimo amulets [436], [440]
Pastimes of the Eskimo [364]
Petitot, E. F. J., works of, on the Eskimo [24]
nomenclature of the Eskimo people [46-48], [51]
description of Eskimo house by [77]
description of Eskimo lamps by [106]
description of Eskimo clothing by [120], [123], [129], [138]
cited on Eskimo mode of wearing the hair [140], [141]
cited on Eskimo labrets [143]
cited on Eskimo sledge shoes [353]
description of method of carrying Eskimo infants by [416]
quoted on Eskimo amulets [440]
Petroff, Ivan, work consulted [24]
cited on Eskimo wolf-killer [259]
cited on Eskimo burials [427]
cited on Eskimo "chiefs" [429]
Physical characteristics of Point Barrow Eskimo [33-39]
Pickers for pipes, used by Point Barrow Eskimo [67]
Picks and pickaxes of the Eskimo [302-304], [307-308]
Pipe, extemporized, by an Eskimo [68]
Pipes, description of, used by Point Barrow Eskimo [66-68], [70-71]
Eskimo terms for [70]
Plants of the Point Barrow region, Alaska [59-60]
Point Barrow, Alaska, topography of region of [27-29]
Plover, the visit of the, to Point Barrow, Alaska [52]
Polygamy among the Eskimo [411]
Population of Point Barrow Eskimo [43]
Pots of the Eskimo, description of [90-92]
Pouches, tobacco, description of, used by Point Barrow Eskimo [68-69]
Property rights among the Eskimo [428-430]
Prostitution among the Eskimo [419-420]
Psychical characteristics of the Point Barrow Eskimo [40-42]
Quiver rods of the Eskimo [209]
Quivers of the Eskimo [207-209]
Rae, John, work consulted [24]
cited on Eskimo fire-making [290]
Rainfall at Point Barrow, Alaska [31]
Rain-frocks of Eskimo [122]
Rat Indians of Alaska [49-50]
Rattles for decoying seal [254]
Rau, Charles, cited on Eskimo knives [164], [165]
cited on Eskimo bird darts [214]
Ray, P. H., commander of Fort Barrow expedition [19]
works consulted [24]
description of pits for trapping reindeer [268]
description of Eskimo house, kû´dyĭgi [80]
cited on Eskimo diet [64]
cited on Eskimo property marks [428]
quoted on Eskimo ghosts [432]
cited on Eskimo tabu [434]
description of Eskimo dance [374]
Reamers, flint bladed, of Eskimo [181-182]
Reindeer, Eskimo method of hunting [264-268]
Religion of the Eskimo, difficulty of gaining information concerning [430]
rôle of the wizards or shamans in [430-131]
tuaña, or demons, of [421-434]
manner of driving away evil spirits [432-433]
seal and walrus heads, superstitions concerning [434]
sacrifices to supernatural beings [433]
Resources, natural, of the Point Barrow region, Alaska [55-61]
Retrieving harpoon of the Eskimo [230-231]
Richardson, Sir John, works consulted [24]
cited on Eskimo burials [426]
Rink, Henrik Johan, acknowledgments to [20]
description of Eskimo kûdyĭgi [80]
description of Eskimo snow houses by [81]
cited on Eskimo whale-fishing [274]
cited on Eskimo fishing [287]
cited on Eskimo kaiaks [332]
quoted on property customs of the Eskimo [428], [429]
cited on Eskimo demonology [431], [432]
cited on Eskimo food superstitions [434]
quoted on Eskimo amulets [435], [436], [437]
Ross, John, works consulted [25]
cited on Eskimo diet [62]
Ruins of Eskimo houses near Point Barrow [79]
Sail of Eskimo umiak [338]
Salutation among the Eskimo [422]
Saws of the Eskimo [174-175]
Scaffolds, for storage of property, by Point Barrow Eskimo [75-76]
Schwatka, Frederick, works consulted [25]
cited on Eskimo wolf-killer [259]
cited on Eskimo sledge-shoes [354]
Scoops, ice, of the Eskimo [308-309]
Scores, hunting, of the Eskimo [361-364]
Scoresby, Capt. William, work consulted [25]
cited on Eskimo arrows [207]
cited on Eskimo burials [426]
Scrapers for dressing skins [294-300]
Scratchers for decoying seal [253-254]
Seal darts of the Eskimo [214-218]
calls for decoying [253-254]
rattles for decoying [254]
indicators used in catching [254-255]
stool used in catching [255]
drags for hauling [256-259]
methods of hunting [268-272]
Eskimo superstition concerning skulls of [434]
Sewing, Eskimo implements for [317-323]
Shamans, Eskimo [422], [423], [431]
Shoes of Eskimo [129-135]
Shovels, snow, of the Eskimo [305]
Sidaru, Eskimo village of, Alaska [44]
Simpson, John, work consulted [25]
visit to Point Barrow [52], [53]
descriptions of Eskimo houses by [78]
descriptions of Eskimo villages [79]
cited on ownership of Eskimo dwellings [79]
description of Eskimo tents [84]
description of Eskimo of Point Barrow [33], [36], [38], [39]
“burglar-alarm” of Eskimo described by [41]
cited on Eskimo commerce [48]
cited on Eskimo language [53]
cited on use of tobacco among Eskimo [65]
description of Eskimo tents [84]
description of Eskimo clothing [110], [125], [128], [130], [138]
cited on Eskimo earrings [142]
cited on Eskimo labrets [143], [146]
cited on Eskimo knives [157], [161]
cited on Eskimo arrows [201]
cited on Eskimo seal nets [252]
cited on Eskimo whale fishery [274]
cited on fire-making by Eskimo [289]
cited on Eskimo needle cases [322]
cited on Eskimo kaiaks [328]
cited on Eskimo snowshoes [351], [352]
cited on Eskimo festivals [376]
description of Eskimo marriage customs [410], [413]
cited on Eskimo divorce [412], [413]
description of condition of Eskimo women [414]
cited on infanticide among Eskimo [417]
cited on Eskimo children [419]
quoted on conduct of Eskimo women [420]
cited on Eskimo "chiefs" [429]
cited on Eskimo demonology [431], [433]
Simpson, Thomas, work consulted [25]
visit of, to Point Barrow [52]
cited on use of tobacco by Eskimo [70]
cited on Eskimo fishing [285]
description of fire-making by Eskimo [289]
cited on Eskimo umiak oars [339]
quoted on Eskimo salutation [422]
Sinker for Eskimo fish line [282]
Skin ornamentation by Eskimo, tattooing [138-140]
Skin painting [140]
Skin-working, Eskimo implements for [294-301]
Skulls of seals and walrus, Eskimo superstitions concerning [434]
Sledges of the Eskimo [353-357]
Slungshot used as Eskimo weapon [191]
Smith, E. E., cited on Eskimo whale fishery [275]
Smoking, methods and habits of, among Point Barrow Eskimo [69-72]
Snowfall at Point Barrow, Alaska [31]
[Snow house of Eskimo], description of [81-83]
fireplace of [81]
plan of [82]
windows of [82]
used as storehouses [83]
used as workshops [83]
tools used in making [83]
Snowshoes of the Eskimo [344-352]
Social surroundings of the Point Barrow Eskimo [43-55]
Song of the Eskimo [389]
Spears of the Eskimo, for fishing [286-287]
Spoons of Eskimo [104]
Sports of Eskimo children [383-385]
Staff, use of by the Eskimo [353]
Stockings of Eskimo [129]
Stool used by Eskimo in catching seal [255]
Subsistence, means of, of the Point Barrow Eskimo [61-65]
Surgery, Eskimo [423]
Sutherland, P. C., work consulted [25]
cited on Eskimo pathology [40]
Tabu among the Eskimo, concerning a woman in childbirth [415]
on the occasion of a death [423-424]
of certain foods to certain persons [433-434]
Taρéoρment, habitat of [46-47]
Tăsyûkpûñ, Great Lake, Alaska, description of [29-30]
Tattooing by Eskimo [138-140]
Tempering metals, Eskimo knowledge of [182-183]
[Tents of the Eskimo], direction of front [79]
used as summer dwellings [83]
construction of [84]
used for women during confinement [86]
used for sewing rooms [86]
Thimble-boxes of the Eskimo [322-323]
Thimbles of the Eskimo [318-319]
Thongs, manufacture of by the Eskimo [301-302]
Thread, Eskimo [317-318]
Throwing-boards for Eskimo seal-darts [217-218]
Tobacco, use of, by the Point Barrow Eskimo [65-73]
Eskimo terms for [71]
introduction of among the Eskimo [71-72]
Toilet articles of the Eskimo [149-150]
Tool-bags of the Eskimo [187-190]
Tool-boxes of the Eskimo [185-187]
[Tools of the Eskimo], knives [150-165]
adzes [165-172]
chisels [172-173]
whalebone shaves [173-174]
saws [174-175]
bow drills [176-182]
reamers [181-182]
awls [181-182]
hammers [182]
files [182]
whetstones [185]
for excavating [302-304]
picks and pickaxes [302-304], [307-308]
mattocks [302-304]
for building [302-304]
for snow and ice working [304-309]
(See also [Utensils.])
Toys of Eskimo children, whirligigs [376-377]
teetotums [378]
buzzes [378]
whizzing-sticks [379]
pebble-snappers [379]
dolls [380-381]
kaiak paddler [381-383]
imitation implements [383]
Transportation, means of, by the Eskimo [328-360]
Traps of the Eskimo [260]
Traveling, Eskimo means of [328-360]
Trays used by Eskimo [99-101]
Tuaña, or demons of the Eskimo [431-434]
Tubs of the Eskimo [86-88]
Tunes of the Eskimo [388-389]
Tupĕk. (See [Tents of the Eskimo.])
Turner, Lucien M., acknowledgments to [20]
description of Eskimo lamps [108]
cited on Eskimo records [177]
cited on Eskimo seal darts [214]
cited on Eskimo seal nets [252]
cited on Eskimo kaiaks [332]
cited on Eskimo umiaks [343]
cited on Eskimo ornament [390]
Twisters for making Eskimo bows [292-294]
Umiaks of the Eskimo [335-344]
Umialiks, Eskimo [429-430]
[Utensils, household], of the Eskimo, canteens [86]
wallets [86]
buckets [86-88]
tubs [86-88]
meat bowls [89]
pots [90-93]
bone crushers [93-99]
mauls [93-99]
trays [99-101]
drinking vessels [101-105]
Utkīavwīñ, Alaska, location of [26]
signification of name [26]
population of [43]
description of [79]
Villages, arrangement of Eskimo [79]
Wallets of the Eskimo [86]
Walrus, Eskimo method of hunting [272]
Weapons of the Eskimo, hand-club [191]
slung-shot [191]
bone daggers [191-192]
firearms [193-195]
whaling guns [195]
bows [195-200]
arrows [201-207]
bear arrows [202]
bow cases and quivers [207]
bracers [209-210]
bird darts [210-214]
seal darts [214-218]
harpoons, for casting [218-233]
harpoons, for thrusting [233-240]
lances [240-244]
bolas for birds [244-246]
Weaving, Eskimo tools for [316-317]
Whale, Eskimo lance for hunting [240-242]
Whalebone shaves of the Eskimo [173-174]
Whaling guns of the Eskimo [195]
Whetstones of the Eskimo [183-185]
Widows, Eskimo [414]
Wife-beating among the Eskimo [414]
Wizards, Eskimo [430-431]
Wolf, Eskimo methods of killing [259]
Eskimo method of hunting [263-264]
Women, Eskimo, condition and treatment of [413-414]
prostitution among [419]
Words, foreign, introduced among the Point Barrow Eskimo [55]
Error in Index
Hooper, C. L., ... description of Eskimo kû´dyĭgi
kû´idyĭgi
[ Errors and Inconsistencies]
Missing . in figure captions has been silently supplied. Spelling in citations, including all French sources, is unchanged unless otherwise noted.
Unexpected Forms
A few words have ä (a with umlaut) where â or ā (long a) was expected:
nä´nu (polar bear: both occurrences of the word)
wooden partitions called sä´potĭn
Nägawau´ra, now deceased
deadfalls or steel traps (nänori´a)
dancing caps (kă´brû, käluka´)
The spelling “slungshot” is used consistently.
Inconsistencies
The spellings “Inuit” and “Innuit” (including “an Innuit” in one quoted passage) both occur.
The word “Arctic” is generally capitalized, but exceptions were too frequent to regularize.
Names of ships such as Vega are rarely italicized, and scientific names never. All are shown as printed.
Hyphenization
Forms were only changed when there was a clear pattern. This list is not meant to be comprehensive:
northeast, northwest; southeast, southwest never hyphenated
ridgepole; tiestring, bowstring, drawstring
woodenware, smoothbore, midleg, handboard
pipestem, sealthong, centerbit
whale-fish, whale-skin, whale-iron, whale-harpoon
but whalebone, whaleman/whalemen
breechloader but muzzle-loader, -loading
foreshaft and fore-shaft, treenail and tree-nail
Words in -skin are generally hyphenated, but exceptions are not marked. The forms “needlecase” (one word, no hyphen) and “needle case” (two words) both occur.