THE POLE-STAR FOUR THOUSAND YEARS AGO.
Sir John Herschel, in his Outlines of Astronomy, thus shows the changes in the celestial pole in 4000 years:
At the date of the erection of the Pyramid of Gizeh, which precedes the present epoch by nearly 4000 years, the longitudes of all the stars were less by 55° 45′ than at present. Calculating from this datum the place of the pole of the heavens among the stars, it will be found to fall near α Draconis; its distance from that star being 3° 44′ 25″. This being the most conspicuous star in the immediate neighbourhood, was therefore the Pole Star of that epoch. The latitude of Gizeh being just 30° north, and consequently the altitude of the North Pole there also 30°, it follows that the star in question must have had at its lowest culmination at Gizeh an altitude of 25° 15′ 35″. Now it is a remarkable fact, that of the nine pyramids still existing at Gizeh, six (including all the largest) have the narrow passages by which alone they can be entered (all which open out on the northern faces of their respective pyramids) inclined to the horizon downwards at angles the mean of which is 26° 47′. At the bottom of every one of these passages, therefore, the Pole Star must have been visible at its lower culmination; a circumstance which can hardly be supposed to have been unintentional, and was doubtless connected (perhaps superstitiously) with the astronomical observations of that star, of whose proximity to the pole at the epoch of the erection of these wonderful structures we are thus furnished with a monumental record of the most imperishable nature.