FOOTNOTES:

[B] I merely use this as an illustration; the deposition may have really been due to sediment carried down by rivers. But the action must have been periodic, and the powder duplex.

[C] 'Transactions of the Geological Society,' Ser. ii. vol. iii. p. 477.

[D] In a letter to Sir Charles Lyell, dated from the Cape of Good Hope, February 20, 1836, Sir John Herschel writes as follows:—"If rocks have been so heated as to allow of a commencement of crystallization, that is to say, if they have been heated to a point at which the particles can begin to move amongst themselves, or at least on their own axes, some general law must then determine the position in which these particles will rest on cooling. Probably that position will have some relation to the direction in which the heat escapes. Now when all or a majority of particles of the same nature have a general tendency to one position, that must of course determine a cleavage plane."

[E] Omitted here.

[F] While to my mind the evidence in proof of pressure seems perfectly irresistible, I by no means assert that the manner in which I stated it is incapable of modification. All that I deem important is the fact that pressure has been exerted; and provided this remain firm, the fate of any minor portion of the evidence by which it is here established is of comparatively little moment.

[G] I have usually softened the wax by warming it, kneaded it with the fingers, and pressed it between thick plates of glass previously wetted. At the ordinary summer-temperature the wax is soft, and tears rather than cleaves; on this account I cool my compressed specimens in a mixture of pounded ice and salt, and when thus cooled they split beautifully.

[H] It is scarcely necessary to say that if the mass were squeezed equally in all directions no laminated structure could be produced; it must have room to yield in a lateral direction.

[I] An eminent authority informs me that he believes these surfaces of weak cohesion to be due to the interposition of films of graphite, and not to any tendency of the iron itself to become fibrous: this of course does not in any way militate against the theory which I have ventured to propose. All that the theory requires is surfaces of weak cohesion, however produced, and a change of shape of such surfaces consequent on pressure or rolling.

INDEX.

Æggischhorn, [100], [105].
Agassiz on glacier motion, [270], [310].
Air-bubbles, [359], [376].
Aletsch Glacier, [101].
— —, bedding and structure observed on, [120], [391].
Aletschhorn, cloud iridescences on, [100], [238].
Allalein Glacier, [162].
Alpine climbers, suggestions to, [169].
Alps, winter temperature of, [168].
Altmann's theory of glacier motion, [296].
Ancient glaciers, action of, [99], [141].
Arveiron, arch of, [38], [217].
Atmosphere, permeability of, to radiant heat, [105], [243]-[247].
Atmospheric refraction, [35].
Avalanche at Saas, [164].
—, sound of, explained, [12], [14].

Bakewell, Mr., on motion of Glacier des Bossons, [337].
Balmat, Auguste, [169], [188].
Bedding, lines of, [391].
Bennen, Johann Joseph, [104], [118].
Bergschrund, [98], [325].
"Blower," glacier, [87].
Blue colour of ice, [256].
— — — snow, [29], [83], [132], [203].
— — — water, [33], [253], [259]-[262].
Blueness of sky, [22], [174], [257]-[261].
Blue veins, [376], [381].
Boiling-point, influence of pressure on, [408].
— — at different altitudes, [105], [106], [113], [120], [129], [175], [190].
Bois, Glacier des, [39], [275], [368].
Brévent, ascent of, [172].
Brocken, Spirit of the, [22], [238].
[Bubbles], in ice, [44], [147], [359], [425].
— in snow, [18], [251].

Capillaries of glacier, [335]-[339].
Cave of ice, [135].
Cavities in ice, [163], [356], [424].
Cells in ice, [147], see [Bubbles].
Chamouni, [37].
—, difficulties at, [170], [192].
— in winter, [198], [336].
Charmoz, view from, [45], [68], [368].
Charpentier's theory of glacier motion, [296].
Chemical action, rays producing, [240].
Chromatic effects, [235].
[Cleavage], [406].
— and stratification distinct, [2], [390], [431].
— caused by pressure, [6], [436].
—, contortions of, [9], [59].
— of crystals and slate rocks, lecture on, [427].
— of glaciers, [26], [393], [425]-[426].
— — ice, [352], [407].
— — slate, &c., [1], [430].
"Cleft station," the, [47], [369].
Clouds, formation and dissipation of, [22], [97], [137], [146].
—, iridescent, [100], [105], [147], [154], [238].
— on Mont Blanc, [82].
— on Monte Rosa, [124].
—, winter, at Montanvert, [208].
Colour answers to pitch, [227].
Colours of sky, [257].
—, subjective, [37].
Comet, discovery of, [186].
Compass affected by rocks, [140].
Crepitation of glaciers, [44], [357].
Crevasses, [315]
(marginal, [318];
transverse, [320];
longitudinal, [322]), [424].
—, first opening of, [317], [327].
Crumples in ice, [174], [415], [419].
Crystallization of ice, [353].
Crystals, cleavage of, [3], [428].
— of snow, [130], [205], [212].

Deafness, artificial, [167].
Differential motion, [395].
— —, Dr. Whewell on, [396].
Diffraction, explanation of, [237].
Dirt-bands, [45], [46], [68], [95], [367], [373].
— —, maps of, [367], [368], [369].
— —, Forbes on, [371].
— —, source of, [369], [425].
Disks in ice, planes of, [163], [358], [425].
Dollfuss, M., hut of, [18], [112].
Dôme du Goûter, [68], [75].
Donny, M., on cohesion of liquids, [355].

Echoes, theory of, [15].
Eismeer, the, [13], [362].
Expedition of 1856, Oberland and Tyrol, [9]-[32].
— — 1857, Montanvert and Mer de Glace, [33]-[91].
— — 1858, Oberland, Valais, and Monte Rosa district, [92]-[192].
— — 1859, winter, Chamouni, and Mer de Glace, [195]-[219].

Faraday, Prof., on Regelation, [351].
Faulberg, cave of, [107].
Fée, glacier of, [165].
Fend, [32].
Finsteraarhorn, [104], [110].
—, summit of, [112].
Flowers, liquid, in ice, [147], [354]-[358], [424].
Forbes, Prof., comparison of glacier to river, [306], [308].
— —, on glacier motion, [272], [304], [308].
— —, on magnetism of rocks, [145].
— —, on veined structure, [379].
— —, viscous theory, [311], [327], [333], [335].
Freezing, planes of, [163], [358], [424].
Frost-bites, [191].
Frozen flowers, [130], [212].
Furgge glacier, structure crossing strata on, [160], [392]-[394].

Gases, passage of heat through, [243].
Géant, Col du, [50], [173].
[Géant], glacier du, [53]-[57], [280], [369]-[373].
—, measurements on, [419]-[421].
—, motion of, [281], [286].
—, white ice seams of, [56], [413].
Gebatsch Alp, [23].
—, glacier of, [24], [26].
Geneva, Lake of, [33], [259]-[262].
Glaciers, ancient, action of, [99], [163].
— "blower," [87].
—, capillaries of, [335]-[339].
—, crepitation of, [44], [357].
— d'écoulement, [301].
— de Léchaud, see [Léchaud].
— des Bois, [39], [275], [368].
— du Géant, see [Géant].
— du Talèfre, see [Talèfre].
—, groovings on, [20], [56], [377].
—, measurement of, [276].
— motion, [52], [269]-[295], [422].
— —, earlier theories of, [296]-[314].
— —, pressure theory of, [346].
—, origin of, [248]-[252].
— réservoirs, [301].
—, ridges on, [42], [55].
—, structure of, [136], [148], see [Veined structure].
— tables, [44], [265].
—, veins of, [54], [376], [381].
—, wrinkles on, [370].
Goethe's theory of colours, [258].
Görner glacier, [120], [138].
Görner grat, [137], [145].
Görnerhorn glacier, [147], [149].
Grand Plateau, [187].
Grands Mulets, [73], [185].
Graun, [29].
Grimsel, the, [18], [99].
Grindelwald, lower glacier of, [13], [92], [321], [384].
Groovings on glaciers, [20], [56], [377].
Grüner's theory of glacier motion, [296].
Guides of Chamouni, rules of, [60], [170], [192].
— lost in crevasse, [76].
Guyot, M., on veined structure, [378].

Hailstones, conical, [31].
—, spherical, [65].
Handeck, waterfall of, [17].
Hasli, valley of, [17], [99].
Heat and light, [223], [239], [241].
— — work, [328].
—, luminous, [241]-[247].
—, mechanical equivalent of, [329].
—, obscure, [240].
—, passage through gases, [243]-[245].
—, radiant, [239].
— —, permeability of atmosphere to, [105], [243]-[247].
—, radiated, [242].
—, specific, [331].
Heisse Platte, the, [13].
Hirst, Mr., measurements on Mer de Glace, [38], [46], [275], [283], [289], [313], [420].
Hochjoch, [32].
Höchste Spitze of Monte Rosa, [128].
Hopkins, Mr., on crevasses, [318], [383].
Hôtel des Neufchâtelois, [19], [112], [270].
Hugi on glacier motion, [270].
Huxley, Mr., on glacier capillaries, [338].
— —, on water-cells, [251], [359].
Hydrogen, effect on rays, [253].

Ice, blue colour of, [256].
— cascades, [94], [384], [391].
— cave, [135].
— cells, [147], see [Bubbles].
— cones, [266].
—, cracking of, [317], [326].
—, crystallization of, [353].
—, effects of pressure on, [405], [409].
—, experiments on, [346].
—, friability of, [333].
—, liquefaction of, [353], [408].
—, liquid flowers in, [354]-[358], [424].
—, Thomson's theory of plasticity of, [340].
—, softening of, [333].
—, structure of, [136], [148].
—, temperature of, [241], [332].
—, white, seams of, [56], [413], [421].
Illumination of trees, &c., at sunrise and sunset, [178], [238].
Interference rings, [229].
— spectra, [76], [178], [235], [238].
Iridescent clouds, [100], [105], [147], [154], [238].

Jardin, the, [61], [174].
Joch, the passage of a, [28].
Joule, M., on heat and work, [328].
Jungfrau, the, [11].
—, evening near, [106].

Laminated structure, [376], [378], [426].
[Léchaud], glacier de, [53], [387].
— — —, motion of, [60], [286]-[288].
Lenticular structure, [381].
Light and heat, [223], [239], [241].
—, undulation theory of, [224].
Linth, M. Escher de la, [271].
Liquefaction of ice, [353], [408].
Liquid flowers, [147], [354]-[358], [424].

Magnetic force, [144].
Magnetism of rocks, [140], [143], [145].
Märjelen See, [101], [119].
Mastic, Brücke's solution of, [259].
Mattmark See, [162].
Maximum motion, locus of point of, [285], [323].
Mayenwand, summit of, [20], [100], [323].
Mayer, on connexion of heat with work, [328].
Measurement of glaciers, [276].
Mer de Glace, [42]-[67], [86]-[90], [173].
— — —, dirt-bands of the, [367]
(seen from Charmoz, [45], [368];
from Cleft station, [47], [369];
from the Flégère, [367]).
— — —, map of, [53], [264].
— — —, motion of, [275]-[293].
— — —, winter motion of, [294], [343].
— — —, winter visit to, [195], [206]-[218].
Milk, cause of blueness of, [261].
Mirage, [36].
Montanvert, [40], [89], [173].
— in winter, [204].
Mont Blanc, first ascent of, [68].
— —, second ascent of, [177].
— —, summit of, [81], [189].
Monte Rosa, first ascent of, [122].
— —, second ascent of, [151].
— —, summit of, [128], [156].
— —, western glacier of, [138], [147].
— —, zones of colour, [154], [238].
Moraines, [263].
— of Talèfre, [54], [63], [267], [387].
Motion of glaciers, [52], [269]-[295], [422].
Moulins, [362], [424].
—, depth of, [365].
—, motion of, [364].

Necker, letter from, [178].
Neufchâtelois, Hôtel des, [19], [112], [270].
Névé ice, [249], [251].

Oberland, the, visited, [9]-[22]; [92]-[120]; [390].
Oils, effect of films of, [236].

Person, M., on softening of ice, [333].
Pistol fired on summit of Mont Blanc, [82], [83], [224].
Pitch of musical sounds, [225].
Planes of freezing, [163], [358], [424].
Plasticity of ice, Thomson's theory of, [340].
Polar forces, [4].
Pressure and cleavage, see [Cleavage].
— and liquefaction of ice, [340], [408].
— — veined structure, [404]; [147]-[149], [382]-[394], [412], [425]-[426].
—, effects of, on boiling point, [408].
— — — — ice, [405], [409].
— theory of glacier motion, [346].

Radiant heat, [105], [239].
Rays, calorific, [240].
—, transmission of, [242].
Redness of sunset, [175].
Refraction on lake of Geneva, [35].
Regelation, [347], [351].
Reichenbach fall, [17].
Rendu, comparison of glacier to river, [306].
—, measurements of glaciers, [304].
—, notice of regelation, [301].
— on conversion of snow into ice, [301].
— on ductility, [298].
— on law of circulation, [300].
— on motion of glaciers, [305].
— on veined structure, [301].
— theory of glaciers, [299].
Rhone at lake of Geneva, [34], [261].
— glacier, [20], [100], [323], [386].
— —, chromatic effects, [21], [238].
Ridges on glaciers, [42], [55].
Riffelhorn, the, [133], [141]-[145].
Rings, interference, [229].
— round sun, [21], [238].
Ripples deduced from rings, [400].
Ripple theory, Forbes on, [398].
— — of veined structure, [398].
— waves, movement of, [232].
River and glacier, analogies between, [281]-[285], [423]; [368].
Rocks, magnetism of, [140], [143], [145].

Saas, avalanche at, [164].
Sabine, Gen., on veined structure, [378].
Sand-cones, [266].
Saussure's theory of glacier motion, [52], [296].
Scheuchzer's theory of glacier motion, [296].
Seams, white, in ice, [56], [88], [413], [421].
Sedgwick, Prof., on cleavage, [2]-[5], [390], [431].
Séracs, [51], [75].
Serpentine, boulders of, [161].
Shadows, coloured, [38].
Sharpe, on slaty cleavage, [5], [432].
Silberhorn, the, [11].
Sky, blueness of, [22], [174], [175].
—, colours of, explained, [257].
Slate, cleavage of, [1], [430].
Snow, blue colour of, [29], [132], [203].
— crystals, [130], [205], [212].
—, dry, [250].
— line, [29], [248].
—, perpetual, [248].
—, sound of breaking, [202].
— storm, sound through, [215].
—, whiteness of, explained, [250].
Sorby, Mr., on slaty cleavage, [5], [435].
Sound in a vacuum, [224].
—, intensity of, [83].
—, rate of motion of, [226].
Spectra, interference, [76], [178], [235], [238].
Spectrum, rays of, [240].
Stars, twinkling of, [72], [238].
Stelvio, pass of, [29].
Storm on Grands Mulets, [185].
— — Mer de Glace, [210].
Strahleck, glacier of, [94], [384].
—, passage of, [93], [97].
Strata of ice, [136].
Stratification of névé, [392].
— — slate, [1], [430].
Structure, doubts regarding, [44], [92], [389].
— of ice, [136], [148], see [Veined structure].
Subjective colours, [37].
Summary of glacier theory, [422].
Sun, rings round, [21], [238].
Sunrise at Chamouni, [39].
— and sunset, illumination of trees, &c., at, [178], [238].
Sunset, gorgeous, [184].

Tables, glacier, [44], [265]-[266].
Tacul, motion of ice-wall at, [289].
[Talèfre], glacier of, [43], [61]-[62], [87].
—, moraines of, [54], [63], [267], [387].
Temperature, winter, of Alps, [168].
Theodolite, use of, [275].
Theory of cleavage, [5].
Thermometer at Jardin, [174].
— buried on Mont Blanc, [190].
— on Finsteraarhorn, [113].
Thomson, Prof., theory of plasticity, [340].
— — — — regelation, [352].
Twinkling of stars, [72], [238].
Tyrol, the, [23].

Undulation theory of light, [224].
Unteraar, glacier of, [18], [265], [388].

Vacuum in ice-cavities, [163], [356].
[Veined structure], [376]
(marginal, [383];
transverse, [384];
longitudinal, [387]), [395], [404], [408].
— —, experiments on, [382], [388].
— — caused by pressure, [147]-[149], [382]-[389], [412], [425]-[426].
— — crossing strata, [389]-[394].
— —, Forbes on, [379].
— —, Gen. Sabine on, [378].
— —, M. Guyot on, [378].
— —, ripple theory of, [398].
Viesch, glacier of, [109], [118].
Viscosity, [312], [325], [334], [350], [423].

Water absorbs red rays, [254].
—, blue colour of, [254]; [33], [259], [261].
—, rippling waves of, [232].
Waves, frozen, [43], [55].
—, interference of, [231].
— motion, Weber on, [232], [399].
— of sound, [225].
Wengern Alp, [9].
Wetterhorn, echoes of, [15].
White ice, seams of, [56], [57], [88], [413], [421].
Whiteness of ice, [250], [268], [376].
Winter motion of Mer de Glace, [294].
Wrinkles on glacier, [370].

Young, Thomas, theory of light, [224].

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