CONTENTS.
CHAPTER I.
INTRODUCTORY.
Revival of Socialism, [1]—Extinction of Old Types, [2]—Main Surviving Type, Social Democracy, [3]—Its Two Varieties, Socialist and Anarchist, [4]—Its Relations to Political Democracy, [4]—Definition of Socialism, [5]—Cairnes on Mill's Profession of Socialism, [6]—Ruling Characteristic common to Old and New Socialism, [9]—State Socialism, [11]—Conservative Socialism, [13]—The Minimum of Socialism, [14]—First Rise of Social Democracy, [15]—Rousseau, [16]—Baboeuf, [17]—Connection of Socialism with Democracy, [18]—The Danger to Free Institutions, [24]—Necessity and Probability of Wider Diffusion of Property, [25].
CHAPTER II.
THE PROGRESS AND PRESENT POSITION OF SOCIALISM.
National Conditions Favourable to Socialism, [31]—Germany, [31]—Progress of Socialist Vote, [33]—Action of Socialist Party in Reichstag, [34]—Party Programme, [38]—Halle Congress of 1891, [40]—France, [45]—Anarchists, [47]—Socialist Revolutionary Party, [48]—Possibilists, [50]—Blanquists, [53]—The Socialist Group in the Chamber, [53]—Austria, [54]—Italy, [57]—Spain, [60]—Portugal, [65]—Norway and Sweden, [66]—Denmark, [67]—Belgium, [70]—Holland, [72]—Switzerland, [73]—United States, [77]—Boston Anarchists, [77]—Mr. Henry George, [78]—Mr. Bellamy's Nationalism, [79]—Anarchists, [80]—Socialistic Labour Party, [81]—Knights of Labor, [82]—England, [83]—Social Democrats, [84]—Anarchists, [86]—Christian Socialists, [87]—Fabians, [88]—Land Nationalization, [89]—Scotland, [90]—Australia, [90].
CHAPTER III.
FERDINAND LASSALLE.
German Socialists before Lassalle, [93]—Favourable Conditions for Socialist Agitation in Germany, [94]—Character of Lassalle, [96]—The Hatzfeldt Case, [99]—Theft of the Cassette, [100]—Trial for Sedition, [101]—Literary Activity, [102]—Letter to Leipzig Working Men, [103]—Foundation of General Working Men's Association, [105]—Lassalle's Agitation, [105]—His Death, [106]—Funeral, [108]—Political Views, [109]—Idea and Position of the Working Class, [109]—Functions of the State, [111]—Economic Doctrines, [113]—Anarchic Socialism of the present Industrial Régime, [117]—Ricardo's "Iron Law" of Wages, [119]—A National, not an International Socialist, [124]—Internationally not Peculiar to Socialist Parties, [126]—Reason of Socialist Condemnation of Patriotism, [127].
CHAPTER IV.
KARL MARX.
Reception of his Work on Capital, [128]—The Young Hegelians, [130]—Feuerbach's Humanism, [131]—"Young Germany," [136]—Weitling and Albrecht, [137]—Early Socialistic Leanings of Marx, [139]—Marx in Paris, [141]—in Brussels, [142]—The Communist League, [142]—Communist Manifesto of 1847, [144]—New Rhenish Gazette, [146]—Marx in London, [147]—The International, its Rise and Fall, [149]—Tendency to Division in Revolutionary Parties, [152]—"Das Capital," [155]—Historical Rise of Capitalism, [156]—Origin of Surplus Value, [157]—Theory of Value, [160]—Price, [163]—Criticism of his Theory of Value, 165—Wages, [166]—Normal Day of Labour, [168]—Machinery, [170]—Piecework, [172]—Relative Over-population, [174].
CHAPTER V.
THE FEDERALISM OF CARL MARLO.
Rodbertus, [178]—Professor Winkelblech (Marlo), [180]—His Awakening to Social Misery, [180]—Application to Economic Study for Solution, [181]—View of Social Problem, [182]—Heathen Idea of Right (Monopolism) to be replaced by Christian Idea of Right (Panpolism), [183]—Liberalism and Communism both Utopias, [184]—Federalism alone realizes Christian Idea of Right, [188]—Natural Right of all to Property, [189]—Right to Labour and to Fruits of Labour, [191]—Necessity of Controlling Increase of Population, [192]—Of Suppressing Unproductive Acquisition, [193]—Collectivization of Land and Productive Capital, [193].
CHAPTER VI.
THE SOCIALISTS OF THE CHAIR.
The Name, [195]—Held's Vindication of it, [196]—Objections to it, [197]—Founders of the Historical School, [200]—Their Departure from Manchester Party, [202]—Eisenach Congress, [202]—The Historical Method, [204]—The Historical School a Realist School, [205]—An Ethical School, [209]—Their Theory of the State, [211]—The Social Question, [212]—Von Scheel, [215]—Brentano, [215].
CHAPTER VII.
THE CHRISTIAN SOCIALISTS.
Socialism and Christianity, [218]—Views of St. Simon and Cabet, [218]—Irreligious Character of Contemporary Socialism, [219]—The Christian Socialists of England in 1850, [220]—Those of Germany now, [223]—The Catholic Group, [223]—Ketteler, [224]—Moufang, [230]—Protestant Group, [233]—Stöcker, Todt, [234]—Christian Social Working Men's Party, [239]—The Social Monarchical Union, [241]—The Evangelical Social Congress of 1890, [241]—Is there a Specific Christian Social Politics? [242]—Christian Socialism in Austria, [242]—In France, [243]—International Catholic Social Congress of 1890 at Liège, [243]—The Pope's Encyclical, [245].
CHAPTER VIII.
ANARCHISM.
Recent Activity of Anarchists, [247]—Individualist Anarchists and Communist Anarchists, [248]—Latter are Ultra-Socialist, [249]—Ultra-Democratic, [250]—Proudhon's Anarchic Government, [250]—No Representative Institutions, [251]—Prince Krapotkin's Plan for Housing the Poor, [252]—The Russian Mir the Anarchist Model of Government, [252]—Anarchism Atheistic, [254]—Ultra-revolutionary, [255]—Propaganda of Deed, [256]—Disunity and Weakness of Anarchism, [257].
CHAPTER IX.
RUSSIAN NIHILISM.
Haxthausen's Opinion of Russia's Safety from Socialism, [259]—Successive Phases of Nihilism, [260]—Origin of Nihilism, [261]—Influence of the Rural Commune on Revolutionary Thought, [262]—Decabrist Conspiracy of 1825, [263]—Extreme Opinions at Russian Universities in Reign of Nicholas, [264]—Ascension of Alexander II., [264]—Alexander Herzen, [265]—Turgenieff and the word Nihilist, [266]—Koscheleff and Fircks's Accounts of Nihilism, [267]—Causes of it, [268]—Nihilist Sunday Schools, Tchernycheffsky, [269]—Effect of Emancipation of Serfs, [270]—Ruined Landlords, [270]—Jews, [271]—Heretics, [272]—Bakunin, [273]—Herzen's Recantation of Revolutionism, [273]—Bakunin in London, [274]—His "Amorphism," [274]—His Picture of the Good Revolutionist, [275]—Netchaïeff founds Branches of the International in Russia, [276]—The first Attempt on the Czar, [276]—Reversion to Arbitrary and Despotic Government, [276]—Bakunin and Lavroff at Zurich, [278]—"Going into the People," [279]—Secret Societies, [280]—Nihilist Arrests and Trials, [281]—Terrorism, [282]—Assassination of Czar, [283]—Present Socialist Parties, [283]—The Black Division Party, [283]—Alarming Growth of a Proletariat in Russia, [284]—Impoverishment of Peasantry, [286]—Break up of Communistic System, [288]—Dissolution of House Communities, [289]—The Black Division, [292]—The Labour Emancipation League, [295].
CHAPTER X.
SOCIALISM AND THE SOCIAL QUESTION.
A Social Question recognised by Contemporary Economists, [297]—Mr. Cairnes on the Situation, [297]—Socialist Indictment of Existing Régime, [299]—1st, the "Iron Law of Wages," [300]—Alleged Deterioration of Wage-Labourers' Position Unfounded, [301]—Their Standard of Living Better, [302]—Their Individual Share in the National Wealth more, [304]—The "Iron Law" Misunderstood by Socialists, [305]—The "Iron Law" Itself Unsound, [307]—The Rate of Wages really Depends on the per capita Production, [307]—Prospects of Increasing per capita Production, [312]—Piecework, [314]—Shorter Day of Labour, [318]—2nd, Alleged Multiplication of Vicissitudes, [323]—Effects of Machinery, [323]—Temporary Redundancies, [324]—Serious Redundancies Lessening, [324]—Value of Good System of Commercial Statistics, [325]—3rd, Alleged Expropriation of the Value of the Labourer's Work, [327]—How Value is Constituted, [327]—Justice of Interest, [329]—Social Importance of Work of Capitalist Employer, [330]—Public Value of Private Property, [333]—Value of Freedom, [334]—Laissez-faire, [336]—Necessity for Opportunities of Investment, [338]—Co-operative Production, [338]—Advantage of Interlacing of Classes, [340]—Reason of exceptionally good House Accommodation among Working Classes of Sheffield, [341].
CHAPTER XI.
STATE SOCIALISM.
1. State Socialism and English Economics.
M. Léon Say on State Socialism, [345]—State Property and State Industries in Germany, [345]—Mr. Goschen and others on Change in English Opinion regarding State Intervention, [346]—Their Views Exaggerated and undiscriminating, [347]—Little done in England in Nationalizing Industries, [348]—Much done in enlarging Popular Rights, [349]—English Thinkers never Believers in Laissez-faire, [351]—Except Mr. H. Spencer, [352]—Adam Smith's "Simple and Obvious System of Natural Liberty," [353]—His Theory of Social Politics, [356]—Ricardo's Views, [359]—McCulloch's, [360]—On the Manufacturing System, [362]—On Crises, [363]—On Irish Pauper Labour, [364]—On Factory Legislation, [366]—On Housing the Poor, [366]—On the Poor Law, 368—The So-called Manchester School, [372]—The English Theory of Social Politics, [373].
2. The Nature and Principle of State Socialism.
Different Definitions of Socialism, [374]—Origin and Meaning of State Socialism, [379]—The Social Monarchists, [380]—Rodbertus, [380]—His Theory of Social Politics, [381]—M. de Laveleye and Establishment of Equality of Conditions, [384]—Alleged Disinheritance of the People from the Primitive Economic Rights, [385]—Mr. Chamberlain's Doctrine of "Ransom," [386]—Professor A. Wagner's State Socialism, [387].
3. State Socialism and Social Reform.
Cobden's Praise of the Prussian Government for its Social Work, [393]—Property, a Requisite of Progress, not of Freedom, [394]—Limits of Legitimate Intervention, [395]—Short Definition of State Socialism, [399]—Error of Plea for State Socialism as Extinguisher of Chance, [399]—As Saving the Waste from Competition, [400]—Wastefulness of Socialism, [401]—As shown in Samoa, [401]—In England under Old Poor Law, [402]—In Brook Farm, [402]—Idleness the Destroyer of the American Owenite and Fourierist Communities, [403]—Idleness, the Great Difficulty in the Shaker and Rappist Communities, [405]—"Old Slug," [406]—Contentment with Squalid Conditions, [407]—Special Liability to Mismanagement, [408].
4. State Socialism and State Management.
Natural Qualities and Defects of State as Industrial Manager, [409]—Post Office, [410]—Dockyards, [410]—Forestry, [412]—Mint and other Forms of Attesting, [412]—Monopolies, [413]—Municipal Management of Gas and Water Supply, [413]—Land Nationalization, [414]—State Railways, [415]—State Insurance in New Zealand, [417]—Results of Joint-Stock Management and Private Management in Massachusetts, [417].
5. State Socialism and Popular Right.
Why Impracticable Legislation is Socialistic, [418]—Rule of Intervention for Realizing Rights, [419]—Right to Existence, [421]—Right to Superannuation, [421]—Right to Labour, [423]—Problem of the Unemployed, [425]—Free Education, Libraries, Parks, [427]—Where Stop? [427]—Legal Fixing of Prices, as in Fares and Rates, [428]—Of Fair Rent, [429]—Of Fair Wages, [430]—Compulsory Arbitration, [430]—Legal Minimum Wages, [431]—Sweating System and Starvation Wages, [432]—International Compulsory Eight Hours Day, [434].
CHAPTER XII.
THE AGRARIAN SOCIALISM OF HENRY GEORGE.
Mr. George Predicts that his Book would find Apostles, [441]—Fulfilment of the Prediction, [441]—Sisyphism, [442]—Loses His Religious Belief through Perception of Poverty, [443]—Recovers it again, [445]—1st, His Problem, [445]—Its unverified Assumption, [445]—Evidence of Facts against it, [448]—Average Scale of Living has Risen, [449]—Proportion of Paupers, unable to obtain it, has Declined, [449]—Special Decline of Able-bodied Pauperism, [450]—Increase of Length of Life, [452]—Mr. George Changes his Problem from one of Quantity to one of Proportion, [453]—Rent really no larger Proportion of National Wealth or even of Agricultural Produce than before, [454]—Wages no Smaller Proportion, [456]—Indications of Increasing Distribution of Wealth, [457]—2nd, Mr. George's Explanation, [461]—Alleged Tendency of Wages to a Minimum that gives but a Bare Living, [462]—The Wages Fund and Population Theories, [464]—Mr. George's New Population Theory, [465]—His New Wages Fund Theory, [468]—His Explanation of the Distribution of Wealth without taking Profits into Account, [474]—Views on Rent, [476]—on Interest, [483]—Wages, [484]—Margin of Cultivation, [484]—Absurdities of his Explanation, [485]—3rd, Mr. George's Remedy, [487]—Land Nationalization Movement in England, [488]—Futility of Mr. George's Remedy, [489]—Confiscation, [490]—Difference of Mr. George's Proposal from Mr. Mill's, [491]—Agricultural Land as truly the Fruit of Labour as other Commodities, [492]—Real Distinction between Land and other Property, [494]—Social Claim on all Property, [495]—Is Private Property the best Guarantee for the most Productive use of Land? [496]—Land Nationalization no Assistance to the Reforms that are Needed, [498].