The Bitter Cry of the Children

by John Spargo

INDEX

• A
• Aberdeen, underfed school children in, [272].
• Addams, Jane, [148], [196].
• Adenoids, [107], [296].
• Adulteration of Food, [85].
• Aikin, Dr., [130].
• Airy, Dr., H.M.I., [112], [113].
• Alabama:
  • Child Labor Committee, [142].
  • Child Labor in, [148], [149].
• Alcoholzehntel (Switzerland), [254].
• “Alfred,” History of the Factory Movement, [131].
• Allentown, Pennsylvania, [183], [184].
• Anæmia, [5], [83], [294].
• Annual Register, 1792, [135].
• Apprentices, pauper, [131]–140.
• Aristotle, [100], [125], [126], [127].
• Artificial flower making, [146], [172], [173], [177].
• Ashby, Dr. Henry, [18].
• Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor, [233].
• Asthma, [164].
• Asylums:
  • New York Foundling, [22].
  • New York Juvenile, [187].
  • Furnishing Child Labor, [198].
• Atrophy, [21].
• Augusta, Georgia, [150].
• Australia:
  • Death-rate reduced in, [245], [247].
  • Women nurse inspectors in, [244].
• B
• Back Bay, Boston, [7].
• Backward Children:
  • Become child laborers, [103].
  • Condition traceable to poor nutrition, [108], [278]
  • Experiments in feeding, [115]–116.
  • Improvement of, when properly fed, [276].
  • Injurious influence of, on other children, [102].
  • Investigation of, in California, [101]–102.
  • Number of, in United States, estimated, [102].
  • Poor physique of, [100]–101.
  • Results of feeding in England, [111], [273].
  • Results of feeding in France, [115].
  • Results of feeding in Norway, [115], [276].
  • Special classes for, [101].
  • Tend to become criminals and paupers, [104], [105].
• Baillestre, Dr., [21] n.
• Ballantyne, Dr., [9] n.
• Beach, Dr. Fletcher, [108].
• Beading slippers, [172].
• Belgium:
  • Meals for school children in, [276].
  • Medical inspection in schools, [253], [276], [277].
  • (See also Brussels.)
• Belgravia, London, [5].
• Berlin:
  • Infant death-rate reduced in, [247].
  • School meals in, [274].
  • School sanatoria in, [255].
  • Still-births registered in, [52].
• Bethnal Green, London, [5].
• Beyer, Professor, [100].
• Biddeford, Maine, [153].
• Birmingham, England:
  • Board of Education, [112].
  • Feeding of school children in, [112], [113], [272], [273].
  • Infant mortality in, [26].
  • Blincoe, Robert, quoted, [132].
  • Blood poisoning, [223].
• Board of Charities, New York, [83].
• Board of Education, Birmingham, England, [112], [113].
• Board of Education, New York, [65], [66], [73].
• Board of Education, Sheffield, England, [110].
• Board of Health:
  • As educational agency, [244].
  • Lawrence, Massachusetts, [39].
  • New York City, [299].
  • Rochester, New York, [28].
• Board of Regents, [225].
• Bootblacks, [184].
• Boston:
  • Child-labor legislation in, [259].
  • Death-rate in, [7].
  • Physical condition of poor children in, [98].
  • Underfed school children in, [85], [89].
• Bowditch, Dr., [98].
• Bowel disorders caused by malnutrition, [82].
• Brassey, Thomas, [201].
• British Anthropometric Committee, [96].
• British Interdepartmental Committee:
  • Continuation classes recommended by, [241].
  • Dr. Airy’s evidence before, [112]–133.
  • Dr. Vincent’s evidence before, [235].
  • Heredity considered, [291]–294.
  • Obstetrical statistics, [8]–9.
  • Regulations concerning the employment of married women, [230].
• British Medical Association, [108].
• Bronchitis:
  • Candy making predisposing to, [179].
  • Infant mortality from, [21].
  • Rachitis predisposing to, [15], [17], [298].
• Browning, Mrs., [57].
• Brussels:
  • Medical examination of school children, [253], [254], [277].
  • School dinners in, [276].
• Buffalo, New York:
  • Child-labor legislation in, [259].
  • Underfed school children in, [83], [84], [85].
• Bumbledom, British, [131], [134], [150].
• C
• Caisse des écoles, [278]–286.
• California, backward school children in, [101], [102].
• Canning Factories:
  • In Maine, [170].
  • Maryland, [169], [170].
  • New York, [169].
• Cantines Scolaires, [115], [249], [277]–280, [282]–287.
• Cartwright’s invention, [126].
• Charities, [234] n.
• Charity:
  • Dangers arising from, [236].
  • Failure of, [54].
  • Important experimental work done by, [234].
• Chicago:
  • Child-labor investigation in, [208].
  • Comparative death-rates, [5].
  • Physical condition of working children, [175].
  • School meals in, [273].
  • Still-births in, non-registration of, [12].
  • Stock yards, child labor in, [189].
  • Studies of Smedley and Christopher in, [100].
  • Underfed school children in, [84], [85], [89], [273]–274.
• Child Labor:
  • Backward children and, [103].
  • Census figures of, inadequate, [144].
  • Cheap goods and, [261].
  • Cost to society of, [194].
  • Dangerous conditions surrounding, [168], [175]–181.
  • Domestic industry and, [127]–129.
  • German legislation on, [257].
  • Immigration and, [214].
  • In Alabama, [142], [149].
  • In canning factories, [168], [169], [170].
  • In cigar and tobacco factories, [167].
  • In England and Scotland, [130]–140.
  • In Georgia, [150].
  • In glass factories, [154]–162.
  • In Illinois, [208].
  • In Indiana, [154], [155], [161].
  • In laundries, [168].
  • In Maine, [153].
  • In Maryland, [169]–170.
  • In Massachusetts, [153].
  • In mines and quarries, [163], [167].
  • In New Hampshire, [153].
  • In New Jersey, [152], [154], [198].
  • In New Lanark, [134]–135.
  • In New York, [141], [144].
  • In Ohio, [154], [159], [160], [162].
  • In Pennsylvania, [143], [144], [151], [154], [155], [163]–164, [165], [166], [167], [168], [183].
  • In restaurants and hotels, [168].
  • In South Carolina, [148], [149].
  • In Southern states, [141], [142], [148], [149], [150], [151], [199].
  • In stores, [168].
  • In textile industries, [148]–154.
  • In United States, [142], [143], [145].
  • In West Virginia, [166].
  • In wood-working industries, [168].
  • Industrial revolution and, [130]–140.
  • Introduction of machinery retarded by, [203].
  • Machine age and, [129].
  • Machinery and, [202].
  • Moral ills of, [181]–190.
  • Parental responsibility for, [205], [206].
  • Reasons for, [195]–217, [305]–306.
  • Synonymous with slavery, [127].
  • Unions opposed to, [193].
  • Unnecessary, [200].
  • Wages of adults affected by, [192], [194].
• Child Labor Committee:
  • Alabama Child Labor Committee, [142].
  • National Child Labor Committee, [163].
  • New York Child Labor Committee, [169].
  • Pennsylvania Child Labor Committee, [144].
• Cholera infantum, [21].
• Cholera morbus, [21].
• Christiania, school meals in, [115], [275].
• Christopher, Professor, [100].
• Cleveland, Ohio, underfed school children in, [85], [89].
• Coe, Dr. Henry C., [300].
• Colonies Scolaires, [254], [255].
• Columbia University, [116].
• Committee of House of Commons, [139].
• Competition of children with elders, [192].
• Consumers’ League of New York, [208].
• Consumption:
  • Among children, [175].
  • Infantile mortality from, [21].
  • Leather work predisposing to, [178].
  • Miners’, [164]. (See also Tuberculosis.)
• Continuation classes, [241], [242].
• Convulsions:
  • Infantile mortality from, [19], [21].
  • Rachitis predisposing to, [17], [298].
• Cotton manufacture, see [Textile industries].
• Crèches, [50], [55], [221], [231]–233, [242].
• Crichton-Browne, Dr., [108].
• Cronin, Dr. John, [109], [253].
• Croup, infant mortality from, [21].
• D
• Dale, David, [134].
• Dangerous occupations, [175]–181.
• Daniel, Dr. Annie S., quoted, [34].
• Danton, quoted, [247].
• Darlington, Dr. Thomas, quoted, [299].
• Dawson, Professor, [195].
• Death-rates:
  • Among English pauper apprentices, [134].
  • Birmingham, England, [26].
  • Comparative general, [6], [7].
  • Comparative infantile, [7].
  • England and Wales, [10], [11], [12], [13].
  • France, infantile, [21] n.
  • In Foundling Asylums, [232].
  • Of infants from specified causes, [21].
  • Of infants in Metropolitan Free Hospital, London, [7].
  • Of United States compared with England and Wales, [11]–13.
  • Poverty’s effect upon, [5]–7, [14]–21.
• Debility, infant mortality from, [21].
• Defective children, [101], [111].
• Defective hearing among school children, [107], [253].
• Defective vision among school children, [107], [251]–253, [281].
• Democracy:
  • Education as safeguard of, [58].
  • Of birth and death, [8], [293], [294], [295], [296].
• Dental examination of school children, [253], [255], [277].
• Dependence of families on children’s wages, [207]–210.
• Diarrhœa:
  • Infant mortality from, [21].
  • Infant mortality from, among rachitic children, [17], [298].
• Dixon, George, [112].
• Doble, Mr. Roscoe, quoted, [39].
• Dodd, Dr. F. Lawson, quoted, [303].
• Dolphus, Jean, [50].
• Domestic industry, children in, [127], [174].
• Downe, Jonathan, quoted, [139].
• Drysdale, Dr. Charles R., [7].
• Dundee, underfed children in, [272].
• Durland, Kellogg, [210].
• Duruy, M., Minister of Public Instruction, Paris, [278].
• Dyspepsia among glass workers, [60].
• E
• Eastport, Maine, [170].
• Education:
  • Compulsory, [58], [280].
  • Improvement in, means of, [59].
  • Of backward children in special classes, [101], [102].
  • Of girls in continuation classes, [241], [242].
  • Of idiots and feeble-minded children, [101].
  • Of mothers by literature, [243], [245].
  • Of mothers by literature, cost of, [243].
  • Of mothers by school nurses, [242].
  • Of physically defective children, [101], [111].
  • Poor material for, [59]–60, [276], [294].
• Eichholz, Dr., [272], [291], [295].
• Ellis, Mrs. Havelock, [30].
• Elysée, Paris, [5].
• England:
  • Alarm caused by infant mortality in, [9]–10.
  • Comparison of physical development of children in, [96]–98.
  • Feeding of children in schools, [109], [117], [272].
  • Infant mortality in, [9]–10.
  • Laws regulating employment of married women in, [45].
  • Pasteurization of milk introduced in, [235].
  • Problem of poverty in, [63]–64.
  • Regulation of midwives in, [224].
  • Underfeeding in, [297].
• Epilepsy, [17].
• Erfurt, vital statistics of, [7].
• Etzler, J. A., [203].
• F
• Factory Act, first English, [136].
  • (See also [Legislation].)
• Fall River, Massachusetts, child labor in, [153].
• Fancy-box making, [172], [174].
• Fancy-slipper making, [172].
• Felt-hat manufacture, dangers from, [176], [177].
• Folks, Homer, [231], [306].
• Fourier, Charles, [64].
• Fox, Charles H., and Fox Bros., [50], [51].
• France:
  • Caisse des écoles and their use, [278]–285.
  • Cantines Scolaires, [115], [249].
  • Cost of school meals in, [283]–286.
  • Crèches, [50], [55], [221], [231]–233, [242].
  • Fresh-air outings in, [94].
  • Gouttes de Lait, [55], [235].
  • Infant death-rate in, [21] n.
  • Medical inspection in schools, [253], [256], [281].
  • Pensions to mothers, [229].
  • School colonies, [280], [281].
  • School funds, see [Caisse des écoles].
  • School meals in, [277]–280, [282]–286.
• G
• Germany:
  • Child-labor legislation in, [257].
  • Death certificates in, [245].
  • Medical inspection in schools, [253], [255].
  • Midwives, regulation of, in, [224], [300].
  • School meals in, [274].
• Gillette, Dr., [21] n.
• Gladstone, Herbert, M.P., [271].
• Glasgow, Scotland, underfed children in, [272].
• Glassborough, New Jersey, [161].
• Glass Manufacture:
  • Child labor unnecessary in, [200].
  • Children employed in, [154]–162.
  • In United States, [154].
  • In Venice and Murano, seventeenth century, [128].
  • Machinery used in, [204].
• Goler, Dr. George W., [22], [235], [304].
• Gorst, Sir John, [27].
• Gouttes de Lait, [55], [235].
• Groszmann, Dr., [101].
• H
• Hall, Professor G. Stanley, [101].
• Hansard’s Parliamentary Debates, [138].
• Henderson, C. Hanford, [229].
• Heredity, [8], [9], [291]–296.
• History of the Factory Movement, [131].
• Holiday Colonies (Switzerland), [254].
• Holt, Dr. L. Emmet, [296]–297.
• Home employment of mothers, [33].
• Home industries, children employed in, [171]–174.
• Hood, Thomas, [156].
• Hornbaker, William, principal Chicago school, [84].
• Hospitals:
  • Bellevue, New York City, [300].
  • Death-rate in Foundling, [232].
  • Filled by victims of childhood poverty, [24].
  • General Memorial, New York City, [300].
  • Infants’, Randall’s Island, New York City, [232].
  • Metropolitan Free, London, [7].
  • New York Babies’, inquiry in, [27].
  • New York Lying-in, [224].
• Housing:
  • Among Italians, [78].
  • Among Jews, [25].
  • Infantile death-rate not lowered by improvement in, [26].
  • Relation of, to tuberculosis, [26].
• Hrdlicka, Dr., [98].
• Huddersfield, England, campaign of education in, [30].
• Hungarians in carpet works, [178].
• Hunter, Robert, [61], [62], [63], [65], [277], [286].
• Huxley, Professor T. H., [77].
• Hyndman, H. M., [271].
• I
• Iceland, loom used in, [126].
• Ignorance:
  • A cause of malnutrition, [82].
  • Among factory girls, [31], [32].
  • Babies victims of, [27], [28], [29]–32, [37], [39], [239].
  • Campaign against maternal, [30], [31], [240].
  • Often only one of poverty’s disguises, [37].
  • Remedial measures for, [30], [239]–245.
  • Social need of protection against, [214].
• Illegitimate children, death-rate among, [7].
• Illinois:
  • Child-labor investigation in, [208], [209], [210].
  • Child-labor law, [208].
  • (See also [Chicago].)
• Illiteracy in the United States, [143].
• Imbeciles in English cotton mills, [134].
• Inanition, infant mortality from, [12].
• Indiana:
  • Child labor in, [154], [155], [161].
  • Children working by night in, [161].
  • Glass manufacture in, [154], [155], [159], [161].
• Industrial revolution in England, [130], [149].
• Industrial Schools, England, [96].
• Industrial Schools, New York City, [83].
• Infantile Mortality:
  • Among Irish and Italians, [25], [26].
  • Among Jews, [25], [26].
  • Effect of improved milk supply on, [22], [23], [247].
  • Employment of mothers a cause of, [37], [38]–44, [50].
  • From eleven given causes, [21].
  • Ignorance of mothers a cause of, [27], [28], [29]–32, [37], [39], [239].
  • In England and Wales, [9]–12.
  • In United States, [11]–13.
  • Lowered in siege of Paris and Lancashire cotton famine, [43], [44].
  • Malnutrition principal cause of, [26], [27].
  • Not affected by sanitary improvements, [26].
  • Proportion of, due to poverty, [20].
  • Proportion of, due to socially preventable causes, [13], [21].
  • Reduced in Australia, Berlin, and Rochester, [247].
  • Relative, among rich and poor, [7].
  • Still-births and, [52].
• Intemperance:
  • As a cause of child labor, [210], [211].
  • Employment of married women due to, [34].
  • Malnutrition as a cause of, [90].
• Inter-Departmental Committee, see [British Interdepartmental Committee].
• Irish:
  • Infantile mortality among, [26].
  • Underfed school children among, [26].
• Italians:
  • Child labor among, [199].
  • Housing among, [78].
  • Infant mortality among, [26].
  • Underfed children among, [71], [78].
• Italy:
  • Feeding of school children in, [248], [249], [274], [287]–290.
  • Medical attendance free in, [275].
  • Medical inspection in schools, [253].
• J
• Jenner, Sir William, [16].
• Jevons, Professor W. S., [38].
• Jews:
  • Bad housing among, [25].
  • Mortality of infants among, [25].
• Juvenile delinquents, [187]–189.
• K
• Keen, Dr. W. W., [98].
• Kelley, Mrs. Florence, [160], [162].
• Kensington Labor Lyceum, Philadelphia, [151].
• Kilham, Dr. Eleanor B., [301], [302].
• Kline, Professor, [105].
• Knopf, Dr. S. A., [26].
• L
• Laissez faire, [136], [141].
• Lancashire, England, cotton famine, [44], [51].
• Lancaster, Pennsylvania, [184].
• La Revolté, [147].
• Laryngismus Stridulus, [298].
• Lawrence, Massachusetts, child labor in, [153].
• Lead poisoning, [179].
• Lechstrecker, Dr. H. M., [83].
• Legislation:
  • Alabama Child Labor Committee and, [142].
  • Artificial infant foods should be subject to, [245]–246.
  • Child labor, suggested, [256]–260. (See also [Child Labor].)
  • Factory acts, first British, [136].
  • Feeding of school children matter for, [271], [272], [279], [280].
  • German child labor, [257].
  • Interest of society to protect children by, [191], [305]–306.
  • Manufacturers’ Record on child labor, [142].
  • Midwifery, regulation of, by, [222], [225], [299], [300], [301].
  • Relating to employment of mothers near childbirth, [44], [45], [49], [227], [230].
  • Relating to street trades, [258], [259].
  • Ten Hours’ Bill in England, [137], [139].
  • United States in need of further, [257]–260.
• Leipzic, physique of school children in, [96].
• Little Mothers:
  • Among Italians, [78].
  • A social menace, [38].
  • Responsible for much infant mortality, [38], [39], [44].
• Litton Mill, [133].
• London:
  • Death-rate of infants in, [7].
  • Death-rates of Belgravia and Bethnal Green, [5].
  • Obstetrical Society of, [294], [295].
  • Physical degeneration among school children in, [291]–293.
  • Special school for defective children, [111].
  • Underfeeding of children in, [272].
• Los Angeles, California, underfed school children in, [85].
• Lovejoy, Owen R., [158], [161].
• Lowe, David, [218].
• Lubec, Maine, [170].
• M
• McKelway, Dr., [148], [199].
• Maine, canning factories, [170].
• Malins, Dr. Edward, [294].
• Manchester, England, epidemic in, [135].
• Manchester, New Hampshire, [153].
• Manufacturers’ Record on child-labor legislation, [142].
• Marasmus, [297].
• Married Women, Employment of:
  • Away from homes, [33], [34], [37]–44.
  • Census returns of, inadequate, [32], [33].
  • Daniel, Dr. Annie S., on, [34].
  • Evil results of, [32], [35]–51.
  • Infantile mortality caused by, [37], [38]–44, [50].
  • In home industries, [33], [34]–37.
  • Jevons, Professor W. S., on, [38].
  • Legislation relating to, [44], [45], [49], [227], [230].
  • Wages of married women workers, [31], [32], [34].
• Maryland, [169].
• Maxwell, Dr. W. H., [64].
• Measles, [17]–21, [298].
• Medical Inspection in Schools:
  • In Belgium, [253], [276], [277].
  • In England, [253].
  • In France, [109], [253], [280], [281].
  • In Germany, [253], [255].
  • In Italy, [109], [253], [275].
  • In London, [198].
  • In Minnesota, [281].
  • In New York City, [107], [109], [253], [281].
  • In Norway, [109], [253], [254].
  • In Switzerland, [253].
  • In United States, need of, [251]–253, [255]–256, [281], [282].
• Ménilmontant, Paris, death-rate in, [5].
• Messengers, [184], [185], [186], [187], [188], [189].
• Midwives:
  • Inefficiency of, [53], [300].
  • Maternal deaths due to, [300].
  • Still-births due to ignorance of, [53].
  • Supervision of, needed, [222]–226, [299], [300], [301].
• Milk:
  • Adulteration of, [28], [29].
  • High death-rate due to impure, [22].
  • Sterilization of, [235], [304]–305.
  • Straus system of Pasteurization of, [22], [29], [234]–236.
  • (See also [Municipal Milk Depots].)
• Minnesota, investigation of school children in, [281].
• Minnesota State Public School, at Owatonna, [120], [121].
• Minotola, New Jersey, strike of glass-blowers in, [198].
• Monroe, Professor W. S., [101], [102].
• Montgomery, Alabama, [149].
• Montmartre, Paris, [279], [280], [282].
• Morris, William, [126].
• Moscow, [96].
• “Mother” Mary Jones, [151].
• Mt. Carbon, West Virginia, [166].
• Mundella, Mr., M.P., [108], [109].
• Municipal Milk Depots:
  • Advantages of, [234]–238, [302]–305.
  • Dodd, Lawson, on, [303].
  • French, see [Gouttes de Lait].
  • In England, [234], [235].
  • In Europe, [238].
  • Powell, Sir Richard Douglas, on, [303].
  • Rochester, New York, [22], [23], [235], [236], [238], [304]–305.
  • St. Helen’s, Lancashire, England, [235].
• Murphy, Edward Gardner, [148].
• N
• Nathan, Mrs. Frederick, [208].
• National Child Labor Committee, [163].
• New Jersey:
  • Child-labor investigation in, [210].
  • Child-labor law, 1904, [210].
  • Glass manufacture, [154].
  • Glass manufacture, children employed in, [154], [159], [161], [162].
  • Orphan Asylum children employed in, [198].
• New Lanark, Scotland, [134].
• Newsboys, [184], [185], [187], [188], [258].
• New York City:
  • Child-labor legislation in, [258].
  • Estimated number of children in, [61].
  • Foundling Asylum in, [22].
  • Home factories in, [33]–37, [173].
  • Medical inspection in schools of, [107], [109], [253], [281].
  • School nurses in, [242].
  • Still-births in, [52].
  • Underfed school children in, [61], [64]–83, [90]–95.
• New York Child Labor Committee, [169].
• New York County Medical Association, [224].
• New York Foundling Asylum, [22].
• New York State:
  • Canning factories in, [169].
  • Carpet factories in, [178].
  • Child labor in, [141].
  • Child-labor investigation in, [210].
  • Child-labor legislation in, [258].
  • Midwives, regulation of, [223], [299].
  • Number of children of school age not attending school in, [144].
• Nibecker, Mr., Supt. House of Refuge, Pennsylvania, [187].
• Nichols, Mr. Francis H., [210].
• Norway:
  • Backward children in, [115], [276].
  • Excursions for school children, [275].
  • Meals for school children, [114], [115], [275], [276].
  • Medical inspection of school children in, [109], [253], [254].
  • School sanatoria, [254].
  • Special dietary for weak children, [115], [254].
• Notes and authorities, [307]–323.
• Nottingham, England, [132].
• O
• Oastler, Richard, M.P., [137].
• Obstetrical Society of London, [294], [295].
• Ohio, child labor in, [154], [159], [160], [162].
  • Glass manufacture in, [154].
• Oneida, New York, [169].
• Orphan children compelled to work, [162], [198].
• Owatonna, Minnesota, [120], [121].
• Owen, Robert, [134], [135], [153], [165].
• Oxford, Maryland, [169].
• P
• Paralysis, [178].
• Paris:
  • Caisse des écoles, [278]–282, [283], [284].
  • Cantines Scolaires, [115], [249], [277]–287.
  • Death-rates in Elysée and Ménilmontant, [5].
  • Infant mortality during siege of, [43], [44], [51].
  • Medical inspection in schools of, [109].
  • Underfeeding and dulness, [109].
• Parsons, Mrs. Elsie Clews, [239].
• Pasteurization of Milk:
  • In New York City, [29], [234], [236].
  • In New York Foundling Asylum, [22].
  • In Rochester, New York, [22], [23], [235], [236], [238].
  • In St. Helen’s, Lancashire, England, [235].
  • Renders digestion difficult, [305].
  • Scorbutus caused by, [304].
  • Unnecessary, [235].
• Patent Infant Foods:
  • Dangers arising from, [28].
  • Federal supervision of manufacture and sale of, [245].
• Paterson, New Jersey, [152].
• Paton, Dr. Noel, [9] n.
• Pauper apprentices in England, [131]–136, [150], [162].
• Peek, Sir Henry, [109].
• Peel, Sir Robert, [136].
• Pennsylvania:
  • Cigarmakers’ Union and child labor in, [193].
  • Employment of children in cigar factories in, [167], [168].
  • Employment of children in glass factories, [154], [155], [159].
  • Employment of children in mines, [163].
  • Investigation by Child Labor Commissioner of, [144].
  • Investigation of reasons for employment of children, [210].
  • Orphan children employed in, [198].
• Pertussis, [298].
• Philadelphia:
  • Employment of children in, [144], [151].
  • Still-births formerly not registered, [12].
  • Underfed children in, [85].
• Phosphor poisoning, [179].
• Physical Condition of Poor Children:
  • Accountable for educational failures, [100].
  • Inferior to richer children, [96]–98.
  • Investigations in Chicago of, [175].
  • Investigations in England of, [10], [108], [291].
  • Malnutrition responsible for, [106].
  • Report of Royal Commission on Physical Training (Scotland) on, [98], [99].
  • Responsible for criminality, [105]–108.
  • (See also [Underfeeding] and [Poverty].)
• Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, [168].
• Pittston, Pennsylvania, [143], [163].
• Playfair, Dr., [7].
• Pneumonia:
  • Infant mortality from, [21].
  • Porter, Dr., [98], [100].
  • Rachitis predisposing to, [17].
• Poverty, [277].
• Poverty:
  • Children in United States victims of, [61], [63], [117]–124.
  • Cost to society of, [23], [24].
  • Educational failures largely due to, [60], [100]–105, [279].
  • Effect upon infantile mortality of, [13], [19], [20], [21], [23].
  • Estimated number of persons in United States in, [61], [63].
  • Mortality from convulsions, measles, and rickets increased by, [17]–19.
  • Most heavily felt by children, [1]–3, [61].
  • Proportion of still-births due to, [52].
  • Reason for child labor, [206]–213.
  • Relation to death and disease, [14]–24.
• Prisons:
  • And child labor, [194].
  • Filled by victims of poverty, [24].
• Q
• Quarries, child labor in, [163].
• Quinlin, Dr. Francis, [301].
• R
• Rachitis, [5], [15]–18, [78], [175], [294], [297], [298].
• Reclus, Élie, [44].
• Reformatories and child labor, [162], [194].
• Reformatories filled by victims of poverty, [24].
• Reggia Emilia, Italy, [274].
• Report on Physical Training (Scotland), [98], [99].
• Rickets, see Rachitis.
• Roberts, Dr. Charles W., [96], [98].
• Roberts, Rev. Peter, [183].
• Rochester, New York:
  • Death-rate reduced in, [23], [247].
  • Employment of children in, [192].
  • Milk supply in, [22], [23], [235], [236], [238], [304]–305.
• Rousden, England, [109].
• Rowntree, B. S., [98].
• Ruskin, John, [191].
• Ryan, Charles L., School Principal, Buffalo, New York, [83].
• S
• Sadler, Michael, M.P., [137], [138].
• Salvation Army, [68], [73], [94].
• San Remo, Italy, [274].
• School Children:
  • Defective hearing among, [107].
  • Defective vision among, [107], [251]–253, [281].
  • Meals furnished to, in Belgium, [254], [276].
  • Meals furnished to, in Chicago, [84], [85], [273].
  • Meals furnished to, in England, [109]–115, [272]–273.
  • Meals furnished to, in France, [115], [249], [277]–280, [282]–286.
  • Meals furnished to, in Germany, [274].
  • Meals furnished to, in Italy, [248], [274], [287]–290.
  • Meals furnished to, in New York, [116], [117].
  • Meals furnished to, in Norway, [114], [115], [254], [275].
  • Meals furnished to, in Switzerland, [254], [277], [278].
  • Medical inspection of, [107]–110, [198], [253]–254, [275]–277, [280]–281.
  • Physical condition of, investigated, [96]–101, [107]–110.
  • Physical deterioration of, in England, [292]–296.
  • Underfeeding of, see Underfeeding.
  • Venereal diseases among industrial, [184], [185].
• School colonies, [254], [255], [281].
• School funds, see [Caisse des écoles].
• School Sanatoria, [254].
• Schools, see [School Children].
• Scorbutus, [304].
• Scotland, Report on Physical Training in, [98], [99].
• Sheffield School Board, [110].
• Shuttleworth, Dr. D. E., [108].
• Slavs in carpet factories, [178].
• Slavs in child labor, [212].
• Sloan, Mr., Supt. John Worthy School, Chicago, [184].
• Smedley, Professor, [100].
• Smith, Mrs. Watt, [304].
• Soap manufacture, dangers of, [176].
• Social Democratic Federation, [110].
• Socialism, [220], [221].
• Socialist control of French municipalities, [233].
• Socialist programmes, [221], [271], [276].
• Sophocles, quoted, [123].
• South Carolina, child labor in, [148], [149], [199].
• Southern States:
  • Child labor in, [141], [148]–151.
  • Industrial revival in, [149].
• Speyer School, Columbia University, [116].
• State Charities Aid Association, [233].
• Steubenville, Ohio, [162].
• Still-births, [12], [51], [52], [53], [233].
• St. Helen’s, Lancashire, England, [235].
• St. Louis, Missouri:
  • Studies by Dr. Porter in, [98], [100].
  • Underfed school children in, [89].
• Stockholm, physique of school children in, [96].
• Straus milk depots, see [Milk].
• Straus, Nathan, [29], [234], [236].
• Street Trades:
  • Legislation for, [258]–259.
  • Perils to children in, [184]–188.
  • Venereal diseases among children in, [184], [185].
• Sweat shops, [171].
• Switzerland:
  • Alcoholzehntel, [254].
  • Country homes for school children in, [280].
  • Holiday colonies for school children in, [254].
  • Legislation upon employment of married women in, [45].
  • Meals for school children in, [277].
  • Medical inspection of school children in, [253]–254.
  • School Sanatoria in, [254].
• T
• Tavistock Place School, London, [111].
• Taylor, Jonathan, [110].
• Teachers College, Columbia University, [116].
• Teeth of school children, inspection of, [253], [255], [277].
• Ten Hours’ Bill, England, [137], [139].
• Tennyson, Alfred, quoted, [28].
• Textile Industries:
  • Child labor in, [148]–154.
  • Dangers to health in, [177].
• Trachoma, [251].
• Trondhjem, Norway, [115], [275], [276].
• Tuberculosis:
  • Among bottle makers, [160].
  • And poverty, [15].
  • Campaign against, [30].
  • Germany, treatment of children predisposed to, [255].
  • Rachitis predisposing to, [17].
  • Relation of child labor to, [146].
• Tuke, Dr. Hack, [108].
• Turin, Italy, [96], [109].
• U
• Underfeeding:
  • Among Italians, [78]–81.
  • Defective vision due to, [107].
  • Due to ignorance, [27], [28], [29].
  • Effects of, not hereditary, [294].
  • Employment of mothers and, [35], [37].
  • In Aberdeen, [272].
  • In Birmingham, [113], [114], [272].
  • In Boston, [85], [89].
  • In Buffalo, [83]–84.
  • In Chicago, [84]–85, [89], [273]–274.
  • In Cleveland, [85].
  • In Dundee, [272].
  • In Glasgow, [272].
  • In London, [109], [272].
  • In Los Angeles, [85].
  • In New York, [61], [64], [83], [85], [109].
  • In Philadelphia, [85].
  • In United States, [61], [64], [85], [86], [117], [118].
  • Mental effects of, [108]–112, [276].
  • Physical effects of, [95]–105.
  • Predisposing to disease, [26], [42], [296].
  • Prime cause of infant mortality, [25].
  • Proportion of hospital cases due to, [26], [27].
  • Proportion of infant deaths due to, [14].
  • Source of crime, [105]–108.
  • Worst effect of poverty upon children, [2]–5, [27], [61]–65.
• Unemployment:
  • Among Irish laborers, [91].
  • Among male wage-earners, [62].
• United States:
  • Child labor in, [140], [141], [167], [168].
  • Infantile death-rate in, [11], [12], [13].
  • Legislation regulating employment of married women needed, [45]–49, [227]–233.
  • Legislation regulating street trades required, [258]–259.
  • Number of children employed in, [142], [145].
  • Still-births in, [52].
  • Underfed children in, [61], [64], [85], [86], [117], [118].
  • Value of glass manufactures, [154].
  • Victims of poverty in, [61], [62].
• Utopia, [65], [239].
• V
• Van der Vaart, Mrs., [161].
• Varnishers, [178].
• Venereal diseases, [184].
• Vercelli (Italy), [248], [249], [274], [275], [287], [288]–290.
• Vincent, Dr. Ralph M., [25], [235], [298], [304].
• W
• Wales, death-rate of, [10].
• Walling, William English, [169].
• Ward, Mrs. Humphry, quoted, [111].
• Warner, Dr. Francis, [108].
• Webster, Dr. J. Clarence, [300].
• Wellington, England, [50].
• West Virginia, [166].
• Wheeler, Miss M. (Supt. New York Babies’ Hospital), quoted, [27].
• Whooping-cough, [17].
• Wilcox, Ella Wheeler, [125].
• Wilkesbarre, Pennsylvania, [163].
• Wolf, Dr., [7].
• Wood-working, industries connected with, [168], [176].
• Workhouses, [131].
• Y
• Yonkers, New York, [178], [226].
• York, England, [98].
• Z
• Zanesville, Ohio, [160].
• Zark, N. V., [96].

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